TIMEEVENT DESCRIPTIONLOCATION

UNIVERSE
1,000,000,000,000 YBN
1) We are a tiny part of a universe that is made of an infinite amount of
space, matter and time.
  
990,000,000,000 YBN
2) There is more space than matter.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
980,000,000,000 YBN
3) All matter is made of particles of light.10 Light particles are the base
unit of all matter from the tiniest particles to the largest galaxies.11 In
this sense light particles are the most basic atoms.12

The basic order of matter from smaller to larger is light particles, electrons
and positrons, muons, protons and antiprotons, atoms, molecules, living
objects, planets, stars, globular clusters, galaxies, and then galactic
clusters.13
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
7. ^ Ted Huntington.
8. ^ Ted
Huntington.
9. ^ Ted Huntington.
10. ^ Ted Huntington.
11. ^ Ted Huntington.
12. ^ Ted Huntington.
13. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
970,000,000,000 YBN
11) The universe has no start or end. The same light particles that have always
been, continue to move in the space that has always been.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
960,000,000,001 YBN
5) Matter and motion can never be created or destroyed. Matter can never be
converted into motion, and motion can never be converted into matter.5
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
950,000,000,000 YBN
6) Light particles become trapped with each other and so form structures such
as protons, atoms, molecules, planets, stars, galaxies, and clusters of
galaxies.6

This accumulation of light particles into atoms may be the result of particle
collision, gravitation, or a combination of both.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
7. ^ Ted Huntington
  
940,000,000,000 YBN
7) All of the billions of galaxies we see are only a tiny part of the universe.
We will never see most of the universe because no light particles from there
can ever reach us.6

Most galaxies are too far away for even one particle of light they emit to be
going in the exact direction of our tiny location, and all the light particles
they emit are captured by atoms in between there and here.7

As telescopes grow larger, the number of galaxies and the distance we can see
will increase.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington
3. ^ Ted Huntington
4. ^ Ted Huntington
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Ted Huntington
7. ^ Ted Huntington.
8. ^ Ted
Huntington.

MORE INFO
[1] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles,
(1980). (estimate of how many galaxies)
  
935,000,000,000 YBN
4) There is a pattern in the universe. Light particles move from highly dense
volumes of space to volumes of less density. In low density volumes, light
particles slowly accumulate to form atoms of Hydrogen and Helium which exist as
gas clouds (like the Magellanic Clouds or Orion nebula). These gas clouds,
called nebulae continue to accumulate trapped light particles. At points of
high density planets and stars form and the cloud is eventually dense enough to
become a galaxy of stars. The stars emit light particles back out to the rest
of the universe, where the light again becomes trapped and forms new clouds.
Around each star are many planets and pieces of matter. On many of the planets
rotating around stars, living objects evolve that can copy themselves by
converting matter around them into more of them. Living objects need matter to
replace matter lost from the constant emitting of light particles (decay). Like
bacteria, these living objects grow in number, with the most successful
organisms occupying and moving around many stars. These advanced organisms then
move the groups of stars they control, as a globular cluster, away from the
plane of the spiral galaxy. As time continues, all of the stars of a galaxy are
occupied by living objects who have organized their stars into globular
clusters. These globular clusters together form an elliptical galaxy, and then
finally a globular galaxy. The globular galaxy may then exist for a long time
living off the matter in stars, in addition to matter from external sources.


So free light particles are trapped into volumes of space that grow in density
first forming atoms, then gas clouds, then stars, a spiral galaxy, an
elliptical galaxy, and finally a globular galaxy.5

Globular galaxies at our scale may be light particles at a much larger scale,
just as light particles at our scale may be globular galaxies at a much smaller
scale. This system may go on infinitely in both larger and smaller scale.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
930,000,000,000 YBN
8) An expanding universe seems unlikely to me. The supposed red-shifted calcium
absorption lines may be a mistaken observation, for one reason because spectrum
size changes the position of spectral lines (as clearly shown in the 1936
Humason photo)5 , and because the distance of a light source changes the
position, but not the frequency of spectral lines6 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Humason, M. L., "The Apparent Radial Velocities of 100 Extra-Galactic
Nebulae", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 83, p.10, Jan
1936. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1936ApJ....83...10H/0000010.000.
html
2. ^ Ted Huntington, "Spectral line position depends on distance of light
source - Bragg Equation Effect",
04/03/2012. http://tedhuntington.com/paper_Bragg.htm
3. ^ Humason, M. L., "The Apparent Radial Velocities of 100 Extra-Galactic
Nebulae", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 83, p.10, Jan
1936. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1936ApJ....83...10H/0000010.000.
html
4. ^ Ted Huntington, "Spectral line position depends on distance of light
source - Bragg Equation Effect",
04/03/2012. http://tedhuntington.com/paper_Bragg.htm
5. ^ Humason, M. L., "The Apparent Radial Velocities of 100 Extra-Galactic
Nebulae", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 83, p.10, Jan
1936. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1936ApJ....83...10H/0000010.000.
html
6. ^ Ted Huntington, "Spectral line position depends on distance of light
source - Bragg Equation Effect",
04/03/2012. http://tedhuntington.com/paper_Bragg.htm
  

LIFE
165,000,000,000 YBN
13) The Milky Way Nebula starts to form.5

Galaxies may form from accumulation of light particles and from the collision
of two or more galaxies.

If a galaxy is viewed as an exponential accumulation of light particles
starting from a single light particle up until 500 billion stars, only in the
last 16% of that time would a galaxy have enough matter for even a single
star.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
33,000,000,000 YBN
6180) The first star in the Milky Way Galaxy forms.8

Stars may form from the accumulation of matter or from collisions of two or
more large bodies. As time goes by, less collisions occur around a star,
because most smaller objects are absorbed by the star and planets.9

Stars and planets may have centers of densely packed unmoving light particles.
The less dense and colder area near the surface of planets and stars may allow
atoms and molecules to form and stay together. Many light particles must move
through the internal maze of matter inside planets and stars to eventually
reach the surface and escape into empty space.10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
7. ^ Ted Huntington.
8. ^ Ted
Huntington.
9. ^ Ted Huntington.
10. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
22,000,000,000 YBN
6181) Living objects in the Milky Way Galaxy reach another star using a ship,
perhaps 5 billion years after the first stars formed.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
10,000,000,000 YBN
6182) The first globular cluster of 100,000 stars forms in the Milky Way
Galaxy.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
5,500,000,000 YBN
6 		16) The star the Earth orbits forms.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington
3. ^ Ted Huntington
4. ^ Ted Huntington
5. ^ Ted Huntington
6. ^ Ted Huntington, guess

MORE INFO
[1] http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/208/mar1/nucleo.html (with image of
onion skin layers)
[2] another person declares star inside to be similar to planets:
iron, oxygen, nickel, etc. do not support standard solar
model. star_inside_iron.pdf
  
5,500,000,000 YBN
9 		17) Planets form around our star from many collisions. Like the star, they are
red hot with liquid rock and metals on the surface. Lighter atoms move to the
surface of the planets. Larger planets are surrounded by gas.6

As the number of collisions decreases, and smaller objects are absorbed by the
star and planets, the average temperature of the star system is lowered. As the
temperature of the planets and moons decreases, their surfaces solidify, and
water and other molecules condense at the surface.7

Perhaps most outer planets are larger, because their orbit covers a larger
space which includes more matter.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
7. ^ Ted Huntington.
8. ^ Ted
Huntington.
9. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,600,000,000 YBN
21) The moon of Earth is captured.4

The moon of Earth may form as a planet that is captured by the Earth, or a
planet that collides with the Earth and then reforms from the remaining matter
of the collision, or forms in orbit of the Earth at the same time the Earth
forms.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,600,000,000 YBN
6 7 		30) Planet Earth cools. Molten liquid rock turns into a solid thin crust. Water
condenses and falls to the surface, filling the lowest parts of the land to
make the first Earth oceans, lakes, and rivers.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land:
http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm
2. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land:
http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm
3. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land:
http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm
4. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land:
http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm
5. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land:
http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
7. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,600,000,000 YBN
7 		50) The start of the "Precambrian" and the Hadean {HA DEen5 } Eon.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Mar.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time
2. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
3. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
03 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time
4. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
5. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of
the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 03 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time
6. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
7. ^ "Divisions of Geologic Time", 2010,
USGS http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
  
4,571,000,000 YBN
7 8 		31) The oldest meteorite yet found on Earth: 4.57 billion years old.5 6
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5472/1819?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits
=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=zag+morocco&searchid=1129920472874_9236&stored_search
=&FIRSTINDEX=0#RF2
2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/783048.stm
3. ^
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5472/1819?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits
=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=zag+morocco&searchid=1129920472874_9236&stored_search
=&FIRSTINDEX=0#RF2
4. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/783048.stm
5. ^
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5472/1819?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits
=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=zag+morocco&searchid=1129920472874_9236&stored_search
=&FIRSTINDEX=0#RF2
6. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/783048.stm
7. ^
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5472/1819?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits
=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=zag+morocco&searchid=1129920472874_9236&stored_search
=&FIRSTINDEX=0#RF2 (4.7 +- .2 billion years)
8. ^ sci has 4.7 +- .2 by where did 4.571
come from?
  
4,530,000,000 YBN
33) The oldest Moon rock returned from the Moon (4.53 billions old).3
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/atmimages/S73-15446.f.jpg
http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/nojs/wl.br.1.html
2. ^ http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/atmimages/S73-15446.f.jpg
http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/nojs/wl.br.1.html
3. ^ http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/atmimages/S73-15446.f.jpg
http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/nojs/wl.br.1.html
  
4,404,000,000 YBN
34) The oldest "terrestrial" zircon; evidence that the crust and liquid water
are on the surface of Earth. A terrestrial zircon is not from a meteorite.3
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/links/010111/010111-1.html
2. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/links/010111/010111-1.html
3. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/links/010111/010111-1.html
  
4,400,000,000 YBN
18) Larger molecules form on Earth, like amino acids, phosphates, and sugars,
the components of living objects.10

These molecules are made in the oceans, fresh water, and atmosphere of Earth
(and other planets) by lightning, light particles with high frequency from the
Sun, and from ocean floor volcanoes.11

The initial building blocks of living objects are easily formed, but assembling
them into longer-chain molecules, or polymers, is more difficult. Amino acids
link up to form polymers called proteins, simple fatty acids plus alcohols link
up to form lipids (oils and fats), simple sugars like glucose and sucrose link
together to form complex carbohydrates and starches, and finally, the
nucleotide bases (plus phosphates and sugars) link up to form nucleic acids,
the genetic code of organisms, known as RNA and DNA.12

Perhaps all proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and DNA are strictly the products
of living objects, while RNA can assemble without the help of any living
objects.13
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils
Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p150.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
7. ^ Ted Huntington.
8. ^ Donald Prothero,
"Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p150.
9. ^ Ted Huntington.
10. ^ Ted
Huntington.
11. ^ Ted Huntington.
12. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It
Matters", 2007, p150.
13. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,395,000,000 YBN
19) Nucleic acids form on Earth. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) may be the first
nucleic acid to form. One of these RNA molecules may be the ancestor of all of
life on Earth.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,385,000,000 YBN
167) The first proteins on Earth. Transfer RNA molecules evolve (tRNA), and
link amimo acids into proteins using other RNA molecules ("messenger" or mRNA
molecules), as a template.

This protein assembly system is the main system responsible for all the
proteins on Earth.6

Part of each tRNA molecule bonds with a specific amino acid, while another part
has a 3 nucleotide sequence that bonds with an opposite matching 3 nucleotide
sequence on an mRNA molecule.7

Perhaps this system, where tRNA molecules build proteins directly from free
floating RNA strands, evolves before the first ribosome and the first cell.8
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
7. ^ Ted Huntington.
8. ^ Ted
Huntington.
  
4,380,000,000 YBN
40) A protein can copy RNA. This protein is called an RNA polymerase
{PoL-u-mu-rAS5 }.

For the first time, a nucleic acid functions both as a template for building
proteins (with the help of tRNA molecules) and also as a template for building
other nucleic acid molecules.6

An RNA polymerase must be one of the first useful proteins to be assembled by
the early (presumably) precellular protein production system. Eventually an RNA
strand that codes for the RNA polymerase and the tRNA needed to make the
polymerase may be copied many times.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Polymerase>.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26
Jan. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Polymerase>.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House,
Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Polymerase>.
6. ^ Ted Huntington.

MORE INFO
[1] Schuppli, Daniel et al. “Altered 3′-terminal RNA Structure in
Phage Qβ Adapted to Host Factor-less Escherichia Coli.” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 94.19 (1997): 10239 –10242.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/94/19/10239.abstract
  
4,370,000,000 YBN
168) The ribosome evolves. The first Ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

The ribosome may function as a protocell, providing a platform for more
efficient protein production. A single RNA may contain all the instructions
needed to make more polymerase, tRNA, and ribosomes. Alternatively the first
ribosome may not evolve until after the first cell.

All cells contain ribosomes.4 Ribosomes are the cellular organelles that carry
out protein synthesis, through a process called translation. These molecular
machines are responsible for accurately translating the linear genetic code on
the messenger RNA (mRNA), into a linear sequence of amino acids to produce a
protein.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "ribosome." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 28 Nov.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ribosome
2. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98.
3. ^ "ribosome." Genetics.
The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ribosome
4. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98.
5. ^ "ribosome." Genetics. The
Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ribosome
  
4,365,000,000 YBN
166) The first Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule. A protein evolves that
allows the assembly of DNA from RNA; a ribonucleotide reductase.5

This protein changes ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides, which can then
be assembled into the first DNA molecules on Earth.6

DNA has the advantage of being more stable than RNA and can hold together in
longer strands.7 Longer strands allow for a more complex organism.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Elledge SJ, Zhou Z, Allen JB (March 1992). "Ribonucleotide reductase:
regulation, regulation, regulation". Trends Biochem. Sci. 17 (3): 119–23.
DOI:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90249-9. PMID 1412696.
2. ^ Elledge SJ, Zhou Z, Allen JB (March
1992). "Ribonucleotide reductase: regulation, regulation, regulation". Trends
Biochem. Sci. 17 (3): 119–23. DOI:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90249-9. PMID 1412696.
3. ^
Elledge SJ, Zhou Z, Allen JB (March 1992). "Ribonucleotide reductase:
regulation, regulation, regulation". Trends Biochem. Sci. 17 (3): 119–23.
DOI:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90249-9. PMID 1412696.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Elledge SJ, Zhou Z, Allen
JB (March 1992). "Ribonucleotide reductase: regulation, regulation,
regulation". Trends Biochem. Sci. 17 (3): 119–23.
DOI:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90249-9. PMID 1412696.
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
7. ^ Lurquin, P.F. The Origins
of Life and the Universe. COLUMBIA University Press, 2003, p.
132. http://books.google.com/books?id=2-qdwqOd1BsC&pg=PA132
8. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,360,000,000 YBN
212) A protein can copy DNA molecules, a DNA polymerase {PoL-u-mu-rAS6 }.7
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ "DNA polymerase." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 04
Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase
2. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26
Jan. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Polymerase>.
3. ^ "DNA polymerase." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003.
Answers.com 04 Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase
4. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random
House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Polymerase>.
5. ^ "DNA polymerase." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc,
2003. Answers.com 04 Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase
6. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged.
Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Polymerase>.
7. ^ "DNA polymerase." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 04 Aug.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase
  
4,360,000,000 YBN
6409) Transcription evolves. A protein (an RNA polymerase) assembles RNA from
DNA.
  
4,355,000,000 YBN
20) The first cell on Earth evolves. This is the first prokaryotic cell and
first bacterium. DNA is surrounded by a membrane of proteins made by ribosomes;
the first cytoplasm.15

This cell may form in either fresh or salt water, near the sunlit water surface
or near underwater volcanoes on the ocean floor.16

The DNA of this cell is a template containing the code for a copying molecule
(DNA polymerase {PoL-u-mu-rAS17 }), and the necessary mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
molecules needed to build the cytoplasm. For the first time, ribosomes and DNA
build cell structure. DNA protected by cytoplasm is more likely to survive and
be copied.18

This is the start of binary cell division. DNA polymerase duplicates DNA within
the cell and then the cell divides into two parts.19 A system of division may
evolve in which the original and the newly synthesized copy of DNA are each
attached to the cytoplasm, so that as the cell grows, the two copies of DNA can
be separated, and the growing mass can eventually divide into two cells.20

This is also the start of passive transport. Amino acids, nucleotides, water,
and other molecules enter and exit the cytoplasm only because of a difference
in concentration from inside and outside the cell. This represents the
beginnings of the first digestive system.

This cell structure forms the basis of all future cells of every living object
on Earth. These first cells are probably anaerobic (or anoxygenic- do not
require free oxygen) and are heterotrophic, meaning that they do not make their
own food (amino acids, nucleotides, phosphates, and sugars) but instead depend
on obtaining these molecules from external sources.21
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It
Matters", 2007, p145-154.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and
Why It Matters", 2007, p145-154.
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
7. ^ Ted Huntington.
8. ^ Ted Huntington.
9. ^ Ted Huntington.
10. ^ Prothero,
"Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p145-154.
11. ^ "Polymerase."
Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Polymerase>.
12. ^ Ted Huntington.
13. ^ Ted Huntington.
14. ^ Ted Huntington.
15. ^ Ted Huntington.
16. ^ Prothero, "Evolution: What the
Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p145-154.
17. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com
Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Polymerase>.
18. ^ Ted Huntington.
19. ^ Ted Huntington.
20. ^ Ted Huntington.
21. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,350,000,000 YBN
11 		183) Cells make the first lipids on Earth; (fats, oils, and waxes8 )9 by
making proteins that can assemble lipids.10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ find biomarker evidence
2. ^ "lipid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lipid
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ "lipid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lipid
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ "lipid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lipid
7. ^ Ted Huntington.
8. ^ "lipid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lipid
9. ^ Ted Huntington.
10. ^ Ted Huntington.
11. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,345,000,000 YBN
27) A phospholipid bilayer evolves around the cell, providing added protection
from the external environment.4 All extant cells have this phospholipid
bilayer.5

When phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble into double-layered
aggregates, or bilayers, with the phosphate part of the molecule on the outside
and the fatty acid tail part on the inside.6 7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson
Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p76-77.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^
Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008.
Alternative eText Formats Series, p76-77.
6. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology.
Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p76-77.
7. ^ Sadava,
D. et al. Life: The Science of Biology. W. H. Freeman, 2009,
p107. http://books.google.com/books?id=ANT8VB14oBUC&pg=PA107
  
4,340,000,000 YBN
26) Possibly DNA that is connected in a circle allows the DNA polymerase to
make continuous copies of the cell, which may increase the speed of cell
growth, duplication, and division.1

As far as is known bacteria do not die of old age, but if a mutation stops them
from dividing, then they die. Bacteria can also die from physical destruction
in addition to lack of food and water.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Hardy, S. Human Microbiology. Taylor & Francis, 2002. Lifelines
Series.
  
4,340,000,000 YBN
64) Operons evolve. An operon is a sequence of DNA which a protein binds with
in order to block RNA polymerase from building an mRNA molecule, from part of
the sequence, which would be translated into a protein. Operons allow a
bacterium to produce certain proteins only when necessary. Bacteria before now
can only build a constant stream of all proteins encoded in their DNA.7 8 9
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^
http://info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03441/TermPapers/99TermPapers/GenEvo/operon.html

2. ^ http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/gene-regulation.html#table
3. ^
http://info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03441/TermPapers/99TermPapers/GenEvo/operon.html

4. ^ http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/gene-regulation.html#table
5. ^
http://info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03441/TermPapers/99TermPapers/GenEvo/operon.html

6. ^ http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/gene-regulation.html#table
7. ^
http://info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03441/TermPapers/99TermPapers/GenEvo/operon.html

8. ^ http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/gene-regulation.html#table
9. ^ "operon." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/operon
  
4,340,000,000 YBN
6340) Facilitated diffusion evolves. Proteins in the cell membrane allow only
certain molecules to enter the cell.3

"Facilitated diffusion" is passive transport aided by proteins.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Daniel V. Lim, "Microbiology", 2002,
p101. http://books.google.com/books?id=CKEgLmqfbRQC&pg=PA101
2. ^ Daniel V. Lim, "Microbiology", 2002,
p101. http://books.google.com/books?id=CKEgLmqfbRQC&pg=PA101
3. ^ Daniel V. Lim, "Microbiology", 2002,
p101. http://books.google.com/books?id=CKEgLmqfbRQC&pg=PA101
4. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, P134-135.
  
4,335,000,000 YBN
28) Cellular respiration. Glycolysis evolves in the cytoplasm. Cells can now
make ATP (adenosine {oDeNoSEN8 } triphosphate) by converting glucose into
pyruvate {PIrUVAT9 }. This is the beginning of cellular respiration, how cells
convert food into ATP and waste products.10

ATP is the molecule that drives most cellular work.11

That glycolysis is the most widespread metabolic pathway, that it occurs in the
cytoplasm, not in an organelle, and that it is the first stage in fermentation
all imply an ancient origin.12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162.
2. ^ Campbell,
Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162.
3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162.
4. ^ "adenosine." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/adenosine
5. ^ "pyruvate." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pyruvate
6. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th
edition, 2008, p162.
7. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162.
8. ^
"adenosine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/adenosine
9. ^ "pyruvate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pyruvate
10. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162.
11. ^ Campbell,
Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162.
12. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p179.
  
4,330,000,000 YBN
44) Fermentation evolves in the cell cytoplasm. Cells can make lactic acid.4

Th
ese cells, which are anaerobic, can now convert pyruvate, the final product of
glycolysis, into lactate (an ionized form of lactic acid), and in the process
refuel glycolysis and the production of ATP molecules.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2
5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+oldest&hl=en
2. ^
http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2
5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+oldest&hl=en
3. ^
http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2
5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+oldest&hl=en
4. ^
http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2
5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+oldest&hl=en
5. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008,
p162-184.
6. ^
http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2
5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+oldest&hl=en
  
4,325,000,000 YBN
213) A second kind of fermentation evolves in the cytoplasm. Cells (all
anaerobic) can now convert pyruvate (the final product of glycolysis) into
ethanol.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184.
2. ^ Campbell,
Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184.
3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184.
4. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th
edition, 2008, p162-184.
  
4,315,000,000 YBN
196) Active transport evolves. Proteins and ATP are used to transport molecules
into and out of the cytoplasm.7 8 9

Active transport enables a cell to maintain internal concentrations of small
molecules that differ from the cell's surroundings.10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/eustruct/cmeu.html
2. ^ "active transport." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
10 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/active-transport
3. ^ "active transport." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science
. Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 10 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/active-transport
4. ^ http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/eustruct/cmeu.html
5. ^ "active transport." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jul.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/active-transport
6. ^ "active transport." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford
University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 10 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/active-transport
7. ^ http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/eustruct/cmeu.html
8. ^ "active transport." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jul.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/active-transport
9. ^ "active transport." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford
University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 10 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/active-transport
10. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, P135.
  
4,200,000,000 YBN
5 6 		292) The prokaryote flagellum evolves.4

Prokaryotic cells now have more mobility, and can make more choices about their
location.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh,
"Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).
2. ^
conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and
Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).
3. ^ conjugation in
protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other
Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).
4. ^ conjugation in protists,
flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London;
New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).
5. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree
of Life", 2009, p107-110. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of
prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy,
and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). {2800000000
YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Pallen MJ, Matzke NJ (October 2006). "From The Origin of Species to
the origin of bacterial flagella". Nature Reviews. Microbiology 4 (10):
784–90. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1493. PMID
16953248. http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v4/n10/full/nrmicro1493.html
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004)
[3] Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/
[4] David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia,
"Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin
of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530.
eukorig6_jmol.pdf
[5] JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli",
Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html
[6] "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>
  
4,193,000,000 YBN
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 		77) The Archaea (also called archaebacteria) evolve according to genetic
comparison.13 The Phylum Nanoarcheota.14 15

Eubacteria and Archaea are the two major lines of Prokaryotes.16 17 18 19 20 21
22

Archaea have a variety of shapes, including spherical, rodlike, and spiral
forms.23
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html
2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html
3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html
4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p102. http://timetree.org/pdf/Battistuzzi2009Chap06.pdf
5. ^ Huber, H., Hohn, M.J., Rachel, R., Fuchs, T., Wimmer, V.C., and Stetter,
K.O. "A new phylum of Archaea represented by a nanosized hyperthermophilic
symbiont." Nature (2002)
417:63-67. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v417/n6884/full/417063a.html
6. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html
7. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth
Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms
with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 2142-1873my
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2300my
9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao,
Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin
of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004). 4100my (has arche b4 eu)
10. ^ Osawa, S., Honjo, "Archaebacteria
vs Metabacteria : Phylogenetic tree of organisms indicated by comparison of 5S
ribosomal RNA sequences.", (Tokyo: Springer, Tokyo/ Berlin eds.:"Evolution of
Life", pp. 325-336,, 1991). 1800my
11. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {4000my}
12. ^ S.
Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales",
Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003).
3970my
13. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html
14. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p102. http://timetree.org/pdf/Battistuzzi2009Chap06.pdf
15. ^ Huber, H., Hohn, M.J., Rachel, R., Fuchs, T., Wimmer, V.C., and Stetter,
K.O. "A new phylum of Archaea represented by a nanosized hyperthermophilic
symbiont." Nature (2002)
417:63-67. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v417/n6884/full/417063a.html
16. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html
17. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth
Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms
with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 2142-1873my
18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2300my
19. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao,
Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin
of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004). 4100my (has arche b4 eu)
20. ^ Osawa, S., Honjo, "Archaebacteria
vs Metabacteria : Phylogenetic tree of organisms indicated by comparison of 5S
ribosomal RNA sequences.", (Tokyo: Springer, Tokyo/ Berlin eds.:"Evolution of
Life", pp. 325-336,, 1991). 1800my
21. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {4000my}
22. ^ S.
Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales",
Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003).
3970my
23. ^ "archaebacterium." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 21 Aug. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/archaebacteria
24. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009,
p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
25. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "TimeTree of Life",
p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/pdf/Hedges2009Chap05.pdf
26. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html
27. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth
Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms
with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 2142-1873my (2142-1873my)
28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2300my (2300my)
29. ^
Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4100my (has arche b4 eu) (4100my)
30. ^
Osawa, S., Honjo, "Archaebacteria vs Metabacteria : Phylogenetic tree of
organisms indicated by comparison of 5S ribosomal RNA sequences.", (Tokyo:
Springer, Tokyo/ Berlin eds.:"Evolution of Life", pp. 325-336,, 1991). 1800my
(1800my)
31. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4000my (4000my)
32. ^ S.
Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales",
Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003).
3970my (3970my)
  
4,189,000,000 YBN
11 12 		193) The Eubacteria "Hyperthermophiles" evolve (the ancestor of Aquifex and
Thermotoga).7 8

Aquifex and Thermotoga are the only two major genera {JeN-R-u9 } of eubacteria
that are hyperthermophiles. They grow best in a environment that is around 80
degrees Celsius (176 degrees Fahrenheit).10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
2. ^ Brocks, Buick, "A
reconstruction of Archean biological diversity based on", Geochimica et
cosmochimica acta, (2003).
3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of
prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy,
and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
4. ^ Brocks, Buick, "A
reconstruction of Archean biological diversity based on", Geochimica et
cosmochimica acta, (2003).
5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of
prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy,
and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
6. ^ Brocks, Buick, "A
reconstruction of Archean biological diversity based on", Geochimica et
cosmochimica acta, (2003).
7. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of
prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy,
and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
8. ^ Brocks, Buick, "A
reconstruction of Archean biological diversity based on", Geochimica et
cosmochimica acta, (2003).
9. ^ "genera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc.
05 Aug. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/genera>.
10. ^ Munn, C.B. Marine Microbiology: Ecology and Applications.
Taylor & Francis Group, 2004. Advanced Text,
p78. http://books.google.com/books?id=1_S4cJYT3DUC&pg=PA78
11. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009,
p107-110. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
12. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
  
4,187,000,000 YBN
12 13 		180) The Archaea Phylum: Crenarchaeota evolves (the ancestor of Sulfolobus).7 8


The Crenarchaea include many organisms that are extremely thermophilic
{tR-mu-FiL-iK9 } (heat-loving) and cryophilic {KrI-e-FiL-iK10 }
(cold-loving).11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Battistuzzi,
Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into
the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC
Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic
timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis,
phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
7. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004).
8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
9. ^ "thermophilic." Dictionary.com
Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 Jun. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/thermophilic>.
10. ^ "cryophilic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cryophilic
11. ^ "Crenarchaeota". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenarchaeota
12. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009,
p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
13. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
  
4,187,000,000 YBN
24 25 		181) The Archaea Phylum: Euryarchaeota {YRE-oR-KE-O-Tu14 } evolves (the
ancestor of methanogens and halobacteria {HaL-O-BaK-TER-E-u15 }).16 17

The earliest cell response to light.18

The Euryarchaeota {YRE-oR-KE-O-Tu19 } are composed of two classes: methanogens,
which produce methane and are often found in intestines and sewage, and the
halobacteria, which survive in high concentrations of salt.20

Some halobacteria use sensory rhodopsin {rO-DoP-SiN21 } (a pigment sensitive to
red light22 ) for phototaxis (positive or negative movement along a light
gradient or vector).23
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euryarchaeota&submit=Submit
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44
5. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euryarchaeota&submit=Submit
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44
9. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

10. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euryarchaeota&submit=Submit
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
12. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of
prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy,
and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44
13. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

14. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euryarchaeota&submit=Submit
15. ^ "halobacteria." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02
Jun. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/halobacteria>.
16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
17. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of
prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy,
and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44
18. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

19. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euryarchaeota&submit=Submit
20. ^ Margulis, L., and M.J. Chapman. Kingdoms and Domains: An
Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. Elsevier Science, 2009,
p60-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=9IWaqAOGyt4C&pg=PA60
21. ^ "rhodopsin." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 Jun. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rhodopsin>.
22. ^ "rhodopsin." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/rhodopsin-1
23. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

24. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009,
p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
25. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44

MORE INFO
[1] S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms",
Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002),
doi:10.1038/nrg929 http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html#to
p
  
4,112,000,000 YBN
11 		58) The first autotrophic cells; cells that can produce some of their own
food.5

Autotrophs produce their own sugars, lipids, and amino acids.6

There are only two kinds of autotrophs: chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs.7

Chemoautotrophs use chemical nutrients to synthesize carbohydrates, while
photoautotrophs use light to synthesize carbohydrates.8 9

This is a chemoautotrophic cell: genes and metabolic sequences suggest that
chemoautotrophs evolve before photoautotrophs.10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ Richard
Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History
of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^ "autotroph." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 06
Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/autotroph
5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005).
6. ^ "autotroph." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia
University Press., 2012. Answers.com 06 Jan. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/autotroph
7. ^ "autotroph."Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/autotroph
8. ^ "autotroph." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia
University Press., 2012. Answers.com 06 Jan. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/autotroph
9. ^ "chemosynthesis." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/chemosynthesis
10. ^ Levin, S.A. et al. The Princeton Guide to Ecology. Princeton University
Press, 2009, p361. http://books.google.com/books?id=4MS-vfT89QMC&pg=PA361
11. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of
prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy,
and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44
  
4,100,000,000 YBN
18 		49) Photosynthesis evolves.12

Anaerobic bacteria use light particles to convert carbon dioxide gas and an
electron donor13 (also called a reductant) like Hydrogen sulfide into glucose,
water, and sulfur.14 This process of moving carbon from carbon dioxide gas to
the hydrocarbon molecule glucose is called carbon fixation.15

This is the ancestor of Photosystem I.16

This system of photosynthesis does not liberate oxygen.17
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
2. ^ "reductant."Answers.com
14 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/reductant
3. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to
Astronomy", 1982, p537. http://books.google.com/books?id=v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537
4. ^ "carbon fixation>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1).
Random House, Inc. "carbon fixation." The American Heritage® Science
Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 14 Jul. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/carbon fixation>.
5. ^ Lockau, Wolfgang, Wolfgang
Nitschke (1993). "Photosystem I and its Bacterial Counterparts". Physiologia
Plantarum 88 (2): 372–381.
DOI:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05512.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-3054
.1993.tb05512.x
6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
7. ^ "reductant."Answers.com 14 Jul. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/reductant
8. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy", 1982,
p537. http://books.google.com/books?id=v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537
9. ^ "carbon fixation>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"carbon fixation." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton
Mifflin Company. 14 Jul. 2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/carbon
fixation>.
10. ^ Lockau, Wolfgang, Wolfgang Nitschke (1993). "Photosystem I and its
Bacterial Counterparts". Physiologia Plantarum 88 (2): 372–381.
DOI:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05512.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-3054
.1993.tb05512.x
11. ^ Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosyn. Res.
88 (2): 109–17. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID
16453059. http://www.springerlink.com/content/g6n805154602432w/?MUD=MP {Olson_
2006.pdf}
12. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
13. ^ "reductant."Answers.com
14 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/reductant
14. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to
Astronomy", 1982, p537. http://books.google.com/books?id=v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537
15. ^ "carbon fixation>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1).
Random House, Inc. "carbon fixation." The American Heritage® Science
Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 14 Jul. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/carbon fixation>.
16. ^ Lockau, Wolfgang, Wolfgang
Nitschke (1993). "Photosystem I and its Bacterial Counterparts". Physiologia
Plantarum 88 (2): 372–381.
DOI:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05512.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-3054
.1993.tb05512.x
17. ^ Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosyn. Res.
88 (2): 109–17. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID
16453059. http://www.springerlink.com/content/g6n805154602432w/?MUD=MP {Olson_
2006.pdf}
18. ^ Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosyn. Res.
88 (2): 109–17. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID
16453059. http://www.springerlink.com/content/g6n805154602432w/?MUD=MP {Olson_
2006.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] Campbell, Reece, "Biology", 2009, 190-198
  
4,000,000,000 YBN
18 		43) Photosynthesis Photosystem II evolves. Cells with this system emit free
Oxygen.12

Anaerobic13 14 bacteria use light particles to convert carbon dioxide gas and
water into glucose, releasing oxygen gas in the process.15 16

This is the
main system responsible for producing the Oxygen now in the air of Earth.17
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi
.ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3
2. ^
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi
.ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3
3. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458172/photosynthesis>.
4. ^
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi
.ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3
5. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458172/photosynthesis>.
6. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy", 1982,
p537. http://books.google.com/books?id=v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537
7. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458172/photosynthesis>.
8. ^
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi
.ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3
9. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458172/photosynthesis>.
10. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy",
1982, p537. http://books.google.com/books?id=v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537
11. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458172/photosynthesis>.
12. ^
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi
.ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3
13. ^ Seckbach, J. Algae and Cyanobacteria in Extreme Environments. Springer
London, Limited, 2007. Cellular Origin and Life in Extreme Habitats,
p5-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=pHevPVcOVVYC&pg=PA5
14. ^ Carr, N.G., and B.A. Whitton. The Biology of Cyanobacteria. University of
California Press, 1982. Botanical Monographs, V. 19,
p221. http://books.google.com/books?id=zbX39nuSOMUC&pg=PA221
15. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458172/photosynthesis>.
16. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy",
1982, p537. http://books.google.com/books?id=v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537
17. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458172/photosynthesis>.
18. ^ Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosyn. Res.
88 (2): 109–17. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID 16453059.

MORE INFO
[1] Campbell, Reece, "Biology", 2009, 190-198
  
4,000,000,000 YBN
10 		51) The end of the Hadean {HADEiN7 } and start of the Archean {oRKEiN8 } Eon.9

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time
2. ^ "Archean." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/archaean
3. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
4. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time
5. ^ "Archean." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/archaean
6. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
7. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time
8. ^ "Archean." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/archaean
9. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
10. ^ "Divisions of Geologic Time", 2010,
USGS http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
  
3,950,000,000 YBN
11 12 13 		37) (Filamentous) multicellularity evolves in prokaryotes. Photosynthetic
bacteria grow in filaments. Cells stay fastened together after cell division.7


Multicellularity appears to have evolved independently multiple times in the
history of life on Earth.8 9

With multicellularity comes the evolution of differentiation, cells with
different functions.10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1,
27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID-
INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03
2. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1,
27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID-
INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03
3. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1,
27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID-
INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03
4. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1,
27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID-
INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03
5. ^ Inaki Ruiz-Trillo, Gertraud Burger, Peter W.H. Holland, Nicole King, B.
Franz Lang, Andrew J. Roger, Michael W. Gray, The origins of multicellularity:
a multi-taxon genome initiative, Trends in Genetics, Volume 23, Issue 3, March
2007, Pages 113-118, ISSN 0168-9525, DOI:
10.1016/j.tig.2007.01.005. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
168952507000236)
6. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. “The Multiple Origins of Complex Multicellularity.”
Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 39.1 (2011):
217-239. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.1002
09
7. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1,
27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID-
INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03
8. ^ Inaki Ruiz-Trillo, Gertraud Burger, Peter W.H. Holland, Nicole King, B.
Franz Lang, Andrew J. Roger, Michael W. Gray, The origins of multicellularity:
a multi-taxon genome initiative, Trends in Genetics, Volume 23, Issue 3, March
2007, Pages 113-118, ISSN 0168-9525, DOI:
10.1016/j.tig.2007.01.005. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
168952507000236)
9. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. “The Multiple Origins of Complex Multicellularity.”
Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 39.1 (2011):
217-239. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.1002
09
10. ^ Nicholas H. Barton, "Evolution", 2007,
p225-226. http://books.google.com/books?id=mMDFQ32oMI8C&pg=PA225
11. ^ Ted Huntington.
12. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr.
Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID-
INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03
13. ^ Ted Huntington.

MORE INFO
[1] Grosberg R. K., Strathmann R. R. 2007 The evolution of
multicellularity: a minor major transition? Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 38,
621–654. (doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735)
http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735
[2] Rokas A. 2008 The origins of multicellularity and the early history of the
genetic toolkit for animal development. Ann. Rev. Genet. 42, 235–251.
(doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091513) http://apps.webofknowledge.com/Inb
oundService.do?UT=000261767000011&IsProductCode=Yes&mode=FullRecord&product=WOS&
SID=1EHDdbNiNf4NO8nC299&smartRedirect=yes&SrcApp=CR&DestFail=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.we
bofknowledge.com%3FDestApp%3DCEL%26DestParams%3D%253Faction%253Dretrieve%2526mod
e%253DFullRecord%2526product%253DCEL%2526UT%253D000261767000011%2526customersID%
253DHighwire%26e%3DQZIAIzGgKoYbxc_i_WNamlaqQ0.s968BNEwQvqhM9p.770dFYju0AbJCFAAcj
orA%26SrcApp%3DHighwire%26SrcAuth%3DHighwire&action=retrieve&Init=Yes&SrcAuth=Hi
ghwire&customersID=Highwire&Func=Frame
  
3,950,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 		316) Cell differentiation evolves in filamentous prokaryotes, creating
organisms with different kinds of cells.4

One early cell differentiation is that only the cell at the tip of the filament
can divide while the older cells below the tip do not divide.5

Multicellular organisms can die from aging, a series of cell differentiations
that ultimately result in the inability for the multicellular body to continue
functioning and to decay.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of
Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442
–5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full
2. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of
Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442
–5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full
3. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of
Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442
–5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full
4. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of
Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442
–5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full
5. ^ Alexandre Meinesz, "How life began: evolution's three geneses", 2008,
p155. http://books.google.com/books?id=AL0fo20Tk3sC&pg=PA155
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
7. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of
Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442
–5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full
8. ^ N. G. Carr, B. A. Whitton, "The biology of blue-green algae", p238.
http://books.google.com/books?id=fSRPg-D0Jk0C&pg=PA238&lpg=PA238
9. ^ GOLUBIC, STJEPKO, VLADIMIR N. SERGEEV, and ANDREW H. KNOLL.
“Mesoproterozoic Archaeoellipsoidès: Akinetes of Heterocystous
Cyanobacteria.” Lethaia 28.4 (1995):
285–298. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1995.tb01817.
x/abstract

MORE INFO
[1] Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1,
27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID-
INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03
  
3,950,000,000 YBN
10 11 12 		322) Nitrogen fixation evolves. Cells can make nitrogen compounds like ammonia
from Nitrogen gas in the air.7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Nitrogen fixation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation
2. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of
Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442
–5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full
3. ^ "Nitrogen fixation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation
4. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of
Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442
–5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full
5. ^ "Nitrogen fixation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation
6. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of
Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442
–5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full
7. ^ "Nitrogen fixation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation
8. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of
Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442
–5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full
9. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of
Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442
–5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full
10. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of
Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442
–5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full
11. ^ N. G. Carr, B. A. Whitton, "The biology of blue-green algae", p238.
http://books.google.com/books?id=fSRPg-D0Jk0C&pg=PA238&lpg=PA238
12. ^ GOLUBIC, STJEPKO, VLADIMIR N. SERGEEV, and ANDREW H. KNOLL.
“Mesoproterozoic Archaeoellipsoidès: Akinetes of Heterocystous
Cyanobacteria.” Lethaia 28.4 (1995):
285–298. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1995.tb01817.
x/abstract
West Africa9   
3,900,000,000 YBN
57) Aerobic cellular respiration evolves. The first aerobic (or "oxygenic")
cell. These cells use oxygen to convert glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and
ATP.5

Aerobic cellular respiration evolves as an alternative to fermentation by using
oxygen to break down the product of glycolysis, pyruvate, into carbon dioxide
and water, producing up to 38 ATP molecules in the process.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184.
2. ^ Campbell,
Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184.
3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184.
4. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th
edition, 2008, p162-184.
5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008,
p162-184.
6. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184.
  
3,850,000,000 YBN
24 		36) The oldest physical evidence for life: the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12
in grains of ancient apetite {aPeTIT16 } (which are calcium phosphate
minerals).17 18 19

Life uses the lighter Carbon-12 isotope and so the ratio of carbon-12 to
carbon-13 is different from a nonliving source (such as calcium carbonate or
limestone).20 21
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf
2. ^
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html

3. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html
4. ^
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html

5. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html
6. ^
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html

7. ^ "apatite." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/apatite
8. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence
for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html
9. ^
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html

10. ^ "apatite." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/apatite
11. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html
12. ^
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html

13. ^ "apatite." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/apatite
14. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al.
"Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604
(1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html
15. ^
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html

16. ^ "apatite." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/apatite
17. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html
18. ^
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html

19. ^ "apatite." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/apatite
20. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al.
"Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604
(1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html
21. ^
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html

22. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html
23. ^
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html

24. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf

MORE INFO
[1] "Banded iron formation." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 11 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/banded-iron-formation
[2] Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html
AND http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf
Akilia Island, Western Greenland22 23   
3,850,000,000 YBN
23 		45) The oldest sediment, the Banded Iron Formation begins.17
Banded Iron
Formation is sedimentary rock that spans from 3.8 to 1.8 billion years ago,
made of iron-rich silicates (like silicon dioxide SiO2) with alternating layers
of black colored ferrous (reduced) iron and red colored ferric (oxidized)
iron.18 19 These alternating layers represent a seasonal cycle where the
quantity of free oxygen in the ocean rises and falls, possibly linked to
photosynthetic organisms.20 21

The atmosphere of Earth still has only small amounts of oxygen at this time.
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index
.html, 2:102,
2. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index
.html, 2:102,
3. ^ Cesare Emiliani, Plant Earth 1992:407f, and Tjeerd van Andel, New
Views on an Old Planet 2nd ed.
1994:303-05. http://books.google.com/books?id=R6b3skeNXrgC
4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
5. ^ Konhauser,
Kurt O. et al. “Could Bacteria Have Formed the Precambrian Banded Iron
Formations?” Geology 30.12 (2002): 1079 -1082.
Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/30/12/1079.abstract
6. ^ Kappler, Andreas et al. “Deposition of Banded Iron Formations by
Anoxygenic Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing Bacteria.” Geology 33.11 (2005): 865
-868. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/33/11/865.abstract
7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
8. ^
Cesare Emiliani, Plant Earth 1992:407f, and Tjeerd van Andel, New Views on an
Old Planet 2nd ed. 1994:303-05. http://books.google.com/books?id=R6b3skeNXrgC
9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
10. ^ Konhauser, Kurt O. et al. “Could Bacteria Have Formed the
Precambrian Banded Iron Formations?” Geology 30.12 (2002): 1079 -1082.
Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/30/12/1079.abstract
11. ^ Kappler, Andreas et al. “Deposition of Banded Iron Formations by
Anoxygenic Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing Bacteria.” Geology 33.11 (2005): 865
-868. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/33/11/865.abstract
12. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
13. ^
Cesare Emiliani, Plant Earth 1992:407f, and Tjeerd van Andel, New Views on an
Old Planet 2nd ed. 1994:303-05. http://books.google.com/books?id=R6b3skeNXrgC
14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
15. ^ Konhauser, Kurt O. et al. “Could Bacteria Have Formed the
Precambrian Banded Iron Formations?” Geology 30.12 (2002): 1079 -1082.
Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/30/12/1079.abstract
16. ^ Kappler, Andreas et al. “Deposition of Banded Iron Formations by
Anoxygenic Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing Bacteria.” Geology 33.11 (2005): 865
-868. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/33/11/865.abstract
17. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
18. ^
Cesare Emiliani, Plant Earth 1992:407f, and Tjeerd van Andel, New Views on an
Old Planet 2nd ed. 1994:303-05. http://books.google.com/books?id=R6b3skeNXrgC
19. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
20. ^ Konhauser, Kurt O. et al. “Could Bacteria Have Formed the
Precambrian Banded Iron Formations?” Geology 30.12 (2002): 1079 -1082.
Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/30/12/1079.abstract
21. ^ Kappler, Andreas et al. “Deposition of Banded Iron Formations by
Anoxygenic Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing Bacteria.” Geology 33.11 (2005): 865
-868. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/33/11/865.abstract
22. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index
.html, 2:102,
23. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index
.html, 2:102, {3850 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Roger Lewin, "Thread of Life", (New York: Smithsonian Books, 1982).
p102
[2]
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html

[3] "Banded iron formation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_iron_formation
Akilia Island, Western Greenland22   
3,500,000,000 YBN
13 14 		39) The oldest fossil evidence of life: stromatolites. Stromatolites made by
photosynthetic bacteria are found in both Western Australia, and South Africa.9
10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from
the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South
Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986):
489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html
2. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500
Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980):
443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html
3. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from
the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South
Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986):
489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html
4. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500
Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980):
443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html
5. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from
the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South
Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986):
489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html
6. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500
Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980):
443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html
7. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from
the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South
Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986):
489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html
8. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500
Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980):
443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html
9. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from
the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South
Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986):
489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html
10. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500
Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980):
443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html
11. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from
the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South
Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986):
489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html
12. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500
Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980):
443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html
13. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500
Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980):
443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html
14. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from
the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South
Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986):
489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html
Warrawoona, Western Australia, and, Fig Tree Group, South Africa11 12   
3,500,000,000 YBN
28 29 30 31 		287) The oldest fossils of an organism, and the oldest prokaryote and bacteria
fossils. The organism is similar to cyanobacteria {SIe-NO-BaK-TERE-u19 }, and
is found in the 3,500 million year old chert (sedimentary rock made of silica20
) in Australia21 22 and South Africa.23

2.8 billion years will pass before the first animal evolves.24 25
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence
of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646
(1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249
2. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest
Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002):
73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html
3. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence
of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646
(1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249
4. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest
Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002):
73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html
5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
6. ^ Record ID81. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington.
7. ^ "cyanobacterium."
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacteria
8. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence
of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646
(1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249
9. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest
Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002):
73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html
10. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
11. ^ Record ID81. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington.
12. ^ "cyanobacterium."
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacteria
13. ^ "chert." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/chert
14. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence
of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646
(1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249
15. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest
Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002):
73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html
16. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the
3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature
314.6011 (1985):
530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html
17. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
18. ^ Record ID81. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington.
19. ^ "cyanobacterium."
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacteria
20. ^ "chert." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/chert
21. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence
of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646
(1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249
22. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest
Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002):
73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html
23. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the
3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature
314.6011 (1985):
530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html
24. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
25. ^ Record ID81. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington.
26. ^ Schopf, J.
William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature
416.6876 (2002):
73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html
27. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the
3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature
314.6011 (1985):
530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html
28. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the
3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature
314.6011 (1985):
530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html
29. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence
of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646
(1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249
30. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence
of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646
(1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249
31. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest
Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002):
73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html

MORE INFO
[1] BIO415 (Author? University?) Multicelluarity.pdf (t3:
multicellularity of cyanobacteria)
[2] t3:
http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol3018.htm multicellularity.
"Some cyanobacteria species exist in a truly, though primitive, multicellular
form in which cellular differentiation occurs."
Warrawoona, northwestern Western Australia26 and Onverwacht Group, Barberton
Mountain Land, South Africa27   
3,400,000,000 YBN
8 		190) The earliest fossils of coccoid {KoKOED5 } (spherical) bacteria.6
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ "coccoid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/coccoid
2. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of
Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February
2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268,
10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0301926800001261)
3. ^ "coccoid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/coccoid
4. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of
Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February
2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268,
10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0301926800001261)
5. ^ "coccoid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/coccoid
6. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of
Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February
2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268,
10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0301926800001261)
7. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of
Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February
2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268,
10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0301926800001261)
8. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of
Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February
2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268,
10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0301926800001261)

MORE INFO
[1] maybe evidence: Nagy, B. and Nagy, L.A., 1969. Early Precambrian
microstructures: possibly the oldest fossils on Earth?. Nature 223, pp.
1226-1229.?
Kromberg Formation, Swaziland System, South Africa7   
3,260,000,000 YBN
7 		71) The earliest fossil evidence of prokaryote reproduction by budding.4

Like binary division, budding is a form of asexual reproduction. However, with
budding a new individual develops from a certain point of the parent organism.
The new individual may separate to exist independently, or the buds may remain
attached, forming colonies.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of
Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February
2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268,
10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0301926800001261)
2. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of
Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February
2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268,
10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0301926800001261)
3. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of
Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February
2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268,
10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0301926800001261)
4. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of
Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February
2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268,
10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0301926800001261)
5. ^ "budding." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 04 Mar. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83411/budding>.
6. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of
Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February
2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268,
10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0301926800001261)
7. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of
Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February
2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268,
10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0301926800001261)
Swartkoppie, South Africa6   
3,235,000,000 YBN
3 		68) The earliest Archaea fossils.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Rasmussen, Birger. "Filamentous Microfossils in a 3,235-million-year-old
Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposit." Nature 405.6787 (2000):
676–679. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v405/n6787/abs/405676a0.html
2. ^ Rasmussen, Birger. "Filamentous Microfossils in a 3,235-million-year-old
Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposit." Nature 405.6787 (2000):
676–679. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v405/n6787/abs/405676a0.html
3. ^ Rasmussen, Birger. "Filamentous Microfossils in a 3,235-million-year-old
Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposit." Nature 405.6787 (2000):
676–679. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v405/n6787/abs/405676a0.html
(Sulphur Springs Deposit) Pilbara Craton of Australia2   
3,200,000,000 YBN
22 23 24 25 26 		66) The earliest acritarch fossils (unicellular microfossils with uncertain
affinity13 14 ). These acritarchs are also the earliest possible eukaryote
fossils.15 16

Acritarchs appear to be phytoplankton {FITO-PlaNK-TeN17 } (freely floating
microscopic algae18 19 ) that grow thick coverings during a resting stage in
their life cycle. Some resemble the resting stage of modern marine algae known
as dinoflagellates.20
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Acritarch." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/acritarch
2. ^ Delwiche, Charles F., "The Origin and Evolution of Dinoflagellates", in:
Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.",
Elsevier; 2007, p194.
3. ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/acritarch.html
4. ^ Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a
geological perspective. Science 256: 622-627
5. ^ "Acritarch." McGraw-Hill Dictionary
of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003.
Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/acritarch
6. ^ Delwiche, Charles F., "The Origin and Evolution
of Dinoflagellates", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p194.
7. ^
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/acritarch.html
8. ^ Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a
geological perspective. Science 256: 622-627
9. ^ "Acritarch." McGraw-Hill Dictionary
of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003.
Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/acritarch
10. ^ Delwiche, Charles F., "The Origin and Evolution
of Dinoflagellates", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p194.
11. ^
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/acritarch.html
12. ^ Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a
geological perspective. Science 256: 622-627
13. ^ "Acritarch." McGraw-Hill Dictionary
of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003.
Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/acritarch
14. ^ Delwiche, Charles F., "The Origin and Evolution
of Dinoflagellates", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p194.
15. ^
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/acritarch.html
16. ^ Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a
geological perspective. Science 256: 622-627
17. ^ "phytoplankton." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/phytoplankton
18. ^ "phytoplankton." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 12 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/phytoplankton
19. ^ "phytoplankton." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 12 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/phytoplankton
20. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th ed., 2006, p257.
21. ^ Javaux,
Emmanuelle J., Craig P. Marshall, and Andrey Bekker. “Organic-walled
microfossils in 3.2-billion-year-old shallow-marine siliciclastic deposits.”
Nature 463.7283 (2010):
934-938. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7283/full/nature08793.html
22. ^ Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Craig P. Marshall, and Andrey Bekker.
“Organic-walled microfossils in 3.2-billion-year-old shallow-marine
siliciclastic deposits.” Nature 463.7283 (2010):
934-938. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7283/full/nature08793.html
{3.2 bybn}
23. ^ A. H. Knoll, E. J. Javaux, D. Hewitt and P. Cohen, "Eukaryotic
Organisms in Proterozoic Oceans", Philosophical Transactions: Biological
Sciences , Vol. 361, No. 1470, Major Steps in Cell Evolution: Palaeontological,
Molecular and Cellular Evidence of Their Timing and Global Effects (Jun. 29,
2006), pp. 1023-1038 http://www.jstor.org/stable/20209698 {1.8 bybn}
24. ^
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/dinoflagfr.html {1.8 bybn}
25. ^
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/acritarch.html {1900-1600 mybn}
26. ^ Harold
Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th ed., 2006, p257. {1.6 bybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Knoll, Andrew H., Walter, Malcolm,
"Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life
and Evolution of Biospheres, 2003-02-01, Springer Netherlands, Vol33, Iss1,
p75-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023992712071
[2] Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean
Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue
5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short
and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534
[3] Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A Molecular Time-Scale for Eukaryote
Evolution Recalibrated with the Continuous Microfossil Record", Proceedings:
Biological Sciences , Vol. 273, No. 1596 (Aug. 7, 2006), pp.
1867-1872 http://www.jstor.org/stable/25223537
[4] Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Andrew H. Knoll, and Malcolm R. Walter.
“Morphological and ecological complexity in early eukaryotic ecosystems.”
Nature 412.6842 (2001):
66-69. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6842/abs/412066a0.html
(Moodies Group) South Africa21   
2,923,000,000 YBN
23 		178) The Eubacteria Phylum Firmicutes (FiRmiKYUTEZ14 ) evolves (Gram positive
bacteria: the cause of botulism, tetanus, and anthrax).15 16 17

Firmicutes is a phylum of nonphotosynthetic18 , mainly gram-positive bacteria.
Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes are the two main groups of bacteria found in the
intestine.19

Firmicutes includes rods and cocci {KoKSE20 } forms, and some form
endospores.21

An endospore is a tough reduced dry form of a bacterium, triggered by a lack of
nutrients, that protects the bacterium, and allows it to be revived after long
periods of time.22
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=firmicutes&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Nature v417 n6886 (not TOL)
4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges,
"A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of
methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).
5. ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Bacteria. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds.
Sidney Draggan and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the
Environment, Washington DC http://www.eoearth.org/article/Bacteria?topic=49480
6. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=firmicutes&submit=Submit
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
8. ^ Nature v417 n6886 (not TOL)
9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A
Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of
methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).
10. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=firmicutes&submit=Submit
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
12. ^ Nature v417 n6886 (not TOL)
13. ^ Battistuzzi,
Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into
the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC
Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
14. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=firmicutes&submit=Submit
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
16. ^ Nature v417 n6886 (not TOL)
17. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A
Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of
methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).
18. ^ "bacteria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Sep.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/48203/bacteria/39371/Classificat
ion-by-morphology-biochemistry-and-other-features>.
19. ^ "Firmicutes" at Dorland's Medical
Dictionary http://web.archive.org/web/20090616022448/http://www.mercksource.com
/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/three
/000040400.htm
20. ^ "coccus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/coccus
21. ^ "bacteria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Sep.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/48203/bacteria/39371/Classificat
ion-by-morphology-biochemistry-and-other-features>.
22. ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Bacteria. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney
Draggan and C.J. Cleveland, National Council for Science and the Environment,
Washington DC http://www.eoearth.org/article/Bacteria?topic=49480
23. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of
prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy,
and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).

MORE INFO
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycan
[2] firmicutes only bacteria to make endospores
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospore
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmicutes
[4] http://www.earthlife.net/prokaryotes/firmicutes.html
  
2,800,000,000 YBN
24 		76) The Eubacteria Phylum Proteobacteria evolves (includes Rickettsia {the
ancestor of all mitochondria}, gonorrhea, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli
{esRriKEo KOlI16 } or E coli {E KOlI17 }).18 19 20 21 22

The proteobacteria are the largest group of bacteria by far in terms of number
of described species.23
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Tree of life,
http://tolweb.org/tree/
4. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic
Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic
Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf
5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A
Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of
methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
7. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/
8. ^ David moreira, Purificacion
Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria
as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998)
47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf
9. ^ "Escherichia coli." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House,
Inc. 30 Dec. 2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Escherichia coli>.
10. ^ "E.
coli." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/escherichia-coli
11. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
13. ^ Tree of life,
http://tolweb.org/tree/
14. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic
Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic
Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf
15. ^
http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=71320
16. ^ "Escherichia coli." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 Dec.
2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Escherichia coli>.
17. ^ "E. coli." The
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/escherichia-coli
18. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
20. ^ Tree of life,
http://tolweb.org/tree/
21. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic
Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic
Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf
22. ^
http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=71320
23. ^ Sadava, D. et al. Life: The Science of Biology. W. H. Freeman, 2009,
p550-551.
24. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). {2800000000 YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] multicellularity.
http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol3018.htm multicellularity.
Multicellularity.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacteria
[2] JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli",
Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html
[3] "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>
[4] conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa
and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989)
[5] prokaryote pili and
archaea flagella related:
http://www.queens-pfd.ca/people/index.cfm?meds=profile&profile=12
[6] Stackebrandt et al. Proteobacteria classis nov., a name for the
phylogenetic taxon that includes the "purple bacteria and their relatives".
Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1988, 38,
321–325. http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/38/3/321.full.pdf
  
2,800,000,000 YBN
38 		177) Gender and sex (conjugation) evolve in Escherichia Coli {esRriKEo KOlI29 }
bacteria. Conjugation is the exchange of DNA (plasmids) by a donor {male}
bacterium through a pilus to a recipient {female} bacterium.30 31 32 33 34 35
This may be the process that evolves into eukaryote sexual reproduction.36

In addition to pili and conjugation, proteins that can cut DNA and other
proteins that can connect two strands of DNA evolve.37
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli",
Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_
Joshua_19460917.pdf}
2. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>.
3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Tree of life,
http://tolweb.org/tree/
6. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic
Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic
Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf
7. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM,
"Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946)
doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_
Joshua_19460917.pdf}
8. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>.
9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
11. ^ Tree of life,
http://tolweb.org/tree/
12. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic
Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic
Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf
13. ^ "Escherichia coli."
Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 Dec. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Escherichia coli>.
14. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E.
L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19
October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_
Joshua_19460917.pdf}
15. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>.
16. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
18. ^ Tree of life,
http://tolweb.org/tree/
19. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic
Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic
Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf
20. ^ prokaryote pili and archaea
flagella related:
http://www.queens-pfd.ca/people/index.cfm?meds=profile&profile=12
21. ^ "Escherichia coli." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 Dec.
2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Escherichia coli>.
22. ^ JOSHUA
LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158,
558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_
Joshua_19460917.pdf}
23. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>.
24. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
25. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
26. ^ Tree of life,
http://tolweb.org/tree/
27. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic
Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic
Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf
28. ^ prokaryote pili and archaea
flagella related:
http://www.queens-pfd.ca/people/index.cfm?meds=profile&profile=12
29. ^ "Escherichia coli." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 Dec.
2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Escherichia coli>.
30. ^ JOSHUA
LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158,
558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_
Joshua_19460917.pdf}
31. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>.
32. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
33. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
34. ^ Tree of life,
http://tolweb.org/tree/
35. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic
Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic
Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf
36. ^ Ted Huntington.
37. ^ prokaryote pili and
archaea flagella related:
http://www.queens-pfd.ca/people/index.cfm?meds=profile&profile=12
38. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). {2800000000 YBN}
  
2,795,000,000 YBN
23) The first virus evolves.7

These cells depend on the DNA duplicating and protein producing systems of
other cells to reproduce themselves. The first viruses may be made from
bacteria, or may be bacteria initially.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm
2. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm
3. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm
4. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm
5. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm
6. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm
7. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm
8. ^
http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm
  
2,784,000,000 YBN
11 		176) The Eubacteria Phylum, Planctomycetes {PlaNK-TO-mI-SETS7 } evolves (also
known as Planctobacteria).8

Planctomycetes are a widely distributed group of eubacteria that reproduce by
budding, have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan like most bacteria,
and some have a membrane-bound nucleoid, similar to the eukaryotic nucleus.9 10

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=planctomycetes&submit=Submit
2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
3. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=planctomycetes&submit=Submit
4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=planctomycetes&submit=Submit
6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
7. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=planctomycetes&submit=Submit
8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
9. ^ Gerday, C., N. Glansdorff, and
American Society for Microbiology. Physiology and Biochemistry of
Extremophiles. ASM Press, 2007. American Society Mic Series,
p410. http://books.google.com/books?id=T0_9nNv3kZoC&pg=PA410
10. ^ Fuerst, John A. “The Planctomycetes: Emerging Models for Microbial
Ecology, Evolution and Cell Biology.” Microbiology 141.7 (1995): 1493
–1506. Print. http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/141/7/1493.long
11. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).

MORE INFO
[1] s10 http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/6/1965
[2] http://genomebiology.com/2002/3/6/research/0031
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planctomycetes
[4] Lee, Kuo-Chang, Rick Webb, and John Fuerst. “The
Cell Cycle of the Planctomycete Gemmata Obscuriglobus with Respect to Cell
Compartmentalization.” BMC Cell Biology 10.1 (2009):
4. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2121/10/4/
  
2,784,000,000 YBN
29 		179) The Eubacteria Phylum, Actinobacteria {aKTinO-BaK-TER-Eu20 } evolves (the
source of streptomycin and the cause of tuberculosis and leprosy21 ).22 23 24
25 26

The Actinobacteria are a group of Gram-positive bacteria, that are rod-shaped
or form branching filaments,27 and include many soil bacteria28 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=actinobacteria&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Nature v417 n6886, not TOL
4. ^ "Actinobacteria". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacteria
5. ^ http://asylumeclectica.com/malady/archives/leprosy.htm
6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale
of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis,
phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
7. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=actinobacteria&submit=Submit
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
9. ^ Nature v417 n6886, not TOL
10. ^ "Actinobacteria". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacteria
11. ^ http://asylumeclectica.com/malady/archives/leprosy.htm
12. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale
of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis,
phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
13. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=actinobacteria&submit=Submit
14. ^ Schaechter, M. Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology. Academic Press, 2009.
Academic Press, p1-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=vO0oU4z36DIC&pg=PA1
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
16. ^ Nature v417 n6886, not TOL
17. ^ "Actinobacteria".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacteria
18. ^
http://asylumeclectica.com/malady/archives/leprosy.htm
19. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
20. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=actinobacteria&submit=Submit
21. ^ Schaechter, M. Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology. Academic Press, 2009.
Academic Press, p1-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=vO0oU4z36DIC&pg=PA1
22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
23. ^ Nature v417 n6886, not TOL
24. ^ "Actinobacteria".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacteria
25. ^
http://asylumeclectica.com/malady/archives/leprosy.htm
26. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
27. ^ Lim, D.V. Microbiology.
Kendall/Hunt, 2002,
p391. http://books.google.com/books?id=CKEgLmqfbRQC&pg=PA391
28. ^ Schaechter, M. Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology. Academic Press, 2009.
Academic Press, p1-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=vO0oU4z36DIC&pg=PA1
29. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of
prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy,
and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).

MORE INFO
[1] "streptomyces." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 04 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/streptomyces
  
2,775,000,000 YBN
11 		174) The Eubacteria Phylum, Spirochaetes (SPIrOKETEZ7 ) evolves (the cause of
Syphilis, and Lyme disease).8

Spirochetes {SPIrOKETS9 } are helical heterotrophs that spiral through their
environment by rotating, internal, flagellum-like filaments.10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks1/diversity/Pronunciation%20Guide.pdf
2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
3. ^
www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks1/diversity/Pronunciation%20Guide.pdf
4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
5. ^
www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks1/diversity/Pronunciation%20Guide.pdf
6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
7. ^
www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks1/diversity/Pronunciation%20Guide.pdf
8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
9. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=spirochete&submit=Submit
10. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008.
Alternative eText Formats Series, p569,571.
11. ^ estimated from Battistuzzi, Feijao,
Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin
of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).

MORE INFO
[1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004)
[3] "spirochete." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/spirochete
  
2,775,000,000 YBN
14 15 		175) The Eubacteria Phylum Bacteroidetes {BaKTRrOEDiTEZ10 } evolves.11 12

Bacteroidetes is composed of Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, mostly anaerobic,
nonsporeforming bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment,
including in soil, sea water, and in the guts and on the skin of animals.13
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bacteroidetes+&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of
prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy,
and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^
4. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bacteroidetes+&submit=Submit
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^
7. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bacteroidetes+&submit=Submit
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^
10. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bacteroidetes+&submit=Submit
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
12. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^
13. ^ George M.
Garrity, ed. (November 24, 2010) 1984(Williams & Wilkins). ^ (in English). The
Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria,
Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae,
Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes. Bergey's Manual of Systematic
Bacteriology. 4 (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 908. ISBN 978-0-387-95042-6.
British Library no. GBA561951.
14. ^ estimate from Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
15. ^ estimate from Battistuzzi, Feijao,
Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin
of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).

MORE INFO
[1] Tree of Life
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobi
  
2,775,000,000 YBN
11 		217) The Eubacteria Phylum Chlamydiae {Klo-mi-DE-I or Klo-mi-DE-E7 } evolves.8


Chlamydiae are parasites that can survive only within animal cells. One species
Chlamydia trachomatis (TreKOmuTis9 } is the most common cause of blindness on
Earth, and also causes a common sexually transmitted disease.10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=chlamydiae&submit=Submit
2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
3. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=chlamydiae&submit=Submit
4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
5. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=chlamydiae&submit=Submit
6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
7. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=chlamydiae&submit=Submit
8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
9. ^ "Chlamydia trachomatis." The American
Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002.
Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chlamydia-trachomatis
10. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology.
Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p569.
11. ^
Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).

MORE INFO
[1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004)
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiae
[4]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucomicrobia
  
2,775,000,000 YBN
12 13 		6309) The Eubacteria Phylum Chlorobi {KlOROBE} evolves (green sulphur
bacteria).7 8

Chlorobi are obligately anoxygenic (cannot survive in the presence of oxygen),
photosythesizing bacteria, that fix carbon from carbon dioxide into carbon
compounds for cell growth, by using sulfur compounds, hydrogen, or ferrous iron
as electron donors (oxidizing them).9 10 11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^
3. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Battistuzzi,
Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into
the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC
Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A
Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of
methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).. ^
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic
timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis,
phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004)..
^
9. ^ Margulis, L., and M.J. Chapman. Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide
to the Phyla of Life on Earth. Elsevier Science,
2009. http://books.google.com/books?id=9IWaqAOGyt4C&pg=PA88
10. ^ Martin G. Klotz, D.A.B.T.E.H. The Microbial Sulfur Cycle. Frontiers
E-books. http://books.google.com/books?id=TINC-SBb3P0C&pg=PA160
11. ^ Bryant, Donald A., and Niels-Ulrik Frigaard. “Prokaryotic
Photosynthesis and Phototrophy Illuminated.” Trends in Microbiology 14.11
(2006):
488–496. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966842X06002265
12. ^ estimate from Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
13. ^ estimate from Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A
Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of
methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).

MORE INFO
[1] Tree of Life
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobi
  
2,775,000,000 YBN
10 		6310) The Eubacteria Phylum Verrucomicrobia (VeR-rUKO-mI-KrO-BEo7 ) evolves.8

Verrucomicrobia are found in soil, fresh and marine waters, and hot springs.
Like Planctomycetes, some members of Verrucomicrobia also have intracellular
membrane enclosed compartments, including a membrane that encloses the DNA.9
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=verrucomicrobia&submit=Submit
2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
3. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=verrucomicrobia&submit=Submit
4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
5. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=verrucomicrobia&submit=Submit
6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
7. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=verrucomicrobia&submit=Submit
8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
9. ^ Kuo-Chang Lee, Richard I Webb, Peter H
Janssen, Parveen Sangwan, Tony Romeo, James T Staley and John A Fuerst, "Phylum
Verrucomicrobia representatives share a compartmentalized cell plan with
members of bacterial phylum Planctomycetes", BMC Microbiology, Volume 9, Number
1 (2009), 5, DOI:
10.1186/1471-2180-9-5. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/9/5
10. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).

MORE INFO
[1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004)
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiae
[4]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucomicrobia
  
2,730,000,000 YBN
7 8 		80) Endo and exocytosis evolve. Cells can now eat other cells.

In endocytosis the plasma membrane folds inward to bring substances into the
cell.5

In Exocytosis substances contained in vesicles are released from the cell.6
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ "endocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/endocytosis
2. ^ "exocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/exocytosis
3. ^ "endocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/endocytosis
4. ^ "exocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/exocytosis
5. ^ "endocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/endocytosis
6. ^ "exocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/exocytosis
7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 +30mybn guess
and }
8. ^ guess based on Cavalier-Smith stating that endocytosis occurs before a
cytoskeleton {Nucleus 2700 +30mybn guess and}
  
2,700,000,000 YBN
30 		60) The eukaryotic cell evolves. The first cell with a nucleus. The first
protist. The nucleus may develop from the infolding of plasma membrane.21

There are some differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
In prokaryotic
cells the DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane enclosed called
the "nucleoid" while in eukaryotic cells most of the DNA is contained in a
nucleus that is bounded by a double membrane. Eukaryotic cells are generally
much larger than prokaryotic cells. Typical bacteria are between 1-5 um in
diameter, while eukaryotic cells are typically 10-100 um in diameter.22 Unlike
prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton
enables eukaryotic cells to change their shape and to surround and engulf other
cells. Eukaryotic cells also have internal structures that prokaryotic cells
lack such as mitochondria and plastids.23 DNA in prokaryotic cells is usually
in the form of a single circular chromosome, while DNA in the nucleus of
eukaryotes contains linear chromosomes. Some organelles in eukaryotes also
contain DNA; most mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA is also circular reflecting
their prokaryote origin.24

Like prokaryotes, this cell is probably haploid (has a single unique DNA), most
eukaryotes are diploid (having two sets of DNA).25 26 27 28

All protist, fungi, animal and plant cells descend from this common eukaryotic
cell.29
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517.
2. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", 2008, p516-517.
3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517.
4. ^ Campbell,
Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98.
5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008,
p516-517.
6. ^ Jill Saffrey, "Biology: uniformity & diversity. Core of life, Book 3,
Volume 2", 2001, p353. http://books.google.com/books?id=43yiLI1DvwAC&pg=PA353
7. ^ Montgomery Slatkin, "Exploring evolutionary biology:
readings from American scientist", 1995,
p161. http://books.google.com/books?ei=AAVdT77TFMiiiQKB8a24Cw
8. ^ Andrew Wallace Hayes, "Principles and methods of toxicology", 2007,
p1181. http://books.google.com/books?id=vgHXTId8rnYC&pg=PA1181
9. ^ N. A. Kolchanov, Hwa A. Lim, "Computer analysis of genetic macromolecules:
structure, function, and evolution", 1994,
p2. http://books.google.com/books?id=crip5tRcF0YC&pg=PA2
10. ^ "diploid", Oxford Dictionary of
Biochemistry http://www.answers.com/topic/diploid
11. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98.
12. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", 2008, p516-517.
13. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98.
14. ^ Campbell,
Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517.
15. ^ Jill Saffrey, "Biology: uniformity &
diversity. Core of life, Book 3, Volume 2", 2001,
p353. http://books.google.com/books?id=43yiLI1DvwAC&pg=PA353
16. ^ Montgomery Slatkin, "Exploring evolutionary biology: readings from
American scientist", 1995,
p161. http://books.google.com/books?ei=AAVdT77TFMiiiQKB8a24Cw
17. ^ Andrew Wallace Hayes, "Principles and methods of toxicology", 2007,
p1181. http://books.google.com/books?id=vgHXTId8rnYC&pg=PA1181
18. ^ N. A. Kolchanov, Hwa A. Lim, "Computer analysis of genetic
macromolecules: structure, function, and evolution", 1994,
p2. http://books.google.com/books?id=crip5tRcF0YC&pg=PA2
19. ^ "diploid", Oxford Dictionary of
Biochemistry http://www.answers.com/topic/diploid
20. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98.
21. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", 2008, p516-517.
22. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98.
23. ^ Campbell,
Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517.
24. ^ Jill Saffrey, "Biology: uniformity &
diversity. Core of life, Book 3, Volume 2", 2001,
p353. http://books.google.com/books?id=43yiLI1DvwAC&pg=PA353
25. ^ Montgomery Slatkin, "Exploring evolutionary biology: readings from
American scientist", 1995,
p161. http://books.google.com/books?ei=AAVdT77TFMiiiQKB8a24Cw
26. ^ Andrew Wallace Hayes, "Principles and methods of toxicology", 2007,
p1181. http://books.google.com/books?id=vgHXTId8rnYC&pg=PA1181
27. ^ N. A. Kolchanov, Hwa A. Lim, "Computer analysis of genetic
macromolecules: structure, function, and evolution", 1994,
p2. http://books.google.com/books?id=crip5tRcF0YC&pg=PA2
28. ^ "diploid", Oxford Dictionary of
Biochemistry http://www.answers.com/topic/diploid
29. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98.
30. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong
Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic
timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4
{split of archae and eukaryote at c4.0 bybn, but eukaryote {with nucleus?} at)
2.7 bybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th ed., 2006, p256
[2] Jochen J.
Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular
Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13
August 1999, p1033-1036.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short
and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534
[3] Alexey S. Kondrashov, "EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF LIFE CYCLES", Annual Review
of Ecology and Systematics Vol. 28: 391-435 (Volume publication date November
1997)
http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.391;
jsessionid=npo4ogeI2anbnHbeKO
  
2,700,000,000 YBN
62) The earliest molecular fossil evidence of eukaryotes (sterane {STiR AN13
molecules).14 15 Steranes are formed from sterols {STeRoLZ16 }, molecules made
by mitochondria.17 18
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "sterane." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sterane
2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
3. ^ Jochen J.
Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular
Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13
August 1999, p1033-1036.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short
and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534
4. ^ "sterane." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sterane
5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
6. ^ Jochen J.
Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular
Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13
August 1999, p1033-1036.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short
and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534
7. ^ "sterane." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sterane
8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
9. ^ Jochen J.
Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular
Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13
August 1999, p1033-1036.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short
and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534
10. ^ "sterol." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sterol
11. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
12. ^ Jochen J.
Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular
Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13
August 1999, p1033-1036.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short
and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534
13. ^ "sterane." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sterane
14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
15. ^ Jochen J.
Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular
Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13
August 1999, p1033-1036.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short
and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534
16. ^ "sterol." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sterol
17. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
18. ^ Jochen J.
Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular
Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13
August 1999, p1033-1036.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short
and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534
19. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
20. ^ Science,
Vol 285, Issue 5430, 1033-1036 , 13 August 1999 Archean Molecular Fossils and
the Early Rise of Eukaryotes Jochen J. Brocks, 1,2* Graham A. Logan, 2 Roger
Buick, 1 Roger E. Summons 2
Northwestern Australia19 20   
2,700,000,000 YBN
198) The endoplasmic reticulum evolves in a eukaryote cell. The endoplasmic
reticulum (or ER) is a membrane system that extends from the nucleus, important
in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "endoplasmic reticulum." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/endoplasmic-reticulum
2. ^ "endoplasmic reticulum." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/endoplasmic-reticulum
3. ^ "endoplasmic reticulum." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/endoplasmic-reticulum
4. ^ "endoplasmic reticulum." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/endoplasmic-reticulum
  
2,690,000,000 YBN
17 18 		207) The cytoskeleton {SI-Te-SKeL-i-TN13 } forms in the eukaryote cytoplasm.14
15 16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "cytoskeleton." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Feb.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cytoskeleton
2. ^ Cavalier-Smith, annals of Botony 2005 vol95 issue 1
3. ^ Margulis, L.
1998. Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. Science Masters: Brockman Inc,
New York. Margulis, L., Dolan, M., Guerrero, R. 2000. The Chimaeric
eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate
protists. Colloquium. 97: 6954-6959.
4. ^ Symbiosis in cell evolution : microbial
communities in the Archean and Proterozoic eons / Lynn Margulis. 1993 second
edition
5. ^ "cytoskeleton." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Feb.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cytoskeleton
6. ^ Cavalier-Smith, annals of Botony 2005 vol95 issue 1
7. ^ Margulis, L.
1998. Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. Science Masters: Brockman Inc,
New York. Margulis, L., Dolan, M., Guerrero, R. 2000. The Chimaeric
eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate
protists. Colloquium. 97: 6954-6959.
8. ^ Symbiosis in cell evolution : microbial
communities in the Archean and Proterozoic eons / Lynn Margulis. 1993 second
edition
9. ^ "cytoskeleton." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Feb.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cytoskeleton
10. ^ Cavalier-Smith, annals of Botony 2005 vol95 issue 1
11. ^ Margulis,
L. 1998. Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. Science Masters: Brockman
Inc, New York. Margulis, L., Dolan, M., Guerrero, R. 2000. The Chimaeric
eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate
protists. Colloquium. 97: 6954-6959.
12. ^ Symbiosis in cell evolution : microbial
communities in the Archean and Proterozoic eons / Lynn Margulis. 1993 second
edition
13. ^ "cytoskeleton." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Feb.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cytoskeleton
14. ^ Cavalier-Smith, annals of Botony 2005 vol95 issue 1
15. ^ Margulis,
L. 1998. Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. Science Masters: Brockman
Inc, New York. Margulis, L., Dolan, M., Guerrero, R. 2000. The Chimaeric
eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate
protists. Colloquium. 97: 6954-6959.
16. ^ Symbiosis in cell evolution : microbial
communities in the Archean and Proterozoic eons / Lynn Margulis. 1993 second
edition
17. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 +10mybn guess
and }
18. ^ guess based on ER and golgi made of same material as cytoskeleton,
and after first eukaryote cell {Nucleus 2700 +10mybn guess and}
  
2,690,000,000 YBN
11 		208) The eukaryote flagellum and cilia evolve.

The eukaryote flagellum and cilia are structurally the same5 but are very
different from the prokaryote flagellum. The eukaryote flagellum is composed of
a characteristic "9+2" arrangement of microtubules {mIKrO-TUB-YU-LZ6 }
surrounded by a sheath which is an extension of the plasma membrane.7 Unlike
the prokaryote flagella that rotate, the flagella and cilia of eukaryotic cells
undulate in a wave-like motion to propel the cell.8

Some cilia are nonmotile and serve as signal-receiving "antennae" for the
cell.9

The sperm cells of algae, animals, and some plants have flagella.10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", Eighth Edition, 2008, p114.
2. ^
"microtubule." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 May. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/microtubule>.
3. ^ Dr. P.D. Sharma, "Microbiology & Plant Pathology", 2007,
p86. http://books.google.com/books?id=ByDwOIWXp4MC&pg=PA86
4. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", Eighth Edition, 2008, p114.
5. ^ Campbell,
Reece, et al., "Biology", Eighth Edition, 2008, p114.
6. ^ "microtubule."
Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 May. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/microtubule>.
7. ^ Sharma, P.D. Microbiology. Rastogi Publications, 2007,
p86. http://books.google.com/books?id=7rfpzW7eMW4C&pg=PA86
8. ^ Dr. P.D. Sharma, "Microbiology & Plant Pathology", 2007,
p86. http://books.google.com/books?id=ByDwOIWXp4MC&pg=PA86
9. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", Eighth Edition, 2008, p114.
10. ^ Campbell,
Reece, et al., "Biology", Eighth Edition, 2008, p114.
11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong
Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic
timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4
{Nucleus 2700 -10mybn guess}
  
2,680,000,000 YBN
8 		65) The circular chromosome in the eukaryote nucleus changes into linear
chromosomes.5

Alternatively, the eukaryotic cell may descend from a prokaryote that already
has linear DNA.6

Some extant prokaryotes have a linear chromosome.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
7. ^ Alexey S.
Kondrashov, "EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF LIFE CYCLES", Annual Review of Ecology
and Systematics Vol. 28: 391-435 (Volume publication date November 1997)
http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.391;
jsessionid=npo4ogeI2anbnHbeKO
8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 +20mybn
guess}

MORE INFO
[1] not all prokaryotes have circle of
DNA: http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.
391;jsessionid=npo4ogeI2anbnHbeKO
[2] Jumas-Bilak E, Maugard C, Michaux-Charachon S, Allardet-Servent A, Perrin
A, et al. 1995. Study of the organization of the genomes of Escherichia coli,
Brucella melitensis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens by insertion of a unique
restriction site. Microbiology 141:2425-32 (Medline)
[3] Lezhava A, Kameoka D, Sugino H,
Goshi K, Shinkawa H, et al. 1997. Chromosomal deletions in Streptomyces griseus
that remove the afsA locus. Mol. Gen. Genet. 253:478-83
[4] Marconi RT, Casjens S,
Munderloh UG, Samuels DS. 1996. Analysis of linear plasmid dimers in Borrelia
burgdorferi sensu lato isolates: implications concerning the potential
mechanisms of linear plasmid replication. J. Bact. 178:3357-61
  
2,680,000,000 YBN
216) Histones evolve. Histones are proteins found in all eukaryotic cell nuclei
that package and order a single continuous DNA molecule into structural units
called nucleosomes {nUKlEuSOMZ3 }.4 The nucleosomes are coiled into a 30
nanometer fiber called a chromatin, and then looped again around a chromosome
scaffold into a larger 300 nanometer fiber which forms one of the two
chromatids in a chromosome.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "nucleosome." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/nucleosome Read more:
http://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_answer.jsp#ixzz2Ga2DeYfP
2. ^ Nelson, D.L., and M.M. Cox. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. W. H.
Freeman, 2008. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry,
p963. http://books.google.com/books?id=5Ek9J4p3NfkC
3. ^ "nucleosome." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/nucleosome Read more:
http://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_answer.jsp#ixzz2Ga2DeYfP
4. ^ Nelson, D.L., and M.M. Cox. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. W. H.
Freeman, 2008. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry,
p963. http://books.google.com/books?id=5Ek9J4p3NfkC
5. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008.
Alternative eText Formats Series.
  
2,680,000,000 YBN
5 		291) The eukaryote cell evolves two intermediate stages between cell division
and DNA synthesis.3

In prokaryotes, DNA synthesis can take place uninterrupted between cell
divisions, but eukaryotes duplicate their DNA exactly once during a discrete
period between cell divisions.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward
Arnold, 1989).: p45
2. ^ "cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 11 Mar. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/101396/cell>.
3. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward
Arnold, 1989).: p45
4. ^ "cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 11 Mar. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/101396/cell>.
5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -20mybn
guess}

MORE INFO
[1] Cooper GM (2000). "Chapter 14: The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle". The cell:
a molecular approach (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C: ASM Press. ISBN
0-87893-106-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9876/
[2] Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, p228-245
  
2,670,000,000 YBN
199) The Eukaryote Golgi Apparatus evolves. The Golgi apparatus packages
proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.4
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ "Golgi apparatus." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 28 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/238044/Golgi-apparatus>.
2. ^ "Golgi apparatus." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 28 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/238044/Golgi-apparatus>.
3. ^ "Golgi apparatus." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 28 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/238044/Golgi-apparatus>.
4. ^ "Golgi apparatus." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 28 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/238044/Golgi-apparatus>.

MORE INFO
[1] "Endosome." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/endosome
  
2,670,000,000 YBN
5 		290) The nucleolus evolves. The nucleolus is a sphere in the nucleus that makes
ribosomal RNA.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward
Arnold, 1989).: p48 nucleolus divides
2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other
Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: p48 nucleolus divides
3. ^ Michael
Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold,
1989).: p48 nucleolus divides
4. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists",
(London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: p48 nucleolus divides
5. ^ Ted Huntington
guess

MORE INFO
[1] Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry Oxford University Press. Oxford
Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology © 1997, 2000, 2006 All rights
reserved. http://www.answers.com/topic/nucleolus#ixzz2VAspF99U
  
2,660,000,000 YBN
16 		72) Mitosis evolves in Eukaryote cells.11 12

Mitosis is the process in eukaryotic cell division in which the duplicated
chromosomes are separated and the nucleus divides resulting in two new nuclei,
each of which contains an identical copy of the parental chromosomes. Mitosis
is usually immediately followed by cytokinesis, the division of the
cytoplasm.13 14

Mitosis is thought to have evolved from prokaryote binary fission and possible
intermediate stages can be seen in some protists.15
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward
Arnold, 1989).: types of mitosis, evolution of mitosis.
2. ^ Brusca and Brusca,
"Invertebrates", 2003, p128-129. {BruscaCh05.pdf}
3. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists",
(London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: types of mitosis, evolution of
mitosis.
4. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p128-129. {BruscaCh05.pdf}
5. ^ "mitosis." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mitosis
6. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, p230-233.
7. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other
Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: types of mitosis,
evolution of mitosis.
8. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003,
p128-129. {BruscaCh05.pdf}
9. ^ "mitosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Mar. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mitosis
10. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, p230-233.
11. ^ Michael
Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold,
1989).: types of mitosis, evolution of mitosis.
12. ^ Brusca and Brusca,
"Invertebrates", 2003, p128-129. {BruscaCh05.pdf}
13. ^ "mitosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of
the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 12 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mitosis
14. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th Edition,
2008, p230-233.
15. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, p237.
16. ^ S Blair
Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi
Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary
Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -40mybn
guess}
  
2,640,000,000 YBN
48 		73) Eukaryote sex evolves. This is the first diploid cell and the first
zygote.29 30

Because of sex, two cells with different DNA can mix providing more genetic
variety. Having two chromosome sets also provides a backup copy of important
genes.31 32

Eukaryotic sexual reproduction, which is initially the fusion of two cells and
their nuclei, may first occur in a single cell protist that usually reproduces
asexually by mitosis.33 Two haploid eukaryote cells (gametes, cells with one
set of chromosomes each) merge and then their nuclei merge to form the first
diploid cell, a cell with two sets of chromosomes, the first zygote.34
"Syngamy" {SiNG-Gu-mE35 } refers to gamete fusion and "karyogamy"
{KaR-E-oG-e-mE36 } to nucleus fusion. In most cases syngamy is immediately
followed by karyogamy.37

This fusion of two haploid cells results in the first diploid single-celled
organism, which may then immediately divide back to two haploid cells.

Conjugation, the second major kind of sexual phenomenon, which occurs in the
ciliates, involves the fusion of gametic nuclei instead of independent gamete
cells.38

Initially sex may be the fusion of two indistinguishable cells (isogamy) with
gender (anisogamy) only evolving later.39 Although possibly eukaryote cell
fusion and gender is directly descended from prokaryote conjugation.40

All sexual species alternate between haploid and diploid. There are three main
different types of sexual life cycles; haplontic, haplodiplontic, and
diplontic.41 42
This begins the haplontic life cycle: in the entire life cycle
the only diploid cell is the zygote and mitosis only occurs in the haploid
phase43 .44 45

Most fungi and some protists including some algae are "haplontic"; they have a
multicellular haploid stage and no multicellular diploid stage. Plants and some
algae are "haplodiplontic"; they make both a multicellular haploid and
multicellular diploid organism. Animals are "diplontic"; they make a diploid
multicellular organism and no multicellular haploid organism.46 47
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964).
2. ^ Richard
Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p258.
4. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution",
(London: Nelson, 1964).
5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005).
6. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p258.
7. ^ Karen Arms,
Pamela S. Camp, "Biology", Third Edition, 1987,
p398. http://books.google.com/books?ei=fjtmT96tDqPQiAKP2qyiDw&id=ga_uAAAAMAAJ
8. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964).
9. ^ Richard
Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
10. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p258.
11. ^ Glenn E. Croston, "Kaplan AP biology",
2000, p98. http://books.google.com/books?id=PWsKAQAAMAAJ
12. ^ Janette B. Benson, Marshall M. Haith, "Diseases and Disorders in
Infancy and Early Childhood", 2009, p203.
13. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology",
Eigth Edition, 2008, p252.
14. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201.
15. ^
Rowoand, M.D. Bath Advanced Science - Biology. Thomas Nelson & Sons, Limited,
1992. Bath Science 16-19 Series,
p503. http://books.google.com/books?id=j9cEEouPBogC&pg=PA503
16. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201.
17. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The
evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994,
p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=XsgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10
18. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964).
19. ^ Richard
Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
20. ^ Glenn E. Croston,
"Kaplan AP biology", 2000, p98. http://books.google.com/books?id=PWsKAQAAMAAJ
21. ^ Janette B. Benson, Marshall M. Haith,
"Diseases and Disorders in Infancy and Early Childhood", 2009, p203.
22. ^ Campbell,
Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p252.
23. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental
Genetics", 2004, p201.
24. ^ Rowoand, M.D. Bath Advanced Science - Biology. Thomas
Nelson & Sons, Limited, 1992. Bath Science 16-19 Series,
p503. http://books.google.com/books?id=j9cEEouPBogC&pg=PA503
25. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201.
26. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The
evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994,
p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=XsgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10
27. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestors Tail", 2004, p626.
28. ^ Ted Huntington.
29. ^ Sir Gavin De
Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964).
30. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of
Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
31. ^ Glenn E. Croston, "Kaplan AP biology",
2000, p98. http://books.google.com/books?id=PWsKAQAAMAAJ
32. ^ Janette B. Benson, Marshall M. Haith, "Diseases and Disorders in
Infancy and Early Childhood", 2009, p203.
33. ^ Charles W. Fox, Daphne J. Fairbair,
"Evolutionary ecology: concepts and case studies", 2001,
p155. http://books.google.com/books?id=_dCrIwP85vkC&pg=PA155
34. ^ Janet Louise Leonard, Alex Córdoba-Aguilar, "The evolution of primary
sexual characters in animals", 2010, p15-16.
35. ^ "syngamy." Dictionary.com
Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 Jun. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/syngamy>.
36. ^ "karyogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/karyogamy
37. ^ Peter Calow, "The encyclopedia of ecology & environmental management",
1998, p680. http://books.google.com/books?id=8LxE9RFpgJcC&pg=PA680
38. ^ "protist." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 17 Mar. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/480085/protist>.
39. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestors Tail", 2004, p626.
40. ^ Ted Huntington.
41. ^ Campbell,
Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p252.
42. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental
Genetics", 2004, p201.
43. ^ Rowoand, M.D. Bath Advanced Science - Biology. Thomas
Nelson & Sons, Limited, 1992. Bath Science 16-19 Series,
p503. http://books.google.com/books?id=j9cEEouPBogC&pg=PA503
44. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201.
45. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The
evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994,
p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=XsgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10
46. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p252.
47. ^ John Ringo,
"Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201.
48. ^ estimate based on diplomonads having sex
repro, and origin of euk being (is now) {Nucleus 2700 -60mybn guess)(was
2710mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] J. William Schopf, "Major Events in the History of Life", (Boston,
MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1992).p57 (was)
  
2,640,000,000 YBN
17 		206) Meiosis evolves (one-step meiosis: a single cell division of a diploid
cell into two haploid cells).12 13

Meiosis, which looks similar to mitosis14 , is the process of cell division in
sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in
reproductive cells from diploid to haploid, leading to the production of
gametes in animals and spores in plants.15

Without the reduction back to haploid, genomes would double in size with every
generation.16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html
2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York:
Edward Arnold, 1989)., no cross over in one-division
3. ^
http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html
4. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward
Arnold, 1989)., no cross over in one-division
5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth
Edition, 2008, p253.
6. ^ "meiosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
12 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/meiosis
7. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html
8. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London;
New York: Edward Arnold, 1989)., no cross over in one-division
9. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p253.
10. ^ "meiosis." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 12 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/meiosis
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestors Tail",
2004, p627.
12. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html
13. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New
York: Edward Arnold, 1989)., no cross over in one-division
14. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p253.
15. ^ "meiosis." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 12 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/meiosis
16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestors Tail",
2004, p627.
17. ^ Ted Huntington.

MORE INFO
[1] S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4
  
2,610,000,000 YBN
22 		296) Gender in eukaryotes evolves.17 Anisogamy {aNISoGomE18 19 }, sex (cell
and nucleus fusion) between two cells that are different in size or shape.20 21

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward
Arnold, 1989).
2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York:
Edward Arnold, 1989).
3. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
29 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anisogamy&submit=Submit
5. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London;
New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).
6. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 18 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy
7. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists",
(London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).
8. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 29 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy
9. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anisogamy&submit=Submit
10. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward
Arnold, 1989).
11. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Mar.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy
12. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York:
Edward Arnold, 1989).
13. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
29 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy
14. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anisogamy&submit=Submit
15. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists",
(London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).
16. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 18 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy
17. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other
Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).
18. ^ "anisogamy." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy
19. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anisogamy&submit=Submit
20. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward
Arnold, 1989).
21. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Mar.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy
22. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -90mybn
guess}
  
2,590,000,000 YBN
7 		298) Oogamy {O-oG-omE5 }, a form of anisogamy, evolves in protists: sex between
a flagellated gamete and an unflagellated gamete.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oogamy&submit=Submit
2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York:
Edward Arnold, 1989).
3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oogamy&submit=Submit
4. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists",
(London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oogamy&submit=Submit
6. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward
Arnold, 1989).
7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda
S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes",
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -110mybn
guess}
  
2,580,000,000 YBN
5 		300) Diploid cell fusion evolves (Gamontogamy).1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward
Arnold, 1989). p76,p79
2. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/clevelan.html
3. ^
arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.mi.17.100163.002105
diatoms do gamontogamy gamontogomy_diatoms_annurev.mi.17.100163.002105.pdf
4. ^
http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.28.1.391
annurev.ecolsys.28.1.391 (saved html file)
5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir
Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale
for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4
{Nucleus 2700 -120mybn guess}
  
2,570,000,000 YBN
11 		295) Two-step meiosis evolves (diploid DNA copies and then the cell divides
twice into four haploid cells).6

Most protists divide by two-step meiosis, and one-step meiosis is rare.7 8

Many of the steps of meiosis closely resemble corresponding steps in mitosis.
Meiosis, like mitosis, is preceded by the replication of chromosomes, but this
single replication is followed not by one but two consecutive cell divisions
which results in four child cells instead of the two child cells of mitosis.9

Mitosis produces child cells that are genetically identical to their parent
cells and each other, while meiosis produces cells that differ genetically from
their parent cell and from each other.10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html
2. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html
3. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html
4. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London;
New York: Edward Arnold, 1989) p71.
5. ^ Igor B. Raikov, Meiosis in protists: Recent
advances and persisting problems, European Journal of Protistology, Volume 31,
Issue 1, 15 March 1995, Pages 1-7, ISSN 0932-4739,
10.1016/S0932-4739(11)80349-4. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0932473911803494)
6. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html
7. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York:
Edward Arnold, 1989) p71.
8. ^ Igor B. Raikov, Meiosis in protists: Recent advances
and persisting problems, European Journal of Protistology, Volume 31, Issue 1,
15 March 1995, Pages 1-7, ISSN 0932-4739,
10.1016/S0932-4739(11)80349-4. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0932473911803494)
9. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008.
Alternative eText Formats Series, p253-257.
10. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece.
Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series,
p253-257.
11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -130mybn
guess}
  
2,558,000,000 YBN
5 		171) The Eubacteria phylum "Deinococcus-Thermus" evolves (includes Thermus
Aquaticus {used in PCR}, and Deinococcus radiodurans {which can survive long
exposure to radiation}).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao,
Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin
of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).
3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao,
Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin
of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).
5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).

MORE INFO
[1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004)
  
2,558,000,000 YBN
17 18 		172) The Eubacteria phylum, Cyanobacteria {SIe-NO-BaK-TERE-u11 } evolves.

Cyanobacteria are the only prokaryotes with oxygen-producing photosynthesis,12
and are the ancestor of all eukaryote plastids (for example chloroplasts).13 14

Fossil evidence suggests that cyanobacteria existed as early as 3.8 billion
years before now, but the genetic evidence places the origin of cyanobacteria
here at 2.5 billion years before now.15 16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacteria
2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and
Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in
Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003).
4. ^ "cyanobacterium."
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacteria
5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
6. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar,
"Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19,
Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003).
7. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacteria
8. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008.
Alternative eText Formats Series, p569.
9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic
timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis,
phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
10. ^ S.
Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales",
Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003).
11. ^
"cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacteria
12. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008.
Alternative eText Formats Series, p569.
13. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic
timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis,
phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
14. ^ S.
Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales",
Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003).
15. ^
Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
16. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar,
"Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19,
Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003).
17. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A
Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of
methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC533871/ {2558
mybn}
18. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary
timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages
200-206, (2003). {2558 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004)
[3] Journal of Molecular Evolution Publisher:
Springer-Verlag New York ISSN: 0022-2844 (Paper) 1432-1432 (Online) Issue:
Volume 42, Number 2 Date: February 1996 Pages: 194 - 200
[4] Phylogenetic
Relationships of Nonaxenic Filamentous Cyanobacterial Strains Based on 16S rRNA
Sequence Analysis jme_42_2_1996.pdf
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria
[6] S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang,
Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of
eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4
  
2,558,000,000 YBN
6 		315) The Eubacteria Phylum Chloroflexi evolves; (Green Non-Sulphur bacteria).4


The Chloroflexi are filamentous bacteria that perform anoxygenic
photosynthesis.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao,
Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin
of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).
3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao,
Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin
of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).
5. ^ Bryant, Donald A., and Niels-Ulrik Frigaard. “Prokaryotic
Photosynthesis and Phototrophy Illuminated.” Trends in Microbiology 14.11
(2006):
488–496. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966842X06002265
6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).

MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004)
[2] Tree of Life http://tolweb.org/tree/
  
2,500,000,000 YBN
52) The end of the Archean and start of the Proterozoic {PrOTReZOiK or
ProTReZOiK11 12 } Eon.13

The Proterozoic spans from 2,500 to 542 million years ago, and represents 42%
of Earth's history.14 15
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Proterozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/proterozoic
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=proterozoic&submit=Submit
3. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
4. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
5. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th Edition,
2006, p243.
6. ^ "Proterozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/proterozoic
7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=proterozoic&submit=Submit
8. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
9. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
10. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th Edition,
2006, p243.
11. ^ "Proterozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/proterozoic
12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=proterozoic&submit=Submit
13. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
14. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
15. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th
Edition, 2006, p243.
  
2,500,000,000 YBN
56) Banded Iron Formation starts to appear in many places.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^
greenspirit.uk
  
2,480,000,000 YBN
19 20 21 22 23 24 		170) Bacteria live on land.13 14 15

Chemoauthotrophs oxidize sulfur or nitrogen to form sulfate or nitrate, and
therefore sulfuric or nitric acid, which then dissolves rocks.16 17 18
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits,
Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos
Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial
pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event.
Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI:
10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511
2. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life
on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012.
3. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let
there be life", October 20,
2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989
604
4. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits,
Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos
Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial
pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event.
Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI:
10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511
5. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life
on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012.
6. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let
there be life", October 20,
2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989
604
7. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits,
Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos
Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial
pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event.
Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI:
10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511
8. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life
on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012.
9. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let
there be life", October 20,
2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989
604
10. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits,
Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos
Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial
pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event.
Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI:
10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511
11. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life
on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012.
12. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let
there be life", October 20,
2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989
604
13. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits,
Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos
Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial
pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event.
Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI:
10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511
14. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life
on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012.
15. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let
there be life", October 20,
2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989
604
16. ^ Konhauser, K.O. Introduction to Geomicrobiology. Wiley, 2009, p.
231. http://books.google.com/books?id=ndGmm920Va8C&pg=PA231
17. ^ Lengeler, J., G. Drews, and H. Schlegel. Biology of the Prokaryotes.
Wiley, 2009, p. 251. http://books.google.com/books?id=vXbJa4X5oHsC&pg=PA251
18. ^ Schaechter, M. Encyclopedia of Microbiology. Elsevier
Science, 2009,
p265. http://books.google.com/books?id=rLhdW5YzuO4C&pg=RA2-PA265
19. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits,
Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos
Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial
pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event.
Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI:
10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511
20. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life
on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012.
21. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let
there be life", October 20,
2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989
604
22. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). (2600-2700my)
23. ^ University of
Tennessee at Knoxville. "Bacteria's move from sea to land may have occurred
much later than thought." ScienceDaily, 22 Dec. 2011. Web. 14 Jul.
2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111222195017.htm
24. ^ Florence Wisniewski-Dyé, Kirill Borziak, Gurusahai Khalsa-Moyers, Gladys
Alexandre, Leonid O. Sukharnikov, Kristin Wuichet, Gregory B. Hurst, W. Hayes
McDonald, Jon S. Robertson, Valérie Barbe, Alexandra Calteau, Zoé Rouy,
Sophie Mangenot, Claire Prigent-Combaret, Philippe Normand, Mickaël Boyer,
Patricia Siguier, Yves Dessaux, Claudine Elmerich, Guy Condemine, Ganisan
Krishnen, Ivan Kennedy, Andrew H. Paterson, Victor González, Patrick Mavingui,
Igor B. Zhulin. Azospirillum Genomes Reveal Transition of Bacteria from Aquatic
to Terrestrial Environments. PLoS Genetics, 2011; 7 (12): e1002430 DOI:
10.1371/journal.pgen.1002430

MORE INFO
[1] "pyrite." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 May.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/pyrite
  
2,400,000,000 YBN
59) Start of a 200 million year ice age.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ Richard
Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History
of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
  
2,300,000,000 YBN
48) The oldest "Red Beds", iron oxide formed on land, begin here, and are also
evidence of more free oxygen in the air of Earth.9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^
http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/lecture5.html
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^
http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/lecture5.html
5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
6. ^
http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/lecture5.html
7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
8. ^
http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/lecture5.html
9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
10. ^
http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/lecture5.html
  
2,000,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 		63) A parasitic bacterium, closely related to Rickettsia prowazekii, an aerobic
proteobacteria, is engulfed by an early eukaryote cell and over time a
symbiotic relationship evolves within the eukaryote cell (an endosymbiosis)
where the Rickettsia becomes the mitochondria.

Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of almost all
eukaryotic cells, and are where cellular respiration occurs producing most of
the ATP in a eukaryotic cell.7

In eukaryotes the mitochondria perform the Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative
phosphorylation using oxygen to breakdown pyruvate from glycolysis into carbon
dioxide and water, and provide up to 36 ATP molecules.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4
2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4
4. ^ "mitochondrion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 23 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/386130/mitochondrion>.
5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p100.
6. ^
"mitochondrion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 23 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/386130/mitochondrion>.
7. ^ "mitochondrion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 23 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/386130/mitochondrion>.
8. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p162,166,176.
9. ^ B. Franz
Lang, Michael W. Gray, and Gertraud Burger, "Mitochondrial Genome Evolution and
the Origin of Eukaryotes", Annu. Rev. Genet., V33, p351-397, p385. 1999. {2
BYBN}
10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {average of)
2230-1840 bybn} {earliest of) 2350-1640 bybn} {average of 1995my) 2350-1640
mybn}
11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {1.8 bybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Michael W. Gray, et al, "Genome structure and gene content in protist
mitochondrial DNAs", Nucl. Acids Res. (1998) 26(4): 865-878
doi:10.1093/nar/26.4.865 http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/4/865.full
  
1,874,000,000 YBN
26 		61) The earliest large filamentous fossil (Grypania).13 14 Grypania spiralis
is about 10 cm long, and is thought to be either a green alga or a large
cyanobacterium.15 16 If eukaryote, Grypania would be the earliest
non-acritarch eukaryote fossil.17 18 19

Grypania may be like Acetabularia {aS-i-TaB-YU-lAR-Eu20 }, a large
single-celled green algae.21
The Grypania fossils have no blade (analogous to a
leaf) or holdfast structures,22 but stretching implies that Grypania was a
sessile organism connected to a surface.23
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic
algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science
257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232
AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf
}
2. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
3. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar,
Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee
Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp.
232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232
AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf
}
4. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
5. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar,
Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee
Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp.
232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232
AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf
}
6. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
7. ^ Zhu Shixing and Chen Huineng, "Megascopic
Multicellular Organisms from the 1700-Million-Year-Old Tuanshanzi Formation in
the Jixian Area, North China", Science , New Series, Vol. 270, No. 5236 (Oct.
27, 1995), pp.
620-622. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2888330 {Shixing_Huineng_19950331.pdf}
8. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic
algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science
257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232
AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf
}
9. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
10. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar,
Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee
Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp.
232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232
AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf
}
11. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
12. ^ Zhu Shixing and Chen Huineng, "Megascopic
Multicellular Organisms from the 1700-Million-Year-Old Tuanshanzi Formation in
the Jixian Area, North China", Science , New Series, Vol. 270, No. 5236 (Oct.
27, 1995), pp.
620-622. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2888330 {Shixing_Huineng_19950331.pdf}
13. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic
algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science
257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232
AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf
}
14. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
15. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar,
Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee
Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp.
232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232
AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf
}
16. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
17. ^ Zhu Shixing and Chen Huineng, "Megascopic
Multicellular Organisms from the 1700-Million-Year-Old Tuanshanzi Formation in
the Jixian Area, North China", Science , New Series, Vol. 270, No. 5236 (Oct.
27, 1995), pp.
620-622. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2888330 {Shixing_Huineng_19950331.pdf}
18. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic
algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science
257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232
AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf
}
19. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
20. ^ "Acetabular." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random
House, Inc. 02 May. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Acetabular>.
21. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B.
Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee
Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp.
232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232
AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf
}
22. ^ Zhu Shixing and Chen Huineng, "Megascopic Multicellular Organisms from
the 1700-Million-Year-Old Tuanshanzi Formation in the Jixian Area, North
China", Science , New Series, Vol. 270, No. 5236 (Oct. 27, 1995), pp.
620-622. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2888330 {Shixing_Huineng_19950331.pdf}
23. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic
algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science
257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232
AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf
}
24. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic
algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science
257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232
AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf
}
25. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
26. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E.
Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and
syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for
the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior
region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. {1874 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Samuelsson, Joakim, Peter R Dawes, and Gonzalo Vidal.
“Organic-walled Microfossils from the Proterozoic Thule Supergroup, Northwest
Greenland.” Precambrian Research 96.1–2 (1999):
1–23. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301926898001235
[2] Jacques Dumais, Kyle Serikawa and Dina F Mandoli, "Acetabularia: A
Unicellular Model for Understanding Subcellular Localization and Morphogenesis
during Development", Journal of Plant Growth Regulation Volume 19, Number 3
(2000), 253-264, DOI:
10.1007/s003440000035 http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/dumais/Publications/JP
GR2000.2.pdf
(Banded Iron Formation) Michigan, USA24 25   
1,800,000,000 YBN
46) The end of the Banded Iron Formation.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ Richard
Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History
of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
  
1,570,000,000 YBN
19 20 21 		99) The first homeobox genes evolve. These genes regulate the building of major
body parts in algae, plants, fungi and animals.13 14 15 16

For example, when a homeobox gene responsible for growing a mouse eye is added
to the cell of a fruit-fly embryo that is destined to be a leg, an extra fruit
fly eye is built on the leg.17 18
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p425,434.
2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p425,434.
4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p425,434.
6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005).
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p425,434.
8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005).
9. ^ Thomas R. Bürglin, "Analysis of TALE superclass homeobox genes (MEIS,
PBC, KNOX, Iroquois, TGIF) reveals a novel domain conserved between plants and
animals", Nucl. Acids Res. (1997) 25(21): 4173-4180 doi:10.1093/nar/25.21.4173
http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/21/4173.abstract
10. ^ Mukherjee, Krishanu, Luciano Brocchieri, and Thomas R. Bürglin. “A
Comprehensive Classification and Evolutionary Analysis of Plant Homeobox
Genes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 26.12 (2009): 2775
-2794. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/12/2775.short
11. ^ Halder, G, P Callaerts, and WJ Gehring. “Induction of ectopic eyes by
targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila.” Science 267.5205
(1995) : 1788 -1792. http://www.sciencemag.org/citmgr?gca=sci;267/5205/1788
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p399.
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p425,434.
14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of
Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
15. ^ Thomas R. Bürglin, "Analysis of TALE
superclass homeobox genes (MEIS, PBC, KNOX, Iroquois, TGIF) reveals a novel
domain conserved between plants and animals", Nucl. Acids Res. (1997) 25(21):
4173-4180 doi:10.1093/nar/25.21.4173
http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/21/4173.abstract
16. ^ Mukherjee, Krishanu, Luciano Brocchieri, and Thomas R. Bürglin. “A
Comprehensive Classification and Evolutionary Analysis of Plant Homeobox
Genes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 26.12 (2009): 2775
-2794. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/12/2775.short
17. ^ Halder, G, P Callaerts, and WJ Gehring. “Induction of ectopic eyes by
targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila.” Science 267.5205
(1995) : 1788 -1792. http://www.sciencemag.org/citmgr?gca=sci;267/5205/1788
18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p399.
19. ^ Mukherjee K, Bürglin TR, "MEKHLA, a
novel domain with similarity to PAS domains, is fused to plant
homeodomain-leucine zipper III proteins.", Plant Physiol
2006;140:1142-1150. http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/140/4/1142.full
20. ^ Mukherjee, Krishanu, Luciano Brocchieri, and Thomas R. Bürglin. “A
Comprehensive Classification and Evolutionary Analysis of Plant Homeobox
Genes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 26.12 (2009): 2775
-2794. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/12/2775.short {1982 mybn (at
acrasid slime molds, before brown algae}
21. ^ Jongmin Nam, Claude W. dePamphilis,
Hong Ma, and Masatoshi Nei, "Antiquity and Evolution of the MADS-Box Gene
Family Controlling Flower Development in Plants", Mol Biol Evol (2003) 20(9):
1435-1447 first published online May 30, 2003 doi:10.1093/molbev/msg152
http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/9/1435.abstract {1982 mybn (at
acrasid slime molds, before brown algae}
  
1,570,000,000 YBN
13 14 		197) The ancestor of all living eukaryotes divides into bikont and unikont
descendants. Bikonts lead to all Chromalveolates, Excavates, Rhizaria, and
Plants. Unikonts lead to all Amoebozoa, Animals and Fungi.10 11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Stechmann A, Cavalier-Smith T, "The root of the eukaryote tree
pinpointed.", 2003, Curr. Biol. 13, R665–R666.
doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00602-X. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article
/pii/S096098220300602X
2. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote
evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B
August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf}
3. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119.
4. ^ Stechmann A, Cavalier-Smith T, "The root of the
eukaryote tree pinpointed.", 2003, Curr. Biol. 13, R665–R666.
doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00602-X. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article
/pii/S096098220300602X
5. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote
evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B
August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf}
6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119.
7. ^ Stechmann A, Cavalier-Smith T, "The root of the
eukaryote tree pinpointed.", 2003, Curr. Biol. 13, R665–R666.
doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00602-X. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article
/pii/S096098220300602X
8. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote
evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B
August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf}
9. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119.
10. ^ Stechmann A, Cavalier-Smith T, "The root of
the eukaryote tree pinpointed.", 2003, Curr. Biol. 13, R665–R666.
doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00602-X. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article
/pii/S096098220300602X
11. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote
evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B
August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf}
12. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119.
13. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular
time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil
record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} {problem with 1250 my
bangia red algae fossils)1126 mybn}
14. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ,
Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the
major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1570 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E.-Y. Chao, "Phylogeny of Choanozoa,
Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution", J Mol Evol
(2003) 56:540 563
[2] J Mol Evol (2003) 56:540 563 Phylogeny of Choanozoa,
Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution Thomas
Cavalier-Smith, Ema E.-Y. Chao
  
1,520,000,000 YBN
18 19 20 21 22 		202) The Protist Phylum Amoebozoa evolves (amoebas and slime molds);10 11 the
first feeding using pseudopods (a temporary projection of the cytoplasm12 ).13


The Amoebozoa include amoebas, both naked and testate (partially enclosed by a
"test" or shell14 ), and slime molds15 and are characterized by pseudopods.16
Slime molds will diverge into two main branches, plasmodial slime molds and
cellular slime molds.17
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p515.
4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime
E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p515.
7. ^ S Blair
Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular
timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life",
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
8. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
9. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004), p515.
10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
12. ^ "pseudopod." The American
Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pseudopod
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p515.
14. ^
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.u
k/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html
15. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008.
Alternative eText Formats Series, p594-596.
16. ^ "protozoan". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 09
Sep.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/480488/protozoan/32619/Annotated
-classification>.
17. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008.
Alternative eText Formats Series, p594-596.
18. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ,
Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the
major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1520 mybn}
19. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS,
Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources
and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution
of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1400 my}
20. ^ S Blair
Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular
timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life",
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
(1587mybn)
21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c1400) {c1220}
22. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular
time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil
record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {c1090}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.unige.ch/sciences/biologie/biani/msg/Amoeboids/Amoebozoa/Conosea.html

  
1,520,000,000 YBN
5 6 7 8 9 10 		203) Colonialism (where cells form a colony3 ) evolves for the first time in
Eukaryotes.

Many cells that form colonies are apparently identical but because each cell is
exposed to a different environment, they transcribe different genes.4
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ "colonial." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/colonial
2. ^ "colonial." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/colonial
3. ^ "colonial." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/colonial
4. ^ Nicholas H. Barton, "Evolution", 2007,
p225-226. http://books.google.com/books?id=mMDFQ32oMI8C&pg=PA225
5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007, p119. {1080 mybn}
6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1080 mybn}
7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair,
Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {1956 mybn}
8. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon
HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis:
Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors.
"Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1999 mybn}
9. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004). (1600mybn)
10. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho,
Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living
Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). (1800-1900 for
eukaryote/prokaryote separation)

MORE INFO
[1]
http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Biorealm/eukaryotes/euglenozoa/euglenozoa.ht
m
[2] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
  
1,500,000,000 YBN
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 		15) The first "plastids" evolve. Cyanobacteria form plastids through
endosymbiosis within a eukaryotic cell. Like mitochondria, these organelles
copy themselves and are not made by the cell DNA.6

Plastids provide the eukaryotic cell with food from photosynthesis and gain
protection by living within the cell.7

This is a primary plastid endosymbiosis and so these plastids are surrounded by
a double membrane.8 The inner wall of the plastid being that of the bacterium,
the outer wall being that of the eukoaryote.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The
Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model
Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
4. ^ S.
Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews
Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
5. ^ Lee, R.E. Phycology. Cambridge
University Press, 2008,
p85. http://books.google.com/books?id=gfoIAFHgusgC&pg=PA85
6. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
7. ^ Lee, R.E. Phycology.
Cambridge University Press, 2008,
p85. http://books.google.com/books?id=gfoIAFHgusgC&pg=PA85
8. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007.
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p551.
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
11. ^ Ted Huntington.
12. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ,
Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the
major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1300 mybn}
13. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS,
Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources
and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution
of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {c1600 my}
14. ^ S. Blair
Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics
3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002)., see comments {1576 MYBN}
15. ^ Knoll A,
Summons R, Waldbauer J, Zumberge J, "The Geological Succession of Primary
Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of
primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p152. {no later than) 1200 my}
16.
^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002)., see comments {1576
MYBN} {needs to be at least as old as Euglenozoa since many have plastids)1956}
{Euglenozoa)1956}

MORE INFO
[1] "Plastid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid
[2] Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the
Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905
  
1,500,000,000 YBN
43 44 45 46 47 48 49 		86) The first plant (ancestor of all green and red algae and land plants).32 33
34 35 36

This begins the plant kingdom. The first plant is probably unicellular, similar
to the glaucophytes {GlxKoFITS37 }.38 39 40 41 42
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay,
Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton
reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001).
4. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi,
"Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).
5. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html
6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay,
Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton
reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001).
9. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi,
"Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).
10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html
11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
13. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der
Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from
picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001).
14. ^ Elizabeth
Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).
15. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html
16. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
18. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der
Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from
picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001).
19. ^ Elizabeth
Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).
20. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html
21. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
23. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der
Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from
picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001).
24. ^ Elizabeth
Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).
25. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html
26. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glaucophytes&submit=Submit
27. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
29. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der
Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from
picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001).
30. ^ Elizabeth
Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).
31. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html
32. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
33. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
34. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der
Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from
picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001).
35. ^ Elizabeth
Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).
36. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html
37. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glaucophytes&submit=Submit
38. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
39. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
40. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der
Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from
picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001).
41. ^ Elizabeth
Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).
42. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html
43. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c1500)
44. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {first plastid) 1300mybn}
45. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS,
Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources
and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution
of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {first plastid) c1600}
46. ^
Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid
endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll
A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120.
{1550 mybn}
47. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 (1609 mybn)
48. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The
Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
{1580} http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html
49. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic
algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science
257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf {fossil
Grypania) 1874my}

MORE INFO
[1] Thomas Cavalier-Smith and Ema E. -Y. Chao, "Phylogeny of Choanozoa,
Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution", Springer New
York, (2003). file:///home/ted/ulsf/docs/cav-smith_apusozoa_fulltext.html
  
1,500,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 12 13 		220) The Protists Opisthokonts evolve (the ancestor of all Fungi,
Choanoflagellates and Animals).7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007.
2. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
3. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007.
4. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007.
6. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
7. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007.
8. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
9. ^ Ted Huntington.
10. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya
D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in:
Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.",
Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1380 mybn}
11. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ,
Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the
major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1400mybn}
12. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir
Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1600 mybn}
13. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan
Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with
the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006
273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {960 mybn}
  
1,400,000,000 YBN
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 		209) The earliest extant plant: Glaucophyta {GlxKoFITu14 }.15 16 17

Glaucophytes are unicellular algae found in freshwater.18

Glaucophyta probably branched off the evolutionary tree before the divergence
of red and green algae from one another.19
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glaucophytes&submit=Submit
2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms",
Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Hwan Su
Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A
Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular
Biology and Evolution, (2004).
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glaucophytes&submit=Submit
6. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ Hwan Su Yoon,
Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A
Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular
Biology and Evolution, (2004).
9. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glaucophytes&submit=Submit
10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
12. ^ Hwan Su Yoon,
Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A
Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular
Biology and Evolution, (2004).
13. ^ Lee, R.E. Phycology. Cambridge University Press,
2008, p85. http://books.google.com/books?id=gfoIAFHgusgC&pg=PA85
14. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glaucophytes&submit=Submit
15. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model
Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
16. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004).
17. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes",
Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
18. ^ Lee, R.E. Phycology. Cambridge
University Press, 2008,
p85. http://books.google.com/books?id=gfoIAFHgusgC&pg=PA85
19. ^ Lee, R.E. Phycology. Cambridge University Press, 2008,
p85. http://books.google.com/books?id=gfoIAFHgusgC&pg=PA85
20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c1400)
21. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119.
22. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson
MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1150 mybn}
23. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield
NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of
the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {c1290 mybn}
24. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir
Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1225 mybn}
25. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The
Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849
(2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (c1500my)
26. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett,
Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the
Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
(1558my)

MORE INFO
[1]
http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P6064
  
1,300,000,000 YBN
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 		188) The Plant Phylum Chlorophyta {KlORoFiTu20 } evolves, Green Algae:
(ancestor of Volvox, Sea lettuce, Spirogyra, and Stoneworts).21 22 23 24 25

The green algae are the most diverse group of algae on Earth today in terms of
number of species (having at least 7000 species).26

The first land plants most
likely evolve from green algae.27 28
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
3. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke
R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for
the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August
2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457,
(2001).
4. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall,
1993). fr2b
5. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html
6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chlorophyta&submit=Submit
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
9. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke
R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for
the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August
2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457,
(2001).
10. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall,
1993). fr2b
11. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html
12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chlorophyta&submit=Submit
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
14. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
15. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke
R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for
the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August
2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457,
(2001).
16. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall,
1993). fr2b
17. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html
18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
19. ^ Taylor, Taylor, Krings, "Paleobotany: The
Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants", 2009, p133-134.
20. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chlorophyta&submit=Submit
21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
22. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
23. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke
R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for
the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August
2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457,
(2001).
24. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall,
1993). fr2b
25. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html
26. ^ Taylor, Taylor, Krings, "Paleobotany: The Biology and
Evolution of Fossil Plants", 2009, p123.
27. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
28. ^ Taylor, Taylor, Krings,
"Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants", 2009, p133-134.
29. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
(1300mybn)
30. ^ "algae." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 18 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/14828/algae>.
31. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007, p119. {1150 mybn}
32. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1450mybn}
33. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L
Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and
the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (968mybn)
34. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2
Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular
Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10
August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI:
10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). (1061?)
35. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2",
(London; New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993). fr2b (1650-800mybn)
36. ^
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html (1000my)
37. ^ Herman N,
"Organic World One Billion Years Ago", Nauka, Leningrad, 1990.
38. ^ Knoll A, Summons
R, Waldbauer J, Zumberge J, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in
the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers
in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p150.
  
1,300,000,000 YBN
14 15 16 17 		219) The plant Phylum Rhodophyta {rODOFITu10 } evolves (Red Algae).11 12

Rhodophyta are common and widespread, unicellular and multicellular algae
(reaching up to 1 m {or 3 feet} in length), and are mostly free-living but some
are parasitic or symbiotic.13
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhodophyta&submit=Submit
2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhodophyta&submit=Submit
5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
7. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhodophyta&submit=Submit
8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
10. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhodophyta&submit=Submit
11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
13. ^
http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P9565
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (1300mybn)
15. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1450 mybn}
16. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair,
Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1428mybn)
17. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS,
Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources
and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution
of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119.

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
  
1,300,000,000 YBN
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 		323) The Protists Excavates evolve: the ancestor of the Parabasalids
{PaRu-BAS-a-liDS17 }, and the Diplomonads {DiP-lO-mO-naDZ18 } {which includes
Giardia {JE-oR-DE-u19 }).20 21 22

Most of these species have an excavated ventral feeding groove, and all lack
mitochondria which are thought to be lost secondarily.23
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giardia&submit=Submit
2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=parabasalid&submit=Submit
6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diplomonads&submit=Submit
7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giardia&submit=Submit
8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
11. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=parabasalid&submit=Submit
12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diplomonads&submit=Submit
13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giardia&submit=Submit
14. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
16. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The
Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
17. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=parabasalid&submit=Submit
18. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diplomonads&submit=Submit
19. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giardia&submit=Submit
20. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
22. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The
Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
23. ^ Jan Tachezy, "Hydrogenosomes and mitosomes:
mitochondria of anaerobic eukaryotes",
2008 http://books.google.com/books?id=LsPkO1fMPvQC&pg=PA273
24. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007, p119. {1300 mybn}
25. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {2000 my}
26. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair,
Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {2291} {2291 my}
27. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
{1600} {1600 my}
28. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model
Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
{2230} {2230 my}
29. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life",
2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1594 my}
30. ^ Cédric Berney
and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated
with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006
273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {1030 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] "Heterokonts". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterokonts
[2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
  
1,280,000,000 YBN
15 16 17 18 19 20 		38) (Filamentous) multicellularity in Eukaryotes evolves.10 11

In this organism, unlike single cell eukaryotes, cells stay fastened together
after cell division.

Multicellularity seems to have arisen multiple times independently in
eukaryotes: in fungi, animals, slime molds, and algae.12 13
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
2. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar,
Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee
Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp.
232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf
3. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
4. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar,
Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee
Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp.
232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf
5. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
6. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar,
Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee
Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp.
232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf
7. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
8. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar,
Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee
Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp.
232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf
9. ^ Nicholas H. Barton, "Evolution", 2007,
p225-226. http://books.google.com/books?id=mMDFQ32oMI8C&pg=PA225
10. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
11. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar,
Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee
Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp.
232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf
12. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. “The Multiple Origins of Complex Multicellularity.”
Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 39.1 (2011):
217-239. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.1002
09
13. ^ Inaki Ruiz-Trillo, Gertraud Burger, Peter W.H. Holland, Nicole King, B.
Franz Lang, Andrew J. Roger, Michael W. Gray, The origins of multicellularity:
a multi-taxon genome initiative, Trends in Genetics, Volume 23, Issue 3, March
2007, Pages 113-118, ISSN 0168-9525, DOI:
10.1016/j.tig.2007.01.005. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
168952507000236)
14. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the
Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905
15. ^ Ted Huntington.
16. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga
from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn}
17. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
18. ^
Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz
and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations,
Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of
Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. {1874 mybn} {Grypania)1874 mybn}
19. ^ Han and
Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the
2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp.
232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf {1874 mybn} {Grypania)1874
mybn}
20. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2009, p517.

MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p497-506. (c850my)
[2] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my)
[3] Ted huntington, Estimate based on origin
of brown algae around 1,973,000,000
(earlest red alga fossils:) (Hunting Formation) Somerset Island, arctic
Canada14   
1,280,000,000 YBN
5 6 7 		85) Differentiation in a multicellular eukaryote evolves. In addition to gamete
(or spore) cells, there are somatic cells. Unlike gamete cells, somatic cells
are asexual (non-fusing).2

All cells of an organism are somatic cells, except the sperm and egg cells, the
cells from which they arise (gametocytes), and undifferentiated stem cells.3

Cell differentiation is how cells in a multicellular organism become
specialized to perform specific functions in a variety of tissues and organs.4

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "cell differentiation." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and
Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 25 Mar. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cell-differentiation
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Somatic_cells
4. ^ "cell differentiation." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science
and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 25 Mar.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/cell-differentiation
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red
alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn}
7. ^ Butterfield
N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of
Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn}
  
1,280,000,000 YBN
1 2 3 		210) Mitosis of diploid cells evolves.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga
from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -80mybn
guess}
  
1,280,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 		301) The haplodiplontic life cycle evolves in algae (mitosis occurs in both
haploid and diploid life stages).4

This is also known as the "alternation of generations".5

Some algae and plants
have a haplodiplontic life cycle; a life cycle where both diploid and haploid
stages are multicellular. The multicellular haploid stage is called the
gametophyte and the multicellular diploid stage is called the sporophyte.6
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201.
2. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental
Genetics", 2004, p201.
3. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201.
4. ^ John
Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201.
5. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics",
2004, p201.
6. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings,
2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p252.
7. ^ Ted Huntington.
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
9. ^ Butterfield N. J.
A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic
Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905

MORE INFO
[1] Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles",
1994, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=XsgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10
  
1,274,000,000 YBN
15 16 		187) A captured red alga, through endosymbiosis, becomes a plastid in the
ancestor of all chromalveolates.11 12 13

This is a secondary plastid endosymbiosis, where an algae cell is captured
instead of a cyanobacterium which results in a plastid with more than two
membranes.14
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ CAVALIER-SMITH, THOMAS. “Economy, Speed and Size Matter:
Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion.”
Annals of Botany 95.1 (2005) : 147 -175.
Print. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.short
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
4. ^ CAVALIER-SMITH, THOMAS. “Economy, Speed and Size Matter:
Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion.”
Annals of Botany 95.1 (2005) : 147 -175.
Print. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.short
5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007.
6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007.
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
8. ^ CAVALIER-SMITH, THOMAS. “Economy, Speed and Size Matter:
Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion.”
Annals of Botany 95.1 (2005) : 147 -175.
Print. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.short
9. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007.
10. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007.
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
12. ^ CAVALIER-SMITH, THOMAS. “Economy, Speed and Size Matter:
Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion.”
Annals of Botany 95.1 (2005) : 147 -175.
Print. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.short
13. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007.
14. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007.
15. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809
-818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract {1274
mybn}
16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {1280mybn}
  
1,250,000,000 YBN
29 30 31 32 33 34 		88) The Protists "Chromalveolates" {KrOM-aL-VEO-leTS22 } evolve (the ancestor
of the Chromista {Cryptophytes, Haptophytes, and Stramenopiles
{STro-meN-o-Pi-lEZ23 }} and Alveolates {aL-VEO-leTS24 }).25 26 27 28
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chromalveolates&submit=Submit
2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles
3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit
4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason
L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p540.
6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full
7. ^ Baldauf, S. L. “The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes.” Science 300.5626 (2003)
: 1703 -1706. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/300/5626/1703.short
8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chromalveolates&submit=Submit
9. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles
10. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit
11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p540.
13. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full
14. ^ Baldauf, S. L. “The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes.” Science 300.5626
(2003) : 1703 -1706. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/300/5626/1703.short
15. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chromalveolates&submit=Submit
16. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles
17. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit
18. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p540.
20. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full
21. ^ Baldauf, S. L. “The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes.” Science 300.5626
(2003) : 1703 -1706. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/300/5626/1703.short
22. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chromalveolates&submit=Submit
23. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles
24. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit
25. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
26. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p540.
27. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full
28. ^ Baldauf, S. L. “The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes.” Science 300.5626
(2003) : 1703 -1706. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/300/5626/1703.short
29. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin
of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004):
809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract
{c1250 mybn}
30. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007, p119. {1300 mybn}
31. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1665 mybn}
32. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair,
Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 (1973mybn)
33. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (1600mybn)
34. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life",
2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1600mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] "Brown alga". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_alga
[2] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A
Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science,
Vol 290, num 5493, p 972,
(2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full has heterkonts
before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
  
1,250,000,000 YBN
18 		201) The earliest certain eukaryote fossils and earliest certain fossils of
eukaryote filamentous multicellularity: a bangiophyte {BoNJEuFIT10 } red alga
fossil.11 12 13

These are also the earliest fossils of a eukaryote that can reproduce sexually
and that have differentiated cells (a basal holdfast).14 15
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the
Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905
2. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September
2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8
373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
3. ^ Knoll, Summons, Waldbauer, Zumberge, "The Geological Succession of Primary
Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of
primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p149-150.
4. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H.
Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic
Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905
5. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September
2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8
373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
6. ^ Knoll, Summons, Waldbauer, Zumberge, "The Geological Succession of Primary
Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of
primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p149-150.
7. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H.
Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic
Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905
8. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September
2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8
373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
9. ^ Knoll, Summons, Waldbauer, Zumberge, "The Geological Succession of Primary
Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of
primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p149-150.
10. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=bangiophyte&submit=Submit
11. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the
Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905
12. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September
2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8
373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
13. ^ Knoll, Summons, Waldbauer, Zumberge, "The Geological Succession of
Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution
of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p149-150.
14. ^ Nicholas J.
Butterfield, "Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for
the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the
Mesoproterozoic/ Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes", Paleobiology, 26(3),
2000, pp.
386–404. http://www.algaebase.org/pdf/AC100CF316a8734043nPXq2B4E75/386.pdf
15. ^ http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=1700
16. ^ Science 1990 vol 250 Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett 1990 A
bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada. Science 250:
104-107 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905
17. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September
2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8
373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
18. ^ Science 1990 vol 250 Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett 1990 A
bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada. Science 250:
104-107 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {1250 mybn}
(Hunting Formation) Somerset Island, arctic Canada16 17   
1,200,000,000 YBN
21 22 23 24 		221) The first fungi. This begins the Fungi Kingdom.14 15

Like animals, fungi are heterotrophic (unable to build structural materials by
photosynthesis) and so must feed on other living things.16

Fungi live on organic material and are therefore generally parasitic (live or
feed on another organism to the detriment of the host organism17 ) or are
saprophytic (live on dead or decaying organic matter18 ). Some types of fungi,
however, form symbioses with plants.19

Fungi may reproduce sexually or asexually and like plants show alternations in
their life cycle.20
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
{Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110.pdf}
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair,
Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
7. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm
8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
10. ^
http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm
11. ^ "parasitic." Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003.
Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/parasitic
12. ^ "saprophytic." Grzimek's Animal Life
Encyclopedia. The Gale Group, Inc, 2005. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/saprophytic-zoology
13. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm
14. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
16. ^
http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm
17. ^ "parasitic." Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003.
Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/parasitic
18. ^ "saprophytic." Grzimek's Animal Life
Encyclopedia. The Gale Group, Inc, 2005. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/saprophytic-zoology
19. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm
20. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm
21. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {c1200 mybn}
22. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The
TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1368
mybn}
23. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 (1513mybn) {1513 mybn}
24. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
(c1200) {c1100} {c1100 mybn}
  
1,180,000,000 YBN
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 		6280) The Protists Alveolates {aL-VEO-leTS16 } (the ancestor of all Ciliates,
Apicomplexans, and Dinoflagellates {DInOFlaJeleTS17 }).18 19 20

These three protist phyla all have an alveolar {aL-VE-e-lR21 } membrane system,
made of flattened membrane-bound sacs called "alveoli" {aL-VE-e-lI22 }.23
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit
2. ^ "dinoflagellate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinoflagellate
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004).http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110
.pdf}
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p538.
5. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003,
p135.
6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit
7. ^ "dinoflagellate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinoflagellate
8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311
10.pdf}
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p538.
10. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003,
p135.
11. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit
12. ^ "dinoflagellate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinoflagellate
13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311
10.pdf}
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p538.
15. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003,
p135.
16. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit
17. ^ "dinoflagellate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinoflagellate
18. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311
10.pdf}
19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p538.
20. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003,
p135.
21. ^ "alveolar." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/alveolar
22. ^ "alveolus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/alveolus
23. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135.
24. ^ Hackett
JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid
endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll
A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119.
{1180 mybn}
25. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007, p120. {1480 my}
26. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311
10.pdf} {1956 my}
27. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life",
2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1345 my}
28. ^ Emmanuelle J.
Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the
Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres,
Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI:
10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex
port-citation/ {1000 my}
29. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular
time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil
record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {c820 my}
30. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of
Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1628}
  
1,100,000,000 YBN
14 15 		75) The oldest extant fungi phylum "Microsporidia" evolves.9 10

Microsporidia are obligate (survive only as11 ) intracellular parasites of
eukaryotes;12 commonly infecting insects, crustaceans, and fishes.13
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ S. Blair Hedges,
"The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3,
838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
7. ^ "obligate." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 25 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/obligate
8. ^ Murray Wittner, Louis M. Weiss, "The
microsporidia and microsporidiosis", 1999,
p2. http://books.google.com/books?ei=SqNvT_O5JKbTiAKf8PDuAg
9. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
11. ^ "obligate." The
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Mar. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/obligate
12. ^ Murray Wittner, Louis M. Weiss, "The microsporidia and microsporidiosis",
1999, p2. http://books.google.com/books?ei=SqNvT_O5JKbTiAKf8PDuAg
13. ^ Kirk, et al., "Dictionary of Fungi", 2008,
p427. {Fungi_Dictionary_Of_2008.pdf}
14. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (>1460mybn)
15. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
(c1100mybn)

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=93911
[2] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle,
"A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data",
Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972,
(2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full
  
1,100,000,000 YBN
18 19 20 21 22 		313) The Protist Phylum "Dinoflagellata" evolves.13 14 15

Dinoflagellates {DI-nO-Fla-Je-leTS16 } are single-celled, aquatic organisms
that have two dissimilar flagella. Most are microscopic and marine. An
important link in the food chain, Dinoflagellates also "bloom" which can
produce luminescence seen in the sea.17
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dinoflagellates&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F.
Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein
Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before
ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311
10.pdf}
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dinoflagellates&submit=Submit
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
7. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle,
"A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data",
Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and
apicomplexa branch
8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311
10.pdf}
9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dinoflagellates&submit=Submit
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
11. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F.
Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein
Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before
ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise
of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311
10.pdf}
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
14. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F.
Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein
Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before
ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
15. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise
of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311
10.pdf}
16. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dinoflagellates&submit=Submit
17. ^ "dinoflagellate." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 26 Mar. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/dinoflagellate
18. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing
and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and
Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI:
10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex
port-citation/ {Dinosterane molecular fossils)1100 my}
19. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS,
Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources
and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution
of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {DNA)1040 mybn}
20. ^ A. H. Knoll,
E. J. Javaux, D. Hewitt and P. Cohen, "Eukaryotic Organisms in Proterozoic
Oceans", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences , Vol. 361, No. 1470,
Major Steps in Cell Evolution: Palaeontological, Molecular and Cellular
Evidence of Their Timing and Global Effects (Jun. 29, 2006), pp.
1023-1038 http://www.jstor.org/stable/20209698 {1.8 bybn} {Dinosterane
molecular fossils)1100 my}
21. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of
Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {940 mybn}
22. ^ Cédric
Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution
recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7,
2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {430 my}

MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (1973mybn)
[2] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F.
Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein
Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before
ciliophora and apicomplexa branch (1600mybn)
[3] Pratt, L. M., Summons, R. E. and
Hieshima, G. B.: 1991, Sterane and Triterpane Biomarkers in the Precambrian
Nonesuch Formation, North American Midcontinent Rift, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta
55, 911–916
[4] J.J. Brocks, R.E. Summons, 8.03 - Sedimentary Hydrocarbons, Biomarkers
for Early Life, In: Editors-in-Chief: Heinrich D. Holland and Karl K.
Turekian, Editor(s)-in-Chief, Treatise on Geochemistry, Pergamon, Oxford, 2003,
Pages 63-115, ISBN 9780080437514,
10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/08127-5. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/p
ii/B0080437516081275)
[5] Moldowan, J. Michael et al. “Chemostratigraphic reconstruction of
biofacies: Molecular evidence linking cyst-forming dinoflagellates with
pre-Triassic ancestors.” Geology 24.2 (1996): 159 -162.
http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/24/2/159.abstract
AND http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/24/2/159.full.pdf
[6] Raven, Evert, Eichhorn, "Biology of Plants", (New York: Worth Publishers,
1992). p98-99
[7] "coenocyte." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 23 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/coenocyte
  
1,080,000,000 YBN
27 28 29 30 31 		87) The Excavates Discicristates {DiSKIKriSTATS}; the ancestor of protists
which have mitochondria with discoidal (shaped like a disk18 ) cristae (the
folded inner membrane of a mitochondrion19 ) (the ancestor of euglenids,
leishmanias {lEsmaNEuZ20 }, trypanosomes {TriPaNiSOMZ21 }, and acrasid
{oKrASiD22 } slime molds).23 24 25 26
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng,
Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the
Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996).
4. ^
"leishmanias." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jun. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/leishmanias>.
5. ^ "trypanosome." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jun. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/trypanosome>.
6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=acrasiomycetes&submit=Submit
7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
9. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng,
Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the
Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996).
10. ^
Baldauf, "An overview of the phylogeny and diversity of eukaryotes", Journal of
Systematics and Evolution 46 (3): 263–273
(2008). http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/jse08060.pdf
11. ^ "leishmanias." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jun.
2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/leishmanias>.
12. ^ "trypanosome." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08
Jun. 2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/trypanosome>.
13. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=acrasiomycetes&submit=Submit
14. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
16. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng,
Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the
Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996).
17. ^
Baldauf, "An overview of the phylogeny and diversity of eukaryotes", Journal of
Systematics and Evolution 46 (3): 263–273
(2008). http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/jse08060.pdf
18. ^ "discoidal." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 24 May. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/discoidal>.
19. ^ "cristae." Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th
Edition. HarperCollins Publishers. 24 May. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cristae>.
20. ^ "leishmanias." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jun.
2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/leishmanias>.
21. ^ "trypanosome." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08
Jun. 2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/trypanosome>.
22. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=acrasiomycetes&submit=Submit
23. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
24. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
25. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng,
Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the
Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996).
26. ^
Baldauf, "An overview of the phylogeny and diversity of eukaryotes", Journal of
Systematics and Evolution 46 (3): 263–273
(2008). http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/jse08060.pdf
27. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007, p119. {1080 mybn}
28. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {1956 mybn}
29. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS,
Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources
and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution
of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1999 mybn}
30. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
(1600mybn)
31. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth
Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms
with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). (1800-1900 for eukaryote/prokaryote
separation)

MORE INFO
[1]
http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Biorealm/eukaryotes/euglenozoa/euglenozoa.ht
m
[2] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
  
1,080,000,000 YBN
24 25 26 27 		97) A eukaryote eye evolves; the first three-dimensional response to light.18
19 20

The earliest eye is a light sensitive area in a unicellular eukaryote that
probably evolved from a plastid.21 22

Eukaryotes are the first organisms to evolve the ability to follow light
direction in three dimensions in open water.23
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

2. ^
http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/
Euglenozoa/
3. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary
Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford
Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number
1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract
4. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364
(October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

5. ^
http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/
Euglenozoa/
6. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary
Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford
Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number
1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract
7. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364
(October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

8. ^
http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/
Euglenozoa/
9. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary
Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford
Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number
1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract
10. ^
http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/
Euglenozoa/
11. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary
Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford
Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number
1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract
12. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364
(October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

13. ^
http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/
Euglenozoa/
14. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary
Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford
Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number
1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract
15. ^
http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/
Euglenozoa/
16. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary
Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford
Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number
1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract
17. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364
(October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

18. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

19. ^
http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/
Euglenozoa/
20. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary
Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford
Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number
1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract
21. ^
http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/
Euglenozoa/
22. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary
Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford
Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number
1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract
23. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364
(October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

24. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007, p119.
25. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809
-818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract {guess
based on earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn}
26. ^ Hackett
JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid
endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll
A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007.
{guess based on earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn}
27. ^ my
own estimate based on where euglenozoa genetically appear to evolve {guess
based on earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Peter Hegemann, "Algal Sensory Photoreceptors", Annual Review of
Plant Biology, Vol. 59: 167 -189 (Volume publication date June 2008)
http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092847
%40recept.2009.1.issue-1
[2] Trevor D. Lamb, Detlev Arendt, and Shaun P. Collin, "The evolution of
phototransduction and eyes", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B October 12, 2009
364:2791-2793;
doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0106 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1
531/2791.full
[3] Kreimer, G. (2009) The green algal eyespot apparatus: a primordial visual
system and more? Current Genetics 55:19-43 doi:10.007/s00294-008-0224-8 PMID
19107486 http://www.springerlink.com/content/v54v124mxg52r091/
  
1,050,000,000 YBN
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 		169) The Protists Stramenopiles {STro-meN-o-Pi-lEZ13 } (also called
Heterokonts) evolve (ancestor of all brown algae, golden algae, diatoms, and
oomycota {Ou-mI-KO-Tu14 )).15 16

Almost all Stramenopiles have unique three-part hairs on the flagella at some
stage in the life cycle.17
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles
2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit
3. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003,
p153-155.
4. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
5. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles
6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit
7. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003,
p153-155.
8. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
9. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles
10. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit
11. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003,
p153-155.
12. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
13. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles
14. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit
15. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003,
p153-155.
16. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
17. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p153-155.
18. ^ Yoon,
Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic
Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract {1050 mybn}
19. ^
Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid
endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll
A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119.
{1180 mybn}
20. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007, p120. {1480my}
21. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life",
2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1345 my}
22. ^ S Blair Hedges,
Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of
eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311
10.pdf} {1956my} {Alveolates and Plant split)1956my}
23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1600 my}
{Chromalveolates)1600 my}
24. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular
time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil
record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} {c775my} {c754my}
25. ^
Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and
Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of
Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI:
10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex
port-citation/ {c1000my}
26. ^ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Elizabeth A. Snell, Eric Bapteste,
Frédéric Delsuc, and Hervé Philippe, "The timing of eukaryotic evolution:
Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad
Sci U S A. 2004 October 26; 101(43):
15386–15391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524432/?report=abstr
act {872 my}
  
1,000,000,000 YBN
11 		324) The Protists Mesomycetozoea {me-ZO-mI-SE-TO-ZO-u7 } evolve (also called
DRIPS).8

Mesomycetozoea are in the protist Phylum Choanozoa (which includes the
Choanoflagellates {KO-e-nO-FlaJ-e-lATS9 }, thought to be the ancestor of
sponges).10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=mesomycetozoea&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=mesomycetozoea&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=mesomycetozoea&submit=Submit
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
7. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=mesomycetozoea&submit=Submit
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanoflagellate&submit=Submit
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1000 MYBN (end of
Mesoproterozoic}

MORE INFO
[1] Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, Orr R, Ruden T, et al.
2008 Multigene Phylogeny of Choanozoa and the Origin of Animals. PLoS ONE 3(5):
e2098. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098
[2] Leonel Mendoza, John W. Taylor, and Libero Ajello, "THE CLASS
MESOMYCETOZOEA: A Heterogeneous Group of Microorganisms at the Animal-Fungal
Boundary", Annual Review of Microbiology October 2002, Vol. 56:
315-344. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.
160950
  
985,000,000 YBN
23 24 25 		309) The Protist Phylum Oomycota {Ou-mI-KO-Tu17 } evolves (ancestor of the
Oomycetes18 ; water molds).19 20 21 22
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit
2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full
5. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit
7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
9. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has
heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
11. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit
12. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life",
2009. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
15. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has
heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
16. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
17. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit
18. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life",
2009. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
19. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
21. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has
heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
22. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
23. ^ S. Blair Hedges and
Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {985}
24. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E
Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn)
25. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.ilmyco.gen.chicago.il.us/Terms/coeno128.html#coeno128
[2] "Coenocyte". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenocyte
[3]
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Protists.html#Water_Mol
ds
[4] http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/16protists.htm
  
900,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 12 		6281) The protists Rhizaria {rI-ZaR-E-u7 } evolve (ancestor of all Radiolaria,
Foraminifera and Cercozoa).8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhizaria&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhizaria&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
5. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhizaria&submit=Submit
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
7. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhizaria&submit=Submit
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
9. ^ Medlin, L. , Kooistra, W. , Potter, D. , Saanders, G. and
Wandersen, R. (1997): Phylogenetic relationships of the 'golden algae'
(haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids , The origin of the
algae and their plastids (D Bhattacharya, ed ) Plant systematics and evolution
(Suppl ) http://epic.awi.de/2100/ AND http://epic.awi.de/2100/1/Med1997c.pdf
{900 my}
10. ^
http://www.timetree.org/index.php?taxon_a=rhizaria&taxon_b=haptophyta&submit=Sea
rch {900 my}
11. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for
eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc.
R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {804 my} {754 my}
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1600 my}

MORE INFO
[1] Moreira D, von der Heyden S, Bass D, López-García P, Chao E,
Cavalier-Smith T (July 2007). "Global eukaryote phylogeny: Combined small- and
large-subunit ribosomal DNA trees support monophyly of Rhizaria, Retaria and
Excavata". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 44 (1): 255–66.
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055-7903(06)00433-7
[2]
http://www.timetree.org/index.php?taxon_a=rhizaria&taxon_b=alveolates&submit=Sea
rch
[3] Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid
endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll
A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120
  
850,000,000 YBN
17 18 19 20 		224) The Fungi "Zygomycota" evolves (ancestor of bread molds, and pin molds).13
14 15 16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
2. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke
R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for
the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August
2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457,
(2001).
3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary
timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages
200-206, (2003).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason
L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
6. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke
R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for
the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August
2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457,
(2001).
7. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary
timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages
200-206, (2003).
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason
L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
10. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke
R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for
the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August
2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457,
(2001).
11. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary
timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages
200-206, (2003).
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
14. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke
R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for
the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August
2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457,
(2001).
15. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary
timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages
200-206, (2003).
16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
17. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1250mybn)
18. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2
Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular
Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10
August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI:
10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). (1107mybn)
19. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar,
"Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19,
Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). (1107mybn)
20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850m)
  
767,000,000 YBN
18 19 20 		312) The Protist Phylum "Ciliophora" {SiL-E-oF-R-u11 } evolves (the "Ciliates")
(ancestor of the paramecium).12 13 14

The Ciliophora are characterized by having numerous cilia which they use to
move themselves15 .16 Most ciliates are unicellular.17
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has
heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E
Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J.
Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of
Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972,
(2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
7. ^ "ciliophora."
Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 Jun. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ciliophora>.
8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
10. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has
heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
11. ^ "ciliophora." Dictionary.com
Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 Jun. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ciliophora>.
12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
14. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has
heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
15. ^ Brusca and Brusca,
"Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135-145.
16. ^ "ciliate." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 30 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ciliate
17. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates",
Second Edition, 2003, p135-145.
18. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm
Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins
of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI:
10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex
port-citation/ {750 my}
19. ^ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Elizabeth A. Snell, Eric
Bapteste, Frédéric Delsuc, and Hervé Philippe, "The timing of eukaryotic
evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?",
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 October 26; 101(43):
15386–15391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524432/?report=abstr
act {767 my}
20. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for
eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc.
R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {620 my}

MORE INFO
[1] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn)
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn)
[3] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J.
Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of
Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972,
(2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full has heterkonts
before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
  
767,000,000 YBN
18 19 20 		314) The Protist Phylum "Apicomplexa" {a-PE-KoM-PleK-Su13 } evolves (includes
Malaria and Toxoplasmosis).14 15 16

Apicomplexans have a special cell organelle called the apical complex which
helps to invade the host cell.17
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apicomplexa&submit=Submit
2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has
heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apicomplexa&submit=Submit
6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has
heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
9. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apicomplexa&submit=Submit
10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
12. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has
heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
13. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apicomplexa&submit=Submit
14. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
16. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has
heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
17. ^ Woo, P.T.K. Fish Diseases
and Disorders: Volume 1: Protozoan and Metazoan Infections. CABI, 2006. CABI
Publishing Series.,
p183. http://books.google.com/books?id=bm7HSCLcCbUC&pg=PA183
18. ^ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Elizabeth A. Snell, Eric Bapteste, Frédéric
Delsuc, and Hervé Philippe, "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a
relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U
S A. 2004 October 26; 101(43):
15386–15391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524432/?report=abstr
act {767 my}
19. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for
eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc.
R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {620 my}
20. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm
Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins
of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI:
10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex
port-citation/ {api+dino and ciliate split)1100 my}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
[2] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn)
[3] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn)
[4] Brusca and Brusca,
"Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135
  
680,000,000 YBN
34 35 36 37 38 		326) The Protists "Choanoflagellates" {KO-e-nO-FlaJ-e-lATS25 } evolve.26 27 28
29 30 31
Choanoflagellates are the closest relatives to the animals and may be
direct ancestors of sponges.32

There are about 140 species of choanoflagellates. Some are free-swimming,
propelling themselves with a flagellum. Others are attached by a stalk,
sometimes with several together in a colony. Choanoflagellates use their
flagellum to drive water into the funnel where food particles like bacteria are
trapped and engulfed.33
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanoflagellate&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=114293
4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
5. ^
http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P2691&chinese_
flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly=
6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano)
7. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
(1000 drips and 900 choano)
8. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanoflagellate&submit=Submit
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=114293
11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason
L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
12. ^
http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P2691&chinese_
flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly=
13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano)
14. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
(1000 drips and 900 choano)
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p502.
16. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanoflagellate&submit=Submit
17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
18. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=114293
19. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason
L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
20. ^
http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P2691&chinese_
flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly=
21. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano)
22. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
(1000 drips and 900 choano)
23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p502.
24. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p502.
25. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanoflagellate&submit=Submit
26. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
27. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=114293
28. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason
L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
29. ^
http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P2691&chinese_
flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly=
30. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano)
31. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
(1000 drips and 900 choano)
32. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p502.
33. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p502.
34. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and
Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
35. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (1000 drips and 900 choano) {900 MYBN}
36. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS,
Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources
and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution
of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {900 MYBN}
37. ^ S. Blair Hedges
and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1020 mybn}
38. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E
Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450
choano) {1450 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003)
[2] "Ichthyosporea".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://species.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyosporea
  
670,000,000 YBN
20 21 22 		286) Multicellularity evolves in a free moving Protist.15 16 This allows
larger free moving organisms to evolve.17

This multicellularity is thought to be independently evolved, and not related
to the earlier filamentous multicellularity of prokaryotes like cyanobacteria,
and eukaryotes like algae.18 19
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p497-506.
2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason
L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506.
5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506.
8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506.
11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
12. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
13. ^ Shuhai Xiao, Yun Zhang, Andrew H. Knoll, "Three-dimensional
preservation of algae and animal embryos in a Neoproterozoic phosphorite",
Nature 391, 553-558 (5 February
1998) http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n666
7/full/391553a0_fs.html
14. ^ Buss, L. W. The Evolution of Individuality (Princeton Univ. Press, NJ,
1987).
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p497-506.
16. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason
L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
17. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
18. ^ Shuhai Xiao, Yun Zhang, Andrew H. Knoll, "Three-dimensional
preservation of algae and animal embryos in a Neoproterozoic phosphorite",
Nature 391, 553-558 (5 February
1998) http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n666
7/full/391553a0_fs.html
19. ^ Buss, L. W. The Evolution of Individuality (Princeton Univ. Press, NJ,
1987).
20. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p497-506. (c850my)
22. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my)

MORE INFO
[1] Nicholas H. Barton, "Evolution", 2007,
p225-226. http://books.google.com/books?id=mMDFQ32oMI8C&pg=PA225
[2] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, 188-191
  
670,000,000 YBN
297) The diplontic life cycle evolves; this organism is predominantly diploid,
mitosis in the haploid phase does not occur.6 7

All animals are diplontic, and descend from this multicellular organism.8
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201.
2. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The
evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994,
p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=XsgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10
3. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201.
4. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The
evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994,
p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=XsgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10
5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p252.
6. ^ John Ringo,
"Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201.
7. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of
haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994,
p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=XsgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10
8. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p252.
  
660,000,000 YBN
56 57 58 59 60 		81) The first animal and first metazoan, the sponge evolves. This begins the
Animal Kingdom, and the Phylum Porifera; the sponges. There are only three
major kinds of metazoans: sponges, cnidarians, and bilaterians.35 36 37

The word "porifera" means "pore bearing" in Latin38 , and water continuously
flows through the pores in sponges39 .

Metazoans are multicellular and have differentiation (their cells perform
different functions). Sponges have cells that form a body wall, cells that
secrete the skeleton, contractile {KunTraKTL40 } cells, cells that digest food,
and other kinds of cell types.41 42 43 44

All sponge cells are totipotent and so are capable of regrowing a new sponge.45
 In sponges there is no distinction between germ line and soma.46 Some sponges
can live for over 1000 years.47

Sponges have two layers, each a single cell thick. The outer surface is called
the pinacoderm {PiN-o-KO-DRM48 } and is made of cells called pinacocytes
{PiN-o-KO-SITS49 }. On the inner surface is the choanoderm {KOenO-DRM or
KO-aNo-DRM50 } which is made of flagellated cells called choanocytes
{KOenO-SITS51 or KO-aNo-SITS52 }. Between these two thin cellular sheets is
the jellylike53 mesohyl {mASuHIL54 }, which may vary in thickness and plays
vital roles in digestion, gamete production, secretion of skeleton, and
transport of nutrients and waste products by special amoeboid cells.55
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p497-501.
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501.
6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501.
9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
10. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
13. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003,
188-191.
14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
15. ^ Richard
Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501.
17. ^ S Blair
Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular
timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life",
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
18. ^
http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Porifera
19. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p335.
20. ^ "contractile."
Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 31 Dec. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/contractile>.
21. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
22. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
23. ^ S
Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular
timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life",
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
24. ^ Brusca
and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, 188-191.
25. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
26. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pinacoderm&submit=Submit
27. ^ "pinacocyte." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pinacocyte
28. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanoderm&submit=Submit
29. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanocyte&submit=Submit
30. ^ "choanocyte." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/choanocyte
31. ^ Meglitsch, P.A., and F.R. Schram. Invertebrate Zoology.
Oxford University Press, USA, 1991, p56.
32. ^
http://visual.merriam-webster.com/pronunciation.php?id=animal-kingdom/simple-org
anisms-echinoderms/29852&title=mesohyl
33. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p183.
34. ^ Palmer, et al.,
"Prehistoric Life", 2009, p101.
35. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
36. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501.
37. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
38. ^
http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Porifera
39. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p335.
40. ^ "contractile."
Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 31 Dec. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/contractile>.
41. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
42. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
43. ^ S
Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular
timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life",
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
44. ^ Brusca
and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, 188-191.
45. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
46. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-499.
47. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life",
2009, p101.
48. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pinacoderm&submit=Submit
49. ^ "pinacocyte." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pinacocyte
50. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanoderm&submit=Submit
51. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanocyte&submit=Submit
52. ^ "choanocyte." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/choanocyte
53. ^ Meglitsch, P.A., and F.R. Schram. Invertebrate Zoology.
Oxford University Press, USA, 1991, p56.
54. ^
http://visual.merriam-webster.com/pronunciation.php?id=animal-kingdom/simple-org
anisms-echinoderms/29852&title=mesohyl
55. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p183.
56. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and
Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
57. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p224-229. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
58. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c850my) {c800my}
59. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my)
60. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?)

MORE INFO
[1] Müller, Werner E. G. “The Origin of Metazoan Complexity: Porifera
as Integrated Animals.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 43.1 (2003):
3–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3884834
  
660,000,000 YBN
15 16 17 18 		517) The male gonad (testis {TeSTiS10 } or testicle) evolves in a sponge.11 In
sponges sperm are contained in spermatic cysts, which are choanocyte chambers
transformed by the formation of sperm12 (spermatogenesis), but ova are
distributed throughout the mesohyl {mASuHIL13 } (or middle layer).14
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p20.
2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20.
3. ^ "testis." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 21 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/testis
4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford
University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20.
5. ^ "testis." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 21 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/testis
6. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology",
Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20.
7. ^ "spermatogenesis."
Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Dec. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/spermatogenesis>.
8. ^
http://visual.merriam-webster.com/pronunciation.php?id=animal-kingdom/simple-org
anisms-echinoderms/29852&title=mesohyl
9. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p20.
10. ^ "testis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
21 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/testis
11. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20.
12. ^ "spermatogenesis." Dictionary.com
Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Dec. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/spermatogenesis>.
13. ^
http://visual.merriam-webster.com/pronunciation.php?id=animal-kingdom/simple-org
anisms-echinoderms/29852&title=mesohyl
14. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p20.
15. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin
of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c850my) {based on evolution of sponge) c850my}
17. ^ S Blair Hedges,
Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of
eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my)
18. ^
Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?)

MORE INFO
[1] "Proteoglycan." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford
University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/proteoglycan
[2] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p18-19
[3] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p17
  
650,000,000 YBN
41) The start of the 60 million year (Varanger) Ice Age (650-590 mybn).3
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp 6743-6750, July 1994 "Proterozoic
and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for accelerating evolutionary
tempo" Andrew H Knoll
2. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp 6743-6750, July
1994 "Proterozoic and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for accelerating
evolutionary tempo" Andrew H Knoll
3. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp
6743-6750, July 1994 "Proterozoic and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for
accelerating evolutionary tempo" Andrew H Knoll
  
650,000,000 YBN
10 11 12 		69) Cells that group as tissues that are arranged in layers evolve in
metazoans.7

Unlike the Porifera, in the Placozoa and all later metazoans, cells group as
tissues.8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p2-3.
2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3.
3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology",
Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3.
4. ^ D. T. Anderson,
"Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3.
5. ^ D.
T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition,
2001, p2-3.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p494.
7. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford
University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3.
8. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3.
9. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p494.
10. ^
Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa:
Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic
Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
11. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750) {c750MYBN (Ctenophores are first metazoans
with tissues}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=12289&tree=0.1
  
650,000,000 YBN
20 21 		79) The Metazoan Phylum "Placozoa" evolves.12 13

Placozoans look like amoebas but are multicellular.14 The only known species
is Trichoplax adhaerens {TriKOPlaKS15 aDHEReNZ}. Trichoplax lives in the sea
and feeds on single celled organisms, mostly algae. There are only 4 cell types
in Trichoplax compared to the more than 200 cell types in humans. Trichoplax
has two main cell layers, like a cnidarian or ctenophore. Between these two
layers are a few contractile cells that are similar to muscle cells16 , however
placozoans have no muscle or nerve cells17 18 .

Trichoplax has the lowest content of DNA of any metazoan, about two-thirds that
in sponges, and only 10 times that of bacteria.19
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=11212&tree=0.1
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
4. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=11212&tree=0.1
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=11212&tree=0.1
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
8. ^ based on "Trichomonas." The American Heritage Stedman's Medical
Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/trichomonas
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p494.
10. ^ Grell, K.G., Gruner, H.E., Kilian, E.F., 1980.
Einfu¨hrung. In: Graner, H.E. (Ed.), Lehrbuch der speziellen Zoologie, Vol.
1: Wirbellose Tiere: I. Einfu¨hrung Protozoa, Placozoa, Porifera. Fischer,
Stuttgart.
11. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and
the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June
2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf}
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
13. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=11212&tree=0.1
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
15. ^ based on "Trichomonas." The American Heritage Stedman's Medical
Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/trichomonas
16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p494.
17. ^ Grell, K.G., Gruner, H.E., Kilian, E.F., 1980.
Einfu¨hrung. In: Graner, H.E. (Ed.), Lehrbuch der speziellen Zoologie, Vol.
1: Wirbellose Tiere: I. Einfu¨hrung Protozoa, Placozoa, Porifera. Fischer,
Stuttgart.
18. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and
the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June
2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf}
19. ^ Meglitsch, P.A., and F.R. Schram. Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University
Press, USA, 1991, p53.
20. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield.
“Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks
Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {780 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Srivastava, Mansi et al. “The Trichoplax genome and the nature of
placozoans.” Nature 454.7207 (2008) :
955-960. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v454/n7207/abs/nature07191.html
[2] Dellaporta, Stephen L. et al. “Mitochondrial genome of Trichoplax
adhaerens supports Placozoa as the basal lower metazoan phylum.” Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences 103.23 (2006) : 8751 -8756.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/23/8751.full
  
650,000,000 YBN
19 20 21 		223) The Fungi "Chytridiomycota" {KI-TriDEO-mI-KO-Tu) evolves (includes all
Chytridiomycetes {KI-TriDEO-mI-SE-TEZ}12 )).13 14 15

The chytrids are primitive fungi and are mostly saprobic (feed on dead species,
decomposing chitin and keratin). Many chytrids are aquatic (mostly found in
freshwater)16 and some species are unicellular.17
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^
"Chytridiomycetes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/chytridiomycetes-1
4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^
http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2008/browse_taxa.php?path=0,5597
&selected_taxon=5597
7. ^ "Chytridiomycetes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/chytridiomycetes-1
8. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
10. ^
http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2008/browse_taxa.php?path=0,5597
&selected_taxon=5597
11. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
12. ^ "Chytridiomycetes."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/chytridiomycetes-1
13. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
15. ^
http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2008/browse_taxa.php?path=0,5597
&selected_taxon=5597
16. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
17. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The
Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
18. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm
19. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm
20. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002);
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (1460mybn)
21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1000mybn)

MORE INFO
[1]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=71577&tree=0.1
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytridiomycota
[3] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chytridiomycetes&submit=Submit
[4] Kirk, et al., "Dictionary of Fungi", 2008, p142
Northern Russia18   
640,000,000 YBN
19 20 21 22 23 		83) The first nerve cell (neuron), and nervous system evolves in the ancestor
of the Ctenophores and Cnidarians.14 15 This leads to the first ganglion and
brain.16 This is the earliest touch and sound detection, and memory.17

As time continues in the evolution of the metazoans, the number of neurons
increases while the size of neurons decreases, showing that more neurons and
smaller neurons, similar to transistors in a computer, give an organism more
memory and as a result a selective advantage in survival.18
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
(presumably)
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
(presumably)
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
(presumably)
6. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p2,30.
7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005). (presumably)
8. ^ Ted Huntington.
9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005). (presumably)
10. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001, p2,30.
11. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (presumably)
12. ^ Ted Huntington.
13. ^ Ted Huntington.
14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably)
15. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology",
Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2,30.
16. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of
Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably)
17. ^ Ted Huntington.
18. ^ Ted Huntington.
19. ^ Peterson, Kevin
J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
20. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
(presumably) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and
muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {750 MYBN (estimate
based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving
c750mybn}
21. ^ S OOta and N Saitou, "Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced
from superimposition of gene trees.", Mol Biol Evol (1999) 16(6):
856-867. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/6/856.abstract {Saitou_1999.
pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and
Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {775 MYBN (estimate based on
Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving
c750mybn)(before c700MYBN)(before c700MYBN}
22. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {775 MYBN (estimate based on
Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving
c750mybn)(before c700MYBN}
23. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {574mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Ghysen, A. (2003). The origin and evolution of the nervous system.
The International journal of developmental biology , 47 (7-8),
555-562. http://view.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14756331
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750mybn)
  
640,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 12 		96) Muscle cells evolve in the ancestor of the Ctenophores and Cnidarians.7
Both the earliest known muscle and nerve cells are found in Ctenophores and
Cnidarians.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and
the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June
2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf}
2. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and
the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June
2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf}
3. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and
the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June
2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf}
4. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and
the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June
2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf}
5. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and
the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June
2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf}
6. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and
the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June
2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf}
7. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and
the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June
2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf}
8. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and
the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June
2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf}
9. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
10. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and
the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June
2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on
Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving
c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {750 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first
with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn}
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493.
(c750mybn) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and
muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {775 MYBN (estimate
based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving
c750mybn)(before c700MYBN)(before c700MYBN}
12. ^ S OOta and N Saitou, "Phylogenetic
relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees.",
Mol Biol Evol (1999) 16(6):
856-867. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/6/856.abstract {Saitou_1999.
pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and
Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN}
  
640,000,000 YBN
5 6 7 		225) A closeable mouth evolves for the first time, in the ancestor of all
ctenophores and cnidarians.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p2-3.
2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3.
3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology",
Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3.
4. ^ D. T. Anderson,
"Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3.
5. ^
Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa:
Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic
Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
6. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p2-3. {c750MYBN (all metazoans but sponges have a closable
mouth}
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750) {c750MYBN (all metazoans but sponges have a
closable mouth}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=12289&tree=0.1
  
640,000,000 YBN
11 12 13 14 15 		414) The female gonad (the first ovary) evolves in the ancestor of Ctenophores
and Cnidarians.9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p48.
2. ^
http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr
y=groepen
3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p48.
4. ^
http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr
y=groepen
5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p48.
6. ^
http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr
y=groepen
7. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p48.
8. ^
http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr
y=groepen
9. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p48.
10. ^
http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr
y=groepen
11. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
12. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
13. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (580my)
{based on evolution of cnidaria) 580my}
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. (c700my)
15. ^ S Blair Hedges,
Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of
eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1298my)

MORE INFO
[1] "Proteoglycan." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford
University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/proteoglycan
[2] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p18-19
[3] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p17
[4] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850my)
[5] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E
Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my)
[6] Richard Cowen, "History of
Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?)
  
640,000,000 YBN
26 27 		523) The animal Phylum Ctenophora {Ti-noF-R-u12 } evolves (comb jellies).13

Like the Cnidarians, the Ctenophores are diploblastic; they have two embryonic
germ layers- the ectoderm {EKTeDRM14 } and the endoderm {eNDeDRM15 } which
become the adult epidermis and gastrodermis, respectively. The middle
mesenchyme {meSeNKIM16 }, a watery gelatinous fluid, never produces the complex
organs seen in triploblastic Metazoa.17

The main body cavity of the ctenophores is also the digestive chamber, and they
have a simple nerve net.18

Unlike cnidarians, ctenophores lack stinging cells, there is no alternation of
generations in the life cycle, and ctenophores are never colonial.19 20 21

On the surface of the body are eight equally spaced comb plates, called ctenes
{TENZ22 }. Each ctene is composed of a band of cilia. The ctenes provide most
of the movement for the ctenophores.23

Ctenophores are hermaphroditic. Ovaries and testies differentiate from the
endoderm. The gametes are released through temporary gonopores {GoN-o-PORZ24 },
and fertilization is external.25
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "ctenophore." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 May. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ctenophore>.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p491-493.
3. ^ "ctenophore." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House,
Inc. 02 May. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ctenophore>.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493.
5. ^ "ctenophora." Dictionary.com Unabridged.
Random House, Inc. 02 May. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ctenophora>.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p491-493.
7. ^ "ectoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/ectoderm
8. ^ "endoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/endoderm
9. ^ "mesenchyme." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc.
31 Dec. 2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mesenchyme>.
10. ^ {ULSF: Note that this info is taken from cnidaria, but is
the same for ctenophora} Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p225,274.
11. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004), p491-493.
12. ^ "ctenophora." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02
May. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ctenophora>.
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493.
14. ^ "ectoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of
the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/ectoderm
15. ^ "endoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/endoderm
16. ^ "mesenchyme." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random
House, Inc. 31 Dec. 2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mesenchyme>.
17. ^ {ULSF: Note that this info is taken from
cnidaria, but is the same for ctenophora} Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates",
2003, p225,274.
18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493.
19. ^
http://www.imas.utas.edu.au/zooplankton/image-key/ctenophora
20. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p269-270.
21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493.
22. ^
Henderson, I.F., and W.D. Henderson 1920A Dictionary of Scientific Terms,
Pronunciation, Derivation, and Definition of Terms in Biology, Botony, Zoology,
Anatomy, Cyctology, Embroyology, Physiology. Van Nostrand.
http://books.google.com/books?id=ky0wAAAAYAAJ. http://books.google.com/books?id
=ky0wAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA65&dq=ctene+pronounced
23. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p274-275.
24. ^ "gonopore."
Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 Jun. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gonopore>.
25. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p47.
26. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin
of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
27. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750)
  
635,000,000 YBN
4 		6413) The start of the Ediacaran Period.2

A large increase in the evolutionary turnover rate of acritarchs is thought to
be the result of the evolution of the nervous system and gut in the eumetazoa
(all ctenophora, cnidaria, and bilateria).3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.”
Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5684/621.short
2. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.”
Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5684/621.short
3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
4. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.”
Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5684/621.short
  
630,000,000 YBN
56 57 58 59 		82) The Animal Phylum Cnidaria {NIDAREeo} evolves (the ancestor of sea
anemones, sea pens, corals, and jellyfish).33 34 35 36 Cnidaria also evolve
the earliest animal eye.37 38

Cnidaria are primarily radially symmetrical animals with tentacles, have a
single body cavity with only one opening to take in food and to release wastes,
and have specialized stinging cells.39

Cnidarians have two alternate body plans, the polyp and the medusa {miDUSe40 }.
A sea anemone or Hydra is a typical polyp: fixed to the ground with mouth on
top.41 Corals are colonial marine polyps that secrete calcareous
{KaL-KAR-E-uS42 } (calcium carbonate43 ) skeletons44 which they live inside
of45 . The medusa form is upside down compared to the polyp form46 , and is
free swimming. A jellyfish has a typical medusa form, swimming through the open
sea. Many cnidarians have both polyp and medusa forms in a single life cycle.47

Polyps often reproduce by budding; a new baby polyp clone grows on the side of
the parent.48 When cnidaria reproduce sexually, sperm are released into the
water and fertilization is usually external.49

Digestion in Cnidarians starts in the gastrovascular cavity, but once the food
is reduced to particles small enough to enter the digestive cells of the
gastrodermis, digestion is completed inside the cell (intracellularly).50

Cnidarians have a nervous system which is a network without a centralized
structure51 52 . They also have muscles which are contracted to propel them.53


Cnidarians see in black or white, because their eyes have only one pigment; for
color vision the eye must have more than one pigment.54 55
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p477-490.
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
4. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22
Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria
5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41.
6. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson,
"Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.",
Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral
Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages:
557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/research/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t
he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/
7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
8. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p477-490.
9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
10. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22
Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria
11. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41.
12. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson,
"Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.",
Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral
Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages:
557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/research/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t
he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/
13. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
14. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p477-490.
15. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
16. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22
Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria
17. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41.
18. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson,
"Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.",
Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral
Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages:
557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/research/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t
he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/
19. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
20. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p477-490.
21. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
22. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22
Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria
23. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41.
24. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson,
"Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.",
Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral
Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages:
557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/research/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t
he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/
25. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p31.
26. ^ "medusa." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/medusa
27. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490.
28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490.
29. ^ "coral." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 23 Sep. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/coral
30. ^ Levine, "The Earth Through
Time", 2006, p338.
31. ^ Levine, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p338.
32. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p477-490.
33. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
34. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p477-490.
35. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
36. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22
Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria
37. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41.
38. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson,
"Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.",
Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral
Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages:
557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/research/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t
he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/
39. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p31.
40. ^ "medusa." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
01 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/medusa
41. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490.
42. ^ "calcareous." Dictionary.com Unabridged.
Random House, Inc. 24 May. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calcareous>.
43. ^ "calcareous." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford
University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 23 Sep. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/calcareous
44. ^ "coral." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 23 Sep. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/coral
45. ^ Levine, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p338.
46. ^ Levine, "The Earth Through
Time", 2006, p338.
47. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490.
48. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490.
49. ^ D. T. Anderson,
"Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p48.
50. ^ D.
T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition,
2001, p42.
51. ^ Bullock, T.H., O. Breidbach, and W. Kutsch. The Nervous Systems of
Invertebrates: An Evolutionary and Comparative Approach. Birkhäuser Basel,
1994. Experientia:
Supplementum. http://books.google.com/books?id=dW5e6FHOH-4C&pg=PA9
52. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p477-490.
53. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490.
54. ^ "Biology: Colour-blind", Nature 463,
1003 (25 February 2010)
55. ^ Megan O'Connor,Anders Garm,Justin N. Marshall,Nathan S.
Hart,Peter Ekström,Charlotta Skogh, and Dan-Eric Nilsson, "Visual pigment in
the lens eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie", Proc. R. Soc. B June
22, 2010 277 (1689) 1843-1848; published ahead of print February 10, 2010,
doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.2248
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/277/1689/1843
56. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
57. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p477-490. (c700my)
58. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (580my)
59. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1298my)

MORE INFO
[1] Collins, A.G. (2002). "Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the Evolution of
Cnidarian Life Cycles" (PDF). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 15 (3):
418–432.
doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x. http://cima.uprm.edu/~n_schizas/CMOB_8676
/Collins2002.pdf
[2] Philippe, H. (April 2009). "Phylogenomics Revives Traditional Views on Deep
Animal Relationships". Current Biology 19: 706–712.
doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.052. PMID
19345102. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982209008057
[3] doi:10.1038/4631003b; Published online 24 February
2010 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7284/full/4631003b.html
  
600,000,000 YBN
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 		91) The start of the Ediacaran {EDEoKRiN10 } soft-bodied invertebrate
fossils.11

The sudden appearance of Ediacaran fossils may relate to the accumulation of
free oxygen in the atmosphere and sea, which may permit an oxidative
metabolism.12


Because the Ediacaran animals are soft-bodied, they are infrequently
preserved.13
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Ediacaran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ediacaran
2. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006,
p258-264,329.
3. ^ "Ediacaran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ediacaran
4. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006,
p258-264,329.
5. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006,
p258-264,329.
6. ^ "Ediacaran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ediacaran
7. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006,
p258-264,329.
8. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006,
p258-264,329.
9. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006,
p258-264,329.
10. ^ "Ediacaran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ediacaran
11. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006,
p258-264,329.
12. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006,
p258-264,329.
13. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006,
p258-264,329.
14. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (1996). "Ediacaran biota from Sonora, Mexico".
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 93:
4990–4993. http://www.pnas.org/content/93/10/4990.full.pdf
15. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
16. ^ Meert, J.
G.; Gibsher, A. S.; Levashova, N. M.; Grice, W. C.; Kamenov, G. D.; Rybanin, A.
(2010). "Glaciation and ~770 Ma Ediacara (?) Fossils from the Lesser Karatau
Microcontinent, Kazakhstan". Gondwana Research 19 (4): 867–880.
doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.11.008. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S1342937X10002005
17. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (1996). "Ediacaran biota from Sonora, Mexico".
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 93:
4990–4993. http://www.pnas.org/content/93/10/4990.full.pdf
18. ^ Ben Waggoner, "The Ediacaran Biotas in Space and Time", Integrative and
Comparative Biology , Vol. 43, No. 1 (Feb., 2003), pp.
104-113. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3884845 {Waggoner_200302xx.pdf}
19. ^ H. J. Hofmann, G. M. Narbonne and J. D. Aitken, "Ediacaran remains from
intertillite beds in northwestern Canada", Geology, December, 1990, v. 18, p.
1199-1202. http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/18/12/1199.abstract {Hofmann_Edi
acaran_Fossils_1990.pdf}
20. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.”
Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5684/621.short
21. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.”
Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5684/621.short
22. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006,
p258-264,329. {630 mybn}
23. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). {575 mybn}
24. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
{670 mybn}
25. ^ Meert, J. G.; Gibsher, A. S.; Levashova, N. M.; Grice, W. C.;
Kamenov, G. D.; Rybanin, A. (2010). "Glaciation and ~770 Ma Ediacara (?)
Fossils from the Lesser Karatau Microcontinent, Kazakhstan". Gondwana Research
19 (4): 867–880.
doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.11.008. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S1342937X10002005

MORE INFO
[1] Ivantsov, A. Yu (2004). "New Proarticulata from the Vendian of the
Arkhangel'sk Region" (PDF). Paleontological Journal 38 (3): 247–253
[2] Peterson, Kevin
J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.short
Sonora, Mexico14 |Adelaide, Australia15 | Lesser Karatau Microcontinent,
Kazakhsta16   
600,000,000 YBN
44 45 46 		107) The Animals Bilaterians evolve (metazoans with two sided symmetry).33 34
35
This is the first triploblastic animal; an animal with a third embryonic
layer, the mesoderm {meZuDRM36 }.37 This is also the earliest animal brain.38


In most bilaterians food enters in one end (the mouth) and waste exits at the
opposite end (the anus). There is an advantage for sense organs like light,
sound, touch, smell, and taste detection to be located on the head near the
mouth to help with getting food.39

Unlike the diploblastic Cnidaria and Ctenophora, bilaterians are
triploblastic.40 41 A third embryonic layer, the mesoderm, lies between the
ectoderm and endoderm. This layer increases the options for the development of
organs with specific functions.42

This begins the Animal Subkingdom "Bilateria".43
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476.
2. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^ D. T.
Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition,
2001, p69.
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400.
6. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of
the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm
7. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford
University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59.
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476.
9. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1
10. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
11. ^ D. T.
Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition,
2001, p69.
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400.
13. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of
the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm
14. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford
University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59.
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476.
16. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1
17. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
18. ^ D. T.
Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition,
2001, p69.
19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400.
20. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of
the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm
21. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford
University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59.
22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396.
23. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476.
24. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1
25. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
26. ^
"mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm
27. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p59.
28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400.
29. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396.
30. ^ D. T. Anderson,
"Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p69.
31. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004), p396-400.
32. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1
33. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476.
34. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1
35. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
36. ^
"mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm
37. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p59.
38. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400.
39. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396.
40. ^ D. T. Anderson,
"Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59.
41. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004), p472-476.
42. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001, p59.
43. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1
44. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
45. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my)
46. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older)
  
600,000,000 YBN
21 22 23 		403) The earliest extant bilaterian: Acoelomorpha (the ancestor of acoela flat
worms and nemertodermatida).15 16 17

The Acoelomorpha lack a digestive track, anus and coelom.18 19

Flatworms have no lungs or gills and breathe through their skin. Flatworms also
have no circulating blood and so their branched gut presumably transports
nutrients to all parts of the body.20
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476.
2. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p472-476.
5. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1
6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
7. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004).
8. ^ "Acoelomorpha". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoelomorpha
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476.
10. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1
11. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
12. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
13. ^
"Acoelomorpha". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoelomorpha
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476.
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476.
16. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1
17. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
18. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
19. ^
"Acoelomorpha". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoelomorpha
20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476.
21. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield.
“Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks
Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my)
23. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older)

MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p396
  
600,000,000 YBN
6 7 8 		459) An intestine evolves in a bilaterian. Since the gut of this organism has
no anus, undigested food must be regurgitated through the mouth. The intestine
is lined with a single layer of endodermal cells that perform some or all of
the processes of digestion and absorption.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p61,66-67.
2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67.
3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology",
Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67.
4. ^ D. T. Anderson,
"Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001,
p61,66-67.
5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p61,66-67.
6. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin
of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my)
8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older)
  
600,000,000 YBN
12 13 14 		532) A cylindrical gut, anus, and through-put of food evolves in a bilaterian.9


All bilaterally symmetrical metazoans except the Phyla Acoelomorpha10 and
Platyhelminthes, have a tubular gut with an anus, mouth, and through-put of
food. The Phyla Nemertea and Entoprocta are the earliest bilaterians with an
anus.11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p4.
2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4.
3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology",
Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476.
5. ^ D. T.
Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition,
2001, p4.
6. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001, p4.
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476.
8. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology",
Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4.
9. ^ D. T. Anderson,
"Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4.
10. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004), p472-476.
11. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001, p4.
12. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield.
“Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks
Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) {630my (first bilateral species-acoelomates}
14. ^ Richard Cowen,
"History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) {575
(first bilateral species-acoelomates)(fossil record is older}
  
600,000,000 YBN
6 7 8 		593) The genital pore, vagina, and uterus evolve in a bilaterian.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p58-79.
2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79.
3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology",
Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79.
4. ^ D. T. Anderson,
"Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79.
5. ^ D.
T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition,
2001, p58-79.
6. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my)
8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older)
  
600,000,000 YBN
6 7 8 		660) The penis evolves in a bilaterian.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004.
2. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes,
"Invertebrate Zoology", 2004.
3. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology",
2004.
4. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004.
5. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes,
"Invertebrate Zoology", 2004.
6. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield.
“Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks
Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) {based on some Platyhelminthes have a penis)
630my}
8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575
(fossil is older)

MORE INFO
[1] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001
  
590,000,000 YBN
70) The end of the Varanger Ice Age (650-590 mybn).3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp 6743-6750, July 1994 "Proterozoic
and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for accelerating evolutionary
tempo" Andrew H Knoll
2. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp 6743-6750, July
1994 "Proterozoic and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for accelerating
evolutionary tempo" Andrew H Knoll
3. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp
6743-6750, July 1994 "Proterozoic and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for
accelerating evolutionary tempo" Andrew H Knoll
  
590,000,000 YBN
11 12 		95) The coelom (SEleM) evolves in a bilaterian.7

The coelem is a fluid filled cavity that forms within the mesoderm and exists
between the gut and body wall8 in most triploblastic animals9 .

The advantage of a coelem is that it allows the body wall and gut wall to act
independently, and also that other organ systems can be developed in the
fluid-filled space. In addition, the fluid in the cavity can act as a
deformable skeleton.10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ Richard
Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History
of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates",
2003, p48.
5. ^ Valentine, J.W. On the Origin of Phyla. University of Chicago Press,
2004. American Politics and Political Economy Series,
p60. http://books.google.com/books?id=DMBkmHm5fe4C&pg=PA60
6. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p4-5.
7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005).
8. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p48.
9. ^ Valentine, J.W. On the
Origin of Phyla. University of Chicago Press, 2004. American Politics and
Political Economy Series,
p60. http://books.google.com/books?id=DMBkmHm5fe4C&pg=PA60
10. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p4-5.
11. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin
of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {estimate based on coelom being before protostome-deutostome
division, after acoelomorph) 630-590 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] "coelom." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/body-cavity
  
590,000,000 YBN
24 25 		98) The first circulatory system evolves; blood vessels, and blood evolve in a
bilaterian.16 The first blood cells.17 Cnidarians and flatworms are at most
two sheets of tissue thick and so allow gas exchange and nutrient distribution
by diffusion, but larger animals with thicker tissues require a circulatory
system to distribute materials.18 19 20

The circulatory system transports molecules like gases, food, and waste to and
from individual cells.21 22

In bilaterians with circulatory systems blood may be distributed by contractile
vessels in the blood vessel walls, and/or by hearts.23
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ D. T.
Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition,
2001, p4.
3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001, p81.
4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford
University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p81.
5. ^ Brusca and Brusca,
"Invertebrates", 2003, p327.
6. ^ Solomon, E., L. Berg, and D.W. Martin. Biology.
Cengage Learning, 2010. Available Titles CourseMate Series,
p938-939. http://books.google.com/books?id=itHVNZicPgwC
7. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p299.
8. ^ Cowen, R. History of Life.
John Wiley & Sons, 2009,
p46. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z-Tam4XuXLkC&pg=PA46
9. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p81.
10. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p327.
11. ^ Solomon,
E., L. Berg, and D.W. Martin. Biology. Cengage Learning, 2010. Available Titles
CourseMate Series, p938-939. http://books.google.com/books?id=itHVNZicPgwC
12. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p299.
13. ^ Cowen,
R. History of Life. John Wiley & Sons, 2009,
p46. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z-Tam4XuXLkC&pg=PA46
14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
15. ^ D. T.
Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition,
2001, p4.
16. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001, p81.
17. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p327.
18. ^
Solomon, E., L. Berg, and D.W. Martin. Biology. Cengage Learning, 2010.
Available Titles CourseMate Series,
p938-939. http://books.google.com/books?id=itHVNZicPgwC
19. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p299.
20. ^ Cowen, R. History of
Life. John Wiley & Sons, 2009,
p46. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z-Tam4XuXLkC&pg=PA46
21. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
22. ^ D. T.
Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition,
2001, p4.
23. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p72-73.
24. ^ Peterson, Kevin J.,
and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
25. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {based on}
  
580,000,000 YBN
41 42 43 44 		93) The Bilaterians Protostomes evolve.31 32 Protostomes are divided into two
major groups: the Ecdysozoa {eK-DiS-u-ZOu33 } and the Lophotrochozoa
{LuFoTroKoZOu34 }.35 36 37 38

The difference between protostomes and deutrostomes arises during embryonic
development. In protostomes, the first indentation of the gastrula (an early
stage of the embryo39 ) develops into the mouth and the second indentation
develops into the anus. The reverse is true for the deuterostomes.40
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701
3. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE;
Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling
improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749.
doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID
18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html
4. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of
life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ,
363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
/content/363/1496/1513
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701
7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit
8. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701
11. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne,
WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling
improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749.
doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID
18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html
12. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of
life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ,
363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
/content/363/1496/1513
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
14. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701
15. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit
16. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit
17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
18. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701
19. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne,
WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling
improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749.
doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID
18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html
20. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of
life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ,
363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
/content/363/1496/1513
21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
22. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701
23. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit
24. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit
25. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
26. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701
27. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne,
WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling
improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749.
doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID
18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html
28. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of
life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ,
363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
/content/363/1496/1513
29. ^ "gastrula." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gastrula>.
30. ^ Alters, S. Biology: Understanding Life. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2000.
Human and Introductory Biology Series,
p511. http://books.google.com/books?id=GRDUIbQwGc8C&pg=PA511
31. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
32. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701
33. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit
34. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit
35. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
36. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701
37. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne,
WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling
improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749.
doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID
18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html
38. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of
life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ,
363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
/content/363/1496/1513
39. ^ "gastrula." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gastrula>.
40. ^ Alters, S. Biology: Understanding Life. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2000.
Human and Introductory Biology Series,
p511. http://books.google.com/books?id=GRDUIbQwGc8C&pg=PA511
41. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
42. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (590my) {590 mybn}
43. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins.
“Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to
investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and
Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751.
Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/744.full {543 mybn}
44. ^ S. Blair
Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {910 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=priapulids
[2] Kevin J Peterson, James A Cotton, James G Gehling, and Davide
Pisani, "The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic
and the geological fossil records", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B April 27, 2008 363
(1496) 1435-1443;
doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1
496/1435.short
  
580,000,000 YBN
15 16 17 18 19 		105) The Bilaterians Deuterostomes evolve; the ancestor of all Echinoderms
(iKIniDRMS 12 }, Hemichordates, and Chordates.13 14
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
3. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
6. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
9. ^ "echinoderm." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
11. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
12. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
14. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
15. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J.
Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of
Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {570 mybn}
17. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of
Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {910 mybn}
18. ^ Cartwright,
Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple
lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan
lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751.
Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/744.full {367 mybn}
19. ^ Jun-Yuan
Chen, David J. Bottjer, Paola Oliveri,Stephen Q. Dornbos, Feng Gao, Seth
Ruffins, Huimei Chi, Chia-Wei Li, Eric H. Davidson, "Small Bilaterian Fossils
from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian", Science, Vol 305, Issue 5681,
218-222, 9 July
2004 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;305/5681/218

MORE INFO
[1] Kevin J Peterson, James A Cotton, James G Gehling, and Davide Pisani,
"The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the
geological fossil records", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B April 27, 2008 363 (1496)
1435-1443;
doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1
496/1435.short
  
580,000,000 YBN
10 11 		131) The first shell (or skeleton) evolves. The first known shell belongs to a
group of ciliates called tintinnids.7 Skeletons evolve independently in
different groups of organisms.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian
Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special
Publications 286: 151–156.
doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11
{Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf}
2. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian
Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special
Publications 286: 151–156.
doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11
{Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf}
3. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian
Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special
Publications 286: 151–156.
doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11
{Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf}
4. ^ "skeleton." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 25 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/547371/skeleton>.
5. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian
Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special
Publications 286: 151–156.
doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11
{Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf}
6. ^ "skeleton." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 25 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/547371/skeleton>.
7. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian
Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special
Publications 286: 151–156.
doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11
{Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf}
8. ^ "skeleton." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 25 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/547371/skeleton>.
9. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian
Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special
Publications 286: 151–156.
doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11
{Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf}
10. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian
Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special
Publications 286: 151–156.
doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11
{Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf} {earliest hard shell fossil -
ciliate) 580 mybn}
11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {Euglenozoa -pellicle) 1956 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Hamm, Smetacek, "Armor: Why, When, and How", in Falkowski, Knoll,
"Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea", 2007, p311-332, p323
[2] Bengtson, S.
(2004), Early skeletal fossils, in Lipps, J.H., and Waggoner, B.M.,
"Neoproterozoic- Cambrian Biological Revolutions" (PDF), Paleontological
Society Papers 10: 67–78, retrieved
2008-07-18 http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021554/Bengtson200
4ESF.pdf
(Doushantuo Formation) Beidoushan, Guizhou Province, South China9   
570,000,000 YBN
28 29 30 31 		311) The Bilaterians Chaetognatha {KE-ToG-nutu21 22 } evolve (Arrow Worms).23

The earliest teeth evolve. Animals start to eat other animals.24 25

The evolution of teeth and animal predation starts an "arms race" that rapidly
transforms ecosystems around the Earth.26 Teeth and shells evolve as
advantages to survival.27
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68.
2. ^ Vannier, J.; Steiner, M.;
Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian origin of
modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of the Royal
Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID
17254986.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202
.
3. ^ "arrow worm." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 21 Jan. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/chaetognatha
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chaetognatha&submit=Submit
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68.
7. ^ Vannier, J.;
Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian
origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of
the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC
2197202. PMID 17254986.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202
.
8. ^ "arrow worm." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 21 Jan. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/chaetognatha
9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chaetognatha&submit=Submit
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
11. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68.
12. ^ Vannier,
J.; Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early
Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms".
Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633.
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202
.
13. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68.
14. ^ "arrow worm." The
Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press.,
2012. Answers.com 21 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/chaetognatha
15. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chaetognatha&submit=Submit
16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
17. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68.
18. ^ Vannier, J.;
Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian
origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of
the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC
2197202. PMID 17254986.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202
.
19. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68.
20. ^ Ted Huntington.
21. ^ "arrow worm."
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University
Press., 2012. Answers.com 21 Jan. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/chaetognatha
22. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chaetognatha&submit=Submit
23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
24. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68.
25. ^ Vannier,
J.; Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early
Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms".
Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633.
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202
.
26. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68.
27. ^ Ted Huntington.
28. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
(570)
29. ^ Chen, J.-Y.; Huang, D.-Y. (2002). "A possible Lower Cambrian chaetognath
(arrow worm)". Science 298 (5591): 187. doi:10.1126/science.1075059. PMID
12364798.
30. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
31. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", Oxford University
Press, New York., 2009, Chap 24, p224-225. http://timetree.org/book.php

MORE INFO
[1] Gonzalo Giribet, Daniel L. Distel, Martin Polz, Wolfgang Sterrer, and
Ward C. Wheeler Triploblastic Relationships with Emphasis on the Acoelomates
and the Position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and
Chaetognatha: A Combined Approach of 18S rDNA Sequences and Morphology Syst
Biol (2000) 49(3): 539-562 doi:10.1080/10635159950127385
[2] Martin Helmkampf, Iris Bruchhaus, Bernhard
Hausdorf, Multigene analysis of lophophorate and chaetognath phylogenetic
relationships, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 46, Issue 1,
January 2008, Pages 206-214, ISSN 1055-7903,
10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.004. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S105579030700317X)
[3] S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November
2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html
[4] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2002, p844
  
565,000,000 YBN
17 18 19 		345) The Deuterostome Phylum Hemichordata evolves; The "Hemichordates", the
ancestor of pterobranchs {TARuBrANKS13 }14 and acorn worms).15

Adult Pterobrachs are sessile, fastening to solid structures, but the younger
(or larval) form is free swimming, and is thought to have retained this form
before evolving into tunicates and then the first fish.16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterobranchs&submit=Submit
2. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007,
p201.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
4. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters",
2007, p203.
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterobranchs&submit=Submit
6. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters",
2007, p201.
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It
Matters", 2007, p203.
9. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterobranchs&submit=Submit
10. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007,
p201.
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
12. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters",
2007, p203.
13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterobranchs&submit=Submit
14. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It
Matters", 2007, p201.
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
16. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and
Why It Matters", 2007, p203.
17. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield.
“Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks
Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
18. ^ Xian-guang Hou, Richard J. Aldridge, David J. Siveter, Derek J. Siveter,
Mark Williams, Jan Zalasiewicz, Xiao-ya Ma. A pterobranch hemichordate zooid
from the lower Cambrian. Current Biology, 24 March 2011 DOI:
10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.005 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096
0982211002776
19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p383.

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126698
  
565,000,000 YBN
35 36 		347) The Deuterostome Phylum Chordata evolves. Chordates are a very large group
that include all tunicates {TUNiKiTS}, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals,
and birds.22 23 Chordates get their name from the notochord {nOTe-KORD24 },
the cartilage rod that runs along the back of the animal, in the embryo if not
in the adult.25

The ancestor of all chordates evolves "upside-down": unlike earlier
invertebrates who have a ventral nerve cord (near the belly26 ) and a dorsal
heart (near the back27 ), this ancestor and all later vertebrates have a dorsal
nerve cord and a ventral heart.28

Chordates have four key characters: a notochord; a dorsal, hollow nerve chord;
gill slits (also called pharyngeal {Fu-riN-JE-uL29 } slits30 ); and a muscular,
post-anal tail.31 The notochord provides skeletal support throughout most of
the length of the chordate and provides a firm but flexible structure from
which attached muscles can contract.32 33

In the higher fishes the notochord is surrounded and gradually replaced by
segmental vertebrae.34
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p368-p381.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381.
5. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
p399-400.
6. ^ "ventral."Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ventral
7. ^ "dorsal." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dorsal
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381.
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381.
10. ^
"notochord." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/notochord
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p368-p381.
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p399-400.
13. ^ "ventral."Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ventral
14. ^ "dorsal." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/dorsal
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p368-p381.
16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381.
17. ^ "notochord." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 04 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/notochord
18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381.
19. ^ "ventral."Answers.com 01
Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ventral
20. ^ "dorsal." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Apr.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dorsal
21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). p399-400.
22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381.
23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381.
24. ^ "notochord." The
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/notochord
25. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p368-p381.
26. ^ "ventral."Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ventral
27. ^ "dorsal." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/dorsal
28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p399-400.
29. ^ "pharyngeal." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House,
Inc. 06 Mar. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pharyngeal>.
30. ^ Hyman, L.H., and M.H. Wake. Hyman’s Comparative
Vertebrate Anatomy. University of Chicago Press, 1992,
p393. http://books.google.com/books?id=VKlWjdOkiMwC&pg=PA393
31. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008.
Alternative eText Formats Series, p699.
32. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece.
Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series,
p699.
33. ^ Rowland, M. Biology. Thomas Nelson & Sons, Limited, 1992. Bath Science
16-19 Series, p650. http://books.google.com/books?id=j9cEEouPBogC&pg=PA650
34. ^ "Chordata." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and
Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 24 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/chordata
35. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p368-p381. {565 MYBN}
36. ^
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3208583.stm

MORE INFO
[1] Douzery, E. J. P., Snell, E. A., Bapteste, E., Delsuc, F., &
Philippe, H. (2004). The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed
molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils? Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 101 (43),
15386-15391. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403984101
[2] Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho
and Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of
Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science New Series, Vol. 271, No. 5248
(Jan. 26, 1996), pp. 470-477. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2890144
[3] Pennisi, Elizabeth. “Drafting a Tree.” Science
300.5626 (2003) : 1694.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/300/5626/1694.summary
[4] Philip C. J. Donoghue and Mark A. Purnell, "The Evolutionary Emergence of
Vertebrates From Among Their Spineless Relatives", EVOLUTION: EDUCATION AND
OUTREACH, Volume 2, Number 2, 204-212, DOI:
10.1007/s12052-009-0134-3 http://www.springerlink.com/content/l48138g81qv4m18k/
export-citation/
[5] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41451
  
565,000,000 YBN
6 7 		348) The earliest extant chordate: Tunicates {TUNiKiTS} evolve (also called sea
squirts).5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004),p377-381.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381.
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. {565 mybn}
7. ^ Chen,
Jun-Yuan et al. “The First Tunicate from the Early Cambrian of South
China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100.14 (2003): 8314
–8318. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/100/14/8314.full
  
560,000,000 YBN
31 32 33 34 35 36 		117) The earliest animal shell (or skeleton) evolves.17
This is the earliest
evidence of animals eating other animals (predation).18 19
This begins the
appearance of small shelly fossils and deep burrows correlated with a decline
in stromatolites, possibly from feeding.20

The earliest animal shells are made by tiny organisms with simple tubelike
skeletons, such as Cloudina and Sinotubulites21 22 in addition to sponge
skeleton fossils.23

The shell of Cloudina is made of Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)24 , and is possibly
made by some kind of worm.25

Predatory bore holes have been found in Cloudina shells. This is the oldest
evidence of predation known.26 27

When animals begin to develop hard parts, their probability of preservation
greatly improves.28
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210.
2. ^
Dzik, J (2007), "The Verdun Syndrome: simultaneous origin of protective armour
and infaunal shelters at the Precambrian–Cambrian transition", in
Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia, The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran
Biota, Special publications, 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 405–414,
doi:10.1144/SP286.30, ISBN 9781862392335, OCLC 191881597 156823511 191881597
http://www.paleo.pan.pl/people/Dzik/Publications/Verdun.pdf
3. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late
Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367.
doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/257/5068/367
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345
4. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells:
Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS,
October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459,
doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg
r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782
5. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth",
sixth edition, 2002, p210.
6. ^ Dzik, J (2007), "The Verdun Syndrome: simultaneous
origin of protective armour and infaunal shelters at the Precambrian–Cambrian
transition", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia, The Rise and Fall
of the Ediacaran Biota, Special publications, 286, London: Geological Society,
pp. 405–414, doi:10.1144/SP286.30, ISBN 9781862392335, OCLC 191881597
156823511 191881597
http://www.paleo.pan.pl/people/Dzik/Publications/Verdun.pdf
7. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late
Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367.
doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/257/5068/367
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345
8. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells:
Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS,
October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459,
doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg
r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782
9. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth",
sixth edition, 2002, p210.
10. ^ Dott, Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", 6th
edition 2002, p212.
11. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It
Matters", 2007, p168.
12. ^ Clites, Erica C., Mary L. Droser, and James G. Gehling.
“The Advent of Hard-part Structural Support Among the Ediacara Biota:
Ediacaran Harbinger of a Cambrian Mode of Body Construction.” Geology (2012):
n. pag. http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/early/2012/02/13/G32828.1
13. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late
Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367.
doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/257/5068/367
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345
14. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters",
2007, p166.
15. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in
Late Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367.
doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/257/5068/367
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345
16. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells:
Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS,
October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459,
doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg
r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782
17. ^ Dzik, J (2007), "The Verdun Syndrome:
simultaneous origin of protective armour and infaunal shelters at the
Precambrian–Cambrian transition", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower,
Patricia, The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota, Special publications, 286,
London: Geological Society, pp. 405–414, doi:10.1144/SP286.30, ISBN
9781862392335, OCLC 191881597 156823511 191881597
http://www.paleo.pan.pl/people/Dzik/Publications/Verdun.pdf
18. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late
Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367.
doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/257/5068/367
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345
19. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells:
Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS,
October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459,
doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg
r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782
20. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth",
sixth edition, 2002, p210.
21. ^ Dott, Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", 6th
edition 2002, p212.
22. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It
Matters", 2007, p168.
23. ^ Clites, Erica C., Mary L. Droser, and James G. Gehling.
“The Advent of Hard-part Structural Support Among the Ediacara Biota:
Ediacaran Harbinger of a Cambrian Mode of Body Construction.” Geology (2012):
n. pag. http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/early/2012/02/13/G32828.1
24. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late
Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367.
doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/257/5068/367
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345
25. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters",
2007, p166.
26. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in
Late Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367.
doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/257/5068/367
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345
27. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells:
Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS,
October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459,
doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg
r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782
28. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth
edition, 2006, p329-333.
29. ^ SW Grant, "Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a
potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic.", Source: American journal
of science (1990) volume: 290-A (Special volume) page: 261
-94 http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1990/11.1990.10SpecialConway.pdf
30. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells:
Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS,
October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459,
doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg
r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782
31. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say
and Why It Matters", 2007, p163-170.
32. ^ Dott, Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", 6th
edition 2002, p212.
33. ^ Adam C. Maloof, Susannah M. Porter, John L. Moore, Frank
Ö. Dudás, Samuel A. Bowring, John A. Higgins, David A. Fike, and Michael P.
Eddy, "The earliest Cambrian record of animals and ocean geochemical change",
Geological Society of America Bulletin, November 2010, v. 122, p. 1731-1774,
doi:10.1130/B30346.1 http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/122/11-12/1731.full

34. ^ SW Grant, "Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential
index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic.", Source: American journal of
science (1990) volume: 290-A (Special volume) page: 261
-94 http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1990/11.1990.10SpecialConway.pdf
35. ^ http://palaeos.com/proterozoic/neoproterozoic/ediacaran/ediacaran2.htm
36. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina
Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic",
PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459,
doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg
r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782

MORE INFO
[1] Philip W. Signor and Mark A. S. McMenamin "The Early Cambrian Worm
Tube Onuphionella from California and Nevada", Journal of Paleontology , Vol.
62, No. 2 (Mar., 1988), pp. 233-240 Published by: Paleontological
Society Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1305228
[2] MATTHEWS, S. C., AND V. V. MISSARZHEVSKY.
1975. "Small shelly fossils of late Precambrian and early Cambrian age: a
review of recent work." Journal of the Geological Society,
131:289-304 http://jgs.geoscienceworld.org/content/131/3/289.abstract
[3] GRANT, S. W. F. 1990. "Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a
potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic." American Journal of
Science, 290(A):261-294
(Ara Formation) Oman29 |Lijiagou, Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province30
  
560,000,000 YBN
16 17 18 19 20 		318) The Protostomes Ecdysozoa {eK-DiS-u-ZOu12 } evolve. Ecdysozoa are animals
that molt (lose their outer skin) as they grow.13 14 This is the ancestor of
round worms, and arthropods (which includes insects and crustaceans {also known
as "shell-fish"}).15
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005),p390-394.
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005),p390-394.
7. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198710
8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
10. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005),p390-394.
11. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198710
12. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005),p390-394.
15. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198710
16. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c580) {c580 mybn}
18. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden,
MA: Blackwell, 2005),p388-394. (560) {560 mybn}
19. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir
Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {790 mybn}
20. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and
Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of
evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.”
Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751.
Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/744.full {530 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith,
SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves
resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749.
doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID
18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html
[2] Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of
life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ,
363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
/content/363/1496/1513
[3] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004),p390-394
[4] Telford, Maximilian J et al. “The Evolution of the Ecdysozoa.”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363.1496
(2008): 1529 –1537.
Print. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1496/1529.long
  
560,000,000 YBN
22 23 24 25 26 		331) The Protostomes Lophotrochozoa {Lu-Fo-Tro-Ku-ZO-u16 } evolve, the ancestor
of all rotifers, phoronids, brachiopods {BrA-KE-O-PoDZ17 }, entoprocts
{eNTuProKS18 }, bryozoans {BrI-u-ZO-iNZ19 }, platyhelminthes, gastrotrichs,
nemertea, molluscs and annelids.20 21
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).
4. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brachiopods&submit=Submit
6. ^ "entoproct?s=t". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House,
Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/entoproct?s=t
7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=bryozoans&submit=Submit
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
9. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).
10. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit
11. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brachiopods&submit=Submit
12. ^ "entoproct?s=t". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House,
Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/entoproct?s=t
13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=bryozoans&submit=Submit
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
15. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science,
(2003).
16. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit
17. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brachiopods&submit=Submit
18. ^ "entoproct?s=t". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random
House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/entoproct?s=t
19. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=bryozoans&submit=Submit
20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
21. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science,
(2003).
22. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c547) {c580 mybn}
24. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree",
Science, (2003). (550) {550 mybn}
25. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The
TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {790 mybn}
26. ^
Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating
multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan
lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751.
Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/744.full {538 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=202032
  
560,000,000 YBN
349) The first fish evolves.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004),p372-376.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376.
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376.

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41451
  
560,000,000 YBN
6290) The earliest extant fish, the Chordates Lancelets {laNSleTS12 } (also
called amphioxus {aMFEoKSiS13 }14 ).15 This is also the first liver and
kidney.16

The Lancelet is different from a worm in not being cylindrical, and swims like
a fish using its muscles with side-to-side undulations.17

Lancelets are not vertebrates. They have only a nerve tube on the notochord and
no brain other than a small swelling at the front end of the nerve tube. They
also have an eye-spot.18

The gill slits of Lancelets are primarily for filter feeding.19 Gas exchange
(the absorption of oxygen and emission of carbon dioxide20 ), mostly occurs
across the external body surface.21

Lancelets have no heart and blood is pumped around the body by contractions of
the blood vessels.22
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "lancelet." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Feb. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/lancelet
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004),p372-376.
3. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters",
2007, p205.
4. ^ "lancelet." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Feb.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/lancelet
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376.
6. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It
Matters", 2007, p205.
7. ^ "lancelet." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
11 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/lancelet
8. ^ "amphioxus." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc.
01 Jan. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/amphioxus>.
9. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It
Matters", 2007, p202.
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376.
11. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and
Why It Matters", 2007, p205.
12. ^ "lancelet." The American Heritage® Dictionary of
the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 11 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/lancelet
13. ^ "amphioxus." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random
House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/amphioxus>.
14. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and
Why It Matters", 2007, p202.
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376.
16. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say
and Why It Matters", 2007, p205.
17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376.
18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376.
19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376.
20. ^ Campbell, N.A.,
and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText
Formats Series, p915.
21. ^ Campbell, N.A., and J.B. Reece. Biology. Pearson Benjamin
Cummings, 2008. Alternative eText Formats Series, p700.
22. ^ Marshall Cavendish
Corporation. Aquatic Life of the World. Marshall Cavendish Corporation/Ccb,
2000. Aquatic Life of the World,
p295. http://books.google.com/books?id=xnzR54G3BfgC&pg=PA295

MORE INFO
[1] Philip C. J. Donoghue and Mark A. Purnell, "The Evolutionary
Emergence of Vertebrates From Among Their Spineless Relatives", EVOLUTION:
EDUCATION AND OUTREACH, Volume 2, Number 2, 204-212, DOI:
10.1007/s12052-009-0134-3 http://www.springerlink.com/content/l48138g81qv4m18k/
export-citation/
[2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41451
  
550,000,000 YBN
15 		328) The Ecdysozoa Aschelminthes {aSKHeLmiNtEZ11 12 } evolves; the ancestor of
the worms nematodes and priapulids.13 14
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126691
3. ^ "Aschelminthes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/aschelminthes
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=aschelminthes
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126691
7. ^ "Aschelminthes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/aschelminthes
8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=aschelminthes
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126691
11. ^ "Aschelminthes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/aschelminthes
12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=aschelminthes
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
14. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126691
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c550)
  
547,000,000 YBN
8 		334) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Brachiopoda {BrAKEoPiDu5 } evolves (the
brachiopods {BrAKEOPoDZ}).6

The Brachiopods are marine invertebrates that have bivalve dorsal and ventral
shells enclosing a pair of tentacled, armlike structures that are used to sweep
minute food particles into their mouth.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ "Brachiopoda." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2013. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/brachiopoda
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
4. ^ "brachiopod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Jul.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/brachiopod
5. ^ "Brachiopoda." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2013. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/brachiopoda
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
7. ^ "brachiopod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Jul.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/brachiopod
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). (c547)

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=202032
  
543,000,000 YBN
15 		101) Segmentation evolves (body parts are repeated serially, for example
vertebrae).11 12

Some think that segmentation evolved independently in annelid worms,
arthropods, and vertebrates. But the universality of Homeobox genes, evolved
over a billion years earlier13 , implies that all segmented species may share a
common segmented ancestor.14
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004),p622-624.
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004),p622-624.
5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
6. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004),p622-624.
7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
8. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004),p622-624.
9. ^ Mukherjee K, Bürglin TR, "MEKHLA, a novel domain with similarity to PAS
domains, is fused to plant homeodomain-leucine zipper III proteins.", Plant
Physiol
2006;140:1142-1150. http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/140/4/1142.full
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004),p622-624.
11. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
12. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004),p622-624.
13. ^ Mukherjee K, Bürglin TR, "MEKHLA, a novel domain with similarity to PAS
domains, is fused to plant homeodomain-leucine zipper III proteins.", Plant
Physiol
2006;140:1142-1150. http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/140/4/1142.full
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004),p622-624.
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). {537 MYBN (based on Annaleda - segmented worns} {543
MYBN (based on arthropods, annelids - segmented worns=537}
  
542,000,000 YBN
13 		53) The end of the "Precambrian". The end of the Proterozoic and start of the
Phanerozoic {FaNReZOiK9 } Eon. The end of the Neoproterozoic and start of the
Paleozoic {PAlEuZOiK10 } Era, and the end of the Ediacaran and start of the
Cambrian Period.11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Phanerozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/phanerozoic
2. ^ "Paleozoic." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 09 Mar.
2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Paleozoic>.
3. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
4. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic
and Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
5. ^ "Phanerozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/phanerozoic
6. ^ "Paleozoic." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 09 Mar. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Paleozoic>.
7. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
8. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
9. ^ "Phanerozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/phanerozoic
10. ^ "Paleozoic." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 09 Mar. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Paleozoic>.
11. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
12. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
13. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf

MORE INFO
[1] Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time
Scale.” Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5684/621.short
  
542,000,000 YBN
21 22 		6297) The Cambrian radiation, (or "Cambrian explosion"), the rapid
diversification of multicellular animals between 542 and 530 million years ago
that results in the appearance of many (between 20 and 35) of the major phyla
of animals.15 16 17 An increase of animals with shells.18

The Cambrian metazoan radiation may be the result of a major increase in
atmospheric oxygen19 , and animal predation20 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Cambrian Explosion." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cambrian-explosion
2. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006,
p329-333.
3. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90620/Cambrian-explosion>.
4. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333.
5. ^
"Cambrian Explosion." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cambrian-explosion
6. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006,
p329-333.
7. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90620/Cambrian-explosion>.
8. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333.
9. ^
"Cambrian Explosion." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cambrian-explosion
10. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006,
p329-333.
11. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90620/Cambrian-explosion>.
12. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333.
13. ^ Dott,
Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", 6th edition 2002, p209.
14. ^ Dzik, J (2007),
"The Verdun Syndrome: simultaneous origin of protective armour and infaunal
shelters at the Precambrian–Cambrian transition", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia;
Komarower, Patricia, The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota, Special
publications, 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 405–414,
doi:10.1144/SP286.30, ISBN 9781862392335, OCLC 191881597 156823511
191881597 http://www.paleo.pan.pl/people/Dzik/Publications/Verdun.pdf
15. ^ "Cambrian Explosion." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cambrian-explosion
16. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006,
p329-333.
17. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90620/Cambrian-explosion>.
18. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333.
19. ^ Dott,
Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", 6th edition 2002, p209.
20. ^ Dzik, J (2007),
"The Verdun Syndrome: simultaneous origin of protective armour and infaunal
shelters at the Precambrian–Cambrian transition", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia;
Komarower, Patricia, The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota, Special
publications, 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 405–414,
doi:10.1144/SP286.30, ISBN 9781862392335, OCLC 191881597 156823511
191881597 http://www.paleo.pan.pl/people/Dzik/Publications/Verdun.pdf
21. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90620/Cambrian-explosion>. {542-530
mybn}
22. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333.
{535 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Derek E. G. Briggs and Richard A. Fortey, "Wonderful Strife:
Systematics, Stem Groups, and the Phylogenetic Signal of the Cambrian
Radiation", Paleobiology , Vol. 31, No. 2, Supplement. Macroevolution:
Diversity, Disparity, Contingency: Essays in Honor of Stephen Jay Gould
(Spring, 2005), pp. 94-112 http://www.jstor.org/stable/25482671
  
540,000,000 YBN
12 13 14 		104) The Lophotrochozoa {Lu-Fo-Tro-Ku-ZO-u7 } Phylum Platyhelminthes
{PlaTEheLmiNtEZ} evolves (flatworms).8

Platyhelminthes, which is Greek for flat worms, include free-living and
parasitic acoelomate worms (worms with no coelum9 ).10 They can reproduce
sexually, and also asexually by transverse fission (splitting in half).11
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
7. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
9. ^ "Acoelomate." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 04
Jun. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Acoelomate>.
10. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p285.
11. ^ Brusca and
Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p303-304.
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543)
13. ^ Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. et
al. “The Timing of Eukaryotic Evolution: Does a Relaxed Molecular Clock
Reconcile Proteins and Fossils?” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 101.43 (2004): 15386 -15391.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/43/15386
14. ^ Peterson, Kevin J et al. “The Ediacaran Emergence of Bilaterians:
Congruence Between the Genetic and the Geological Fossil Records.”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363.1496
(2008): 1435 -1443.
Print. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1496/1435.full
  
540,000,000 YBN
17 18 19 		319) The Protist Phylum "Radiolaria" {rADEOlaREo11 } evolves.12 13

Radiolarians are protists found in the upper layers of all oceans, are mostly
spherically symmetrical, and known for their complex and beautiful tiny
skeletons, called "tests" which are usually made of silica (SiO214 ).15

Radiolarian skeletons are used to analyze the layers of the sedimentary
record.16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Radiolaria." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Mar. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/radiolaria-2
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria,
chromalveolates
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
4. ^ "Radiolaria." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of
Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com
30 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/radiolaria-2
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales,
rhizaria, chromalveolates
6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
7. ^ "Radiolaria." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of
Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com
30 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/radiolaria-2
8. ^ "radiolarian." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10
Aug. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/489175/radiolarian>.
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria,
chromalveolates
10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
11. ^ "Radiolaria." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of
Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com
30 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/radiolaria-2
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales,
rhizaria, chromalveolates
13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
14. ^ "silica." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 11 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/silica
15. ^ "radiolarian." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica,
2011. Web. 10 Aug. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/489175/radiolarian>.
16. ^ "Radiolaria." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 11 Aug. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/radiolaria-2
17. ^ A. Braun, J. Chen, D. Waloszek and A. Maas, "First Early Cambrian
Radiolaria", Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2007, v. 286, p.
143-149. http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/286/1/143.short
and http://www.core-orsten-research.de/Publications/PDF_Paper/ulm_team/2007b_Br
aun_etal.pdf {Earliest radiolaria fossils) 540 mybn}
18. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan
Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with
the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006
273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {804 my}
19. ^ http://www.timetree.org/index.php?found_taxon_a=65574
{804 my}

MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria,
chromalveolates (1600my)
[2] Keeling, Patrick J. et al. "The tree of eukaryotes." Trends
in Ecology & Evolution 20.12 (2005):
670-676. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534705003046
[3] Delsuc, Frederic, Henner Brinkmann, and Herve Philippe. "Phylogenomics and
the reconstruction of the tree of life." Nat Rev Genet 6.5 (2005):
361-375. http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n5/abs/nrg1603.html
[4] http://www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu/Bio-home/Pratt/boo305.htm
[5] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
[6] http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/radiolaria.html
[7] "Polycystine". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystine
  
540,000,000 YBN
16 17 18 19 20 		321) The Protist Phylum "Foraminifera" {FOraMiniFRu12 } evolves.13 14

Foraminifera are unicellular protists characterized by long, fine pseudopods
that extend from a cytoplasmic body encased within a test, or shell.15
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=foraminifera&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria,
chromalveolates
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
4. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=foraminifera&submit=Submit
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria,
chromalveolates
6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
7. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=foraminifera&submit=Submit
8. ^ "foraminiferan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 30 Mar. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/212983/foraminiferan>.
9. ^ Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007,
p175.
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria,
chromalveolates
11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
12. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=foraminifera&submit=Submit
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria,
chromalveolates
14. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
15. ^ "foraminiferan." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 30
Mar. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/212983/foraminiferan>.
16. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003,
p165-167. {earliest fossils, lower Cambrian) c540 my}
17. ^ Culver, S. J. (1991)
Science 254, 689–691.
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=sci&resid=254/5032/68
9 and http://www.sciencemag.org/content/254/5032/689.full.pdf {earliest
fossils, lower Cambrian) c540 my}
18. ^ Culver, S. J. (1994) J. Foraminiferal Res.
24,
191–202. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=gsjfr&resid
=24/3/191 {earliest fossils, lower Cambrian) c540 my}
19. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan
Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with
the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006
273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {804 my}
20. ^ http://www.timetree.org/index.php?found_taxon_a=65574
{804 my}

MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria,
chromalveolates (1600mybn)
[2] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
[3] http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/foram.html
[4] "Allogromiida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allogromiida
[5] "Fusulinid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusulinid
[6] "Globigerinida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globigerinida
[7] "Miliolid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miliolid
[8] "Rotaliida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotaliida
[9] "Textulariida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textulariida
[10]
http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P4356&chinese_
flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly=
[11]
http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P2007&chinese_
flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly=
  
540,000,000 YBN
10 		340) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Nemertea {ne-mR-TEu7 } evolves (ribbon worms).8


Nemertea are unsegmented worms with a coelem that live in marine, freshwater
and terrestrial environments.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nemertea&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nemertea&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nemertea&submit=Submit
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nemertea&submit=Submit
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
9. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p321.
10. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004). (c541)

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201563
  
540,000,000 YBN
10 		341) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Tardigrada {ToRDiGRiDe7 } evolves (tardigrades).8

Tardigrades are slow-moving, microscopic invertebrates that live in water or
damp moss, with four body segments and eight legs.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "tardigrade." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/tardigrade
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ "tardigrade." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tardigrade
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ "Tardigrada." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/tardigrada-2
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
7. ^ "Tardigrada." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/tardigrada-2
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
9. ^ "tardigrade." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 22 May.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/tardigrade
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543)

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?pos=0
  
540,000,000 YBN
10 		342) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Onychophora evolves.8 Onychophorans are a transition
between worms and arthropods: they have segmented worm-like bodies but they
also have jointed appendages, antennae, and shed their cuticle like arthropods
do.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "onychophoran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/velvet-worm
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ "onychophoran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
05 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/velvet-worm
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils
Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p193.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
7. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution: What
the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p193.
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
9. ^ Donald Prothero,
"Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p193.
10. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
(c543)

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?pos=0
  
535,000,000 YBN
10 11 12 13 		114) The first heart evolves in bilaterians.7

Muscles for pumping blood and for maintaining adequate blood pressure can be
divided into three groups: contractile blood vessels (found in nemerteans and
annelids), ostiate {oSTEAT8 } hearts (found in arthropods), and chambered
hearts (found in molluscs and vertebrates).9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p124-125.
2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p124-125.
3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology",
Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p124-125.
4. ^ D. T. Anderson,
"Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001,
p124-125.
5. ^ "ostium." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ostium>.
6. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p73, 327.
7. ^ D. T. Anderson,
"Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001,
p124-125.
8. ^ "ostium." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ostium>.
9. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p73, 327.
10. ^ Brusca and Brusca,
"Invertebrates", 2003, p 73.
11. ^ Palmer, et. al., "Prehistoric Life", p66.
12. ^
Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa:
Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic
Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {based on} {539 MYBN (based on mollusca}
  
533,000,000 YBN
17 18 19 		343) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Mollusca evolves; Mollusks.11

The phylum Mollusca is the second largest animal phylum after the arthropods,
and is divided into seven classes, three of which (Gastropoda {GaSTroPeDu12 }
(snails), Bivalvia (clams and muscles), and Cephalopoda {SeFeloPeDu13 } (squids
and octupuses) are of major importance.14

Early Cambrian mollusk fossils show the segmentation of the mollusk worm-like
ancestor,15 and have individual plates which imply that the mollusk shell
fused together over the course of millions of years.16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=gastropoda&submit=Submit
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cephalopoda&submit=Submit
6. ^ "Mollusca." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mollusca
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=gastropoda&submit=Submit
9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cephalopoda&submit=Submit
10. ^ "Mollusca." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and
Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mollusca
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=gastropoda&submit=Submit
13. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cephalopoda&submit=Submit
14. ^ "Mollusca." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mollusca
15. ^ Prothero, D.R., and C.D. Buell. Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why
It Matters. Columbia University Press, 2007, p192.
16. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric
Life", 2009, p69.
17. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life",
2009, p224-229. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). (c539)
19. ^ Caron, Jean-Bernard et al. "A soft-bodied mollusc
with radula from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale." Nature 442.7099 (2006):
159-163. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v442/n7099/full/nature04894.html

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201563
  
530,000,000 YBN
7 		338) The Lophotrochozoa Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) evolves.5

Annelids are various worms or wormlike animals, characterized by an elongated,
cylindrical, segmented body and includes the earthworm and leech.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ "annelid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of
the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/annelid
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ "annelid." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/annelid
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c537)

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201563
  
530,000,000 YBN
15 16 		339) The Ecdysozoa Phylum Arthropoda evolves; the "Arthropods".11

Arthropods can be compared to a segmented worm encased in a rigid
exoskeleton.12

The phylum Arthropoda is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom. Arthropods
include the trilobites, the crustaceans (shrimps, crabs, and lobsters), the
Myriapoda (centipedes and millipedes), the Chelicerata (arachnids and horseshoe
crabs) and the insects.13 All arthropods have a segmented body covered by an
exoskeleton containing chitin, which serves as both armor and as a surface for
muscle attachment.14
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p476.
5. ^
Hedges and Kumar, Time Tree, 2009,
p251. http://timetree.org/pdf/Pisani2009Chap29.pdf
6. ^ "arthropod." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 22 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/arthropod
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
8. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p476.
9. ^ Hedges and Kumar,
Time Tree, 2009, p251. http://timetree.org/pdf/Pisani2009Chap29.pdf
10. ^ "arthropod." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 22 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/arthropod
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
12. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p476.
13. ^ Hedges and
Kumar, Time Tree, 2009, p251. http://timetree.org/pdf/Pisani2009Chap29.pdf
14. ^ "arthropod." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 22 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/arthropod
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c543)
16. ^ Palmer, et. al., "Prehistoric Life", p66.

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?pos=0
  
530,000,000 YBN
350) The Chordata Vertebrates evolve.7 This Subphylum, Vertebrata, contains
most fishes, and all amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds.

The characteristic features of the Vertebrata are a vertebral column, or
backbone, and a cranium, which protects the central nervous system (brain and
spinal cord) and major sense organs.8 This earliest vertebrate skeleton is
made completely of cartilage.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ "Vertebrata." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of
Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 18
Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vertebrata
6. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs &
Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line
Books, 2002, p22.
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ "Vertebrata." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and
Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vertebrata
9. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs &
Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line
Books, 2002, p22.

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41579
  
530,000,000 YBN
5 		351) The extinct Vertebrates the Conodonts {KO-nu-DoNTS1 } evolve.2

Conodonts have no lower jaw, but have calcified teeth3 positioned under
well-developed eyes4 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "conodont." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 May. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/conodont>.
2. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p90.
3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p90-91.
4. ^
Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric
Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line Books, 2002,
p22.
5. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p90-91.

MORE INFO
[1] William Patten, "New Ostracoderms from Oesel", Science, New Series,
Vol. 73, No. 1903 (Jun. 19, 1931), pp.
671-673 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1655241
[2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41579
[3] Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p85
  
530,000,000 YBN
7 		6637) The Vertebrates Jawless fishes evolve (agnatha).5

The earliest extant jawless fishes, the hagfishes evolve now. Hagfishes are
eel-like scavengers.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p364-371.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371.
4. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates",
2002, p85.
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371.
6. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p85.
7. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p364-371.

MORE INFO
[1] William Patten, "New Ostracoderms from Oesel", Science, New Series,
Vol. 73, No. 1903 (Jun. 19, 1931), pp.
671-673 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1655241
[2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41579
  
520,000,000 YBN
13 14 15 16 		133) The Arthropod subphylum Chelicerata (KeliSuroTo9 ) evolves (eight legs,
ancestor of the horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, and the Arachnids: mites,
spiders, and scorpions).10 11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chelicerata&submit=Submit
2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
3. ^ J. W. Shultz
(2007). "A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological
characters". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 221–265.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2007.00284.x
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chelicerata&submit=Submit
5. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
6. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chelicerata&submit=Submit
7. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
8. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=6843&lvl=3
&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock
9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chelicerata&submit=Submit
10. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
11. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=6843&lvl=3
&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock
12. ^ D. Waloszek, J.A. Dunlop, "A larval sea spider (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida)
from the Upper Cambrian ‘Orsten’ of Sweden and the phylogenetic position of
pycnogonids", Palaeontology, 45 (2002), pp.
421–446 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-4983.00244/abstract
13. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007,
p168.
14. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002,
p210-211.
15. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p66-67.
16. ^ Hedges and Kumar,
"TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.

MORE INFO
[1] Charbonnier, S, J Vannier, and B Riou. “New Sea Spiders from the
Jurassic La Voulte-sur-Rhône Lagerstätte.” Proceedings of the Royal Society
B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1625 (October 22, 2007): 2555
–2561. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/274/1625/2555.full
[2] Dunlop and Seldon, "The Early History and Phylogeny of the Chelicerates",
in Fortey and Thomas, "Arthropod Relatioinships", 1997, p231
earliest (sea spider) fossils: Orsten, Sweden12   
520,000,000 YBN
5 6 		148) The earliest color vision evolves in arthropods.3

Vertebrates with color vision include: some fishes and amphibians, many
reptiles and all birds, but only a few mammals, humans and some other higher
primates, can see in color.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Koyanagi, M.; Nagata, T.; Katoh, K.; Yamashita, S.; Tokunaga, F. (2008).
"Molecular Evolution of Arthropod Color Vision Deduced from Multiple Opsin
Genes of Jumping Spiders". Journal of Molecular Evolution 66 (2): 130–137.
DOI:10.1007/s00239-008-9065-9. PMID
18217181. http://www.springerlink.com/content/e67h525378645572/?MUD=MP
2. ^ Koyanagi, M.; Nagata, T.; Katoh, K.; Yamashita, S.; Tokunaga, F. (2008).
"Molecular Evolution of Arthropod Color Vision Deduced from Multiple Opsin
Genes of Jumping Spiders". Journal of Molecular Evolution 66 (2): 130–137.
DOI:10.1007/s00239-008-9065-9. PMID
18217181. http://www.springerlink.com/content/e67h525378645572/?MUD=MP
3. ^ Koyanagi, M.; Nagata, T.; Katoh, K.; Yamashita, S.; Tokunaga, F. (2008).
"Molecular Evolution of Arthropod Color Vision Deduced from Multiple Opsin
Genes of Jumping Spiders". Journal of Molecular Evolution 66 (2): 130–137.
DOI:10.1007/s00239-008-9065-9. PMID
18217181. http://www.springerlink.com/content/e67h525378645572/?MUD=MP
4. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p665.
5. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils
Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p168.
6. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the
Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210-211.

MORE INFO
[1] Yokoyama, S., and B. F. Radlwimmer. 2001. The molecular genetics and
evolution of red and green color vision in vertebrates. Genetics Society of
America. 158: 1697-1710
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004)
  
520,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 12 13 		346) The Deuterostome Phylum Echinodermata evolves; the "Echinoderms"
(iKIniDRMS 7 }, the ancestor of the sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars,
and star fishes.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
7. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
9. ^ Adam M. English, Loren E. Babcock, Census of
the Indian Springs Lagerstätte, Poleta Formation (Cambrian), western Nevada,
USA, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 295, Issues
1–2, 1 September 2010, Pages 236-244, ISSN 0031-0182,
10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.041. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii
/S0031018210003287)
10. ^ J. Wyatt Durham, "Notes on the Helicoplacoidea and Early Echinoderms",
Journal of Paleontology , Vol. 41, No. 1 (Jan., 1967), pp.
97-102 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1301905
11. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p66.
12. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and
Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p384.

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126698
  
520,000,000 YBN
22 23 24 25 		6349) The arthropods trilobites evolve.15 16 17 18

Trilobites have a segmented body that is divided by into three vertical
lobes.19

There is a transition from soft-bodied organisms, to the clam-like shell
organisms, to the segmented calcite and chitin shells of the trilobites.20

Horseshoe crabs may be descended from trilobites.21
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Xiao, S., Yang, Z. & Knoll, A. H. Nature 391, 553-558 (1998). Article
ISI ChemPort
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n6667/ful
l/391553a0_fs.html (not clear that these are trilobite...this needs to be
checked)
2. ^ http://www.nature.com0/nature/journal/v427/n6971/full/427205a.html (here
it is claimed they are trilobite embryos)
3. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental
evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185):
581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266
_5185_oldest_trilo.pdf}
AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam%27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf
has 510my
4. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/trilobita/trilobitafr.html
5. ^ Xiao, S., Yang, Z. & Knoll, A. H. Nature 391, 553-558 (1998).
Article ISI ChemPort
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n6667/ful
l/391553a0_fs.html (not clear that these are trilobite...this needs to be
checked)
6. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6971/full/427205a.html (here
it is claimed they are trilobite embryos)
7. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental
evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185):
581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266
_5185_oldest_trilo.pdf}
AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam%27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf
has 510my
8. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/trilobita/trilobitafr.html
9. ^ Xiao, S., Yang, Z. & Knoll, A. H. Nature 391, 553-558 (1998).
Article ISI ChemPort
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n6667/ful
l/391553a0_fs.html (not clear that these are trilobite...this needs to be
checked)
10. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6971/full/427205a.html (here
it is claimed they are trilobite embryos)
11. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental
evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185):
581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266
_5185_oldest_trilo.pdf}
AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam%27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf
has 510my
12. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/trilobita/trilobitafr.html
13. ^ "trilobite." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
25 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/trilobite
14. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition,
2002, p209-213.
15. ^ Xiao, S., Yang, Z. & Knoll, A. H. Nature 391, 553-558 (1998).
Article ISI ChemPort
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n6667/ful
l/391553a0_fs.html (not clear that these are trilobite...this needs to be
checked)
16. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6971/full/427205a.html (here
it is claimed they are trilobite embryos)
17. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental
evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185):
581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266
_5185_oldest_trilo.pdf}
AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam%27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf
has 510my
18. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/trilobita/trilobitafr.html
19. ^ "trilobite." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
25 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/trilobite
20. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition,
2002, p209-213.
21. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What The Fossils Say and Why It Matters",
2007, p189-191.
22. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters",
2007, p168.
23. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002,
p210-211.
24. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental evolution: insights from studies of
insect segmentation. Science 266(5185):
581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266
_5185_oldest_trilo.pdf}
AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam%27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf
has 510my {510 mybn}
25. ^
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/trilobita/trilobitafr.html {540 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.trilobites.info/biostratigraphy.htm
[2] http://www.trilobites.info/origins.htm
[3] Babcock, L.E., S Peng, G. Geyer, & J.H. Shergold. 2005.
Changing perspectives on Cambrian chronostratigraphy and progress toward
subdivision of the Cambrian System. Geosci. Journal
9(2):101-6. http://www.springerlink.com/content/t7062n5744462260/
[4] Niles Eldredge, "Trilobites and Evolutionary Patterns", p305-332 in Anthony
Hallam, "Patterns of evolution as illustrated by the fossil record, Volume 5",
1977, p322. http://books.google.com/books?id=q7GjDIyyWegC
[5] Hughes, N. 2007. The evolution of trilobite body patterning. Annu.
Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2007.
35:401–34. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.earth.35.0313
06.140258
[6] Richard A. Fortey "Trilobite Systematics: The Last 75 Years", Journal of
Paleontology , Vol. 75, No. 6, 75th Anniversary Issue (Nov., 2001), pp.
1141-1151 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1307082
[7] http://www.palaeos.org/Cambrian_Stage_3
  
513,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 10 11 		6351) The Arthropods Crustaceans evolve (the ancestor of all shrimps, crabs,
lobsters, and barnicles).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
2. ^ Hedges and Kumar,
"TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
3. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p251-253.
4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
5. ^ David J. Siveter, Mark
Williams, and Dieter Waloszek, "An early Cambrian phosphatocopid crustacean
with three-dimensionally preserved soft parts from Shropshire, England",
Special Papers in Paleontology, 70, 2003
6. ^ Siveter, David J., Mark Williams, and
Dieter Waloszek. “A Phosphatocopid Crustacean with Appendages from the Lower
Cambrian.” Science 293, no. 5529 (July 20, 2001): 479
–481. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/293/5529/479.abstract
7. ^ David J. Siveter, Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek, "An early Cambrian
phosphatocopid crustacean with three-dimensionally preserved soft parts from
Shropshire, England", Special Papers in Paleontology, 70, 2003
8. ^ Siveter, David
J., Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek. “A Phosphatocopid Crustacean with
Appendages from the Lower Cambrian.” Science 293, no. 5529 (July 20, 2001):
479 –481. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/293/5529/479.abstract
9. ^ Palmer, "Primitive Life", 2009, p66-67.
10. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of
Life", 2009, p251-253.
11. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are
terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci.
2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395

MORE INFO
[1]
http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Crustacea/fossils.html
[2] http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/0719_crustacean.html
earliest fossils: Shropshire, England5 6   
501,000,000 YBN
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 		6348) The Arthropods Myriapoda {mEREaPeDu7 } evolve; the ancestor of all
centipedes and millipedes.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Myriapoda." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 05 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/myriapoda-1
2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
3. ^ "Myriapoda." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 05 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/myriapoda-1
4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life",
2009, p251-253.
5. ^ "Myriapoda." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 05 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/myriapoda-1
6. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
7. ^ "Myriapoda." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 05 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/myriapoda-1
8. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life",
2009, p251-253.
9. ^ Robison, Richard A. “Earliest-known Uniramous Arthropod.” Nature
343.6254 (1990): 163–164.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v343/n6254/abs/343163a0.html
{Robison_19900111.pdf}
10. ^ Fortey and Thomas, "Arthropod Relationships", 1998, p212-213.
11. ^ Budd, G.E.,
Högström, A.E.S., and Gogin, I., 2001, A myriapod-like arthropod from the
Upper Cambrian of East Siberia: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 75p.
37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03022596 {Budd_2001.pdf}
12. ^ Jeram, Andrew J., Paul A.
Selden, and Dianne Edwards. “Land Animals in the Silurian: Arachnids and
Myriapods from Shropshire, England.” Science 250, no. 4981 (November 2,
1990): 658 –661. http://www.sciencemag.org/citmgr?gca=sci;250/4981/658
13. ^ Robison, Richard A. “Earliest-known Uniramous Arthropod.”
Nature 343.6254 (1990): 163–164.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v343/n6254/abs/343163a0.html
{Robison_19900111.pdf}
14. ^ Fortey and Thomas, "Arthropod Relationships", 1998, p212-213.
15. ^ Budd, G.E.,
Högström, A.E.S., and Gogin, I., 2001, A myriapod-like arthropod from the
Upper Cambrian of East Siberia: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 75p.
37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03022596 {Budd_2001.pdf}
16. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B.,
Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and
Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in
Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology
30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
17. ^ Budd, G.E., Högström, A.E.S., and Gogin, I., 2001, A myriapod-like
arthropod from the Upper Cambrian of East Siberia: Paläontologische
Zeitschrift, v. 75p. 37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03022596
18. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W.
Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First
Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone,
Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
19. ^ Jeram, Andrew J., Paul A. Selden, and Dianne Edwards. “Land Animals in
the Silurian: Arachnids and Myriapods from Shropshire, England.” Science 250,
no. 4981 (November 2, 1990): 658
–661. http://www.sciencemag.org/citmgr?gca=sci;250/4981/658
20. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
21. ^ William A Shear, Andrew J Jeram and Paul Selden, "Centiped legs
(Arthropoda, Chilopoda, Scutigeromorpha) from the Silurian and Devonian of
Britain and the Devonian of North America.", American Museum novitates
3231:1-16 (1998) http://biostor.org/reference/30111
22. ^ Grimaldi, Engels, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p107-108.
23. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
24. ^ Palmer, et al.,
"Primitive Life", 2009, p111.
earliest possible fossils: (Marine deposits)(Wheeler Formation) Utah, USA9 10
and (Ust-Majan formation) East Siberia11 |(earliest fossils) Shropshire,
England12   
488,300,000 YBN
7 		121) The end of the Cambrian (542-488.3 mybn), and start of the Ordovician
{ORDiVisiN5 } (488.3-443.7 mybn) Period.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician
2. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
3. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician
4. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
5. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician
6. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
7. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
  
488,000,000 YBN
13 		6314) The Ordovician (ORDeVisiN10 } radiation. During the Ordovician the number
of genera {JeN-R-u11 } will quadruple.12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician
2. ^ "genera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Aug. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/genera>.
3. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>.
4. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician
5. ^ "genera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Aug. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/genera>.
6. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>.
7. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician
8. ^ "genera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Aug. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/genera>.
9. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>.
10. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician
11. ^ "genera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Aug. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/genera>.
12. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>.
13. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>.

MORE INFO
[1] Harold Levine, "The Eath Through Time", 2006, p333
  
488,000,000 YBN
4 		6635) The extinct Jawless fishes Ostracoderms {oS-Tru-KO-DRM1 } evolve.2

The Ostracoderms are the first vertebrates to have paired appendages, an inner
ear with two semicircular canals, and bone, although almost exclusively in the
outer exoskeleton.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "OSTRACODERM." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 03 May.
2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/OSTRACODERM>.
2. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p90.
3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002,
p90.
4. ^ Prothero, "Evolution. What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007,
p198.

MORE INFO
[1] William Patten, "New Ostracoderms from Oesel", Science, New Series,
Vol. 73, No. 1903 (Jun. 19, 1931), pp.
671-673 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1655241
[2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41579
[3] Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p85
  
475,000,000 YBN
22 23 24 		244) The non-vascular plants evolve, Bryophyta {BrIoFiTo16 }, (the ancestor of
the Liverworts, Hornworts, and Mosses).17 18

The Bryophytes are the simplest land plants, and reproduce with spores.19 20

Most are 2-5 cm (or 1-2 in.) tall and extremely tolerant of dry and freezing
conditions.21
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
3. ^ "Bryophyta."
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. MICRA, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Bryophyta>.
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
6. ^ "Bryophyta."
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. MICRA, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Bryophyta>.
7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
8. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
9. ^ Peter Robert
Bell, Alan R. Hemsley, "Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity", 2000,
p102. http://books.google.com/books?id=HYkTvGq_RccC&pg=PA102
10. ^ Diego Fontaneto, "Biogeography of Microscopic Organisms: Is Everything
Small Everywhere?", 2011,
p211. http://books.google.com/books?id=QdcLHCPgG-wC&pg=PA211
11. ^ "Bryophyta." Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. MICRA, Inc. 01 Jan.
2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Bryophyta>.
12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
13. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
14. ^ Peter Robert
Bell, Alan R. Hemsley, "Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity", 2000,
p102. http://books.google.com/books?id=HYkTvGq_RccC&pg=PA102
15. ^ Diego Fontaneto, "Biogeography of Microscopic Organisms: Is Everything
Small Everywhere?", 2011,
p211. http://books.google.com/books?id=QdcLHCPgG-wC&pg=PA211
16. ^ "Bryophyta." Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. MICRA, Inc. 01 Jan.
2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Bryophyta>.
17. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
18. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
19. ^ Peter Robert
Bell, Alan R. Hemsley, "Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity", 2000,
p102. http://books.google.com/books?id=HYkTvGq_RccC&pg=PA102
20. ^ Diego Fontaneto, "Biogeography of Microscopic Organisms: Is Everything
Small Everywhere?", 2011,
p211. http://books.google.com/books?id=QdcLHCPgG-wC&pg=PA211
21. ^ "bryophyte." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/bryophyte
22. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p82.
23. ^ S26 (c475)
24. ^ S15 (c475)

MORE INFO
[1] "Bryophyte". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyte
[2] "Bryophyta." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/bryophyta-1
  
475,000,000 YBN
19 20 		398) Plants live on land. The earliest fossil spores belonging to land
plants.14 15 16

Plants conquer land before animals do, and like animals may move to land not by
sea but by freshwater.17
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils
from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org
/content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_
198204xx.pdf}
2. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments
of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) :
282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^ Gray, J.,
Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya.
Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org
/content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_
198204xx.pdf}
5. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments
of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) :
282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html
6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
7. ^ Gray, J.,
Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya.
Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org
/content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_
198204xx.pdf}
8. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments
of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) :
282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html
9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
10. ^ Gray, J.,
Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya.
Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org
/content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_
198204xx.pdf}
11. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments
of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) :
282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html
12. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
13. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p520-521.
14. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils
from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org
/content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_
198204xx.pdf}
15. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments
of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) :
282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html
16. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
17. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p520-521.
18. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils
from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org
/content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_
198204xx.pdf}
19. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments
of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) :
282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html
{475 MYBN}
20. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p82.
earliest fossils: Caradoc, Libya18   
472,000,000 YBN
17 18 19 		402) The first animals live on land, the arthropods Myriapoda (centipedes and
millipedes).13 14 15
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J.
Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land:
Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern
Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
2. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110.
3. ^ Heather M. Wilson
and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes
(Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of
Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp.
169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf}
4. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J.
Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land:
Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern
Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
5. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110.
6. ^ Heather M. Wilson
and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes
(Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of
Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp.
169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf}
7. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J.
Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land:
Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern
Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
8. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110.
9. ^ Heather M. Wilson
and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes
(Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of
Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp.
169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf}
10. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J.
Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land:
Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern
Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
11. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110.
12. ^ Heather M.
Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes
(Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of
Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp.
169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf}
13. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J.
Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land:
Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern
Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
14. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110.
15. ^ Heather M.
Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes
(Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of
Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp.
169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf}
16. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J.
Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land:
Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern
Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
17. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J.
Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land:
Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern
Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
18. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of
Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland",
Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp.
169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf}
19. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p67.
earliest arthropod tracks: Kingston, Ontario, Canada16   
470,000,000 YBN
3 4 		234) The non-vascular plants Hornworts evolve.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
3. ^ Jeffrey D.
Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an
overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c475)
4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia
Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c475)
  
465,000,000 YBN
7 		6636) The Jawless fishes lamprays evolve.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p364-371.
2. ^ Prothero, "Evolution. What the Fossils Have to Say and Why
It Matters", 2007, p198.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371.
4. ^ Prothero, "Evolution. What the Fossils
Have to Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p198.
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371.
6. ^ Prothero, "Evolution.
What the Fossils Have to Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p198.
7. ^ Prothero,
"Evolution. What the Fossils Have to Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p198.

MORE INFO
[1] William Patten, "New Ostracoderms from Oesel", Science, New Series,
Vol. 73, No. 1903 (Jun. 19, 1931), pp.
671-673 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1655241
[2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41579
[3] "ostracoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jan.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/ostracoderm
  
460,000,000 YBN
4 5 6 		235) The non-vasular plants Mosses evolve.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
3. ^ estimated
from tree on http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Embryophytes&contgroup=Green_
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The
plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of
Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c475)
5. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett,
Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the
Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
(c475)
6. ^ estimated from tree on
http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Embryophytes&contgroup=Green_ (c460)
  
460,000,000 YBN
18 		353) Jawed vertebrates evolve, Gnathostomata {no toST omoTo12 }.13 This large
group includes all jawed fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds.14

Jawed fishes have a skeleton made completely of cartilage. Only the teeth
become ossified when mineral crystals, mostly calcium phosphate, become
integrated into them.15

The jaw evolves from parts of the gill skeleton.16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p360-363.
2. ^ "Gnathostomata." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gnathostomata-1
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p360-363.
4. ^ "Gnathostomata." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gnathostomata-1
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p360-363.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363.
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363.
8. ^ "Gnathostomata." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gnathostomata-1
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363.
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363.
11. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p360-363.
12. ^ "Gnathostomata." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gnathostomata-1
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p360-363.
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363.
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363.
16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363.
17. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p360-363.
18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p360-363. {460 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p106,110
[2]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl
Oceans17   
460,000,000 YBN
9 10 		404) The Jawed fishes Class Chondrichthyes {KoN-DriK-tE-EZ6 } evolves
(Cartilaginous fishes: ancestor of all sharks, rays, skates, and sawfishes).7 8

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p360-363.
2. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chondrichthyes&submit=Submit
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p360-363.
4. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chondrichthyes&submit=Submit
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p360-363.
6. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chondrichthyes&submit=Submit
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p360-363.
8. ^
http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41695&tree=0.1
9. ^ Miller, Randall F., Richard Cloutier, and Susan Turner. “The Oldest
Articulated Chondrichthyan from the Early Devonian Period.” Nature 425.6957
(2003): 501–504. Web. 23 May
2012. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6957/full/nature02001.html {M
iller_Chondrichthyans_2003.pdf}
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p360-363.
  
460,000,000 YBN
5 6 		458) The earliest fungi on land. The ancestor of all terrestrial fungi (the
Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the
Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R.
doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID
10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684
2. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the
Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R.
doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID
10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684
3. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the
Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R.
doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID
10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684
4. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the
Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R.
doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID
10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684
5. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the
Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R.
doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID
10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684
6. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the
Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R.
doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID
10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684
  
460,000,000 YBN
27 28 29 30 		6414) The Fungi Phylum "Glomeromycota" {GlO-mi-rO-mI-KO-Tu17 } evolves
(arbuscular {oRBuSKYUlR18 } mycorrhizal {MIKerIZL19 } fungi).20 21 22

The Glomeromycota are mutualistic symbionts that form a close association
intracellularly between the fungus and the roots of plants.23 24 25
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glomeromycota&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model
Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
4. ^ S
Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular
timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life",
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glomeromycota&submit=Submit
6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=arbuscular&submit=Submit
7. ^ "mycorrhiza." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mycorrhiza
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
9. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model
Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
10. ^ S
Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular
timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life",
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
11. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glomeromycota&submit=Submit
12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=arbuscular&submit=Submit
13. ^ "mycorrhiza." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mycorrhiza
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
15. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model
Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
16. ^ S
Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular
timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life",
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
17. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glomeromycota&submit=Submit
18. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=arbuscular&submit=Submit
19. ^ "mycorrhiza." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mycorrhiza
20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
21. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model
Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
22. ^ S
Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular
timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life",
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
23. ^
"mycelium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Aug. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mycelium
24. ^ "mycorrhiza." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 02 Aug. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mycorrhiza
25. ^ http://tolweb.org/Glomeromycota
26. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the
Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R.
doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID
10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684
27. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the
Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R.
doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID
10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684
28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c750mybn)
29. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model
Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002). (c1460 to 1210mybn)
30. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (estimate that between 947 and 968)

MORE INFO
[1] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glomeromycetes&submit=Submit
[2] Kirk, et al., "Dictionary of Fungi", 2008, p142
[3] Redecker, Dirk,
and Philipp Raab. "Phylogeny of the Glomeromycota (arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Fungi): Recent Developments and New Gene Markers." Mycologia 98.6 (November):
2006, p885 –895. http://www.mycologia.org/content/98/6/885.abstract
earliest fossils: Wisconsin, USA26   
445,000,000 YBN
9 10 		90) The end-Ordovician mass extinction. This is caused by an ice age. 60% of
all genera are observed extinct.6 7

This is the first of five mass extinctions in the Phanerozoic.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and
Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No.
1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr.
29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148
2. ^ THE LATE ORDOVICIAN MASS EXTINCTION - Annual Review of
Earth and Planetary Sciences, 29(1):331 - Abstract".
Arjournals.annualreviews.org. 2003-11-28.
http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.331?jou
rnalCode=earth
3. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and
Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No.
1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr.
29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148
4. ^ THE LATE ORDOVICIAN MASS EXTINCTION - Annual Review of
Earth and Planetary Sciences, 29(1):331 - Abstract".
Arjournals.annualreviews.org. 2003-11-28.
http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.331?jou
rnalCode=earth
5. ^ THE LATE ORDOVICIAN MASS EXTINCTION - Annual Review of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, 29(1):331 - Abstract". Arjournals.annualreviews.org. 2003-11-28.
http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.331?jou
rnalCode=earth
6. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and
Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No.
1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr.
29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148
7. ^ THE LATE ORDOVICIAN MASS EXTINCTION - Annual Review of
Earth and Planetary Sciences, 29(1):331 - Abstract".
Arjournals.annualreviews.org. 2003-11-28.
http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.331?jou
rnalCode=earth
8. ^ THE LATE ORDOVICIAN MASS EXTINCTION - Annual Review of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, 29(1):331 - Abstract". Arjournals.annualreviews.org. 2003-11-28.
http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.331?jou
rnalCode=earth
9. ^ Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p83.
10. ^ David Jablonski and W. G.
Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical
Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction
Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp.
11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148 {439 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
[2] David Jablonski, "Lessons from the Past: Evolutionary Impacts of
Mass Extinctions", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America, Vol. 98, No. 10 (May 8, 2001), pp.
5393-5398. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3055638
  
443,700,000 YBN
4 		122) The end of the Ordovician (488.3-443.7 mybn), and the start of the
Silurian (443.7-416) Period.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
2. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
3. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
4. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
  
440,000,000 YBN
25 26 27 		236) The Vascular plants evolve, the Phylum Tracheophyta {TrAKEoFiTu15 }.16 17
18 19

Vascular plants have a specialized conducting system consisting mostly of
phloem (food-conducting tissue) and xylem (water-conducting tissue),
collectively called vascular tissue.20 The phloem transports sugar and the
xylem transports water and salts.21 Ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants
are all vascular plants.22 In contrast to the nonvascular bryophytes, where
the gametophyte is the dominant phase, the dominant phase among vascular plants
is the sporophyte.23 Because they have vascular tissues, these plants have
true stems, leaves, and roots.24
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full
{Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes",
Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D.
Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline
for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution,
(2004).
5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full
{Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
6. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes",
Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
7. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
8. ^ McElwain, Jenny C.; Willis, K. G.;
Willis, Kathy; McElwain, J. C. (2002). The evolution of plants. Oxford
Oxfordshire. ^: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850065-3.
9. ^ "Tracheophyta." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/tracheophyta-botany
10. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full
{Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
11. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes",
Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
12. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
13. ^ McElwain, Jenny C.; Willis, K. G.;
Willis, Kathy; McElwain, J. C. (2002). The evolution of plants. Oxford
Oxfordshire. ^: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850065-3.
14. ^ "vascular plant."
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010.
Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vascular-plant
15. ^ "Tracheophyta." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of
Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com
02 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/tracheophyta-botany
16. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase,
"The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal
of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
17. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D.
Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline
for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution,
(2004).
18. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
19. ^ McElwain, Jenny C.; Willis, K. G.; Willis, Kathy; McElwain, J. C.
(2002). The evolution of plants. Oxford Oxfordshire. ^: Oxford University
Press. ISBN 0-19-850065-3.
20. ^ "vascular plant." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vascular-plant
21. ^ "vascular plant." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Jul.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vascular-plant
22. ^ "vascular plant." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vascular-plant
23. ^ "alternation of generations." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/alternation-of-generations
24. ^ "vascular plant." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vascular-plant
25. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p96.
26. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E.
Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points
of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c400)
http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
27. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes",
Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c390)
  
440,000,000 YBN
22 23 		360) The Jawed fishes Class Osteichthyes {oS TE iK tE EZ10 }) evolves; Bony
fishes, the ancestor of the ray-finned, lobe-fin, and lung fishes.11 12

Bony-fishes have a skeleton that is at least partly ossified or made of bone.13
14

The bony fishes are the ancestors of the tetrapods who will ultimately move
onto land.15

The earliest bony fishes are the ray-finned fishes.16 17 The name ray is
because their fins have a skeleton similar to a handheld fan.18

Most of the ray-finned fishes are known as teleosts, a very successful
evolutionary line that exist in both salt and freshwater.19
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p338-363.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363.
3. ^ "Osteichthyes." Dictionary.com
Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 27 Dec. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Osteichthyes>.
4. ^"bony fish." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/osteichthyes
5. ^ "bony fish." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/osteichthyes
6. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs &
Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line
Books, 2002, p34.
7. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
& Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New
Line Books, 2002, p34.
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363.
9. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=42391
10. ^ "Osteichthyes." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 27 Dec.
2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Osteichthyes>.
11. ^"bony fish." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/osteichthyes
12. ^ http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198858
13. ^ "bony fish." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/osteichthyes
14. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs &
Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line
Books, 2002, p34.
15. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of
Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500
Species. New Line Books, 2002, p34.
16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363.
17. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=42391
18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p338-363.
19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363.
20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363.
21. ^ "bony fish." Britannica
Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25
Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/osteichthyes
22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. {440 MYBN}
23. ^ Palmet et al, "Primitive Life",
2009, p97.

MORE INFO
[1] "teleost." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Jul.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/teleost
Ocean and fresh water20 21   
440,000,000 YBN
8 		6172) The first lung evolves from the swim bladder in ray-finned fishes. Some
teleosts still use their swim bladder for breathing out of water.5 Fishes that
breathe with a lung evolve breathing through a completely different route than
fishes that breathe air through their gill chamber.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p338-363.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363.
5. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p338-363.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p338-363.
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363.
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. {440 MYBN (guess based
on ray-finned fish evolving}

MORE INFO
[1] Farmer, C.G. 1999. The evolution of the vertebrate cardio-pulmonary
system. Annual Review of Physiology
61:573-592 http://biologylabs.utah.edu/farmer/publications%20pdf/1999%20AnnuRev
Physiol61.pdf
Ocean (presumably)7   
425,000,000 YBN
7 		377) The Jawed fishes, Lobe-fin fishes evolve. Lobe-fin fishes have a fleshy
lobe at the base of each fin.5 The earliest extant Lobe-fin fishes, the
coelacanths evolve now.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p335-338.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p335-338.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p335-338.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p335-338.
5. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p335-338.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p335-338.
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p335-338.

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=89942
[2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=42376
  
420,000,000 YBN
14 15 16 17 		6350) The Arthropod superclass7 Hexapoda {HeKSu-PODu8 or HeKSoPuDu9 } evolves
(arthropods with six legs {3 pairs}, the ancestor of all insects).10 11

The closest relative of the Hexapods is most likely the Branchiopoda; the brine
shrimps.12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Timothy Duane Schowalter, "Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach", 2006,
p781. http://books.google.com/books?id=LQqHWCtj0F0C&pg=PA781
2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
3. ^ Timothy Duane Schowalter,
"Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach", 2006,
p781. http://books.google.com/books?id=LQqHWCtj0F0C&pg=PA781
4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
5. ^ Timothy Duane Schowalter,
"Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach", 2006,
p781. http://books.google.com/books?id=LQqHWCtj0F0C&pg=PA781
6. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
7. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=50557&lvl=3
&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlo
ck
8. ^ "Hexapoda." eSpindle Learning. eSpindle, 2006. Answers.com 25 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hexapoda-1
9. ^ "Hexapoda." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 25 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hexapoda-1
10. ^ Timothy Duane Schowalter, "Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach", 2006,
p781. http://books.google.com/books?id=LQqHWCtj0F0C&pg=PA781
11. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
12. ^ Hedges and Kumar,
"TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
13. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects,
2005, p66,116.
14. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146.
15. ^ Grimaldi,
Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p66,116.
16. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of
Life", 2009, p251-253.
17. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are
terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci.
2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395

MORE INFO
[1] Blaxter, Mark. “Evolutionary Biology: Sum of the Arthropod
Parts.” Nature 413.6852 (2001):
121–122. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v413/n6852/full/413121a0.html
earliest fossils: (Rhynie chert) Scotland13   
418,000,000 YBN
8 		6431) The Chelicerata Class Arachnida3 {araK-niDe4 } evolves (the Arachnids:
the ancestor of all scorpions, spiders, mites and ticks5 ).6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=6843&lvl=3
&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock
2. ^ DUNLOP, JASON A., O. ERIK TETLIE, and LORENZO PRENDINI. 2008.
�REINTERPRETATION OF THE SILURIAN SCORPION PROSCORPIUS OSBORNI (WHITFIELD):
INTEGRATING DATA FROM PALAEOZOIC AND RECENT SCORPIONS.� Palaeontology 51 (2):
303�320.
doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00749.x. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.111
1/j.1475-4983.2007.00749.x/full
3. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=6854&lvl=3&
lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock
4. ^ "Arachnida." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 04 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/arachnida
5. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=6843&lvl=3
&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock
6. ^ DUNLOP, JASON A., O. ERIK TETLIE, and LORENZO PRENDINI. 2008.
�REINTERPRETATION OF THE SILURIAN SCORPION PROSCORPIUS OSBORNI (WHITFIELD):
INTEGRATING DATA FROM PALAEOZOIC AND RECENT SCORPIONS.� Palaeontology 51 (2):
303�320.
doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00749.x. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.111
1/j.1475-4983.2007.00749.x/full
7. ^ DUNLOP, JASON A., O. ERIK TETLIE, and LORENZO PRENDINI. 2008.
�REINTERPRETATION OF THE SILURIAN SCORPION PROSCORPIUS OSBORNI (WHITFIELD):
INTEGRATING DATA FROM PALAEOZOIC AND RECENT SCORPIONS.� Palaeontology 51 (2):
303�320.
doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00749.x. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.111
1/j.1475-4983.2007.00749.x/full
8. ^ DUNLOP, JASON A., O. ERIK TETLIE, and LORENZO PRENDINI. 2008.
�REINTERPRETATION OF THE SILURIAN SCORPION PROSCORPIUS OSBORNI (WHITFIELD):
INTEGRATING DATA FROM PALAEOZOIC AND RECENT SCORPIONS.� Palaeontology 51 (2):
303�320.
doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00749.x. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.111
1/j.1475-4983.2007.00749.x/full

MORE INFO
[1] Shear, W. A. 2000. Gigantocharinus szatmaryi, a new trigonotarbid
arachnid from the Late Devonian of North America (Chelicerata, Arachinida,
Trigonotarbida). J. Paleont. 74(1): 25-31
[2] Parry, S.F.; Noble S.R., Crowley Q.G. &
Wellman C.H. (2011). "A high-precision U–Pb age constraint on the Rhynie
Chert Konservat-Lagerstätte: time scale and other implications". Journal of
the Geological Society (London: Geological Society) 168 (4): 863–872.
doi:10.1144/​0016-76492010-043. http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/168/4/
863.abstract
[3] Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p96-97
earliest fossils: ("Bertie Waterlime" of) NY, USA7   
417,000,000 YBN
4 5 		378) The Lobefin fishes, Lungfishes evolve.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm

MORE INFO
[1]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=42316&tree=0.1
  
416,000,000 YBN
7 		123) The end of the Silurian (443.7-416 mybn), and start of the Devonian
{DiVONEiN5 } (416-359.2 mybn) Period.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Devonian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/devonian
2. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
3. ^ "Devonian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/devonian
4. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
5. ^ "Devonian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/devonian
6. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
7. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
  
416,000,000 YBN
16 17 18 19 		6352) The Hexapod Class Insecta10 11 evolves: the insects.12 13

The insects are the most diverse organisms known, having nearly one million
named species, which is over half of all named species on Earth.14

The most primitive living insect Order Archaeognatha, the Bristletails evolves
now.15
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146.
2. ^ Regier, et al,
"Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods
are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
3. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146.
4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146.
5. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny:
hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic",
Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
6. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146.
7. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146.
8. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny:
hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic",
Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
9. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146.
10. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=50557&lvl=3
&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlo
ck
11. ^ http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=17192&tree=0.1
12. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146.
13. ^ Regier, et
al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and
maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561):
395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
14. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p1-3.
15. ^ David
A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p148. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA148
16. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146.
17. ^ Regier, et al,
"Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods
are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
18. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p250-254.
19. ^ David A. Grimaldi,
Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p1. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA1
  
410,000,000 YBN
3 		6363) The Insect Order Zygentoma {ZIGeNTOmu} evolves: Silverfish.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146,150-151,154
2. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146,150-151,154
3. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p146,150-151,154
  
400,000,000 YBN
23 24 25 26 27 		227) The largest Fungi phylum "Ascomycota" {aS-KO-mI-KO-Tu16 } evolves (the
ancestor of yeasts, truffles, Penicillium, and morels {mu-reLZ17 }).18 19 20

The Ascomycota account for approximately 75% of all described fungi.21
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ascomycota&submit=Submit
2. ^ "morel." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jul. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/morel
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ascomycota&submit=Submit
7. ^ "morel." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jul.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/morel
8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
9. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002).
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
11. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ascomycota&submit=Submit
12. ^ "morel." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jul.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/morel
13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
14. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002).
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
16. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ascomycota&submit=Submit
17. ^ "morel." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jul.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/morel
18. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
19. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002).
20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
21. ^ http://tolweb.org/Ascomycota/20521
22. ^ T. N. Taylor, H. Hass & H. Kerp, "The oldest fossil
ascomycetes", Nature 399, 648 (17 June 1999),
doi:10.1038/21349 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v399/n6737/full/399648a0
.html
23. ^ T. N. Taylor, H. Hass & H. Kerp, "The oldest fossil ascomycetes", Nature
399, 648 (17 June 1999),
doi:10.1038/21349 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v399/n6737/full/399648a0
.html
24. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the
Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R.
doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID
10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684
25. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1009my)
26. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002);
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (1140my)
27. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (700my)

MORE INFO
[1] Kirk, et al., "Dictionary of Fungi", 2008, p142
earliest fossils: (Rhynie chert) Aberdeenshire, Scotland22   
400,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 12 		237) The Vascular plants ferns evolve (the ancestor of club mosses, ferns and
horsetails).6

Ferns are flowerless, seedless vascular plants that have roots, stems, and
fronds (the leaf-like part of a fern7 ), and reproduce by spores.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full
{Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full
{Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full
{Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
4. ^ "frond." Taylor's Dictionary for Gardeners. Houghton Mifflin Company,
1997. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/frond
5. ^ "fern." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/fern
6. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American
Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
7. ^ "frond." Taylor's
Dictionary for Gardeners. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997. Answers.com 25 Jul.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/frond
8. ^ "fern." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/fern
9. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p110.
10. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas
E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some
points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c390
(360 for living species)
11. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c390)
12. ^
Taylor, Thomas N.; Edith L. Taylor. (1993). The Biology and Evolution of Fossil
Plants. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 332–334. ISBN 0-13-651589-4.

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full
(318mybn)
[2] Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes",
Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (350mybn)
  
400,000,000 YBN
7 		436) The Cartilaginous fishes Subclass: "Elasmobranchii" {elaZmOBrANKEE or I4 5
} evolve, (the ancestor of sharks, dogfishes, skates and rays).6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Elasmobranchii." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 Oct. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/elasmobranchii-1
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=elasmobranchii&submit=Submit
3. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs &
Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line
Books, 2002, p26-29.
4. ^ "Elasmobranchii." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 Oct. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/elasmobranchii-1
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=elasmobranchii&submit=Submit
6. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs &
Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line
Books, 2002, p26-29.
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p361.

MORE INFO
[1] "Sharks". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharks
[2] Prothero, D.R., and C.D. Buell. Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It
Matters. Columbia University Press, 2007
  
395,000,000 YBN
3 		6429) The Green Algae Charophytes evolve (Stoneworts).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p110.
2. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric
Life", 2009, p110.
3. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p110.
  
395,000,000 YBN
12 13 		6430) The earliest fungi lichen {lIKiN6 }.7

A lichen is a fungus, usually of the class Ascomycetes {aSKOmISETS8 }, that
grows symbiotically with algae and cyanobacteria9 , resulting in a composite
organism that characteristically forms a crustlike or branching growth on rocks
or tree trunks.10

Lichens have a planet-wide distribution and thrive in some of the Earth's
harshest environments, such as polar regions, deserts, and high mountains.11
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ "lichen." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia
University Press., 2012. Answers.com 08 Oct. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/lichen
2. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p110.
3. ^ "Ascomycetes." Dictionary.com
Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Ascomycetes>.
4. ^ Willis and McElwain, "The Evolution of Plants", 2002, p45.
5. ^ "lichen." The
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 08 Oct. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/lichen
6. ^ "lichen." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia
University Press., 2012. Answers.com 08 Oct. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/lichen
7. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p110.
8. ^ "Ascomycetes." Dictionary.com
Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Ascomycetes>.
9. ^ Willis and McElwain, "The Evolution of Plants", 2002, p45.
10. ^ "lichen." The
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 08 Oct. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/lichen
11. ^ "lichen." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 08 Oct. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/lichen
12. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p110.
13. ^ Taylor, T. N. et al. “The
Oldest Fossil Lichen.” Nature 378.6554 (1995):
244–244. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v378/n6554/abs/378244a0.html

MORE INFO
[1] "lichen." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 27 Dec. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lichen>
  
392,000,000 YBN
11 12 		359) The Cartilaginous fishes Infraclass7 : "Selachii" {SelAKEE8 or I9 }
evolves, (the ancestor of all sharks: includes great white, hammerhead, mako,
tiger and nurse sharks).10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=selachii&submit=Submit
2. ^ "Selachii." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/selachii-2
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=selachii&submit=Submit
5. ^ "Selachii." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/selachii-2
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
7. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=119203&lvl=
3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock
8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=selachii&submit=Submit
9. ^ "Selachii." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/selachii-2
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
11. ^ Prothero, D.R., and C.D. Buell. Evolution: What the Fossils Say
and Why It Matters. Columbia University Press, 2007, p198.
12. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {190 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=selachimorpha&submit=Submit
  
392,000,000 YBN
7 		437) The Cartilaginous fishes Subclass: "Holocephali" {HoloSeFolE or I4 }
evolves, (the ancestor of the chimaeras {KiMERoZ5 } also called rabbit-fishes
or ratfishes).6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=holocephali&submit=Submit
2. ^ "chimaera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jan.
2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chimaera>.
3. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs &
Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New Line
Books, 2002, p26-29.
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=holocephali&submit=Submit
5. ^ "chimaera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House,
Inc. 01 Jan. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chimaera>.
6. ^ Palmer, D. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of
Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500
Species. New Line Books, 2002, p26-29.
7. ^ Prothero, D.R., and C.D. Buell. Evolution:
What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters. Columbia University Press, 2007, p198.

MORE INFO
[1] "Sharks". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharks
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p361
[3] "Holocephali." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 Oct. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/holocephali-2
  
386,000,000 YBN
4 5 6 		406) The Arachnids Spiders evolve.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Paul A. Selden, William A. Shear & Patricia M. Bonamo (1991). "A spider
and other arachnids from the Devonian of New York, and reinterpretations of
Devonian Araneae" . Palaeontology 34:
241–281. http://homepage.mac.com/paulselden/Sites/Website/Attercopus.pdf
2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p111.
3. ^ Paul A. Selden, William A.
Shear & Patricia M. Bonamo (1991). "A spider and other arachnids from the
Devonian of New York, and reinterpretations of Devonian Araneae" .
Palaeontology 34:
241–281. http://homepage.mac.com/paulselden/Sites/Website/Attercopus.pdf
4. ^ Selden, Paul A., William A. Shear, and Mark D. Sutton. “Fossil Evidence
for the Origin of Spider Spinnerets, and a Proposed Arachnid Order.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105.52 (2008): 20781
–20785. http://www.pnas.org/content/105/52/20781.full
5. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p111.
earliest fossils: (Givetian of) Gilboa, New York, USA3   
385,000,000 YBN
13 14 15 		405) The first forests. The earliest large tree fossils.9 10

The first progymnosperms (treelike plants), like Archaeopteris.11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2
& Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the
Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April
2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed
Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma
of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April
2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html
4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
5. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed
Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma
of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April
2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html
6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
7. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed
Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma
of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April
2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html
8. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
9. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed
Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma
of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April
2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html
10. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
11. ^ Palmet et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p111.
12. ^ William E. Stein1,
Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3,
"Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest
stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April
2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html
13. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2
& Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the
Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April
2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html
{385 mybn}
14. ^ Palmet et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p111.
15. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {380mybn}
earliest fossils: Gilboa, New York, USA12   
385,000,000 YBN
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 		411) The first flying animal, an arthropod insect, the ancestor of all winged
insects (Pterygota {TARiGOTu22 }). The earliest extant winged insects are the
Orders23 24 Ephemeroptera {eFeMeroPTRo25 }: Mayflies, and the Odonata
{ODenoDo26 }: Dragonflies and Damselflies.27 28 29

Insect wings evolve only once, and all winged insects descend from the first
winged insect.30 31

The development of wings may have helped early insects to escape predators32
and to move over larger distances to find new habitats33 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p148. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157
2. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig,
and beyond. Journal of Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
3. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial
crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February
22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterygota&submit=Submit
5. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects",
2005, p148. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157
6. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to
Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
7. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial
crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February
22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterygota&submit=Submit
9. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects",
2005, p148. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157
10. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to
Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
11. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial
crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February
22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterygota&submit=Submit
13. ^ "Ephemeroptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ephemeroptera-1
14. ^ "Odonata." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/odonata-1
15. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p148-148. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157
16. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig,
and beyond. Journal of Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
17. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial
crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February
22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
18. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/pterygota.html
19. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects",
2005, p148. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157
20. ^ Belayeva, "History of Insects" 2002, p81.
21. ^ David A. Grimaldi,
Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p155. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA155
22. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterygota&submit=Submit
23. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=30073&lvl=3
&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock
24. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=6961&lvl=3&
lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock
25. ^ "Ephemeroptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ephemeroptera-1
26. ^ "Odonata." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/odonata-1
27. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p148-148. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157
28. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig,
and beyond. Journal of Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
29. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial
crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February
22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
30. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/pterygota.html
31. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects",
2005, p148. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157
32. ^ Belayeva, "History of Insects" 2002, p81.
33. ^ David A. Grimaldi,
Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p155. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA155
34. ^ Knecht, R. J., Engel, M. S., & Benner, J. S. (2011). Late carboniferous
paleoichnology reveals the oldest full-body impression of a flying insect.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 108 (16),
6515-6519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015948108
35. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in
the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic
(Insecta: Archaeorthoptera). Geobios
38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028
8
36. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146
37. ^ David A.
Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p163. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA163
38. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p142.
39. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I
(2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of
the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta:
Archaeorthoptera). Geobios
38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028
8 {324 MYBN}
40. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {315 MYBN}
41. ^ Regier,
et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and
maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561):
395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
42. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p142.

MORE INFO
[1] Engel MS, Grimaldi DA (2004) New light shed on the oldest insect.
Nature 427: 627–630
[2] Grimaldi D, Engel MS (2005) Evolution of the Insects (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge)
[3] Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known
Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech
Republic (Insecta: Archoaeorthoptera). Geobios
38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028
8
[4] "Orthoptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/orthoptera-1
[5] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA159
earliest fossils: (Wamsutta Formation) southeastern Massachusetts34 and Upper
Silesian Basin, Czech Republic35   
375,000,000 YBN
16 17 18 19 20 		380) The Jawed fishes superclass Tetrapoda {TeTC-ru-PoDu11 } evolves. The first
tetrapods (vertebrates with four feet) evolve in fresh water.12 These are the
first vertebrate limbs (arms and legs) and fingers.13 This is also the first
amphibian, the ancestor of caecillians, frogs, toads, and salamanders.14
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p302-329.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
6. ^ Ted
Huntington.
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p302-329.
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
9. ^ Ted Huntington.
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
11. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=tetrapoda&submit=Submit
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p302-329.
13. ^ Ted Huntington.
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
16. ^ S. Blair
Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics
3, 838-849 (November
2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {Hedges_2002.p
df} {375(360+-15) mybn}
17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. {340 mybn}
18. ^ P. E. Ahlberg, "Tetrapod
or near-tetrapod fossils from the Upper Devonian of Scotland", Nature 354, 298
- 301 (28 November
1991) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v354/n6351/abs/354298a0.html {368
mybn (fossil}
19. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/amphibfr.html
{368 mybn (fossil}
20. ^
http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Amphibia/fossilrecord.html
 {368 mybn (fossil}
Fresh water, Greenland (on the equator)15   
367,000,000 YBN
5 6 		408) The late Devonian mass extinction caused by an ice age.3

70% of all species go extinct. This includes 3 of 5 trilobite orders, 90% of
brachiopod genera, and major loss of reefs.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
4. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p111.
5. ^ David Jablonski
and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)",
Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating
Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp.
11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148 {367 mybn}
6. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {360 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] David Jablonski, "Lessons from the Past: Evolutionary Impacts of Mass
Extinctions", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America, Vol. 98, No. 10 (May 8, 2001), pp.
5393-5398. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3055638
  
363,000,000 YBN
7 8 		379) The first vertebrates live on land (an amphibian).5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p302-329.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
5. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p302-329.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p302-329.
7. ^
http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Amphibia/fossilrecord.html
 {363mybn}
8. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/tetrafr.html {360mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] P. E. Ahlberg, "Tetrapod or near-tetrapod fossils from the Upper
Devonian of Scotland", Nature 354, 298 - 301 (28 November
1991) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v354/n6351/abs/354298a0.html
[2] http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/amphibfr.html
Fresh water, Greenland (on the equator)6   
360,000,000 YBN
38 39 40 41 42 		226) The second largest Fungi phylum, "Basidiomycota" {Bo-SiDEO-mI-KO-Tu25 }
evolves (the ancestor of many mushrooms: button, chanterelle {saNTRreL26 },
cremini {KremENE27 }, enoki {inoKE28 }, fly agaric {uGaRiK29 }, oyster, porcino
{PORCEnO 30 }, portabella, psilocybe, puffball, shiitake {sEToKE31 }, woodear,
rusts, and club fungi).32 33 34

The Basidiomycota phylum contains 37% of the described species of Fungi35 and
all produce basidia, which are the cells on which sexual spores are produced.36

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=basidiomycota&submit=Submit
2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=basidiomycota&submit=Submit
6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chanterelle&submit=Submit
7. ^ "cremini." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cremini
8. ^ "enoki?s=t". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random
House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/enoki?s=t
9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=agaric&submit=Submit
10. ^ "porcino." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/porcino
11. ^ "shiitake." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/shiitake
12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
13. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002).
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
15. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=basidiomycota&submit=Submit
16. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chanterelle&submit=Submit
17. ^ "cremini." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cremini
18. ^ "enoki?s=t". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/enoki?s=t
19. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=agaric&submit=Submit
20. ^ "porcino." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/porcino
21. ^ "shiitake." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/shiitake
22. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
23. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002).
24. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
25. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=basidiomycota&submit=Submit
26. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chanterelle&submit=Submit
27. ^ "cremini." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cremini
28. ^ "enoki?s=t". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/enoki?s=t
29. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=agaric&submit=Submit
30. ^ "porcino." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/porcino
31. ^ "shiitake." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/shiitake
32. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
33. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002).
34. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
35. ^ http://tolweb.org/Basidiomycota/20520
36. ^ http://tolweb.org/Basidiomycota/20520
37. ^ Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN, Beck CB (1985) Studies
of Paleozoic fungi. V. Wood-decaying fungi in Callixylon newberryi from
the Upper Devonian. Am J Bot
72:1765–1774 http://paleobotany.bio.ku.edu/taylorPDFs%5C%5B1985%5D%20Stubblef
ield%20et%20al.-Wood%20decaying%20fungi%20in%20Callixylon%20newberryi%20from%20t
he%20Upper%20Devonian.pdf AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2443734
38. ^ Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN, Beck CB (1985)
Studies of Paleozoic fungi. V. Wood-decaying fungi in Callixylon newberryi
from the Upper Devonian. Am J Bot
72:1765–1774 http://paleobotany.bio.ku.edu/taylorPDFs%5C%5B1985%5D%20Stubblef
ield%20et%20al.-Wood%20decaying%20fungi%20in%20Callixylon%20newberryi%20from%20t
he%20Upper%20Devonian.pdf AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2443734
39. ^ Michael Krings, Nora Dotzler, Jean Galtier and
Thomas N. Taylor, "Oldest fossil basidiomycete clamp connections", Mycoscience,
Volume 52, Number 1 (2011), 18-23, DOI:
10.1007/s10267-010-0065-4 http://www.springerlink.com/content/725614321xj0604w/

40. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (968my)
41. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002);
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (1210my)
42. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (700my)

MORE INFO
[1] "Basidiomycota". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomycota
[2] McLAUGHLIN, DAVID J., ALAN BECKETT, and KWON S. YOON. “Ultrastructure and
Evolution of Ballistosporic Basidiospores.” Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society 91.1-2 (1985):
253–271. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1985.tb01149.
x/abstract
earliest fossils: Indiana37   
360,000,000 YBN
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 		6353) The Neoptera, folding wing insects evolve.6

A mechanism to fold the wings against the body after landing has a selective
advantage by making the wings less conspicuous, awkward, and susceptible to
breakage.7

The Neoptera are a very successful lineage and are the ancestors of all
"higher" orders of insects.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig,
and beyond. Journal of Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
2. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig,
and beyond. Journal of Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
3. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig,
and beyond. Journal of Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
4. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/pterygota.html
5. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/pterygota.html
6. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch
to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
7. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/pterygota.html
8. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/pterygota.html
9. ^ Garwood, Russell, and Mark Sutton. “X-ray Micro-tomography of
Carboniferous stem-Dictyoptera: New Insights into Early Insects.” Biology
Letters 6.5 (2010): 699 –702.
Print. http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/6/5/699.full
10. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146.
11. ^ David A.
Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p191. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191
12. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects
and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol,
2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2
002.pdf}
13. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p143.
14. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I
(2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of
the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta:
Archaeorthoptera). Geobios
38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028
8 {324 MYBN}
15. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to
Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
16. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial
crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February
22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
17. ^ Garwood, Russell, and Mark Sutton. “X-ray Micro-tomography of
Carboniferous stem-Dictyoptera: New Insights into Early Insects.” Biology
Letters 6.5 (2010): 699 –702.
Print. http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/6/5/699.full

MORE INFO
[1] Video: Virtual fossil of Archimylacris eggintoni,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yR-_nq2UsOc
earliest fossils: (Archimylacris eggintoni, Coseley Lagerstätte)
Staffordshire, UK9   
359,200,000 YBN
4 		124) The end of the Devonian (416-359.2 mybn), and start of the Carboniferous
(359.2-299 mybn) Period.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
2. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
3. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
4. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
  
359,000,000 YBN
42 43 		243) The first plant seed evolves; the ancestor of all seed plants.28 29 30 31


The earliest fossil seed is from a seed fern (Pteridosperm {TARiDOSPRM32 }).33
34 35 36 Pteridosperms are a group of extinct seed plants with fernlike leaves
and naked seeds.37

Fossils indicate that the first seed evolves from an enclosing ring of
vegetative lobes that fuse together.38

A seed can be described as an "integumented megasporangium". In the most
primitive vascular plants, the spores are all the same size, but eventually
gender evolves, producing small male "microspores" and larger female
"megaspores". Then individual female megaspores are enclosed by a ring of
vegetative lobes which form an integument or cover.39
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler. “The
earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) :
462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html
2. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
3. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64, 29,
201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401.
4. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill
Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005.
Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosperms
5. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and
Stephen E. Scheckler. “The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) :
462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html
6. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
7. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64, 29,
201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401.
8. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill
Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005.
Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosperms
9. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and
Stephen E. Scheckler. “The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) :
462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html
10. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
11. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64,
29, 201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401.
12. ^ "Pteridosperms."
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosperms
13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pteridospermae
14. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler.
“The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) :
462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html
15. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
16. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64,
29, 201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401.
17. ^ "Pteridosperms."
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosperms
18. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler. “The
earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) :
462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html
19. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
20. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64,
29, 201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401.
21. ^ "Pteridosperms."
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosperms
22. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pteridospermae
23. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler.
“The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) :
462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html
24. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
25. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64,
29, 201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401.
26. ^ "Pteridosperms."
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosperms
27. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
28. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and
Stephen E. Scheckler. “The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) :
462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html
29. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
30. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64,
29, 201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401.
31. ^ "Pteridosperms."
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosperms
32. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pteridospermae
33. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler.
“The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) :
462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html
34. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
35. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64,
29, 201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401.
36. ^ "Pteridosperms."
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosperms
37. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosperms
38. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
39. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science,
New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp.
925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
40. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
41. ^ "Genomosperma kidstonii." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2011. Web. 27 Jul. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/229254/Genomosperma-kidstonii>.
42. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577 {359
MYBN (Lower Carboniferous}
43. ^ "Genomosperma kidstonii." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica,
2011. Web. 27 Jul. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/229254/Genomosperma-kidstonii>. {359
MYBN (Lower Carboniferous}

MORE INFO
[1] "Gymnosperms". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperms
[2] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845
[3] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase,
"The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal
of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 (c320 (360 for living species)
[4] Hwan Su
Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A
Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular
Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c350 (300 for radiation)
[5] Dr. Singh, Dr. Pande & Dr.
Jain, "Diversity and Systematics of Seed Plants",
2005. http://books.google.com/books?id=GTUgfghg80gC
[6] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845
earliest fossils: Scotland40 41   
355,000,000 YBN
3 4 		6410) Hearing in Amphibians adapts to sounds transmitted through the air. This
is the beginning of vertebrates making vocal sounds.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ E G Wever and C Gans, "The caecilian ear: further observations", PNAS
1976 73 (10) 3744-3746. http://www.pnas.org/content/73/10/3744.abstract
2. ^ E G Wever and C Gans, "The caecilian ear: further
observations", PNAS 1976 73 (10)
3744-3746. http://www.pnas.org/content/73/10/3744.abstract
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {325 MYBN}
4. ^ Roelants, K., Gower, D. J., Wilkinson, M., Loader, S.
P., Biju, S. D., Guillaume, K., Moriau, L., & Bossuyt, F. (2007). Global
patterns of diversification in the history of modern amphibians. Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences , 104 (3), 887-892. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608378104 {370 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Andrea E. Feller, S. Blair Hedges, Molecular Evidence for the Early
History of Living Amphibians, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 9,
Issue 3, June 1998, Pages 509-516, ISSN 1055-7903, DOI:
10.1006/mpev.1998.0500. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055
790398905000)
[2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=47210
[3] Peter M. Narins, Albert S. Feng, Richard R. Fay and Arthur N. Popper,
"Hearing and Sound Communication in Amphibians", Springer Handbook of Auditory
Research, Volume 28, 2006, DOI:
10.1007/978-0-387-47796-1 http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/animal+sciences
/book/978-0-387-32521-7
  
350,000,000 YBN
5 		361) The Ray-finned fishes, Sturgeons and Paddlefish evolve.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {350 MYBN}
  
350,000,000 YBN
13 14 15 16 17 18 		6355) The Neoptera: Dictyoptera {DiKTEoPTRu10 } evolve (the ancestor of
Cockroaches, Termites, and Mantises).11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dictyoptera&submit=Submit
2. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p143.
3. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001.
Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of
Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dictyoptera&submit=Submit
5. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p143.
6. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001.
Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of
Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dictyoptera&submit=Submit
8. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p143.
9. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001.
Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of
Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
10. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dictyoptera&submit=Submit
11. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p143.
12. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001.
Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of
Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
13. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146.
14. ^ David A.
Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p191. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191
15. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p143.
16. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I
(2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of
the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta:
Archaeorthoptera). Geobios
38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028
8 {324 MYBN}
17. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the
insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol
Biol Evol,
2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2
002.pdf}
18. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p283.

MORE INFO
[1] "orthopteran". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 06 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/433540/orthopteran/39576/Evoluti
on-and-paleontology>
  
340,000,000 YBN
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 		384) The first hard-shell egg.22 The Tetrapods Amniota {aMnEOtu23 } evolve;
the ancestor of all reptiles, mammals and birds and the first hard-shell egg.24
 The hard-shell egg is waterproof.25 This is the start of vertebrate internal
fertilization, because on land the egg cannot be fertilized as most fishes and
amphibians do, by a male swimming near the eggs and spraying them with sperm.
Amniote males and females must copulate {KoPYelAT26 } so that the sperm can
reach the eggs inside the female.27

Amniotes (reptiles, mammals, and birds) are distinguished from non-amniote
tetrapods (amphibians) by the presence of complex embryonic membranes. One of
these, the amnion, gives its name to the group.28

All living amniotes lay hard-shelled eggs, except most mammals and some snakes
and lizards, where egg laying has been replaced by live birth.29

The egg shell of amniotes may be flexible (like the eggs of many turtles and
lizards) or mineralized and hard (like the eggs of birds, crocodiles and many
tortoises).30
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=amniota&submit=Submit
3. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=50568&tree=0.1
4. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p234.
5. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004).
6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=amniota&submit=Submit
7. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=50568&tree=0.1
8. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p234.
9. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004).
10. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=amniota&submit=Submit
11. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=50568&tree=0.1
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
13. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters",
2007, p234.
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
15. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=amniota&submit=Submit
16. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=50568&tree=0.1
17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
18. ^ "copulate." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
03 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/copulate
19. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It
Matters", 2007, p234.
20. ^ Benton MJ, 2010 Studying Function and Behavior in the
Fossil Record. PLoS Biol 8(3): e1000321. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000321
21. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life",
2009, p163.
22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
23. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=amniota&submit=Submit
24. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=50568&tree=0.1
25. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
26. ^ "copulate." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
03 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/copulate
27. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It
Matters", 2007, p234.
28. ^ T. R. Smithson, "The earliest known reptile", Nature 342,
676 - 678 (07 December
1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html
29. ^ Benton MJ, 2010 Studying Function and Behavior in the Fossil Record. PLoS
Biol 8(3): e1000321. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000321
30. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p163.
31. ^ T. R.
Smithson, "The earliest known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678 (07 December
1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html
32. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Oldest Reptile Fossil Reported Found in Scotland",
NY Times, Nov 17,
1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17/us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found
-in-scotland.html
33. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007,
p232.
34. ^ T. R. Smithson, "The earliest known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678 (07
December
1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html {338
MYBN (oldest reptil fossil}
35. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Oldest Reptile Fossil Reported
Found in Scotland", NY Times, Nov 17,
1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17/us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found
-in-scotland.html {338 MYBN (oldest reptil fossil}
36. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {310 MYBN}
37. ^
"Eryops". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryops
{295 MYBN (verify}
38. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree", 2009.
39. ^ Benton, Michael J., and
Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.”
Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract

MORE INFO
[1] Romer, Alfred Sherwood, Price, Llewellyn Ivor, "The oldest vertebrate
egg", Am J Sci 1939 237:
826-829. http://www.ajsonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/237/11/826?maxtoshow=&hi
ts=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&title=The+oldest+vertebrate+egg&andorexacttitle=and&andorex
acttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevanc
e&resourcetype=HWCIT
[2] Karl F. Hirsch, "The Oldest Vertebrate Egg?", Journal of Paleontology, Vol.
53, No. 5 (Sep., 1979), pp. 1068-1084. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1304086
[3] Robert R. Reisz, Johannes Müller, Molecular
timescales and the fossil record: a paleontological perspective, Trends in
Genetics, Volume 20, Issue 5, 1 May 2004, Pages 237-241, ISSN 0168-9525,
10.1016/j.tig.2004.03.007. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
168952504000757)
[4] "fenestrae." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jul. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fenestrae>
[5] "orbit." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jul. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/orbit>
earliest fossils: Bathgate, West Lothian, Scotland31 32   
335,000,000 YBN
20 21 		6331) The Amniota divide into the Sauropsida {SOR-roP-SiDu14 } and the
Synapsida {Si-naP-Si-Du15 }.16

The Sauropsida have two major lineages: the Parareptilia (turtles) and the
Eureptilia (dinosaurs, crocodiles and birds).17 The Synapsids also have two
major lineages: the pelycosaurs (which are sail-backed amniotes) and the
therapsids (which are mammal-like amniotes).18
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=sauropsida&submit=Submit
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=synapsida&submit=Submit
3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108.
4. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=sauropsida&submit=Submit
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=synapsida&submit=Submit
6. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108.
7. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002,
p108-109.
8. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119.
9. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=sauropsida&submit=Submit
10. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=synapsida&submit=Submit
11. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108.
12. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002,
p108-109.
13. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119.
14. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=sauropsida&submit=Submit
15. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=synapsida&submit=Submit
16. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108.
17. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002,
p108-109.
18. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119.
19. ^ Carroll, R.L., 1964, The ear1iest
reptiles: Jour. Linn. Soc (Zool.), v. 45, p.
61-83. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1964.tb00488.x/ab
stract
20. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007,
p232.
21. ^ Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological
Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1
(2007): 26 -53. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract

MORE INFO
[1] Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007,
p271
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p263
[3] Reisz RR. Pelycosaurian reptiles from the Middle
Pennsylvanian of North America. Bull Mus Comp Zool Harv
1972;144:27-62. http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object
_id=47789&local_base=GEN01-MCG02
[4] "reptile." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.,
1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/reptile
earliest possible Synapsid fossils: (Cumberland group, Joggins formation)
Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada19   
330,000,000 YBN
11 		6307) The Synapsids Pelycosauria {PeLiKuSOREu7 } evolve (the ancestor of
Edaphosaurus {eDaFoSORuS8 } and Dimetrodon).9

The most notable feature in some species of Pelycosaur is a broad "sail" along
the back.10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Pelycosaur." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 10 Jun. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Pelycosaur>.
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=edaphosaurus&submit=Submit
3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119-122.
4. ^ "Pelycosaur." Dictionary.com
Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 10 Jun. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Pelycosaur>.
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=edaphosaurus&submit=Submit
6. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119-122.
7. ^ "Pelycosaur." Dictionary.com
Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 10 Jun. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Pelycosaur>.
8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=edaphosaurus&submit=Submit
9. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119-122.
10. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002,
p119-122.
11. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119-122.
  
325,000,000 YBN
5 6 		381) The earliest extant Amphibians: Caecilians evolve.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p302-329.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
5. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
{325 MYBN}
6. ^ Roelants, K., Gower, D. J., Wilkinson, M., Loader, S. P., Biju, S.
D., Guillaume, K., Moriau, L., & Bossuyt, F. (2007). Global patterns of
diversification in the history of modern amphibians. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences , 104 (3), 887-892. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608378104 {370 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Andrea E. Feller, S. Blair Hedges, Molecular Evidence for the Early
History of Living Amphibians, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 9,
Issue 3, June 1998, Pages 509-516, ISSN 1055-7903, DOI:
10.1006/mpev.1998.0500. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055
790398905000)
  
320,000,000 YBN
28 29 30 31 32 		238) The seed plants: Gymnosperms evolve.19 Gymnosperms are the earliest
surviving seed plants, and ancestor of all Cycads, Ginkgos and the Conifers20
21 ).22 23

The most primitive extant Gymnosperms, the Cycads evolve now.24

Gymnosperm is Greek for "Naked Seed".25 A gymnosperm reproduces by a seed that
is in direct contact with the environment, as opposed to an angiosperm (a
flowering plant) whose seeds are enclosed by mature ovaries, or fruits.26 27
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ "conifer." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/conifer
2. ^ "Pinophyta." The Columbia
Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012.
Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pinophyta
3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American
Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445.,
(2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes",
Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
5. ^ "conifer." Britannica Concise
Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 23 May.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/conifer
6. ^ "Pinophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 23 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pinophyta
7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445.,
(2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
8. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes",
Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445.,
(2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
10. ^ "gymnosperm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gymnosperm
11. ^ "spermatophyte." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Jul.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/spermatophyte-1
12. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and
Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosperms
13. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
14. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes",
Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
15. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445.,
(2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
16. ^ "gymnosperm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gymnosperm
17. ^ "gymnosperm." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gymnosperm
18. ^ "Pinophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 23 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pinophyta
19. ^ "gymnosperm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gymnosperm
20. ^ "spermatophyte." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Jul.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/spermatophyte-1
21. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and
Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosperms
22. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
23. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes",
Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
24. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445.,
(2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
25. ^ "gymnosperm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gymnosperm
26. ^ "gymnosperm." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gymnosperm
27. ^ "Pinophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 23 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pinophyta
28. ^ Taylor, E.L., T.N. Taylor, and M. Krings. Paleobotany: The Biology and
Evolution of Fossil Plants. Elsevier Science, 2008.
29. ^ Norstog K, Nicholls TJ.
1997.The biology of cycads. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
30. ^ Pant, D.D., R.
Osborne, and Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany. An Introduction to
Gymnosperms, Cycas, and Cycadales. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany,
2002. BSIP Monograph. http://books.google.com/books?ei=twN6UJqpA5D2qQGvhYHoAQ
31. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The
plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of
Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} (c320 (360 for
living species)
32. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele
Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic
Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c350 (300 for radiation)

MORE INFO
[1] "Gymnosperms". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperms
[2] Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler. “The
earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) :
462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html
[3] Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
[4] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Main/Overview/3213.htm
  
320,000,000 YBN
6 7 8 		6356) The Neoptera Order4 : Orthoptera evolves (the ancestor of crickets,
grasshoppers, locusts, and walking sticks).5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p191. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191
2. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p191. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191
3. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p191. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191
4. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=6993&lvl=3&
lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock
5. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p191. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191
6. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p191. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191
7. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects
and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol,
2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2
002.pdf}
8. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p208.

MORE INFO
[1] "orthopteran". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 06 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/433540/orthopteran/39576/Evoluti
on-and-paleontology>
[2] http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/orthopteroids.html#A
  
317,000,000 YBN
33 34 35 36 37 		385) The Sauropsid Class Reptilia {reP-TiL-E-u21 } evolves, the Reptiles; the
ancestor of all turtles, crocodiles, pterosaurs, dinosaurs and birds22 .23 24

The class Reptilia is a group of air-breathing vertebrates that have internal
fertilization, and scales covering part or all of their body.25 26 27 All
reptiles are cold-blooded, except for birds28 , and possibly some or all
pterosaurs29 and dinosaurs30 .31
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Benton, Michael
J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of
Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract
6. ^ "reptile". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 21 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/498684/reptile>.
7. ^ "reptile." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/reptile
8. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life",
2009, p163.
9. ^ Douglas Palmer, "The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
and Prehistoric Animals", 1999, p59.
10. ^ "reptilia." Dictionary.com Unabridged.
Random House, Inc. 30 May. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/reptilia>.
11. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108.
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
13. ^ Benton, Michael J., and
Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.”
Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract
14. ^ "reptile". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 21 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/498684/reptile>.
15. ^ "reptile." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/reptile
16. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive
Life", 2009, p163.
17. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p110-111.
18. ^ Peter Wellnhofer,
"Pterosaurs", 1991, p163-164.
19. ^ Robert Bakker, "The Dinosaur Heresies", 1986.
20. ^
"reptile." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.,
1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/reptile
21. ^ "reptilia." Dictionary.com
Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 May. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/reptilia>.
22. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108.
23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
24. ^ Benton, Michael J., and
Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.”
Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract
25. ^ "reptile". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 21 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/498684/reptile>.
26. ^ "reptile." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/reptile
27. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive
Life", 2009, p163.
28. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p110-111.
29. ^ Peter Wellnhofer,
"Pterosaurs", 1991, p163-164.
30. ^ Robert Bakker, "The Dinosaur Heresies", 1986.
31. ^
"reptile." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.,
1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/reptile
32. ^ Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J.
Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular
Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract
33. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What The Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2009,
p232.
34. ^ T. R. Smithson, "The earliest known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678 (07
December
1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html
{338MYBN (oldest reptile fossil}
35. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Oldest Reptile Fossil
Reported Found in Scotland", NY Times, Nov 17,
1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17/us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found
-in-scotland.html {338MYBN (oldest reptile fossil}
36. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {310 MYBN}
37. ^
Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to
Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract
earliest fossils: (Joggins Formation) Nova Scotia, Canada32   
314,000,000 YBN
19 20 21 22 23 		240) The Gymnosperms Pinophyta {PInoFiTu11 } evolve (the ancestor of the
Conifers: includes Pine, Fir, Spruce, Redwood, Cedar, Juniper, Hemlock, Larch,
Yew, and Cypress.12 13 ).14 15

The oldest known living plants are found among the conifers, some estimated to
be around 5000 years old.16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pinophyta&submit=Submit
2. ^ "conifer." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 23 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/conifer
3. ^ "Pinophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia
University Press., 2012. Answers.com 23 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pinophyta
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
6. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pinophyta&submit=Submit
7. ^ "conifer." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/conifer
8. ^ "Pinophyta." The Columbia
Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012.
Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pinophyta
9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American
Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
10. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett,
Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the
Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
11. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pinophyta&submit=Submit
12. ^ "conifer." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/conifer
13. ^ "Pinophyta." The Columbia
Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012.
Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pinophyta
14. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark
W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
15. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D.
Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline
for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution,
(2004).
16. ^ Taylor, E.L., T.N. Taylor, and M. Krings. Paleobotany: The Biology and
Evolution of Fossil Plants. Elsevier Science, 2008, p805.
17. ^ SCOTT, ANDREW. “The
Earliest Conifer.” Nature 251.5477 (1974):
707–708. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v251/n5477/abs/251707a0.html
18. ^ Taylor, E.L., T.N. Taylor, and M. Krings. Paleobotany: The Biology and
Evolution of Fossil Plants. Elsevier Science, 2008, p806.
19. ^ SCOTT, ANDREW. “The
Earliest Conifer.” Nature 251.5477 (1974):
707–708. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v251/n5477/abs/251707a0.html
20. ^ Lyons, Paul C. et al. “Radiometric Ages of the Fire Clay Tonstein
Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous), Westphalian, Duckmantian. ^: A Comparison
of U–Pb Zircon Single-crystal Ages and 40Ar/39Ar Sanidine Single-crystal
Plateau Ages.” International Journal of Coal Geology 67.4 (2006):
259–266. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166516206000140
21. ^ Taylor, E.L., T.N. Taylor, and M. Krings. Paleobotany: The Biology and
Evolution of Fossil Plants. Elsevier Science, 2008, p806.
22. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer,
Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and
some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445.,
(2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.abstract (c270 (290 for
living species)
23. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele
Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic
Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c350 (300 for radiation)

MORE INFO
[1] Burleigh J. G. S. Mathews 2004 Phylogenetic signal in nucleotide data
from seed plants: implications for resolving the seed plant tree of life.
American Journal of Botany 91:
1599-1613 http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1599.abstract?ijkey=b60985db66551
09e270893676c522743d400bc1e&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
earliest fossils: Wakefield, Yorkshire, England17 18   
310,000,000 YBN
13 14 15 16 17 18 		6357) The Neoptera: Paraneoptera evolve (the ancestor of bark lice, true lice,
thrips, and the Hemiptera {HemiPTRu9 }. The Hemiptera have mouthparts adapted
for piercing and sucking and include:10 Cicadas, Aphids, and "true bugs": such
as Bed bugs, and Stink bugs).11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/hemipteroids.html
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=hemiptera&submit=Submit
3. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/hemipteroids.html
4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p261.
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=hemiptera&submit=Submit
6. ^ "true bug." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 06 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/true-bug
7. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/hemipteroids.html
8. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p261.
9. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=hemiptera&submit=Submit
10. ^ "true bug." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 06 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/true-bug
11. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/hemipteroids.html
12. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p261.
13. ^ David A.
Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146.
14. ^ Labandeira,
Conrad C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous Divergence Time and
the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major Holometabola Lineages.”
Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011):
9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1664/10-RA-011.1
15. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/hemipteroids.html
16. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the
insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol
Biol Evol,
2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2
002.pdf}
17. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p286.
18. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p321.
  
310,000,000 YBN
19 20 21 22 		6359) The Neoptera Holometabola {HoLomeTaBolu or HOlOmeTABolu13 14 } evolve:
Holometabolous insects: (insects that undergo complete metamorphosis, the
ancestor of beetles, bees, true flies, and butterflies).15

The holometabolous insects account for nearly 85% of all insects.16

The Holometabola are insects that have complete metamorphosis (or
holometabolous development). Unlike hemimetabolous insects in which the
immature structures (legs, eyes, antennae, etc.) must also serve the adults,
holometabolous insects have a morphologically reduced larval stage17 and
acquire a completely new body during the pupal stage.18
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "holometabolous." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Jan.
2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/holometabolous>.
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=holometabolous+&submit=Submit
3. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p146,331.
4. ^ "holometabolous." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House,
Inc. 05 Jan. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/holometabolous>.
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=holometabolous+&submit=Submit
6. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p146,331.
7. ^ "holometabolous." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Jan.
2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/holometabolous>.
8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=holometabolous+&submit=Submit
9. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p146,331.
10. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p331.
11. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p331.
12. ^
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/holometabola.html
13. ^ "holometabolous." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Jan.
2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/holometabolous>.
14. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=holometabolous+&submit=Submit
15. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p146,331.
16. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p331.
17. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p331.
18. ^
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/holometabola.html
19. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p146.
20. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/holometabola.html
21. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
22. ^ Labandeira,
Conrad C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous Divergence Time and
the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major Holometabola Lineages.”
Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011):
9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1664/10-RA-011.1
  
305,000,000 YBN
11 		242) The Amphibians: Anura {unRu8 } evolve (the ancestor of all Frogs and
Toads).9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anura&submit=Submit
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ "frog." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/frog
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anura&submit=Submit
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
7. ^ "frog." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/frog
8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anura&submit=Submit
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
10. ^ "frog." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/frog
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {305 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Neil H. Shubin and Farish A. Jenkins, Jr (7 September 1995). "An
Early Jurassic jumping frog". Nature 377 (6544): 49–52.
doi:10.1038/377049a0.http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v377/n6544/full/377049
a0.html
[2] "Pliensbachian Stage." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 27 Jul. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/464801/Pliensbachian-Stage>
  
300,000,000 YBN
7 8 		1310) The Stramenopiles Chrysophyta {KriSoFiTu5 } evolve (Golden algae).6
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chrysophyta&submit=Submit
2. ^ Brown JW, Sorhannus U (2010) A Molecular Genetic Timescale for the
Diversification of Autotrophic Stramenopiles (Ochrophyta): Substantive
Underestimation of Putative Fossil Ages. PLoS ONE 5(9): e12759.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012759
3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chrysophyta&submit=Submit
4. ^ Brown JW, Sorhannus U (2010) A Molecular Genetic Timescale for the
Diversification of Autotrophic Stramenopiles (Ochrophyta): Substantive
Underestimation of Putative Fossil Ages. PLoS ONE 5(9): e12759.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012759
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chrysophyta&submit=Submit
6. ^ Brown JW, Sorhannus U (2010) A Molecular Genetic Timescale for the
Diversification of Autotrophic Stramenopiles (Ochrophyta): Substantive
Underestimation of Putative Fossil Ages. PLoS ONE 5(9): e12759.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012759
7. ^ Brown JW, Sorhannus U (2010) A Molecular Genetic Timescale for the
Diversification of Autotrophic Stramenopiles (Ochrophyta): Substantive
Underestimation of Putative Fossil Ages. PLoS ONE 5(9): e12759.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012759
8. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/chrysophyta.html
  
299,000,000 YBN
4 		125) The end of the Carboniferous (359.2-299 mybn), and start of the Permian
(299-251 mybn) Period.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
2. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
3. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
4. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
  
299,000,000 YBN
17 18 19 20 		6360) The Holometabola Order: Coleoptera {KOlEoPTRu10 11 } evolves (the
ancestor of the Beetles).12 13

Coleoptera is the largest order of all organisms known containing 350,000 named
species; 40% of all the insects.14

Well known beetles include: Ladybugs, Fireflies, Dung beetles, Japanese
beetles, weevils, and scarabs.15
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Coleoptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/coleoptera-2
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=coleoptera&submit=Submit
3. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
4. ^ "Coleoptera."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/coleoptera-2
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=coleoptera&submit=Submit
6. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
7. ^ "Coleoptera."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/coleoptera-2
8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=coleoptera&submit=Submit
9. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
10. ^ "Coleoptera."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/coleoptera-2
11. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=coleoptera&submit=Submit
12. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
13. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7041&lvl=3&
lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock
14. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p357.
15. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p357-406.
16. ^ Béthoux, Olivier. “The Earliest Beetle Identified.” Journal of
Paleontology 83.6 (2009):
931–937. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1666/08-158.1
17. ^ Labandeira, Conrad C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous
Divergence Time and the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major
Holometabola Lineages.” Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011):
9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1664/10-RA-011.1
18. ^ Béthoux, Olivier. “The Earliest Beetle Identified.” Journal of
Paleontology 83.6 (2009):
931–937. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1666/08-158.1
19. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p146.
20. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
earliest fossils: (Pennsylvanian deposit) Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA16   
290,000,000 YBN
7 8 		239) The Gymnosperms: Ginkgophyta evolve (Ginkgos).5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
3. ^ Jeffrey D.
Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an
overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
5. ^ Jeffrey D.
Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an
overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
6. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
7. ^ Jeffrey D.
Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an
overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c290 (300 for living species)
8. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah
D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular
Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and
Evolution, (2004). (c350 (300 for radiation)
  
290,000,000 YBN
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 		6358) The Holometabola Order: Hymenoptera evolves (the ancestor of all bees,
ants, and wasps).4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time
Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
3. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009,
p260-263.
4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
5. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7399&lvl=3&
lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock
6. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p146.
7. ^ Labandeira, Conrad C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous
Divergence Time and the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major
Holometabola Lineages.” Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011):
9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1664/10-RA-011.1
8. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/holometabola.html
9. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
10. ^ Palmer, et al.,
"Prehistoric Life", 2009, p283.
11. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p283.
12. ^
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/holometabola.html
  
287,000,000 YBN
4 		6308) The Synapsid Therapsids evolve (Cynodonts).2

The Therapsids evolve from Pelycosaurs and largely replace them for a time as
the dominant terrestrial vertebrates. The legs of Therapsids are more directly
positioned under the weight of their body, which results in a more efficient
mode of movement.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119-122.
2. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002,
p119-122.
3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119-122.
4. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119-122.
  
274,000,000 YBN
21 22 23 24 25 26 		307) The Stramenopiles: Phaeophyta {FEoFiTu15 } evolve (the ancestor of all
Brown Algae, includes many seaweeds like the giant kelps16 ).17 18 19

Note that brown algae are not plants but are protists.20
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2{Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110
.pdf}
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle,
"A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data",
Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full {Baldauf_Doolittle_199911
17.pdf} has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
4. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=phaeophyta&submit=Submit
5. ^ "Phaeophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 12 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/phaeophyta
6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311
10.pdf}
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
8. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle,
"A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data",
Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full {Baldauf_Doolittle_199911
17.pdf} has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
9. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=phaeophyta&submit=Submit
10. ^ "Phaeophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 12 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/phaeophyta
11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311
10.pdf}
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
13. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F.
Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein
Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full {Baldauf_Doolittle_199911
17.pdf} has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
14. ^ Hedges and
Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p117. timetree.org
15. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=phaeophyta&submit=Submit
16. ^ "Phaeophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 12 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/phaeophyta
17. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311
10.pdf}
18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
19. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F.
Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein
Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full {Baldauf_Doolittle_199911
17.pdf} has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
20. ^ Hedges and
Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p117. timetree.org
21. ^ Linda Medlin, et al, "Phylogenic
relationships of the 'golden algae' (haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and
their plastids", Plant Systematics and Evolution (Supplement), v11, 1997,
p187-219. http://epic.awi.de/2100/1/Med1997c.pdf {genetic) 274 mybn}
22. ^ Cédric
Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution
recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7,
2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {genetic) 200 mybn}
23. ^ Zhu Shixing and Chen Huineng, "Megascopic
Multicellular Organisms from the 1700-Million-Year-Old Tuanshanzi Formation in
the Jixian Area, North China", Science , New Series, Vol. 270, No. 5236 (Oct.
27, 1995), pp.
620-622. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2888330 {Shixing_Huineng_19950331.pdf}
{Fossil) 1600-1800 mybn}
24. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {Alveolates) 1956mybn} {Alveolates and
Plants) 1956mybn}
25. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009.
http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1345 my}
26. ^ Cécile Gueidan, Constantino
Ruibal, G.S. de Hoog, Harald Schneider, Rock-inhabiting fungi originated during
periods of dry climate in the late Devonian and middle Triassic, Fungal
Biology, Volume 115, Issue 10, October 2011, Pages 987-996, ISSN 1878-6146,
10.1016/j.funbio.2011.04.002. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii
/S1878614611000675) {822.5 my}

MORE INFO
[1] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A
Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science,
Vol 290, num 5493, p 972,
(2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full has heterkonts
before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
[2] Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. et al. “The
timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile
proteins and fossils?” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America 101.43 (2004): 15386
-15391. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/43/15386.long
[3] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (1600mybn)
[4] Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120
[5] "Phaeophyta". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyta
[6] Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward
Arnold, 1989)
[7] "Brown algae". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_algae
[8] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
  
266,000,000 YBN
6 7 8 		308) The Stramenopiles: Diatoms evolve.4

Diatoms are microscopic unicellular or colonial algae, having cell walls of
silica consisting of two interlocking symmetrical valves.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kooistra, W. H. C. F. and Medlin, L. K. (1996). Evolution of the diatoms
(Bacillariophyta) : IV. A reconstruction of their age from small subunit rRNA
coding regions and the fossil record. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 6, 391-407.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790396900883
2. ^ Kooistra, W. H. C. F. and Medlin, L. K. (1996). Evolution of the diatoms
(Bacillariophyta) : IV. A reconstruction of their age from small subunit rRNA
coding regions and the fossil record. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 6, 391-407.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790396900883
3. ^ Kooistra, W. H. C. F. and Medlin, L. K. (1996). Evolution of the diatoms
(Bacillariophyta) : IV. A reconstruction of their age from small subunit rRNA
coding regions and the fossil record. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 6, 391-407.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790396900883
4. ^ Kooistra, W. H. C. F. and Medlin, L. K. (1996). Evolution of the diatoms
(Bacillariophyta) : IV. A reconstruction of their age from small subunit rRNA
coding regions and the fossil record. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 6, 391-407.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790396900883
5. ^ "diatom." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 23 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/diatom
6. ^ Kooistra, W. H. C. F. and Medlin, L. K. (1996). Evolution of the diatoms
(Bacillariophyta) : IV. A reconstruction of their age from small subunit rRNA
coding regions and the fossil record. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 6, 391-407.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790396900883 {no
earlier than) 266 MYBN}
7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
{Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110.pdf} (1973mybn) {Alveolates) 1956mybn}
8. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
(1600mybn)

MORE INFO
[1] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
  
260,000,000 YBN
19 20 21 		232) The earliest endothermic (or "warm-blooded") and hair growing animal, a
therapsid.13 14

Endothermy is the physiological maintenance, by a body, of a constant
temperature independent of the external environmental temperature. Hair for
insulation is correlated to endothermy.15

Both birds and mammals are endothermic (also called "warm blooded") as opposed
to other vertebrates (like amphibians and crocodiles16 ) which are ectothermic
(or "cold blooded) and cannot internally generate heat.17

Endothermy allows birds and mammals to maintain a high and relatively constant
body temperature, even at rest, during a wide range of external environmental
conditions.18
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds: from
physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol
57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0
00441
2. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds: from
physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol
57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0
00441
3. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds: from
physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol
57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0
00441
4. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian
Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp.
207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089
5. ^ "mammal." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 07 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/360838/mammal>.
6. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian
Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp.
207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089
7. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in
mammals and birds: from physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol
57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0
00441
8. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian
Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp.
207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089
9. ^ "mammal." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 07 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/360838/mammal>.
10. ^ Ted Huntington.
11. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for
Late Permian Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr.,
1994), pp. 207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089
12. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in
Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian Origins of Mammalian Endothermy",
Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp. 207-229. Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089
13. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds: from
physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol
57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0
00441
14. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian
Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp.
207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089
15. ^ "mammal." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 07 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/360838/mammal>.
16. ^ Ted Huntington.
17. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for
Late Permian Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr.,
1994), pp. 207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089
18. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in
Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian Origins of Mammalian Endothermy",
Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp. 207-229. Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089
19. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian
Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp.
207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089
20. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in
mammals and birds: from physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol
57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0
00441 {c250 MYBN (Late Permian}
21. ^ Ted Huntington. {230 MYBN (between crocodilia
240mybn and pterosaur 220mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Schweitzer, Mary Higby, and Cynthia Lee Marshall. “A molecular
model for the evolution of endothermy in the theropod-bird lineage.” Journal
of Experimental Zoology 291.4 (2001) :
317-338. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jez.1132/abstract
  
256,000,000 YBN
15 16 17 18 19 		6362) The Holometabola Order: Diptera10 11 {DiPTRe12 } evolves, true flies,
having a single pair of wings: the ancestor of the mosquito, gnat, deer fly,
horse fly, fruit fly, drosophila {DrO-SoF-u_lu13 }, and house fly)14 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
2. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera
3. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of
Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 07
May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera
4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
5. ^ "Diptera."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera
6. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 07 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera
7. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
8. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera
9. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of
Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 07
May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera
10. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
11. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7147&lvl=3&
lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock
12. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera
13. ^ "drosophila." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 13 Jul. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/drosophila>.
14. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 07 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera
15. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
16. ^ Labandeira, Conrad C.
“Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous Divergence Time and the Early
Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major Holometabola Lineages.”
Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011):
9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1664/10-RA-011.1
17. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 07 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera
18. ^ Wiegmann, Brian M. et al. “Episodic Radiations in the Fly Tree of
Life.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2011): n.
pag. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/03/15/1012675108.full.pdf+html
19. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p469.

MORE INFO
[1] Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p197
  
251,400,000 YBN
8 9 10 		102) The largest mass extinction of history, the End-Permian mass extinction.
82% of all genera are observed extinct.4

The Permian–Triassic extinction event is the Earth's most severe extinction
event, with up to 96% of all marine species5 and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate
species becoming extinct6 . It is the only known mass extinction of insects.7
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and
Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No.
1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr.
29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148
2. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the
Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological
Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks
Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp.
11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148
3. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and
Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No.
1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr.
29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148
4. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the
Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological
Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks
Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp.
11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148
5. ^ Benton M J (2005). When life nearly died: the greatest mass extinction of
all time. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28573-X.
6. ^ Sahney S and Benton M.J (2008).
"Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time" (PDF).
Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological 275 (1636): 759–765.
doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC 2596898. PMID 18198148.
7. ^ Labandeira CC, Sepkoski JJ
(1993). "Insect diversity in the fossil record". Science 261 (5119): 310–315.
doi:10.1126/science.11536548. PMID 11536548.
8. ^ Jin YG, Wang Y, Wang W, Shang QH, Cao
CQ, Erwin DH (2000). "Pattern of Marine Mass Extinction Near the
Permian–Triassic Boundary in South China". Science 289 (5478): 432–436.
Bibcode 2000Sci...289..432J. doi:10.1126/science.289.5478.432. PMID 10903200.
{251.4 MYBN}
9. ^ Bowring SA, Erwin DH, Jin YG, Martin MW, Davidek K, Wang W (1998).
"U/Pb Zircon Geochronology and Tempo of the End-Permian Mass Extinction".
Science 280 (5366): 1039–1045. doi:10.1126/science.280.5366.1039. {251.4
MYBN}
10. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and
Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No.
1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr.
29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148 {245 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
[2] http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/06/060601174729.htm
[3] http://www.ia.ucsb.edu/pa/display.aspx?pkey=1073
  
251,000,000 YBN
4 		54) The end of the Paleozoic and start of the Mesozoic Era, and the end of the
Permian (299-251 mybn) and start of the Triassic (251-201.6 mybn) period.3
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
2. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
3. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
4. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
  
251,000,000 YBN
452) The supercontinent Pangea (PaNJEe) forms.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
  
250,000,000 YBN
5 6 		241) The gymnosperms "Gnetales" {ne-TA-lEZ1 } evolve;2 3 thought to be the
closest living gymnosperm relatives of the angiosperms.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Gnetales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 08 Mar. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gnetales-1
2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
3. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
4. ^ "Gnetales."
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc., 2005. Answers.com 08 Mar. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/gnetales-1
5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis
and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of
view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c250 (270 for
living species)
6. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto
and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic
Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c350 (300 for radiation)
  
235,000,000 YBN
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 		304) The Protist Phlyum "Haptophyta" {HaPTuFITu16 } evolves, the
Coccolithophores {KoK-o-lit-u-FORZ17 }.18 19 20

Most haptophytes are coccolithophores, unicellular (flagellated21 22 ) marine
protists with calcified plates (or coccoliths) embedded in their cell walls.23
24 25

Some haptophytes turn parts of the ocean bright turquoise during their
blooms.26
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=haptophyta&submit=Submit
2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=coccolithophores&submit=Submit
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).has
heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
6. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=haptophyta&submit=Submit
7. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=coccolithophores&submit=Submit
8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
10. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).has
heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
11. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=haptophyta&submit=Submit
12. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=coccolithophores&submit=Submit
13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
15. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).has
heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
16. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=haptophyta&submit=Submit
17. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=coccolithophores&submit=Submit
18. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
20. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).has
heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
21. ^
http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P10520
22. ^ empty
23. ^ empty
24. ^ empty
25. ^ Morrissey, J., and J. Sumich. Introduction to the
Biology of Marine Life. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2011, p67.
26. ^
http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Biorealm/eukaryotes/emiliania/emiliania.htm
27. ^ Taylor, E.L., T.N. Taylor, and M. Krings. Paleobotany: The Biology and
Evolution of Fossil Plants. Elsevier Science, 2008,
p145. http://books.google.com/books?id=_29tNNeQKeMC
28. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809
-818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract {c1050
mybn}
29. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote
evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B
August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {920 mybn}
30. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of
Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {genetic)1382 mybn}
31. ^ De
Vargas, Aubry, Probert, Young, "Origin and Evolution of Cocolithophores: From
Coastal Hunters to Oceanic Farmers", Chapter 12, p251. in: Paul G. Falkowski,
Andrew H. Knoll, "Evolution of primary producers in the sea",
2007. http://books.google.com/books?id=5tRSAr1JMhwC {DNA)1900mybn}
{genetic)1900mybn}
32. ^ Linda Medlin, et al, "Phylogenic relationships of the 'golden algae'
(haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids", Plant Systematics
and Evolution (Supplement), v11, 1997,
p187-219. http://epic.awi.de/2100/1/Med1997c.pdf {DNA)1750 mybn} {genetic)1750
mybn}
33. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/prymnesiophyta.html {possible
fossil) 318mybn}
34. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for
eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc.
R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {genetic) 920 mybn}
35. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
{possible fossil) 318mybn}
36. ^
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/prymnesiophyta.html {certain fossil)
201mybn}
37. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ {certain fossil) 201mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn)
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn)
[3] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J.
Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of
Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972,
(2000). (has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch)
[4]
http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Haptophyta.html
  
228,000,000 YBN
22 23 24 		412) The Reptiles: Dinosaurs evolve.16 17 18 19
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154.
2. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and
the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html
4. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154.
5. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
6. ^ "dinosaur." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/dinosaur
7. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and
the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html
8. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154.
9. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
10. ^ "dinosaur." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/dinosaur
11. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and
the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html
12. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154.
13. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
14. ^ "dinosaur." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/dinosaur
15. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and
the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html
16. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154.
17. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
18. ^ "dinosaur." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/dinosaur
19. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and
the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html
20. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and
the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html
21. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154.
22. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al.
“Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of
Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html {228
MYBN}
23. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {228 MYBN}
24. ^ Benton,
"Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. {230-220 MYBN}
earliest fossils: (Ischigualasto Formation) Valley of the Moon, Ischigualasto
Provinvial Park, northwestern Argestina20 21   
228,000,000 YBN
13 		6282) Dinosaurs divide into two major lines: the Ornithischians {ORnitiSKEiNZ9
} (Bird-hipped dinosaurs) and the Saurischians {SoriSKEiNZ10 } (Lizard-hipped
dinosaurs).11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "ornithischian." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 10 Jun.
2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ornithischian>.
2. ^ "saurischian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/saurischian
3. ^ James O. Farlow, M. K. Brett-Surman, "The Complete Dinosaur", 1999,
p210. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FOViD-lDPy0C
4. ^ Harold Levine, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p417.
5. ^ "ornithischian."
Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 10 Jun. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ornithischian>.
6. ^ "saurischian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/saurischian
7. ^ James O. Farlow, M. K. Brett-Surman, "The Complete Dinosaur", 1999,
p210. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FOViD-lDPy0C
8. ^ Harold Levine, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p417.
9. ^ "ornithischian."
Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 10 Jun. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ornithischian>.
10. ^ "saurischian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/saurischian
11. ^ James O. Farlow, M. K. Brett-Surman, "The Complete Dinosaur", 1999,
p210. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FOViD-lDPy0C
12. ^ Harold Levine, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p417.
13. ^ James O. Farlow, M.
K. Brett-Surman, "The Complete Dinosaur", 1999,
p210. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FOViD-lDPy0C {Carnian:
average of) 235-228 mybn}
  
228,000,000 YBN
27 28 29 		6283) The Saurischian {SoriSKEiN17 } Dinosaurs split into two major lines: The
Sauropodomorpha (SoroPiDimORFu18 } and the Therapoda {tiRoPiDu19 }.20

The Sauropodomorphs are divided into prosauropods and sauropods, are mostly
plant-eating, and include the large, long-necked dinosaurs like Apatosaurus.21


The Theropod {tERePoD22 } dinosaurs are bipedal and carnivorous and include
Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus, and Velociraptor. All birds descend from a Therapod
ancestor.23 24
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "saurischian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/saurischian
2. ^ "sauropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sauropod
3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=theropoda
4. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116.
5. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates",
2002, p115-116.
6. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod
7. ^ "theropod." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod
8. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116.
9. ^ "saurischian." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/saurischian
10. ^ "sauropod." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sauropod
11. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=theropoda
12. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116.
13. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002,
p115-116.
14. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod
15. ^ "theropod." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod
16. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116.
17. ^ "saurischian." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/saurischian
18. ^ "sauropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sauropod
19. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=theropoda
20. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116.
21. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002,
p115-116.
22. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod
23. ^ "theropod." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod
24. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116.
25. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive
dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria.”
Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html
26. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154.
27. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al.
“Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of
Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html {228
MYBN}
28. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {228 MYBN}
29. ^ Benton,
"Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. {230-220 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=sauropodomorpha&submit=Submit
earliest fossils: (Ischigualasto Formation) Valley of the Moon, Ischigualasto
Provinvial Park, northwestern Argestina25 26   
225,000,000 YBN
13 14 15 		126) The Synapsids Mammals evolve.8 The first mammary gland.9

Mammals are warm-blooded vertebrates that have four limbs (except for some
aquatic species).10
The female has mammary glands, which secrete milk for the
nourishment of the young after birth. In the majority of mammals the body is
partially or entirely covered with hair.11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of
West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13,
No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on
behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514
2. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of
West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13,
No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on
behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper
Triassic of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,
Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis,
Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper
Triassic of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,
Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis,
Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514
7. ^ Ted Huntington.
8. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper
Triassic of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,
Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis,
Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514
9. ^ Ted Huntington.
10. ^ "mammal." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 04 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mammal
11. ^ "mammal." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia
University Press., 2013. Answers.com 04 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mammal
12. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of
West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13,
No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on
behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514
13. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of
West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13,
No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on
behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514 {225 MYBN}
14. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive
Life", 2009, p197.
15. ^ Palmer, Tree of Life,
2009. http://timetree.org/pdf/Shedlock2009Chap52.pdf

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.abqtrib.com/albq/nw_science/article/0,2668,ALBQ_21236_4546322,00.html

earliest fossils: (Dockum Formation) Kalgary, Crosby County, Texas, USA12
  
225,000,000 YBN
9 10 		369) The Ray-Finned Fishes Teleost (TeLEoST) fishes evolve.6

Teleosts are a large group of fishes with bony skeletons, including most common
fishes.7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ "teleost." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 26 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/teleost
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ "teleost." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/teleost
9. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p197.
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).

MORE INFO
[1] Inoue, JG, Miya, M, Tsukamoto, K, Nishida, M (2003) "Basal
actinopterygian relationships: A mitogenomic perspective on the phylogeny of
the ldquoancient fish.rdquo" Mol Phylogenet Evol 26:
110-120 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790302003317
  
220,000,000 YBN
14 15 		387) The most primitive extant reptiles9 , the Testudines {TeSTUDinEZ10 }
evolve: the ancestor of all Turtles, Tortoises and Terrapins.11 12

The turtle shell evolves from broadened ribs.13
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p261-301.
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=testudines&submit=Submit
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301.
4. ^ "turtle." Britannica Concise
Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 10 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/turtle
5. ^ Cracraft, J., and M.J. Donoghue. Assembling the Tree of Life. Oxford
University Press, USA, 2004. Nueva Colecci�n Labor,
p452. http://books.google.com/books?id=6lXTP0YU6_kC&pg=PA452
6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=testudines&submit=Submit
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p261-301.
8. ^ "turtle." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/turtle
9. ^ Cracraft, J., and M.J. Donoghue. Assembling the Tree of Life. Oxford
University Press, USA, 2004. Nueva Colecci�n Labor,
p452. http://books.google.com/books?id=6lXTP0YU6_kC&pg=PA452
10. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=testudines&submit=Submit
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301.
12. ^ "turtle." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/turtle
13. ^ Melissa Hogenboom, "How the turtle got its unique hard shell", BBC
5/31/2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22715018
14. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p196.
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. {300
MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] "terrapin." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/terrapin
  
220,000,000 YBN
5 6 7 		389) The reptiles: Tuataras {TUeToRoZ} evolve.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p261-301.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301.
4. ^ "tuatara." The Columbia
Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011.
Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tuatara
5. ^ "tuatara." Encyclop�dia Britannica.
Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 29
Jan. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/608113/tuatara>.
6. ^ Cracraft, J., and M.J. Donoghue. Assembling the Tree of Life.
Oxford University Press, USA, 2004. Nueva Colecci�n Labor,
p452. http://books.google.com/books?id=6lXTP0YU6_kC&pg=PA452
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p261-301. {255 MYBN}
(Islands of) New Zealand4   
220,000,000 YBN
19 20 		428) The first flying vertebrate, the Reptiles Pterosaurs evolve.11 12

Flight in pterosaurs, birds, and bats evolves independently.13 14

Pterosaurs actively fly (contracting their wing muscles to flap), as opposed to
only glide.15

That some pterosaurs had hair16 is evidence that they may have been
warm-blooded.17 18
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Éric Buffetaut, "Evolution and palaeobiology of pterosaurs", Geological
Society, 2003, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id=8CKYxcylOycC
2. ^ Steven M. Stanley, "Earth System History", Third edition,
2009, p390.
3. ^ Unwin, David M. “Pterosaurs: back to the traditional model?”
Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14.7 (1999) :
263-268. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534799016055
4. ^ Éric Buffetaut, "Evolution and palaeobiology of pterosaurs", Geological
Society, 2003, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id=8CKYxcylOycC
5. ^ Steven M. Stanley, "Earth System History", Third edition,
2009, p390.
6. ^ Unwin, David M. “Pterosaurs: back to the traditional model?”
Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14.7 (1999) :
263-268. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534799016055
7. ^ Éric Buffetaut, "Evolution and palaeobiology of pterosaurs", Geological
Society, 2003, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id=8CKYxcylOycC
8. ^ Steven M. Stanley, "Earth System History", Third edition,
2009, p390.
9. ^ Éric Buffetaut, "Evolution and palaeobiology of pterosaurs",
Geological Society, 2003, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id=8CKYxcylOycC
10. ^ Steven M. Stanley, "Earth System History",
Third edition, 2009, p390.
11. ^ Éric Buffetaut, "Evolution and palaeobiology of
pterosaurs", Geological Society, 2003,
p107. http://books.google.com/books?id=8CKYxcylOycC
12. ^ Steven M. Stanley, "Earth System History", Third edition, 2009, p390.
13. ^
Alexander, D.E., and S. Vogel. Nature’s Flyers: Birds, Insects, and the
Biomechanics of Flight. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. Nature’s
Flyers, p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=zj395mz_GYkC&pg=PA3
14. ^ Publishing, DK. DK Eyewitness Books: Animal. DK Publishing, 2012.
DK EYEWITNESS BOOKS,
p38. http://books.google.com/books?id=jl0cNGQ0gJ0C&pg=PT40
15. ^ Martill, David M., and David M. Unwin. “Exceptionally well preserved
pterosaur wing membrane from the Cretaceous of Brazil.” Nature 340.6229
(1989) :
138-140. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v340/n6229/abs/340138a0.html
16. ^ R. Wild, "A juvenile specimen of Eudimorphodon ranzii Zambelli (Reptilia,
Pterosauria) from the upper Triassic (Norian) of Bergamo", Rivista del Museo
Civico di Scienze Naturali 'Enrico Caffi', Bergamo, 16, 95-120.
17. ^ Niels Bonde and
Per Christiansen, "The detailed anatomy of Rhamphorhynchus: axial pneumaticity
and its implications", Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2003,
v. 217, p. 217-232 doi:
10.1144/​GSL.SP.2003.217.01.13 http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/217/1/21
7.abstract
18. ^ Martill, David M., and David M. Unwin. “Exceptionally well preserved
pterosaur wing membrane from the Cretaceous of Brazil.” Nature 340.6229
(1989) :
138-140. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v340/n6229/abs/340138a0.html
19. ^ Peter Wellnhofer, "Pterosaurs", 1991, p59-60,166. {220MYBN}
20. ^
http://www.dinodata.net/DNM/dallav.htm {215 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] http://dipbsf.uninsubria.it/paleo/dvecchia.htm
[2] Eberhard Frey, Helmut Tischlinger, Marie-Céline Buchy, and David
M. Martill, "New specimens of Pterosauria (Reptilia) with soft parts with
implications for pterosaurian anatomy and locomotion ", Geological Society,
London, Special Publications 2003, 217:233-266;
doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.14
  
210,000,000 YBN
5 		390) The Reptiles Iguania evolve: (the ancestor of iguanas, chameleons, and
spiny lizards).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p261-301.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301.
5. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p261-301. {210 MYBN}
  
210,000,000 YBN
5 		391) The Reptiles: Scleroglossa evolve (the ancestor of snakes, skinks, and
geckos).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {210 MYBN}
  
210,000,000 YBN
4 		6313) The earliest extant Teleosts: Bonytongues evolve.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).

MORE INFO
[1] Inoue, JG, Miya, M, Tsukamoto, K, Nishida, M (2003) "Basal
actinopterygian relationships: A mitogenomic perspective on the phylogeny of
the ldquoancient fish.rdquo" Mol Phylogenet Evol 26:
110-120 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790302003317
  
201,600,000 YBN
6 7 8 		127) The End-Triassic mass extinction. 53% of all genera are observed extinct.4


Many terrestrial vertebrates and large amphibians go extinct.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and
Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No.
1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr.
29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148
2. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the
Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological
Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks
Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp.
11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148
3. ^ Palmer, et, al., "Primitive Life" 2009, p197.
4. ^ David Jablonski and W. G.
Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical
Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction
Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp.
11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148
5. ^ Palmer, et, al., "Primitive Life" 2009, p197.
6. ^ The geological Society of
America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
7. ^ Whiteside, Jessica H.; Paul E. Olsen, Timothy Eglinton, Michael E.
Brookfield, and Raymond N. Sambrotto (March 22, 2010). "Compound-specific
carbon isotopes from Earth's largest flood basalt eruptions directly linked to
the end-Triassic mass extinction". PNAS 107 (15): 6721–5.
doi:10.1073/pnas.1001706107. PMC 2872409. PMID 20308590. {201.4 MYBN}
8. ^ David
Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and
Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No.
1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr.
29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148 {208 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] David Jablonski, "Lessons from the Past: Evolutionary Impacts of Mass
Extinctions", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America, Vol. 98, No. 10 (May 8, 2001), pp.
5393-5398. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3055638
  
201,600,000 YBN
4 		228) The end of the Triassic (251-201.6 mybn), and start of the Jurassic
(201.6-145.5 mybn) Period.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
2. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
3. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
4. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf

MORE INFO
[1] USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
  
201,600,000 YBN
14 15 		6372) The Ornithischians Thyreophora {tIrEoFeru9 } evolve; the ancestor of the
armored ankylosaurs {ANKilOSORZ10 } and the plated stegosaurs {STeGeSORZ11 }.12

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thyreophora&submit=Submit
2. ^ "ankylosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ankylosaurus
3. ^ "stegosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/stegosaur
4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p271.
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thyreophora&submit=Submit
6. ^ "ankylosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ankylosaurus
7. ^ "stegosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/stegosaur
8. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p271.
9. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thyreophora&submit=Submit
10. ^ "ankylosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ankylosaurus
11. ^ "stegosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/stegosaur
12. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p271.
13. ^ Colbert, "A primitive
ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona", Bulletin (Museum
of Northern Arizona), No 53, 1981.
14. ^ Colbert, "A primitive ornithischian dinosaur
from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona", Bulletin (Museum of Northern Arizona),
No 53, 1981, p56-57.
15. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p224.

MORE INFO
[1] Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of
Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. pp. 134–135.
ISBN 1-84028-152-9
(Kayenta Formation) Arizona, USA13   
201,000,000 YBN
2 		6652) Wasps evolve.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p409,412.
2. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p409,412.

MORE INFO
[1] Labandeira, C. C. and T. L. Phillips. 2002. Stem borings and petiole
galls from Pennsylvanian tree ferns of Illinois, USA: Implications for the
origin of the borer and galler functional-feeding-groups and holometabolous
insects. Palaeontographica A 264:1–84, 16 pls
[2] "gall." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/gall
[3] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p408
[4] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p428
[5] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p458
[6] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146
  
200,000,000 YBN
5 		370) The Teleosts: eels and tarpons evolve.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {200 MYBN}
  
200,000,000 YBN
8 9 10 		392) The Reptiles: Crocodilia {KroKoDiLEu6 } evolve (the ancestor of
Crocodiles, allegators, and caimans {KAmeNS}).7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p261-301.
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=crocodilia&submit=Submit
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301.
4. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=crocodilia&submit=Submit
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p261-301.
6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=crocodilia&submit=Submit
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301.
8. ^ "crocodile." Encyclop�dia Britannica.
Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 29
Jan. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143679/crocodile>.
9. ^ Cracraft, J., and M.J. Donoghue. Assembling the Tree of Life.
Oxford University Press, USA, 2004. Nueva Colecci�n Labor,
p452. http://books.google.com/books?id=6lXTP0YU6_kC&pg=PA452
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p261-301. {245 MYBN}
  
195,000,000 YBN
25 26 		246) The Saurischian {SoriSKEiN16 } Sauropods {SoRuPoDZ17 } evolve; the
ancestor of the large, long-necked dinosaurs like Apatosaurus {uPaTuSORuS18 },
Brachiosaurus {BrAKEuSORuS19 }, and Diplodocus {DiPloDiKuS20 }.21 22 23
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ "Sauropod." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 14 Jun. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Sauropod>.
2. ^ "apatosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/apatosaurus
3. ^ "brachiosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/brachiosaurus
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diplodocus&submit=Submit
5. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
6. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", p115-116, 2002.
7. ^ Palmer et al, "Primative
Life", 2009, p224.
8. ^ "saurischian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/saurischian
9. ^ "Sauropod." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 14
Jun. 2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Sauropod>.
10. ^ "apatosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/apatosaurus
11. ^ "brachiosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/brachiosaurus
12. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diplodocus&submit=Submit
13. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
14. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", p115-116, 2002.
15. ^ Palmer et al,
"Primative Life", 2009, p224.
16. ^ "saurischian." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/saurischian
17. ^ "Sauropod." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random
House, Inc. 14 Jun. 2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Sauropod>.
18. ^ "apatosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 11 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/apatosaurus
19. ^ "brachiosaur." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 11 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/brachiosaurus
20. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diplodocus&submit=Submit
21. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
22. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", p115-116, 2002.
23. ^ Palmer et al, "Primative
Life", 2009, p224.
24. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
25. ^ Palmer et al, "Primative Life", 2009, p224.
26. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {150 MYBN}
western USA24   
195,000,000 YBN
10 		6373) The Ornithischian Ornithopoda {ORnitoPiDu7 } evolve; the duck-billed
dinosaurs, ancestor of the Hadrosaurs.8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ornithopoda
2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p224.
3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates",
p115-116, 2002.
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ornithopoda
5. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p224.
6. ^ Kardong,
"Vertebrates", p115-116, 2002.
7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ornithopoda
8. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009,
p224.
9. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", p115-116, 2002.
10. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p224.
  
190,000,000 YBN
5 		371) The Teleosts: herrings and anchovies evolve.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {190 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201773&tree=0.1
  
190,000,000 YBN
6 		6289) The Supercontinent Pangea splits into Laurasia and Gondwana. The northern
part, Laurasia will form North America and Europe. The southern part, Gondwana
will form South America and Africa.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p176,375.
2. ^ Harold
Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p176,375.
3. ^ Harold Levin, "The
Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p176,375.
4. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth
Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p176,375.
5. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through
Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p176,375.
6. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time",
Eighth Edition, 2006, p176,375. {190 mybn}
Pangea5   
190,000,000 YBN
15 16 17 18 19 20 		6347) The Holometabola Order Lepidoptera {lePiDoPTRu10 } evolves (the ancestor
of moths, butterflies, and caterpillars).11 12 13
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lepidoptera&submit=Submit
2. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the
insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol
Biol Evol,
2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2
002.pdf}
3. ^ Douzery et al., "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: does a relaxed
molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,
2004. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/43/15386.abstract
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lepidoptera&submit=Submit
5. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the
insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol
Biol Evol,
2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2
002.pdf}
6. ^ Douzery et al., "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: does a relaxed
molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,
2004. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/43/15386.abstract
7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lepidoptera&submit=Submit
8. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the
insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol
Biol Evol,
2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2
002.pdf}
9. ^ Douzery et al., "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: does a relaxed
molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,
2004. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/43/15386.abstract
10. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lepidoptera&submit=Submit
11. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the
insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol
Biol Evol,
2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2
002.pdf}
12. ^ Douzery et al., "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: does a relaxed
molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,
2004. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/43/15386.abstract
13. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7088&lvl=3&
lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock
14. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p556.
15. ^ Palmer, et al,
"Prehistoric Life", 2009, p224.
16. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects",
2005, p556.
17. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p469.
18. ^ Hedges and
Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p262.
19. ^ Douzery et al., "The timing of
eukaryotic evolution: does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and
fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,
2004. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/43/15386.abstract
20. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects
and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol,
2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2
002.pdf}
earliest fossils: Dorset, England14   
180,000,000 YBN
23 24 25 		456) The earliest extant mammals, the Mammal Order Monotremata10
{moN-O-Tre-moD-e11 } evolves: the Monotremes {moNeTrEMZ12 }.13

Monotremes are an order of primitive egg-laying mammals restricted to
Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea. The Monotremes consist of only the platypus
and two species of echidna.14 15

Monotreme means "single hole" in Greek.16 Like birds and reptiles, monotremes
have a single opening, the cloaca {KlO-A-Ko17 }, for the passage of liquid and
solid wastes, the transfer of sperm, and, in the female, the laying of eggs.18


After hatching, young cling to the belly of the mother. Monotremes have no
nipples, but milk is secreted for the young by mammary glands on the belly of
the mother through openings in the mother's skin.19 20

Monotremes are also the most primitive extant warm blooded and hair growing
species.21
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "monotreme." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), 238-260.
3. ^ "monotreme." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 238-260.
5. ^ "monotreme." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 238-260.
7. ^ "monotreme." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme
8. ^ "monotreme." Britannica Concise
Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Jul.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme
9. ^ Ted Huntington.
10. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9255&lvl=3&
lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock
11. ^ "Monotremata." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 05 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/monotremata-2
12. ^ "monotreme." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), 238-260.
14. ^ "monotreme." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
28 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme
15. ^ "monotreme." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme
16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), 238-260.
17. ^ "cloaca." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
30 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cloaca
18. ^ "monotreme." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 25 Oct. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme
19. ^ Starr, C., C.A. Evers, and L. Starr. Biology: Concepts and Applications
Without Physiology. Cengage Learning,
2010. http://books.google.com/books?id=edTsIG--n5QC&pg=PA387
20. ^ Campbell et al, "Biology", 2008, p722.
21. ^ Ted Huntington.
22. ^ "monotreme." Britannica
Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28
Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme
23. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). {180 MYBN}
24. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009,
p282.
25. ^ Hedges, Tree of Life, 2009 http://timetree.org/pdf/Madsen2009Chap68.pdf

MORE INFO
[1] "Monotremata". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotremata
Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea22   
170,000,000 YBN
5 		372) The Teleosts: carp, minnows, and piranhas evolve.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {170 MYBN}
  
170,000,000 YBN
5 		373) The Teleosts: salmon, trout, and pike evolve.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
  
170,000,000 YBN
7 8 		383) The Amphibians: Salamanders evolve.4

Salamanders are able to regenerate a lost limb or tail,5 by cells in the
damaged area changing back to slightly less mature versions6 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ "salamander." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2013. Answers.com 04
May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/salamander
6. ^ Keim, Brandon (July 1, 2009). "Salamander Discovery Could Lead
to Human Limb Regeneration".
Wired. http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/07/regeneration/
7. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p225.
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {305 MYBN}
  
165,000,000 YBN
13 14 		358) The Cartilaginous fishes: batoidea {BuTOEDEu9 } evolve, the ancestor of
all rays, skates, and sawfishes.10 11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=batoidea&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363.
3. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl
4. ^ Douady, Christophe J. et al. “Molecular
Phylogenetic Evidence Refuting the Hypothesis of Batoidea (rays and Skates) as
Derived Sharks.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 26.2 (2003):
215–221. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790302003330
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=batoidea&submit=Submit
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p360-363.
7. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl
8. ^ Douady, Christophe J. et al. “Molecular
Phylogenetic Evidence Refuting the Hypothesis of Batoidea (rays and Skates) as
Derived Sharks.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 26.2 (2003):
215–221. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790302003330
9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=batoidea&submit=Submit
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363.
11. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl
12. ^ Douady, Christophe J. et al. “Molecular
Phylogenetic Evidence Refuting the Hypothesis of Batoidea (rays and Skates) as
Derived Sharks.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 26.2 (2003):
215–221. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790302003330
13. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282.
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. {190
MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=Elasmobranchii
  
150,000,000 YBN
8 9 		330) Stegosaurus, an armored, plant-eating Thyreophoran {tIRrEoFereN4 }
dinosaur lives around this time.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thyreophora&submit=Submit
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116.
4. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thyreophora&submit=Submit
5. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
6. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116.
7. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
8. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {150 MYBN}
9. ^ Palmer, et al.,
"Primitive Life", 2009, p225.
western USA7   
150,000,000 YBN
6 		374) The Teleosts: Lightfish and Dragonfish evolve.4

Lightfish are characterized by luminescent organs on the undersides of their
bodies.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ "lightfish>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v
1.1). Random House, Inc. "lightfish." © Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc..
Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.. 04 May. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lightfish>.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {150 MYBN}
  
150,000,000 YBN
17 		393) The Therapods {tERePoDZ10 } Birds evolve. The first feather.11

Fossils of therapod dinosaurs from China indicate that feathers may have
originally evolved on non-flying reptiles for insulation (or courting12 ) and
not for flight.13

At least one known feathered dinosaur can probably glide, which suggests that
flapping flight evolves as an extension of gliding from trees.14 15

Birds have highly developed color vision.16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ Sumida, Stuart S, and Christopher A Brochu.
“Phylogenetic Context for the Origin of Feathers.” American Zoologist 40.4
(2000) : 486-503.
Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/4/486.abstract
7. ^ Ji, Q., P. J. Currie, M. A. Norell, and S.-A. Ji. 1998. Two feathered
dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature,
393753-761. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v393/n6687/full/393753a0.html
8. ^ Xu, Xing et al. “Four-winged dinosaurs from China.” Nature 421.6921
(2003) :
335-340. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6921/abs/nature01342.html
9. ^ Smith, Patrick E. et al. “Dates and rates in ancient lakes: 40Ar–39Ar
evidence for an Early Cretaceous age for the Jehol Group, northeast China.”
Can. J. Earth Sci. 32.9 (2011) :
1426-1431. http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1139%2F
e95-115
10. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
12. ^ Sumida, Stuart S, and Christopher A Brochu. “Phylogenetic
Context for the Origin of Feathers.” American Zoologist 40.4 (2000) :
486-503. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/4/486.abstract
13. ^ Ji, Q., P. J. Currie, M. A. Norell, and S.-A. Ji. 1998. Two
feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature,
393753-761. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v393/n6687/full/393753a0.html
14. ^ Xu, Xing et al. “Four-winged dinosaurs from China.” Nature 421.6921
(2003) :
335-340. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6921/abs/nature01342.html
15. ^ Smith, Patrick E. et al. “Dates and rates in ancient lakes: 40Ar–39Ar
evidence for an Early Cretaceous age for the Jehol Group, northeast China.”
Can. J. Earth Sci. 32.9 (2011) :
1426-1431. http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1139%2F
e95-115
16. ^ Mark Pagel, "Encyclopedia of Evolution", 2002, vol 1,
p110. {Pagel_Encyclopedia_Of_Evolution_2002.pdf}
17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {245 MYBN} {245 MYBN (bird and croc split}

MORE INFO
[1] Xu, X., Z. Tang, and X. Wang. 1999a. A therizinosauroid dinosaur with
integumentary structures from China. Nature, 399350-354
[2] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and
RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves:
Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion.”
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149.1 (2007) :
1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full
[3] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their
Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5884/1763
[4] Hedges, S. Blair et al. “Continental breakup and the ordinal
diversification of birds and mammals.” Nature 381.6579 (1996) :
226-229. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v381/n6579/abs/381226a0.html
[5] Ivanov, M., Hrdlickova, S. & Gregorova, R. (2001) The Complete Encyclopedia
of Fossils. Rebo Publishers, Netherlands. pp. 312
[6] Zhang, Z., Gao, C., Meng, Q.,
Liu, J., Hou, L., & Zheng, G. (2009). Diversification in an early cretaceous
avian genus: evidence from a new species of Confuciusornis from china. Journal
of Ornithology , 150 (4), 783-790. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-009-0399-x
[7] Hou L, Zhou Z, Gu Y, Zhang H (1995a) Confuciusornis sanctus, a new Late
Jurassic sauriurine bird from China. Chin Sci Bull 40:1545–1551
  
145,000,000 YBN
27 28 29 30 31 		245) The Seed plants angiosperms evolve. The first flowering plant.21 22 23

Almost all grains, beans, nuts, fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices come from
plants with flowers. Much of our clothing comes from flowering plants too, for
example: cotton and linen are made from "fibers" of flowering plants, as are
rope and burlap. Many commercial dyes and drugs also come from flowering
plants.24

Angiosperms represent approximately 80 percent of all the known green plants
now living. The angiosperms are vascular seed plants in which the ovule (or
egg) is fertilized and develops into a seed in an enclosed hollow ovary. The
ovary is usually enclosed in a flower, the part of the angiosperm that contains
the male or female reproductive organs or both.25 The fruit is the ovary of a
plant which encloses seeds.26
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.short
2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V
Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088868/
4. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/anthophyta.html
5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
6. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
7. ^ N Wikstrom, V
Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
8. ^
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/anthophyta.html
9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
10. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
11. ^ N Wikstrom,
V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
12. ^
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/anthophyta.html
13. ^ "Article". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
"angiosperm", Encyclopedia Britannica 2012.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/24667/angiosperm/24667main/Article
14. ^ "fruit". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
"fruit", Encyclopedia Britannica,
2012. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/221056/fruit
15. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
16. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
17. ^ N Wikstrom,
V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
18. ^
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/anthophyta.html
19. ^ "Article". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
"angiosperm", Encyclopedia Britannica 2012.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/24667/angiosperm/24667main/Article
20. ^ "Article". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
"angiosperm", Encyclopedia Britannica 2012.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/24667/angiosperm/24667main/Article
21. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
22. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
23. ^ N Wikstrom,
V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
24. ^
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/anthophyta.html
25. ^ "Article". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
"angiosperm", Encyclopedia Britannica 2012.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/24667/angiosperm/24667main/Article
26. ^ "Article". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
"angiosperm", Encyclopedia Britannica 2012.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/24667/angiosperm/24667main/Article
27. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p607-613.
28. ^ Palmer, et al.,
"Primitive Life", 2009, p282.
29. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American
Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.short (175mybn) {Gymno-angio spilt)
320 mybn (radiation at 180my}
30. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia
Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution,
(2004). http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract (c100mybn)
{320-290 mybn (radiation at 100 mybn}
31. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009,
p135. http://timetree.org/pdf/Magallon2009Chap11.pdf

MORE INFO
[1] "Fruit". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit
[2] THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP. “An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group Classification for the Orders and Families of Flowering Plants: APG
III.” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161.2 (2009):
105–121. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339
[3] Kumar, Hedges, "Time Tree of Life", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php
Israel, Morocco, Libya, and possibly China  
144,000,000 YBN
128) The end of the Jurassic (201.6-145.5 mybn), and start of the Cretaceous
(145.5-65.5 mybn) Period.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
2. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
3. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
  
143,000,000 YBN
17 18 19 20 21 		6288) The earliest extant Angiosperm "Amborella".13 14 15 16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V
Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.
5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
6. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D.
Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline
for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution,
(2004).
7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
8. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.
9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer,
Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and
some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
10. ^
Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes",
Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
11. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
12. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p612.
13. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase,
"The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal
of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
14. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia
Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
15. ^ N Wikstrom,
V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
16. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.
17. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p612.
18. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009.
http://timetree.org/book.php
19. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). (175mybn) {179mybn}
20. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase,
"The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal
of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (175mybn)
21. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett,
Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the
Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
(c100mybn)

MORE INFO
[1] "Fruit". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit
[2] Sun, G. , Dilcher, D. L. , Zheng, S.-L. & Zhou, Z.-K. In search of the
first flower: A Jurassic angiosperm, Archaefructus, from northeast China.
Science 282, 1692–1695
(1998). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/282/5394/1692
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2896858
  
140,000,000 YBN
13 14 15 16 		247) The Angiosperms Nymphaeales {niM-FE-A-lEZ10 } evolve, the Water Lilies.11
12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ based on: http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nymphaeaceae
2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase,
"The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal
of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
4. ^ based on:
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nymphaeaceae
5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
7. ^ based on:
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nymphaeaceae
8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
9. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
10. ^ based on:
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nymphaeaceae
11. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
12. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
13. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p612.
14. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php
15. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW
Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol
Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (171mybn)
16. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E.
Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points
of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (165mybn)
  
140,000,000 YBN
10 11 		421) The Ornithiscian5 Ceratopsian dinosaurs evolve (the ancestor of
Triceratops).6

Ceratopsian dinosaurs are plant-eating dinosaurs.7 Later ceratopsians have
massive heads armed with a sharp beak, long horns and a large sheet of bone
that grows from the back of the skull.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", p116, 2002.
2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p282.
3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", p116, 2002.
4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p282.
5. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", p116, 2002.
6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p282.
7. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115.
8. ^ Palmer, "The Marshall Illustrated
Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals", 1999, p162-163.
9. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
10. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282.
11. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {80 MYBN}
Mongolia, China9   
140,000,000 YBN
19 20 21 22 23 24 		457) The Mammals Marsupials evolve.12 The first nipple and breast.13 14

Marsupium means pouch in Latin. Marsupials are born as tiny embryos and crawl
through their mother's fur into the pouch where they clamp their mouths to a
nipple. The other main group of mammals are called placentals because they feed
their embryos using a placenta which allows the baby to be born much later. The
pouch is like an external womb.15
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p230-237.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237.
4. ^ Williams, W.R. A Monograph
on Diseases of the Breast: Their Pathology and Treatment, with Special
Reference to Cancer. Bale, 1894,
p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=QB01AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9
5. ^ Loke, Y.W. Life�s Vital Link: The Astonishing Role of the Placenta. OUP
Oxford, 2013. http://books.google.com/books?id=ELoP_omQfkoC&pg=PP34
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237.
7. ^ Williams, W.R. A Monograph on Diseases of the
Breast: Their Pathology and Treatment, with Special Reference to Cancer. Bale,
1894, p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=QB01AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9
8. ^ Loke, Y.W. Life�s Vital Link: The Astonishing Role of the
Placenta. OUP Oxford,
2013. http://books.google.com/books?id=ELoP_omQfkoC&pg=PP34
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p230-237.
10. ^ Williams, W.R. A Monograph on Diseases of the Breast:
Their Pathology and Treatment, with Special Reference to Cancer. Bale, 1894,
p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=QB01AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9
11. ^ Loke, Y.W. Life�s Vital Link: The Astonishing Role of the Placenta. OUP
Oxford, 2013. http://books.google.com/books?id=ELoP_omQfkoC&pg=PP34
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237.
13. ^ Williams, W.R. A Monograph on Diseases of the
Breast: Their Pathology and Treatment, with Special Reference to Cancer. Bale,
1894, p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=QB01AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9
14. ^ Loke, Y.W. Life�s Vital Link: The Astonishing Role of the
Placenta. OUP Oxford,
2013. http://books.google.com/books?id=ELoP_omQfkoC&pg=PP34
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p230-237.
16. ^ Rincon, Paul (2003-12-12). "Rincon, P., Oldest Marsupial
Ancestor Found, BBC, Dec 2003". BBC News. Retrieved
2010-03-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3311911.stm
17. ^ "Pickrell, J., Oldest Marsupial Fossil Found in China, National
Geographic, December 2003". News.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/12/1215_031215_oldestmarsupial.ht
ml
18. ^ "Vertebrate Paleontology: Sinodelphys szalayi". Carnegie Museum of
Natural History. Retrieved
2010-10-21. http://www.carnegiemnh.org/vp/sinodelphys.html
19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p230-237. {140 MYBN}
20. ^ Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji Q (2011), "A
Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals", Nature
476(7361): p.
42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html
 {nature10291.pdf} {165MYBN}
21. ^ Hedges, Tree of Life,
2009 http://timetree.org/pdf/Madsen2009Chap68.pdf
22. ^ van Rheede, T. et al. The platypus is in its place: nuclear genes and
Indels confirm the sister group relation of monotremes and therians. Mol.
Biol. Evol. 23, 587–597 (2006). {143-178MYBN}
23. ^ Phillips, M. J., Bennett, T. H. & Lee,
M. S. Y. Molecules, morphology, and ecology indicate a recent, amphibious
ancestry for echidnas. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 17089–17094 (2009).
{193-186}
24. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282.
China16 17 18   
136,000,000 YBN
7 		460) The Birds Enantiornithes {iNaNTEORNitEZ5 } evolve.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=enantiornithes&submit=Submit
2. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.500.html#Enantiornithes
3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=enantiornithes&submit=Submit
4. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.500.html#Enantiornithes
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=enantiornithes&submit=Submit
6. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.500.html#Enantiornithes
7. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.500.html#Enantiornithes
{136 MYBN (estimate from}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil-Pictures/Birds/Protopteryx/Protopteryx-fengni
ngensis.htm
  
134,000,000 YBN
19 20 21 		250) The Angiosperms: "Magnoliids" {maGnOlEiDZ14 } evolve (the ancestor of
nutmeg, avocado, sassafras, cinnamon, black and white pepper, camphor, bay (or
laurel) tree, and magnolia.15 16 ).17 18
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "magnoliid>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"magnoliid." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin
Company. 20 May. 2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/magnoliid>.
2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American
Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.short
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088868/
4. ^ "magnoliid>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House,
Inc. "magnoliid." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton
Mifflin Company. 20 May. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/magnoliid>.
5. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088868/
6. ^ "Magnoliid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliid
7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). entire group is called magnoliids
9. ^ "magnoliid>.".
Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "magnoliid." The
American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 20 May. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/magnoliid>.
10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088868/
11. ^ "Magnoliid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliid
12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
13. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). entire group is called magnoliids
14. ^ "magnoliid>.".
Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "magnoliid." The
American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 20 May. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/magnoliid>.
15. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088868/
16. ^ "Magnoliid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliid
17. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
18. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). entire group is called magnoliids
19. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.
20. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009.
http://timetree.org/book.php
21. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). entire group is called magnoliids {179 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
  
133,000,000 YBN
18 19 20 		253) The Angiosperms Eudicots {YUDIKoTS13 } evolve (the largest lineage of
flowers).14 15

The two main groups of the Eudicots are the "rosids" and the "asterids".16

Eudicots are also called "tricolpates" which refers to the structure of the
pollen.17
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "eudicot>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"eudicot." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin
Company. 29 Dec. 2011. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/eudicot>.
2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American
Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
4. ^ "eudicot>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v
1.1). Random House, Inc. "eudicot." The American Heritage® Science
Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 29 Dec. 2011.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/eudicot>.
5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American
Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
8. ^ "eudicot>.". Dictionary.com
Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "eudicot." The American Heritage®
Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 29 Dec. 2011.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/eudicot>.
9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
11. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American
Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E.
Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points
of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
13. ^ "eudicot>.".
Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "eudicot." The
American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 29 Dec. 2011.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/eudicot>.
14. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
15. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
16. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American
Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
17. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E.
Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points
of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
18. ^ Grimaldi,
Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.
19. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree",
2009. http://timetree.org/book.php
20. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). (153mybn) {155 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2]
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=eudicot&submit=Submit
  
132,000,000 YBN
5 		462) The Birds Hesperornithiformes {HeS-Pe-rOR-nit-e-FOR-mEZ3 } evolve.4
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ "Hesperornithiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hesperornithiformes
2. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.500.html#Hesperornithiforme
s (estimate from)
3. ^ "Hesperornithiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific
and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 04 Jan.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/hesperornithiformes
4. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.500.html#Hesperornithiforme
s (estimate from)
5. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.500.html#Hesperornithiforme
s (estimate from)
  
130,000,000 YBN
9 		375) The Teleosts: Perch, seahorses, flying fish, pufferfish, and barracuda
evolve.7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=44719&tree=0.1
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
4. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=44719&tree=0.1
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=44719&tree=0.1
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
8. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=44719&tree=0.1
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {130 MYBN}
  
130,000,000 YBN
5 		376) The Teleosts: cod and anglerfish evolve.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {130 MYBN}
  
125,000,000 YBN
13 14 15 16 		163) The Mammals Eutheria evolve: Placental mammals.8

The Eutheria are mammals that have a placenta. The placenta is an organ that
forms in the uterus to aid in the exchange of food and wastes between the blood
of the mother and fetus through an umbilical cord.9 10

Placental mammals include all living mammals except marsupials and monotremes.
The placenta allows for a longer developmental period within the protection of
the womb which may give the placentals a selective advantage.11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth
Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms
with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996).
2. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon
Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major
Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996).
3. ^ Russell F.
Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining
Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein
Clock", Science, (1996).
4. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho,
Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living
Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996).
5. ^ "placental mammal".
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/462577/placental-mammal>.
6. ^ "placenta." The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 25 Oct. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/placenta
7. ^ "placental mammal". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/462577/placental-mammal>.
8. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth
Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms
with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996).
9. ^ "placental mammal". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.,
2012. Web. 24 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/462577/placental-mammal>.
10. ^ "placenta." The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 25 Oct. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/placenta
11. ^ "placental mammal". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/462577/placental-mammal>.
12. ^ Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji Q (2011), "A Jurassic eutherian mammal and
divergence of marsupials and placentals", Nature 476(7361): p.
42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html
 {nature10291.pdf}
13. ^ Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji Q (2011), "A Jurassic eutherian mammal and
divergence of marsupials and placentals", Nature 476(7361): p.
42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html
 {nature10291.pdf} {160MYBN}
14. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen
Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of
Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). {130MYBN}
15. ^ Palmer, et al.,
"Primitive Life", 2009, p282.
16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p225.

MORE INFO
[1] Nature. "Ji, Q., et al., The Earliest Known Eutherian Mammal, Nature,
416, Pages 816-822, Apr 2002". Nature.com.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6883/full/416816a.html
earliest fossils: (Daxigou) Jianchang County, Liaoning Province, China12   
125,000,000 YBN
8 9 10 		395) The bird beak evolves.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Hou L, Zhou Z, Gu Y, Zhang H (1995a) Confuciusornis sanctus, a new Late
Jurassic sauriurine bird from China. Chin Sci Bull 40:1545–1551
2. ^ Swisher, Carl C., Wang,
Yuan-qing, Wang, Xiao-lin, Xu, Xing, Wang, Yuan. (1999). "Creatceous age for
the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning, China". Nature 400:58–61 1 July 1999.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v400/n6739/abs/400058a0.html
3. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/birds/birdfr.html
4. ^ Hou L, Zhou Z, Gu Y, Zhang H (1995a) Confuciusornis sanctus, a new
Late Jurassic sauriurine bird from China. Chin Sci Bull 40:1545–1551
5. ^ Swisher, Carl C., Wang,
Yuan-qing, Wang, Xiao-lin, Xu, Xing, Wang, Yuan. (1999). "Creatceous age for
the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning, China". Nature 400:58–61 1 July 1999.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v400/n6739/abs/400058a0.html
6. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/birds/birdfr.html
7. ^ Swisher, Carl C., Wang, Yuan-qing, Wang, Xiao-lin, Xu, Xing, Wang,
Yuan. (1999). "Creatceous age for the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning, China".
Nature 400:58–61 1 July 1999.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v400/n6739/abs/400058a0.html
8. ^ Swisher, Carl C., Wang, Yuan-qing, Wang, Xiao-lin, Xu, Xing, Wang, Yuan.
(1999). "Creatceous age for the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning, China". Nature
400:58–61 1 July 1999.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v400/n6739/abs/400058a0.html {125 MYBN}
9. ^
Smith, Patrick E. et al. “Dates and rates in ancient lakes: 40Ar–39Ar
evidence for an Early Cretaceous age for the Jehol Group, northeast China.”
Can. J. Earth Sci. 32.9 (2011) :
1426-1431. http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1139%2F
e95-115 {145 MYBN}
10. ^ "Jurassic." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and
Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/jurassic {145 MYBN}
earliest fossils: (Yixian Formation) Liaoning Province, northeastern China7
  
120,000,000 YBN
9 		463) The birds Neornithes {nEORnitEZ7 } evolve (modern birds: the most recent
common ancestor of all extant birds).8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=neornithes&submit=Submit
2. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.800.html#Neornithes
3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=neornithes&submit=Submit
4. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.800.html#Neornithes
5. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=neornithes&submit=Submit
6. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.800.html#Neornithes
7. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=neornithes&submit=Submit
8. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.800.html#Neornithes
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (estimate from) {120 MYBN (estimate from}

MORE INFO
[1] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order phylogeny
of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II.
Analysis and discussion.” Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149.1
(2007) :
1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full
[2] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their
Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5884/1763
[3] Brown, Joseph, Joshua Rest, Jaime G. Moreno, Michael Sorenson, and David
Mindell. "Strong mitochondrial DNA support for a Cretaceous origin of modern
avian lineages." BMC Biology 6 (January 2008):
6:6. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/6
  
120,000,000 YBN
3 4 5 		6361) Bees evolve.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p458.
2. ^ Sara Ball, "100-million-year-old discovery pushes bees' evolutionary
history back 35 million years", Cornell Chronicle, Nov. 6,
2006. http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2006/11/two-studies-bee-evolution-reveal-
surprises
3. ^ Poinar, G. O., and B. N. Danforth. A Fossil Bee from Early Cretaceous
Burmese Amber. Science 314.5799 (2006):
614614. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/314/5799/614.short
4. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p458.
5. ^ Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p283.

MORE INFO
[1] Labandeira, Conrad C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous
Divergence Time and the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major
Holometabola Lineages.” Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011):
9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1664/10-RA-011.1
[2] Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263
(possibly) Africa2   
120,000,000 YBN
2 		6653) Ants evolve.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p431,440.
2. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p431,440.

MORE INFO
[1] Labandeira, C. C. and T. L. Phillips. 2002. Stem borings and petiole
galls from Pennsylvanian tree ferns of Illinois, USA: Implications for the
origin of the borer and galler functional-feeding-groups and holometabolous
insects. Palaeontographica A 264:1–84, 16 pls
[2] "gall." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/gall
[3] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p408
[4] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p428
[5] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p458
[6] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146
  
112,000,000 YBN
21 22 23 		252) The Angiosperms Monocotyledons (or "Monocots") evolve: Flowering plants
that have a single cotyledon (or seed leaf) in the embryo.15 16 17

Monocots are the second largest lineage of flowers after the Eudicots, and
include lilies, palms, orchids, and grasses.18 19

The two main orders of Monocots are "Base Monocots" and "Commelinids".20
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
3. ^ "Monocotyledon", Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry,
http://www.answers.com/topic/monocotyledon
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
6. ^ "Monocotyledon", Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry,
http://www.answers.com/topic/monocotyledon
7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American
Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW
Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol
Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
11. ^ "Monocotyledon", Oxford Dictionary of
Biochemistry, http://www.answers.com/topic/monocotyledon
12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase,
"The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal
of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
13. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
14. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
15. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer,
Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and
some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
16. ^ N
Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating
the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
17. ^
"Monocotyledon", Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry,
http://www.answers.com/topic/monocotyledon
18. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
19. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
20. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American
Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
21. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p612.
22. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009.
http://timetree.org/book.php
23. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). (154mybn)

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
  
108,000,000 YBN
17 18 19 		254) The Basal Eudicots evolve (the ancestor of the buttercup, clematis, poppy,
macadamia, lotus, and sycamore).13 14 15 16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution
of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002).
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of
flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141
Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
6. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The
Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American
Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
9. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*,
"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
10. ^ S.
Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews
Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
11. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW
Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol
Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis
and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of
view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
13. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM
PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of
the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
14. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution
of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002).
15. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
16. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
17. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p612.
18. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php
19. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW
Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol
Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (145mybn) {147 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] wiki
  
106,000,000 YBN
21 22 		267) The "Core Eudicots" evolve (the ancestor of the cactus, caper, buckwheat,
rhubarb, venus flytrap, old world pitcher plants, beet, quinoa, spinach, and
grape plants).16 17 18 19 20
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution
of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002).
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845
5. ^ wiki
6. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An
update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
7. ^ S.
Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews
Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW
Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol
Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract
9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845
10. ^ wiki
11. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An
update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
12. ^ S.
Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews
Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
13. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW
Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol
Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract
14. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845
15. ^ wiki
16. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An
update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
17. ^ S.
Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews
Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
18. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW
Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol
Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract
19. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845
20. ^ wiki
21. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p612.
22. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract (145my)
{124 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 (128mybn)
  
105,000,000 YBN
11 12 13 		491) The Eutheria Superorder7 Afrotheria evolves (the ancestor of all
elephants, manatees, and aardvarks).8

Afrotheres originate in Africa and are the earliest extant placental mammals.9

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p224-229.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229.
5. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p224-229.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p224-229.
7. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=311790&lvl=
3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unl
ock
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p224-229.
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229.
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229.
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229. {105
MYBN}
12. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
13. ^ Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
Africa10   
100,000,000 YBN
11 		465) The Birds "Ratites" evolve (the ancestor of the ostrich, rhea {rEe7 }8 ,
emu, cassowary {KaSOwaRE9 }, and kiwi).10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=cassowary&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). (estimate from)
3. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=cassowary&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (estimate from)
5. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=cassowary&submit=Submit
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (estimate from)
7. ^ "rhea." The American Heritage® Dictionary of
the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 06 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/rhea
8. ^
http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=51257&tree=0.1
9. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=cassowary&submit=Submit
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). (estimate from)
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (estimate from) {100 MYBN
(estimate from}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.900.html#Ratites
[2] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order
phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative
anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion.” Zoological Journal of the Linnean
Society 149.1 (2007) :
1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full
[3] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their
Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5884/1763
  
95,000,000 YBN
19 20 21 		498) The Eutheria Superorder "Xenarthra" {ZeN-oR-tro13 } evolves in South
America, the Xenarthrans {ZeNoRtreNZ14 } (the ancestor of Sloths, Anteaters,
and Armadillos).15 16 17
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=xenarthran
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p219-223.
3. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo
Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
4. ^ Michael
J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=xenarthran
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p219-223.
7. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and
Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
8. ^ Michael
J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
9. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=xenarthran
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p219-223.
11. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and
Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
12. ^ Michael
J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
13. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=xenarthra&submit=Submit
14. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=xenarthran
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p219-223.
16. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo
Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
17. ^ Michael
J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
18. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004), p219-223.
19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004),219-223. {95 MYBN}
20. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy,
Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and
the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
21. ^
Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science,
(2003).

MORE INFO
[1] Cornelis, Guillaume et al. “Ancestral Capture of syncytin-Car1, a
Fusogenic Endogenous Retroviral Envelope Gene Involved in Placentation and
Conserved in Carnivora.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
109.7 (2012): E432–E441. http://www.pnas.org/content/109/7/E432.abstract
[2] Delsuc, Frédéric et al. “Molecular Phylogenetics Unveils
the Ancient Evolutionary Origins of the Enigmatic Fairy Armadillos.”
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62.2 (2012):
673–680. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790311004799
[3] Shattuck, Milena R., and Scott A. Williams. “Arboreality Has Allowed for
the Evolution of Increased Longevity in Mammals.” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 107.10 (2010): 4635–4639.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/107/10/4635.abstract
South America18   
93,000,000 YBN
13 14 15 		256) The Angiosperms: "Rosids" evolve (Basal Rosids include: the pomegranate,
clove, guava, allspice, and eucalyptus).10 11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of
flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141
Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer,
Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and
some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ N
Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating
the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
6. ^ THE
ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen,
MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc
Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
9. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*,
"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
10. ^
Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
11. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
12. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of
flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141
Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
13. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.
14. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p612.
15. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (122mybn) {117} {109}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
  
93,000,000 YBN
18 19 		261) The Rosids Order "Fabales" {FoBAlEZ13 } evolves (the ancestor of beans,
pea, peanut, soy, and lentil).14 15 16 17
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=fabaceae
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=fabaceae
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
9. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=fabaceae
10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
11. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
13. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=fabaceae
14. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
15. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
16. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
17. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=72025&lvl=3
&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock
18. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.
19. ^ N Wikstrom, V
Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {94 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
  
93,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 12 		265) The Monocots "Base Monocots" evolve (the ancestor of vanilla, orchid,
asparagus, onion, garlic, agave, aloe, and lily).7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American
Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
4. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen,
MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc
Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E.
Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points
of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
8. ^ N Wikstrom, V
Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
9. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.
10. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p612.
11. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009.
http://timetree.org/book.php
12. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). (153my) {141 MYBN} {154 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards), Angiosperm
Phylogeny Website. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/welcome.html
  
93,000,000 YBN
17 18 		266) The Monocots "Commelinids" {KomelIniDZ13 } evolve (the ancestor of palms,
coconut, corn, rice, barley, oat, wheat, rye, sugarcane, bamboo, grass,
pineapple, papyrus, turmeric {TRmRiK14 }, banana, and ginger).15 16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Commelinidae." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/commelinidae
2. ^ "turmeric." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/turmeric
3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
4. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
5. ^ "Commelinidae." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific
and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/commelinidae
6. ^ "turmeric." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/turmeric
7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
9. ^ "Commelinidae." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific
and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/commelinidae
10. ^ "turmeric." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/turmeric
11. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
12. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
13. ^ "Commelinidae." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of
Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com
30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/commelinidae
14. ^ "turmeric." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/turmeric
15. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase,
"The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal
of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
16. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
17. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p612.
18. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (153my) {94 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
  
93,000,000 YBN
21 22 		275) The Basal Asterids Order "Ericales" {AReKAlEZ16 17 } evolves (the ancestor
of the kiwifruit, ebony, persimmon, blueberry, cranberry, brazil nut, new world
pitcher plant, and tea).18 19 20
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ericaceae&submit=Submit
2. ^ "Ericales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ericales-1
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
4. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
6. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ericaceae&submit=Submit
7. ^ "Ericales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ericales-1
8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
9. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
10. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
11. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ericaceae&submit=Submit
12. ^ "Ericales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ericales-1
13. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
14. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
15. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
16. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ericaceae&submit=Submit
17. ^ "Ericales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ericales-1
18. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
19. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
20. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
21. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.
22. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {113 MYBN} {100 MYBN} {114 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
  
93,000,000 YBN
17 18 		283) The Asterids Order "Apiales" {APEAlEZ13 } evolves (the ancestor of dill,
celery, cilantro, carrot, parsnip, fennel, parsley, and ivy).14 15 16
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apiaceae+&submit=Submit
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apiaceae+&submit=Submit
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
9. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apiaceae+&submit=Submit
10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
11. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
13. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apiaceae+&submit=Submit
14. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
15. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
16. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
17. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.
18. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn) {95 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
  
93,000,000 YBN
17 18 		285) The Asterids Order "Asterales" {aSTRAlEZ13 } evolves (the ancestor of
tarragon, daisy, artichoke, sunflower, lettuce, and dandelion).14 15 16
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ "Asterales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/asterales
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ "Asterales." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/asterales
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update
of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of
flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141
Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer,
Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and
some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
9. ^
"Asterales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/asterales
10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
11. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
13. ^ "Asterales." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/asterales
14. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
15. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An
update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
16. ^
Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
17. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p612.
18. ^ wiki

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
  
91,000,000 YBN
20 21 		259) The Rosids Order "Malpighiales" {maLPiGEAlEZ15 } evolves 16 17 18 (the
ancestor of coca, rubber tree, cassava, poinsettia, willow, poplar, and
aspen).19
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Malpighiaceae." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/malpighiaceae-1
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ "Malpighiaceae."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/malpighiaceae-1
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
9. ^ wiki
10. ^ "Malpighiaceae."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/malpighiaceae-1
11. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
12. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
13. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
14. ^ wiki
15. ^ "Malpighiaceae."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/malpighiaceae-1
16. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
17. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
18. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
19. ^ wiki
20. ^ N Wikstrom, V
Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {90 MYBN} {81
MYBN} {91 MYBN}
21. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
  
90,000,000 YBN
21 		270) The Rosids Order "Brassicales" {BraSiKAlEZ16 } evolves (the ancestor of
horseradish, mustard, cabbage, broccoli, radish, and papaya).17 18 19 20
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brassicacea
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ wiki
5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis
and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of
view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
6. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brassicacea
7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
8. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
9. ^ wiki
10. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis
and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of
view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
11. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brassicacea
12. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
13. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
14. ^ wiki
15. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis
and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of
view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
16. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brassicacea
17. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
18. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
19. ^ wiki
20. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis
and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of
view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
21. ^ N Wikstrom, V
Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {88 MYBN} {90
MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102my)
  
89,000,000 YBN
17 18 		262) The Rosids Order "Rosales" {ROZAlEZ13 } evolves (the ancestor of hemp,
hop, jackfruit, fig, strawberry, rose, raspberry, apple, pear, plum, cherry,
peach, and almond).14 15 16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Rosales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/rosales-1
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ "Rosales." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/rosales-1
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update
of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of
flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141
Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer,
Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and
some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
9. ^
"Rosales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/rosales-1
10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
11. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
13. ^ "Rosales." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/rosales-1
14. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
15. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An
update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
16. ^
Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
17. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {87 MYBN} {76 MYBN} {89 MYBN}
18. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
  
89,000,000 YBN
19 		279) The Asterids Order "Gentianales" {JeNsinAlEZ14 } evolves15 16 17 (the
ancestor of oleander, and coffee).18
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Gentianales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gentianales-1
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ "Gentianales." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gentianales-1
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update
of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of
flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141
Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer,
Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and
some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
9. ^
"Gentianales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gentianales-1
10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
11. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
13. ^ wiki
14. ^ "Gentianales."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gentianales-1
15. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
16. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
17. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
18. ^ wiki
19. ^ N Wikstrom, V
Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {87 MYBN} {89
MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
  
86,000,000 YBN
17 		278) The Asterids Order "Solanales" {SOlanAlEZ13 } evolves (the ancestor of
bell pepper, tomato, tobacco, potato, and eggplant).14 15 16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=solanacea
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=solanacea
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
9. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=solanacea
10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
11. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
13. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=solanacea
14. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
15. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
16. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
17. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen,
MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc
Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {87 MYBN} {86 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
Americas  
85,000,000 YBN
17 18 		263) The Rosids Order "Cucurbitales" (KYUKRBiTAlEZ13 } evolves (the ancestor of
melon, cucumber, pumpkin, squash, and zucchini).14 15 16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "cucurbit." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cucurbit
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ "cucurbit." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cucurbit
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW
Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol
Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An
update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
8. ^
Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
9. ^ "cucurbit." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cucurbit
10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
11. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of
flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141
Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer,
Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and
some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
13. ^
"cucurbit." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cucurbit
14. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
15. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
16. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
17. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen,
MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc
Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {85 MYBN} {65 MYBN}
18. ^ Grimaldi,
Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
Americas  
85,000,000 YBN
20 21 		264) The Rosids Order "Fagales" {FaGAlEZ15 } evolves (the ancestor of many
flowers that produce edible nuts: for example Birch, Hazel {nut}, Chestnut,
Beech {nut}, Oak, Walnut, Pecan {PEKoN16 }, and Hickory).17 18 19
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Fagales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/fagales-1
2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
4. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of
flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141
Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
5. ^ "Fagales." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/fagales-1
6. ^ "pecan." The American Heritage�
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/peca
7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen,
MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc
Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
9. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*,
"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
10. ^
"Fagales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/fagales-1
11. ^ "pecan." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/peca
12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
13. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
14. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of
flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141
Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
15. ^ "Fagales." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/fagales-1
16. ^ "pecan." The American Heritage�
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/peca
17. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
18. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen,
MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc
Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
19. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*,
"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
20. ^
Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). {85 MYBN} {61 MYBN}
21. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of
the Insects", 2005, p612.

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102my)
  
85,000,000 YBN
9 		466) The Bird Order "Galliformes" {GaLliFORmEZ7 } evolves (the ancestor of the
Chicken, Turkey, Pheasant, Peacock, and Quail).8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=galliformes&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=galliformes&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=galliformes&submit=Submit
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
7. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=galliformes&submit=Submit
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). {85 MYBN (estimate from}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/360Galloanserae/360.100.html#Galloanser
ae
  
85,000,000 YBN
9 		467) The Bird Order "Anseriformes" {aNSRiFORmEZ7 } evolves (the ancestor of
ducks, geese, and swans).8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Anseriformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/anseriformes-1 and
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anseriformes&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ "Anseriformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/anseriformes-1 and
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anseriformes&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
5. ^ "Anseriformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/anseriformes-1 and
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anseriformes&submit=Submit
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
7. ^ "Anseriformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/anseriformes-1 and
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anseriformes&submit=Submit
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). {85 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/360Galloanserae/360.500.html#Anseriform
es
  
85,000,000 YBN
12 13 		499) The Eutheria Superorder7 "Laurasiatheres" evolves.8 The Laurasiatheres
are a major line of placental mammals9 that originate in the northern
continent Laurasia.10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p199-218.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
5. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p199-218.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p199-218.
7. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=314145&lvl=
3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unl
ock
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p199-218.
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
12. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p200. {85 MYBN}
13. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of
Life", Science, (2003).

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
Laurasia11   
85,000,000 YBN
3 		6654) The Eutheria Superorder Euarchontoglires {YU-oR-KoNT-u-GlI-rEZ1 } evolves
(the ancestor of all Rabbits, rodents, tree shrews, colugos, and the
primates).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euarchontoglires&submit=Submit
2. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=314146&lvl=
3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unl
ock
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p200. {85 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
[2] Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p360
  
84,000,000 YBN
454) The Rocky mountains start to form.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
  
82,000,000 YBN
27 		271) The Rosids Order "Malvales" {moLVAlEZ20 } evolves (the ancestor of okra,
marsh mallow {malO21 }, durian {DUREiN22 }, cotton, balsa, and cacao {KoKoU23
}.24 25 26
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Malvales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/malvales-1
2. ^ "cacao." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cacao
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
4. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
6. ^ "Malvales." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/malvales-1
7. ^ "mallow." Dictionary.com Unabridged.
Random House, Inc. 13 Jun. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mallow>.
8. ^ "Durian", The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright ©
2004. Licensed from Columbia University Press
http://www.reference.com/browse/Durian?s=ts
9. ^ "cacao." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cacao
10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
11. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
13. ^ "Malvales." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/malvales-1
14. ^ "mallow." Dictionary.com Unabridged.
Random House, Inc. 13 Jun. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mallow>.
15. ^ "Durian", The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright ©
2004. Licensed from Columbia University Press
http://www.reference.com/browse/Durian?s=ts
16. ^ "cacao." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cacao
17. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
18. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
19. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
20. ^ "Malvales." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/malvales-1
21. ^ "mallow." Dictionary.com Unabridged.
Random House, Inc. 13 Jun. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mallow>.
22. ^ "Durian", The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright ©
2004. Licensed from Columbia University Press
http://www.reference.com/browse/Durian?s=ts
23. ^ "cacao." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cacao
24. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
25. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
26. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
27. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen,
MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc
Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {83 MYBN} {68 MYBN} {82 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102my)
[3] wiki
Americas  
82,000,000 YBN
21 		272) The Rosids Order "Sapindales" {SaPiNDAlEZ16 } evolves (the ancestor of
the maple, lychee, mahogany, cashew, mango, pistachio, and the citrus trees:
orange, lemon, and grapefruit).17 18 19 20
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Sapindales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sapindales-1
and http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=sapindaceae
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ wiki
6. ^ "Sapindales."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sapindales-1
and http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=sapindaceae
7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
8. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
10. ^ wiki
11. ^ "Sapindales."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sapindales-1
and http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=sapindaceae
12. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
13. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
14. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
15. ^ wiki
16. ^ "Sapindales."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sapindales-1
and http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=sapindaceae
17. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
18. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
19. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
20. ^ wiki
21. ^ N Wikstrom, V
Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {80 MYBN} {61
MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
Americas  
82,000,000 YBN
420) The Ornithopods {ORnitePoDZ5 } Hadrosaurs evolve; the duck-billed
dinosaurs.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "ornithopod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ornithopod
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ "ornithopod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ornithopod
4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
5. ^ "ornithopod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ornithopod
6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
  
82,000,000 YBN
10 11 		500) The Laurasiatheres Order7 Insectivora evolves (the ancestor of shrews,
moles, and hedgehogs).8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p199-218.
2. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree
of Life", Science, (2003).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala,
"Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
6. ^ Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
7. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9362&lvl=3&
lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p199-218.
9. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree
of Life", Science, (2003).
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. {82 MYBN}
11. ^ Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
  
80,000,000 YBN
10 		422) The Therapods {tERePoDZ7 } Dromaeosaurs {DrOmEoSORZ8 } evolve: Raptors.9
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dromaeosaur&submit=Submit
3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
4. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dromaeosaur&submit=Submit
6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
7. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod
8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dromaeosaur&submit=Submit
9. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
10. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
{80 MYBN}
  
80,000,000 YBN
11 		482) The earliest extant Marsupials, the Order7 "Didelphimorphia" evolve (New
World opossums).8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p230-237.
2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, Time Tree of Life,
2009. http://timetree.org/pdf/Springer2009Chap70.pdf
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p230-237.
4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, Time Tree of Life,
2009. http://timetree.org/pdf/Springer2009Chap70.pdf
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p230-237.
6. ^ Hedges and Kumar, Time Tree of Life,
2009. http://timetree.org/pdf/Springer2009Chap70.pdf
7. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=38605&lvl=3
&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlo
ck
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p230-237.
9. ^ Hedges and Kumar, Time Tree of Life,
2009. http://timetree.org/pdf/Springer2009Chap70.pdf
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p230-237.
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. {80 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] "Didelphimorphia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didelphimorphia
Americas10   
75,000,000 YBN
6 7 8 		492) The Afrotheres: Aardvarks evolve.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {75 MYBN}
7. ^ Mark S. Springer,
William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal
diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4
2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
8. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating
the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
Africa5   
74,000,000 YBN
20 		280) The Asterids Order "Lamiales" {lAmEAlEZ15 } evolves (the ancestor of many
spices: mint, basil, marjoram {moRJ uruM16 }, oregano, rosemary, sage, savory,
thyme, teak, sesame, olive, ash, lilac and jasmine).17 18 19
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Lamiales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/lamiales
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ "Lamiales." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lamiales
6. ^ "marjoram." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/marjoram
7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
8. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update
of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of
flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141
Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer,
Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and
some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
10. ^
"Lamiales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/lamiales
11. ^ "marjoram." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/marjoram
12. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
13. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
14. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
15. ^ "Lamiales." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lamiales
16. ^ "marjoram." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/marjoram
17. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
18. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An
update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
19. ^
Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
20. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102my) {74 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
  
73,000,000 YBN
10 		484) The Marsupials: Bandicoots and Bilbies {BiLBEZ7 } evolve; in Australia.8
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bilby&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bilby&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bilby&submit=Submit
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
7. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bilby&submit=Submit
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {73 MYBN}
Australia9   
70,000,000 YBN
14 		424) Two of the largest meat-eating dinosaurs known are common (both Therapods
{tERePoDZ9 }): Tyrannosaurus rex {TiraNiSORuS reKS10 } is the top predator in
North America and Giganotosaurus {JiGuNOTuSORuS11 } is the top predator in
South America.12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=tyrannosaurus+rex&submit=Submit
3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giganotosaurus&submit=Submit
4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
5. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
15 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod
6. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=tyrannosaurus+rex&submit=Submit
7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giganotosaurus&submit=Submit
8. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
9. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod
10. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=tyrannosaurus+rex&submit=Submit
11. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giganotosaurus&submit=Submit
12. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
13. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
14. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {70 MYBN}
Americas13   
70,000,000 YBN
7 		425) The Thyreophoran {tIRrEoFereNZ4 } Ankylosaurs {ANKilOSORZ5 } evolve (the
shield back and/or clubbed tail dinosaurs); the most heavily armored
land-animals known.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thyreophora&submit=Submit
2. ^ "ankylosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ankylosaurus
3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thyreophora&submit=Submit
5. ^ "ankylosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ankylosaurus
6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
7. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {70
MYBN}
  
70,000,000 YBN
426) The Marine reptiles Mosasaurs {mOSeSORZ7 } evolve.8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "mosasaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mosasaur
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ "Mosasaurs". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurs
4. ^ "mosasaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mosasaur
5. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
6. ^ "Mosasaurs". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurs
7. ^ "mosasaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mosasaur
8. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
9. ^ "Mosasaurs". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurs
  
70,000,000 YBN
10 		469) The Bird Order "Podicipediformes" {PoDiSiPeDeFORmEZ7 } evolves (grebes
{GreBS8 }).9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Podicipediformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 23 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/podicipediformes-1
2. ^ "grebe." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/grebe
3. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
4. ^ "Podicipediformes." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/podicipediformes-1
5. ^ "grebe." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/grebe
6. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
7. ^ "Podicipediformes." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/podicipediformes-1
8. ^ "grebe." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/grebe
9. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
10. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2) {70 MYBN (need to check with fossil
record 2}
  
70,000,000 YBN
14 15 		507) The Euarchontoglires {YU-oR-KoNT-u-GlI-rEZ8 } Order "Lagomorpha"
{loGomORFo9 } evolves: the ancestor of Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas {PIKuZ10 }.11
12

Rabbits, like Rodents also have very prominent gnawing teeth at the front.13
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ "pika." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pika
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ "pika." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pika
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lagomorpha&submit=Submit
6. ^ "pika." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pika
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euarchontoglires&submit=Submit
9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lagomorpha&submit=Submit
10. ^ "pika." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pika
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
12. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=314146&lvl=
3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unl
ock
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). {70 MYBN}
15. ^ Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.

MORE INFO
[1] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
  
70,000,000 YBN
11 		516) The Euarchontoglires {YU-oR-KoNT-u-GlI-rEZ7 } Tree Shrews and Colugos
{KolUGOZ8 } evolve.9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "colugo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/colugo-1
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ "colugo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/colugo-1
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ "colugo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/colugo-1
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
7. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euarchontoglires&submit=Submit
8. ^ "colugo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/colugo-1
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
10. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=314146&lvl=
3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unl
ock
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {70 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[3] "Colugo". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colugo
[4] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
[5] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
[6] "Colugos". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colugos
  
66,000,000 YBN
8 		120) The largest Pterosaur and largest flying animal ever known, Quetzalcoatlus
{KeTZLKWoTLuS5 } evolves.6
Quetzalcoatlus has a wing span of 12 meters (or 40
feet).7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=quetzalcoatl
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=quetzalcoatl
4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=quetzalcoatl
6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
7. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
8. ^ Wellnhofer, "Pterosaurs", 1991, p142.
  
65,500,000 YBN
15 		129) The End-Cretaceous mass extinction. 47% of all genera are observed
extinct.9

Made extinct are: 60% of plant species, and all dinosaurs, mosasaurs,
pterosaurs, plesiosaurs {PlESEoSORZ10 } and pliosaurs {PlIoSORZ11 }.12

A comet or meteor collides with the Earth in what is now the Yucatan {YUKoTaN13
} Peninsula of Mexico and huge amounts of lava erupt from India. No large
animals survive on land, in the air, or in the sea.14
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and
Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No.
1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr.
29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148
2. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the
Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological
Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks
Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp.
11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148
3. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and
Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No.
1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr.
29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148
4. ^ "plesiosaur." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
05 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/plesiosaur
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pliosaur&submit=Submit
6. ^ Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p283.
7. ^ "Yucatán."
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/yucat-n
8. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
9. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record
(and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344,
No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting
(Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148
10. ^ "plesiosaur." The American Heritage� Dictionary of
the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 05 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/plesiosaur
11. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pliosaur&submit=Submit
12. ^ Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p283.
13. ^ "Yucatán." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/yucat-n
14. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
15. ^ http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16macro.htm {65.5 MYBN}
  
65,500,000 YBN
5 		397) The end of the Mesozoic and start of the Cenozoic Era, and the end of the
Cretaceous (145.5-65.5 mybn), and start of the Tertiary (65.5-1.8 mybn)
Period.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Tertiary period." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/tertiary-1
2. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
3. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
4. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
5. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
  
65,000,000 YBN
4 5 		429) The start of the rapid diversification of mammals.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive
Life", 2009, p360.
3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
4. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {65 MYBN}
5. ^ Palmer, et al.,
"Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
  
65,000,000 YBN
11 		468) The Bird Order "Gruiformes" {GrUiFORmEZ8 } evolves (the ancestor of
cranes, rails, and bustards {BuSTRDZ9 }).10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Gruiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gruiformes-1
2. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
3. ^ "Gruiformes." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gruiformes-1
4. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
5. ^ "Gruiformes." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gruiformes-1
6. ^ "bustard." Dictionary.com Unabridged.
Random House, Inc. 05 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bustard>.
7. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
8. ^ "Gruiformes." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gruiformes-1
9. ^ "bustard." Dictionary.com Unabridged.
Random House, Inc. 05 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bustard>.
10. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
11. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
  
65,000,000 YBN
6 		485) Marsupial moles evolve.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {65 MYBN}
Australia5   
65,000,000 YBN
10 		486) The Marsupials Tasmanian Devil and Numbat {nuMBaT7 } evolve.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=numbat&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=numbat&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
5. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=numbat&submit=Submit
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
7. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=numbat&submit=Submit
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {65 MYBN}
Australia9   
65,000,000 YBN
10 		488) The Marsupial Order "Diprotodontia" {DIPrOTODoNsEu7 } evolves (the
ancestor of Wombats, Kangeroos, Possums, and Koalas).8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diprotodontia&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diprotodontia&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diprotodontia&submit=Submit
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
7. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diprotodontia&submit=Submit
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {65 MYBN}
Australia9   
65,000,000 YBN
26 27 		508) The Euarchontoglires {YU-oR-KoNT-u-GlI-rEZ18 } Order19 "Rodentia"
evolves; rodents.
The Rodents: "Myomorpha" {MIemORFu20 } evolve (the ancestor of rats,
mice, gerbils, voles {VOLZ21 }, lemmings, and hamsters).22 23 24 25
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
4. ^ "vole." The
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vole
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
7. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
8. ^ "Myomorpha."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/myomorpha-2
9. ^ "vole." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vole
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
11. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
12. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
13. ^ "Myomorpha."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/myomorpha-2
14. ^ "vole." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vole
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
16. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
17. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
18. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euarchontoglires&submit=Submit
19. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9989&lvl=3&
lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock
20. ^ "Myomorpha." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/myomorpha-2
21. ^ "vole." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vole
22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
23. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
24. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
25. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=314146&lvl=
3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unl
ock
26. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {65 MYBN}
27. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[3] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
[4] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
  
63,000,000 YBN
11 		587) The Euarchontoglires {YU-oR-KoNT-u-GlI-rEZ6 } Order Primates evolve, most
likely in Africa or the Indian subcontinent.7 8 The first opposable thumb.

The primates contain more than 300 species, including monkeys, apes, and
humans.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ "primate." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 30 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/primate
6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euarchontoglires&submit=Submit
7. ^ "The Origin of Primates", Walter Carl Hartwig 2002
8. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=314146&lvl=
3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unl
ock
9. ^ "primate." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 30 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/primate
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
11. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (=63my)
{63 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] http://anthro.palomar.edu/earlyprimates/first_primates.htm
[2]
http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html
Africa or India10   
60,000,000 YBN
13 14 		470) The Bird Order "Strigiformes" {STriJiFORmEZ10 } evolve (owls).11 12
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ "Strigiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/strigiformes-1
2. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.
4. ^ "Strigiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/strigiformes-1
5. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.
7. ^ "Strigiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/strigiformes-1
8. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
9. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.
10. ^ "Strigiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/strigiformes-1
11. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
12. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.
13. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
14. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2) {65 MYBN(need to check with fossil
record 2}

MORE INFO
[1] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals
Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5884/1763
[2] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order phylogeny of
modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II.
Analysis and discussion.” Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149.1
(2007) :
1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full
  
60,000,000 YBN
13 14 15 		504) The Laurasiatheres Order "Carnivora" evolves (the ancestor of Cats, Dogs,
Bears, Weasels, Hyenas, Seals, and Walruses).10 11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "carnivora?s=t&ld=1089". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House,
Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/carnivora?s=t&ld=1089
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the
Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
4. ^ "carnivora?s=t&ld=1089". Dictionary.com Unabridged
(v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/carnivora?s=t&ld=1089
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of
Life", Science, (2003).
7. ^ "carnivora?s=t&ld=1089". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v
1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/carnivora?s=t&ld=1089
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
9. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of
Life", Science, (2003).
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
11. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala,
"Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
13. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive
Life", 2009, p360.
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {75 MYBN}
15. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J.
Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
Laurasia12   
58,000,000 YBN
9 		524) The Primates: Tarsiers {ToRSERZ7 } evolve.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "tarsier." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/tarsier
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ "tarsier." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tarsier
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ "tarsier." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tarsier
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
7. ^ "tarsier." The American Heritage® Dictionary of
the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tarsier
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {58 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
[3] "Euarchontoglires".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[4] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
[5] "Tarsier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsier
  
55,000,000 YBN
13 14 		471) The Bird Order "Apodiformes" {oPoD-i-FORmEZ10 } evolves (the ancestor of
hummingbirds, and swifts).11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Apodiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/apodiformes-1 AND
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apodiformes&submit=Submit
2. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.
4. ^ "Apodiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/apodiformes-1 AND
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apodiformes&submit=Submit
5. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.
7. ^ "Apodiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/apodiformes-1 AND
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apodiformes&submit=Submit
8. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
9. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.
10. ^ "Apodiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/apodiformes-1 AND
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apodiformes&submit=Submit
11. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
12. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.
13. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
14. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2) {37 MYBN (need to check with fossil
record 2}
  
55,000,000 YBN
13 14 		476) The Bird Order "Piciformes" {PESiFORmEZ10 } evolves (the ancestor of
woodpeckers, and toucans).11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Piciformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/piciformes-1
AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=piciformes&submit=Submit
2. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.
4. ^ "Piciformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/piciformes-1
AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=piciformes&submit=Submit
5. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.
7. ^ "Piciformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/piciformes-1
AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=piciformes&submit=Submit
8. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
9. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.
10. ^ "Piciformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/piciformes-1
AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=piciformes&submit=Submit
11. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
12. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.
13. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
14. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2) {37 MYBN (need to check with fossil
record 2}

MORE INFO
[1] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals
Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5884/1763
  
55,000,000 YBN
21 22 		477) The Bird Order "Passeriformes" {PaSRiFORmEZ14 } evolves (perching
songbirds). This order includes many common birds: for example crows, jays,
sparrows, warblers, mockingbirds, wrens, robins, orioles, bluebirds, vireos
{VEREOZ15 }, larks, swallows, and finches.16 17

More than half of all species of birds are passerines.18
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Passeriformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/passeriformes-1
AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=passeriformes&submit=Submit
2. ^ "vireo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vireo
3. ^ "Passeriformes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes
4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
5. ^ "Passeriformes." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/passeriformes-1
AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=passeriformes&submit=Submit
6. ^ "vireo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vireo
7. ^ "Passeriformes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes
8. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
9. ^ "Passeriformes." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/passeriformes-1
AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=passeriformes&submit=Submit
10. ^ "vireo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vireo
11. ^ "Passeriformes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes
12. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
13. ^ "Passeriformes". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes
14. ^ "Passeriformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific
and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/passeriformes-1
AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=passeriformes&submit=Submit
15. ^ "vireo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vireo
16. ^ "Passeriformes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes
17. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
18. ^ "Passeriformes". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes
19. ^ Boles, Walter E. (1997): Fossil Songbirds
(Passeriformes) from the Early Eocene of Australia. Emu '97'(1): 43–50.
doi:10.1071/MU97004
20. ^ L. Christidis, A. Cooper, M. Irestedt, et al., "A Gondwanan origin of
passerine birds supported by DNA sequences of the endemic New Zealand wrens"
Proceedings of the Royal Society B, February 2002:235–241.
21. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive
Life", 2009, p360.
22. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)

MORE INFO
[1] Ericson, Per G. P. et al. “A Gondwanan Origin of Passerine Birds
Supported by DNA Sequences of the Endemic New Zealand Wrens.” Proceedings of
the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 269.1488 (2002):
235–241. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/269/1488/235.abstract

earliest fossils: Australia19 |Gondwana20   
55,000,000 YBN
13 14 15 16 		495) The Afrotheres Order Proboscidea {PrO-Be-SiD-E-e7 } evolves (the ancestor
of Mammoths, Mastodons, and Elephants).8 9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
2. ^ Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
3. ^ Mark S. Springer,
William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal
diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4
2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating
the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
5. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo
Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
6. ^ Michael
J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
7. ^
"Proboscidea." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/proboscidea-1
8. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
9. ^ Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
10. ^
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=9779&lvl=3
&srchmode=1&keep=1&unlock
11. ^ Delmer, C., Mahboubi, M., Tabuce, R. & Tassy, P. 2006. "A new species of
Moeritherium (Proboscidae, Mammalia) from the Eocene of Algeria: new
perspectives on the ancestral morphotype of the genus." Palaeontology 49 (2),
421-434. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00548.x/ab
stract
12. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
13. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive
Life", 2009, p360.
14. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and
Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). {62
MYBN}
15. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003).
16. ^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of
Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 238. ISBN
1-84028-152-9.

MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004)
Algeria, Africa11 |Africa12   
55,000,000 YBN
10 11 12 13 		497) The Afrotheres: Manatee and Dugong evolve.7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen
J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
3. ^ Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Mark S.
Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien,
"Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary",
PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
6. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J.
Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ Mark S. Springer,
William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal
diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4
2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
9. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating
the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
10. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
11. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004). {59 MYBN}
12. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and
Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
13. ^ Michael
J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
  
55,000,000 YBN
34 35 36 		502) The Laurasiatheres "Cetartiodactyla" {SiToRTEODaKTilu26 } evolve (the
ancestor of all Artiodactyla {oRTEODaKTiLu27 }: camels, pigs, ruminants,
hippos, and all Cetacea {SiTASEu or SiTAsEu28 }: Whales, and Dolphins).29 30 31


Hippos are the closest living land relative of the whales and dolphins.32
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetartiodactyla&submit=Submit
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=artiodactyla&submit=Submit
3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetacea&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
5. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala,
"Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
6. ^ "Cetartiodactyla", Oxford Dictionary
for Scientific Writers and Editors. New Oxford Dictionary for Scientific
Writers and Editors. © 1991 http://www.answers.com/topic/cetartiodactyla
7. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetartiodactyla&submit=Submit
8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=artiodactyla&submit=Submit
9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ungulate&submit=Submit
10. ^ "ungulate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ungulate
11. ^ "artiodactyla." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 08 Jan. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/artiodactyla-1
12. ^ "artiodactyla." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 08 Jan. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/artiodactyla-1
13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetacea&submit=Submit
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
15. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating
the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
16. ^ "Cetartiodactyla", Oxford Dictionary for
Scientific Writers and Editors. New Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers
and Editors. © 1991 http://www.answers.com/topic/cetartiodactyla
17. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetartiodactyla&submit=Submit
18. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=artiodactyla&submit=Submit
19. ^ "artiodactyla." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 08 Jan. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/artiodactyla-1
20. ^ "artiodactyla." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 08 Jan. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/artiodactyla-1
21. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetacea&submit=Submit
22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
23. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating
the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
24. ^ "Cetartiodactyla", Oxford Dictionary for
Scientific Writers and Editors. New Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers
and Editors. © 1991 http://www.answers.com/topic/cetartiodactyla
25. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
26. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetartiodactyla&submit=Submit
27. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=artiodactyla&submit=Submit
28. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetacea&submit=Submit
29. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
30. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating
the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
31. ^ "Cetartiodactyla", Oxford Dictionary for
Scientific Writers and Editors. New Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers
and Editors. © 1991 http://www.answers.com/topic/cetartiodactyla
32. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
33. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
34. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive
Life", 2009, p360.
35. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. {78 MYBN}
36. ^ Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
Laurasia33   
55,000,000 YBN
27 28 29 		503) The Laurasiatheres "Perissodactyla" {PeriSODaKTilu19 } evolve (also called
"odd-toed ungulates"20 ) {uNGYUlATS21 or uNGYUliTS22 } (the ancestor of all
Horses, Tapirs {TAPRZ 23 }, and Rhinos).24 25
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Perissodactyla." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/perissodactyla-2
2. ^ "tapir." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/tapir
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p199-218.
4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree
of Life", Science, (2003).
5. ^ "Perissodactyla." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific
and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/perissodactyla-2
6. ^ "ungulate." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ungulate
7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ungulate&submit=Submit
8. ^ "ungulate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ungulate
9. ^ "tapir." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/tapir
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p199-218.
11. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the
Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
12. ^ "Perissodactyla." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of
Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com
30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/perissodactyla-2
13. ^ "ungulate." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ungulate
14. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ungulate&submit=Submit
15. ^ "ungulate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ungulate
16. ^ "tapir." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tapir
17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
18. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating
the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
19. ^ "Perissodactyla." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of
Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com
30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/perissodactyla-2
20. ^ "ungulate." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ungulate
21. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ungulate&submit=Submit
22. ^ "ungulate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ungulate
23. ^ "tapir." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tapir
24. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
25. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating
the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
26. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
27. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive
Life", 2009, p360.
28. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. {76 MYBN}
29. ^ Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
Laurasia26   
55,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 		509) The Rodents: Beavers.7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
9. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {65 MYBN}
11. ^
Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science,
(2003). {65 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[3] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
  
55,000,000 YBN
8 9 10 		511) The Rodents: Dormouse, Mountain Beaver, Squirrel and Marmot {moRmuT6 }
evolve.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=marmot&submit=Submit
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=marmot&submit=Submit
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=marmot&submit=Submit
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
9. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004). {58 MYBN}
10. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of
Life", Science, (2003). {58 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[3] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
  
55,000,000 YBN
10 11 		585) The Bird Order Psittaciformes {SiTaS-iFORmEZ7 } evolves (Parrots).8 9
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ "Psittaciformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 19 Feb. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/psittaciformes-1
2. ^ Brown, Joseph, Joshua Rest, Jaime G. Moreno, Michael Sorenson, and David
Mindell. "Strong mitochondrial DNA support for a Cretaceous origin of modern
avian lineages." BMC Biology 6 (January 2008):
6:6. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/6
3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
4. ^ "Psittaciformes." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 19 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/psittaciformes-1
5. ^ Brown, Joseph, Joshua Rest, Jaime G.
Moreno, Michael Sorenson, and David Mindell. "Strong mitochondrial DNA support
for a Cretaceous origin of modern avian lineages." BMC Biology 6 (January
2008): 6:6. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/6
6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
7. ^ "Psittaciformes."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 19 Feb. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/psittaciformes-1
8. ^ Brown, Joseph, Joshua Rest, Jaime G. Moreno, Michael Sorenson, and David
Mindell. "Strong mitochondrial DNA support for a Cretaceous origin of modern
avian lineages." BMC Biology 6 (January 2008):
6:6. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/6
9. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
10. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive
Life", 2009, p360.
11. ^ Brown, Joseph, Joshua Rest, Jaime G. Moreno, Michael
Sorenson, and David Mindell. "Strong mitochondrial DNA support for a Cretaceous
origin of modern avian lineages." BMC Biology 6 (January 2008):
6:6. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/6

MORE INFO
[1] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order phylogeny
of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II.
Analysis and discussion.” Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149.1
(2007) :
1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full
[2] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their
Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5884/1763
[3] "Neornithes." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/neornithes
[4] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (estimate from)
  
55,000,000 YBN
4 		6381) Horses evolve.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {55 MYBN}
  
55,000,000 YBN
3 		6387) The Ruminants Giraffes evolve.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p388.
2. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive
Life", 2009, p388.
3. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p388.

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
[3] "ruminant." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
08 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ruminant
[4] Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p360
[5] Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218
  
54,000,000 YBN
5 6 		810) The last common ancestor between hippos with dolphins and whales.4
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (=54) {54 MYBN}
6. ^ Mark S. Springer,
William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal
diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4
2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). (=53) {53 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
  
53,500,000 YBN
8 9 10 11 		812) The earliest marine mammal (and earliest whale) "Himalayacetus".5 6
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ S. Bajpai and P. D. Gingerich. 1998. A new Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia,
Cetacea) from India and the time of origin of whales. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences
95:15464-15468 http://www.pnas.org/content/95/26/15464.abstract
2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
3. ^ S. Bajpai and P. D.
Gingerich. 1998. A new Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from India and
the time of origin of whales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
95:15464-15468 http://www.pnas.org/content/95/26/15464.abstract
4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
5. ^ S. Bajpai and P. D.
Gingerich. 1998. A new Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from India and
the time of origin of whales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
95:15464-15468 http://www.pnas.org/content/95/26/15464.abstract
6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
7. ^
http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc98/10_10_98/fob3.htm
8. ^ S. Bajpai and P. D. Gingerich. 1998. A new Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia,
Cetacea) from India and the time of origin of whales. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences
95:15464-15468 http://www.pnas.org/content/95/26/15464.abstract
9. ^ http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc98/10_10_98/fob3.htm (=53.5) {53.5
MYBN}
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (=50) {50 MYBN}
11. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo
Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). (=52)
{52 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
earliest fossils: (Subathu Formation) Northern India7   
52,000,000 YBN
14 15 16 		501) The Laurasiatheres Order "Chiroptera" {KIroPTRu10 } evolves (the ancestor
of fruit bats, and echolocating bats).11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Chiroptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/chiroptera-1
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of
Life", Science, (2003).
4. ^ "Chiroptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/chiroptera-1
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of
Life", Science, (2003).
7. ^ "Chiroptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/chiroptera-1
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
9. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of
Life", Science, (2003).
10. ^ "Chiroptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/chiroptera-1
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
12. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of
Life", Science, (2003).
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
14. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
15. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004). {80 MYBN}
16. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of
Life", Science, (2003).

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
Laurasia13   
51,000,000 YBN
5 		513) The Rodents: Old World Porcupines evolve.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {51 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[3] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
[4] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
  
50,000,000 YBN
8 		438) The Himalayan {HiMolAYeN5 } mountains start to form.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Himalayan." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 06 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Himalayan>.
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ "Himalayan." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 06 Jan.
2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Himalayan>.
4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
5. ^ "Himalayan." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 06
Jan. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Himalayan>.
6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
7. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
8. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {50
MYBN}
Himalyia Mountains, India7   
50,000,000 YBN
4 		816) The early whale Ambulocetus evolves.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/articles/5359_71_miller_1999_iof_panda_12_6_200
4.asp
2. ^
http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/articles/5359_71_miller_1999_iof_panda_12_6_200
4.asp
3. ^
http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/articles/5359_71_miller_1999_iof_panda_12_6_200
4.asp
4. ^
http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/articles/5359_71_miller_1999_iof_panda_12_6_200
4.asp (=40)
  
50,000,000 YBN
3 		6382) The first camels.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetartiodactyla&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
3. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
[3] "ruminant." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
08 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ruminant
Laurasia2   
50,000,000 YBN
3 		6383) The first rhinos.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
3. ^ Palmer et
al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
Laurasia2   
49,000,000 YBN
9 10 		474) The Bird Order "Falconiformes" {FaLKoNiFORmEZ7 } evolves (the ancestor of
falcons, hawks, eagles, and Old World vultures).8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Falconiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/falconiformes-1
2. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
3. ^ "Falconiformes." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/falconiformes-1
4. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
5. ^ "Falconiformes." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/falconiformes-1
6. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
7. ^ "Falconiformes." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/falconiformes-1
8. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
9. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p361.
10. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2) {49 MYBN (need to check with fossil
record 2}
  
49,000,000 YBN
11 		515) The Rodents: New World porcupines, guinea pigs, agoutis {uGUTEZ8 }, and
capybaras {KaPuBoRoZ9 } evolve.10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "capybara." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/capybara
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ "capybara." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/capybara
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ "agouti." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/agouti
6. ^ "capybara." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/capybara
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ "agouti." The American Heritage® Dictionary of
the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/agouti
9. ^ "capybara." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/capybara
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {49 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[3] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
[4] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
  
40,000,000 YBN
12 		525) The Primates "New World Monkeys" evolve (the ancestor of the Sakis,
Spider, Howler and Squirrel monkeys, Capuchins {KaP YU CiNZ8 }, and Tamarins).9


The ancestor of all New World monkeys probably originates in Africa, but all
surviving descendants now live in the Americas, which suggests that a small
group of New World monkeys got across the early Atlantic Ocean to South
America, perhaps by rafting on fallen trees over a chain of islands.10
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ "capuchin." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/capuchin
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ "capuchin." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/capuchin
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ "capuchin." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/capuchin
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ "capuchin." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/capuchin
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p147 (guess is
in Africa).
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {40 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
[3] "Euarchontoglires".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[4] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
[5] "New world monkey". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_world_monkey
Africa11   
37,000,000 YBN
4 5 		442) Dogs evolve.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {37 MYBN}
5. ^
Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p361.
  
37,000,000 YBN
9 		475) The Bird Order Cuculiformes {KUKUliFORmEZ7 } evolves (the ancestor of
cuckoos, and roadrunners).8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cuculiformes&submit=Submit
2. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
3. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cuculiformes&submit=Submit
4. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cuculiformes&submit=Submit
6. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
7. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cuculiformes&submit=Submit
8. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
9. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2) {37 MYBN (need to check with fossil
record 2}
  
35,000,000 YBN
2 		6384) The Xenarthrans Ground sloths evolve.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p361.
2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive
Life", 2009, p361.
  
34,000,000 YBN
10 		813) Toothed and Baleen whale lines split.7

Toothed whales include dolphins, sperm, and killer whales. Baleen whales
include blue, humpback, and gray whales.8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ "toothed whale." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/toothed-whale
3. ^ "baleen whale." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/baleen-whale
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
5. ^ "toothed whale." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/toothed-whale
6. ^ "baleen whale." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/baleen-whale
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
8. ^ "toothed whale." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/toothed-whale
9. ^ "baleen whale." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/baleen-whale
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (=34) {34 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
  
30,000,000 YBN
7 8 		444) Cats evolve.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p361.
2. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p361.
4. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
5. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p361.
6. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
7. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p361.
8. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
  
30,000,000 YBN
5 		520) The Primates: True Lemurs evolve.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (63 mybn)
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn)
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn)
4. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn)
5. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004). (63 mybn) {30 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[2] "Strepsirrhini". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsirrhini
[3] "Lemuridae". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuridae
[4] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
[5] "Lemur". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur
[6] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) (=63 mybn)
[7] Mark S.
Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien,
"Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary",
PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). (70 mybn) (=70 mybn)
[8] Michael J. Benton
and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). (70 mybn)
(=70 mybn)
  
30,000,000 YBN
3 		6385) The first pigs evolve.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p361.
2. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive
Life", 2009, p361.
3. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p361.
  
25,000,000 YBN
12 		531) The Primates "Old World Monkeys" evolve (the ancestor of the Macaques,
Baboons, Mandrills, Proboscis and Colobus {KoLiBeS7 } monkeys).8

This is also the last common ancestor of the Old World monkeys and the
hominoids, which includes apes and humans.9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "colobus monkey." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/black-and-white-colobus
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ "colobus monkey." The American Heritage® Dictionary of
the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/black-and-white-colobus
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ "colobus monkey." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/black-and-white-colobus
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
7. ^ "colobus monkey." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/black-and-white-colobus
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
9. ^ "hominoid." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 30 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/hominoid
10. ^ Stewart, Caro-Beth, and Todd R Disotell.
“Primate evolution - in and out of Africa.” Current Biology 8.16 (1998) :
R582-R588. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207003673
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). {25 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
[2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[3] Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of
Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588,
(1998) . see image
[4] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
[5] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
(perhaps around Lake Victoria) Africa11   
25,000,000 YBN
3 		6386) The first deer evolves.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p361.
2. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive
Life", 2009, p361.
3. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p361.

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
[3] "ruminant." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
08 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ruminant
[4] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218
  
24,000,000 YBN
6 		662) The ancestor of all Hominoids (Gibbons and Hominids) loses its tail.5
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (based on
Aegyptopithecus=22my) {24 MYBN (based on Aegyptopithecus=22my}
  
23,000,000 YBN
6 		478) The Monotreme: Echidna evolves.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ "monotreme." Britannica Concise
Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Jul.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). {23 MYBN}
Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea5   
23,000,000 YBN
6 		479) The Monotreme: Duck-Billed Platypus evolves.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ "platypus." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 30 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/platypus
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {23 MYBN}
Australia and Tasmania5   
22,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 10 		559) The Hominoid Proconsul evolves in East Africa.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in
and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages
R582-R588, (1998).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate
evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July
1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell,
"Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16,
30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998).
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R.
Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8,
Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998). (c22-c16mybn)
9. ^
http://johnhawks.net/weblog/fossils/apes/proconsul/ 22-10 mybn (22-10 mybn)
10. ^
"Proconsul (genus) 27-17 mybn". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconsul_%28genus%29 27-17 mybn (27-17mybn)
  
20,000,000 YBN
3 4 		549) The ancestor of all Homonids may move (over land) from Africa into
Eurasia.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in
and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages
R582-R588, (1998).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). {20MYBN}
4. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate
evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July
1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998). {20MYBN}
  
18,000,000 YBN
10 		537) The Hominoids: Gibbons evolve in South-east Asia.7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in
and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages
R582-R588, (1998) .
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate
evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July
1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998) .
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R.
Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8,
Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998) .
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart
and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of Africa", Current
Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998) .
9. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
10. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004). {18 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
[3] "Euarchontoglires".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[4] "Old World monkey". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_monkey
[5] "Gibbon". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon
[6] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
[7] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
South-East Asia9   
15,000,000 YBN
3 		6388) The first Kangeroos evolve.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p388.
2. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive
Life", 2009, p388.
3. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p388.

MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004)
Australia  
15,000,000 YBN
7 		6389) The first bovids {BOViDZ4 } evolve (hollow-horned ruminants: oxen,
antelopes, sheep, cattle, and goats5 ).6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "bovid." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 06 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bovid>.
2. ^ "bovid." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jul. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bovid>.
3. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p388.
4. ^ "bovid." Dictionary.com
Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 06 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bovid>.
5. ^ "bovid." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jul. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bovid>.
6. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p388.
7. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life",
2009, p388.

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
[3] "ruminant." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
08 Jan. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ruminant
[4] Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p360
[5] Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218
  
14,000,000 YBN
10 11 12 13 		542) The earliest extant Hominids: Orangutans evolve in South-East Asia.7 8
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Begun, "African and Eurasian Miocene hominoids and the origins of
the Hominidae", in Louis de Bonis, George D. Koufos, Peter Andrews, "Phylogeny
of the Neogene hominoid primates of Eurasia", p232.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Begun, "African
and Eurasian Miocene hominoids and the origins of the Hominidae", in Louis de
Bonis, George D. Koufos, Peter Andrews, "Phylogeny of the Neogene hominoid
primates of Eurasia", p232.
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ Begun, "African and Eurasian Miocene hominoids
and the origins of the Hominidae", in Louis de Bonis, George D. Koufos, Peter
Andrews, "Phylogeny of the Neogene hominoid primates of Eurasia", p232.
7. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^
Begun, "African and Eurasian Miocene hominoids and the origins of the
Hominidae", in Louis de Bonis, George D. Koufos, Peter Andrews, "Phylogeny of
the Neogene hominoid primates of Eurasia", p232.
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
10. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {14 MYBN}
11. ^
Chan Y-C, Roos C, Inoue-Murayama M, Inoue E, Shih C-C, et al. (2010)
Mitochondrial Genome Sequences Effectively Reveal the Phylogeny of Hylobates
Gibbons. PLoS ONE 5(12): e14419.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014419 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10
.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0014419
12. ^ Palmer, "Primitive Life", 2009, p442.
13. ^ P-.H. Fabre, A. Rodrigues, E.J.P.
Douzery, Patterns of macroevolution among Primates inferred from a supermatrix
of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume
53, Issue 3, December 2009, Pages 808-825, ISSN 1055-7903,
10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.004. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S1055790309003169)

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
South-East Asia9   
10,500,000 YBN
3 4 5 		550) The ancestor of all Gorillas, Chimpanzees, and archaic humans may move
over land from Eurasia back into Africa.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in
and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages
R582-R588, (1998).
3. ^ Record ID543. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
{9 MYBN}
5. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out
of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588,
(1998). {9 MYBN}
  
10,000,000 YBN
6 7 8 9 10 11 		543) The Hominids: Gorillas evolve in Africa.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ P-.H. Fabre, A. Rodrigues, E.J.P.
Douzery, Patterns of macroevolution among Primates inferred from a supermatrix
of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume
53, Issue 3, December 2009, Pages 808-825, ISSN 1055-7903,
10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.004. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S1055790309003169)
7. ^ Palmer, "Primitive Life", 2009, p442.
8. ^ Suwa, Gen et al. "A New Species of
Great Ape from the Late Miocene Epoch in Ethiopia." Nature 448.7156 (2007):
921–924. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7156/full/nature06113.htm
l
9. ^ Kunimatsu, Yutaka et al. "A New Late Miocene Great Ape from Kenya and Its
Implications for the Origins of African Great Apes and Humans." Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences 104.49 (2007): 19220 –19225.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/49/19220.abstract
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {7 MYBN}
11. ^ Chan Y-C, Roos C, Inoue-Murayama M, Inoue E, Shih C-C,
et al. (2010) Mitochondrial Genome Sequences Effectively Reveal the Phylogeny
of Hylobates Gibbons. PLoS ONE 5(12): e14419.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014419 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10
.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0014419

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
[3] "Gorilla".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla
[4] Prothero, "Bring Fossils To Life", Second
Edition, 2004, p34
Africa5   
6,000,000 YBN
12 13 		544) The Hominids: Chimpanzees evolve in Africa. This is the last common
ancestor of chimpanzees and humans.9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). 6mybn
2. ^
http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8
mybn see image 4)
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn
4. ^
http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8
mybn see image 4)
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn
6. ^
http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8
mybn see image 4)
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn
8. ^
http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8
mybn see image 4)
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn
10. ^
http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8
mybn see image 4)
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn (6mybn) {6 MYBN}
13. ^
http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8
mybn see image 4) (8mybn) {8 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
Africa11   
4,400,000 YBN
40 41 		546) The Hominid: Ardipithecus evolves.29 30 31 32 33 34 The earliest bipedal
primate.35

Bipedalism may evolve so that hands are free to carry food for later use,36
and to use weapons37 .

Hominids walking upright on two legs, away from a life in the trees, may signal
that they have become the top of the food chain on land as the result of using
weapons.38
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late
Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332,
145-152
(2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015282
2. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens ,
First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
3. ^ Perlman, David (July 12, 2001). "Fossils From Ethiopia May Be Earliest
Human Ancestor". National Geographic News. Retrieved July 2009.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/0712_ethiopianbones.html
4. ^ White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes;
Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabriel, Giday (2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus
and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids.". Science 326 (5949):
75–86. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract
5. ^ White, T. D.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B. (1994). "Australopithecus ramidus, a new
species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia". Nature 371 (6495): 306.
Bibcode 1994Natur.371..306W. doi:10.1038/371306a0.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p93.
7. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and
Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R.
Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
8. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late Miocene
hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332, 145-152
(2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015282
9. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens ,
First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
10. ^ Perlman, David (July 12, 2001). "Fossils From Ethiopia May Be Earliest
Human Ancestor". National Geographic News. Retrieved July 2009.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/0712_ethiopianbones.html
11. ^ White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes;
Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabriel, Giday (2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus
and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids.". Science 326 (5949):
75–86. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract
12. ^ White, T. D.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B. (1994). "Australopithecus ramidus, a
new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia". Nature 371 (6495): 306.
Bibcode 1994Natur.371..306W. doi:10.1038/371306a0.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p93.
14. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and
Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R.
Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
15. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late
Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332,
145-152
(2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015282
16. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens ,
First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
17. ^ Perlman, David (July 12, 2001). "Fossils From Ethiopia May Be Earliest
Human Ancestor". National Geographic News. Retrieved July 2009.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/0712_ethiopianbones.html
18. ^ White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes;
Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabriel, Giday (2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus
and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids.". Science 326 (5949): 75–86.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract
19. ^ White, T. D.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B. (1994). "Australopithecus ramidus, a
new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia". Nature 371 (6495): 306.
Bibcode 1994Natur.371..306W. doi:10.1038/371306a0.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract
20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p93.
21. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and
Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R.
Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
22. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late
Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332,
145-152
(2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015282
23. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens ,
First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
24. ^ Perlman, David (July 12, 2001). "Fossils From Ethiopia May Be Earliest
Human Ancestor". National Geographic News. Retrieved July 2009.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/0712_ethiopianbones.html
25. ^ White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes;
Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabriel, Giday (2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus
and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids.". Science 326 (5949): 75–86.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract
26. ^ White, T. D.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B. (1994). "Australopithecus ramidus, a
new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia". Nature 371 (6495): 306.
Bibcode 1994Natur.371..306W. doi:10.1038/371306a0.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract
27. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p93.
28. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and
Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R.
Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
29. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late
Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332,
145-152
(2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015282
30. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens ,
First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
31. ^ Perlman, David (July 12, 2001). "Fossils From Ethiopia May Be Earliest
Human Ancestor". National Geographic News. Retrieved July 2009.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/0712_ethiopianbones.html
32. ^ White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes;
Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabriel, Giday (2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus
and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids.". Science 326 (5949): 75–86.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract
33. ^ White, T. D.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B. (1994). "Australopithecus ramidus, a
new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia". Nature 371 (6495): 306.
Bibcode 1994Natur.371..306W. doi:10.1038/371306a0.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract
34. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p93.
35. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and
Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R.
Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
36. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004)
37. ^ Ted Huntington.
38. ^ Ted Huntington.
39. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein,
K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation,
Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
40. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late
Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332,
145-152
(2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015282 {6
MYBN}
41. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens ,
First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
{6 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Haile-Selassie, Y. Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash,
Ethiopia. Nature 412, 178-181 (2001).
http://www.nature.com/uidfinder/10.1038/35084063
Lukeino Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya, Africa39   
4,000,000 YBN
19 20 21 22 		547) The Hominid: Australopithecus (x-STrA-lO-PitiKuS13 } evolves.14 15 16
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ "Australopithecus." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/australopithecus
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ Clarke, R.J. and P.V. Tobias (1995). Sterkfontein Member 2 foot
bones of the oldest South African hominid. Science 269,
521–524. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/269/5223/521
4. ^ Partridge, T.C., Granger, D.E., Caffee, M.W. and Clarke, R.J. (2003),
"Lower Pliocene Hominid Remains from Sterkfontein", Science, Vol. 300, pp. pp.
607–612.
5. ^ "Australopithecus." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/australopithecus
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
7. ^ Clarke, R.J. and P.V. Tobias (1995). Sterkfontein Member 2 foot
bones of the oldest South African hominid. Science 269,
521–524. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/269/5223/521
8. ^ Partridge, T.C., Granger, D.E., Caffee, M.W. and Clarke, R.J. (2003),
"Lower Pliocene Hominid Remains from Sterkfontein", Science, Vol. 300, pp. pp.
607–612.
9. ^ "Australopithecus." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/australopithecus
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
11. ^ Clarke, R.J. and P.V. Tobias (1995). Sterkfontein Member 2 foot
bones of the oldest South African hominid. Science 269,
521–524. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/269/5223/521
12. ^ Partridge, T.C., Granger, D.E., Caffee, M.W. and Clarke, R.J. (2003),
"Lower Pliocene Hominid Remains from Sterkfontein", Science, Vol. 300, pp. pp.
607–612.
13. ^ "Australopithecus." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/australopithecus
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
15. ^ Clarke, R.J. and P.V. Tobias (1995). Sterkfontein Member 2 foot
bones of the oldest South African hominid. Science 269,
521–524. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/269/5223/521
16. ^ Partridge, T.C., Granger, D.E., Caffee, M.W. and Clarke, R.J. (2003),
"Lower Pliocene Hominid Remains from Sterkfontein", Science, Vol. 300, pp. pp.
607–612.
17. ^ Clarke, R.J. and P.V. Tobias (1995). Sterkfontein Member 2 foot bones of
the oldest South African hominid. Science 269,
521–524. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/269/5223/521
18. ^ Partridge, T.C., Granger, D.E., Caffee, M.W. and Clarke, R.J. (2003),
"Lower Pliocene Hominid Remains from Sterkfontein", Science, Vol. 300, pp. pp.
607–612.
19. ^ Partridge, T.C., Granger, D.E., Caffee, M.W. and Clarke, R.J. (2003),
"Lower Pliocene Hominid Remains from Sterkfontein", Science, Vol. 300, pp. pp.
607–612. {4MYBN}
20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). {4MYBN}
21. ^ "Australopithecus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus {3.9 to 3my}
22. ^ "Australopithecus
afarensis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis (3.9 to 3my)

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
Sterkfontein, South Africa17 18   

SCIENCE
3,390,000 YBN
7 		269) Hominids use stones as tools.4

Some may view the use of stones as tools by hominids as the start of science on
Earth.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ McPherron, Shannon P. et al. “Evidence for stone-tool-assisted
consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika,
Ethiopia.” Nature 466.7308 (2010) :
857-860. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7308/full/nature09248.html
2. ^ McPherron, Shannon P. et al. “Evidence for stone-tool-assisted
consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika,
Ethiopia.” Nature 466.7308 (2010) :
857-860. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7308/full/nature09248.html
3. ^ McPherron, Shannon P. et al. “Evidence for stone-tool-assisted
consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika,
Ethiopia.” Nature 466.7308 (2010) :
857-860. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7308/full/nature09248.html
4. ^ McPherron, Shannon P. et al. “Evidence for stone-tool-assisted
consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika,
Ethiopia.” Nature 466.7308 (2010) :
857-860. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7308/full/nature09248.html
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ McPherron, Shannon P. et al. “Evidence for stone-tool-assisted
consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika,
Ethiopia.” Nature 466.7308 (2010) :
857-860. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7308/full/nature09248.html
7. ^ McPherron, Shannon P. et al. “Evidence for stone-tool-assisted
consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika,
Ethiopia.” Nature 466.7308 (2010) :
857-860. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7308/full/nature09248.html
{3.39 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus
[2] "Stone Age". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age
[3] "Paleolithic". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic
Dikika, Ethiopia6   
3,000,000 YBN
3 		446) North and South America connect.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {3 MYBN}
  
2,700,000 YBN
10 		564) The Hominid: Paranthropus {Pa raN tru PuS7 } evolves; a line of extinct
early bipedal hominids.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=paranthropus&submit=Submit
2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.
3. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=paranthropus&submit=Submit
4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.
5. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=paranthropus&submit=Submit
6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.
7. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=paranthropus&submit=Submit
8. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.
9. ^ "Paranthropus". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthropus
10. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.

MORE INFO
[1] Thure E. Cerling, Emma Mbua, Francis M. Kirera, Fredrick Kyalo
Manthi, Frederick E. Grine, Meave G. Leakey, Matt Sponheimer, and Kevin T. Uno.
Diet of Paranthropus boisei in the early Pleistocene of East Africa; PNAS 2011;
published ahead of print May 2, 2011, doi:10.1073/pnas.1104627108
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/04/27/1104627108.full.pdf+html?sid=71bf86
4d-bcc2-420e-9c3d-6c390c4a31c3
[2] Dawkins, Richard (2004). The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage To the Dawn of
Life. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 90. ISBN 0-297-82503-8
Africa9   
2,500,000 YBN
13 		455) The oldest formed stone tools.8 The start of the Paleolithic or "Old
Stone Age".9 10 11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus
2. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus
3. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus
4. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus
5. ^ "Paleolithic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/paleolithic
6. ^ Fagan, Brian M, and Charlotte Beck. The Oxford Companion to Archaeology.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Internet resource.
7. ^ "Paleolithic."
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc., 2005. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/paleolithic
8. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus
9. ^ "Paleolithic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
24 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/paleolithic
10. ^ Fagan, Brian M, and Charlotte Beck. The Oxford Companion to
Archaeology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Internet resource.
11. ^
"Paleolithic." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/paleolithic
12. ^ Semaw, S. et al. 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia.
Nature 385, 333–336 (1997)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6614/abs/385333a0.html
13. ^ Semaw, S. et al. 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia.
Nature 385, 333–336 (1997)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6614/abs/385333a0.html {2.5 MYBN}
Gona, Ethiopia12   
2,200,000 YBN
23 		447) The first humans.16 The Hominid: Homo habilis evolves (the earliest
member of the genus "Homo"17 ).18

This is when the human brain begins to get bigger.19
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "human." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/human-1
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p78
4. ^ "human." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 May.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/human-1
5. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.
6. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p78
8. ^ "human." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 May.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/human-1
9. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.
10. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p78
12. ^ "human." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
04 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/human-1
13. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.
14. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p78
16. ^ "human." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
04 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/human-1
17. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.
18. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p78
20. ^ F. Spoor, M. G. Leakey, P. N. Gathogo, F. H. Brown, S. C.
Antón, I. McDougall, C. Kiarie, F. K. Manthi & L. N. Leakey (2007-08-09).
"Implications of new early Homo fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana,
Kenya". Nature 448 (7154): 688–691. doi:10.1038/nature05986. PMID
17687323 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7154/full/nature05986.html
21. ^ Donald C. Johanson, Fidelis T. Masao, Gerald G. Eck, Tim D. White, Robert
C. Walter, William H. Kimbel, Berhane Asfaw, Paul Manega, Prosper Ndessokia &
Gen Suwa (21 May 1987). "New partial skeleton of Homo habilis from Olduvai
Gorge, Tanzania". Nature 327 (6119): 205–209. doi:10.1038/327205a0. PMID
3106831
22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p78
23. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.
(Kenya20 and Tanzania21 ) Africa22   
2,000,000 YBN
10 		545) The Hominids: Bonobos {BunOBOZ7 } evolve.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "bonobo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/bonobo
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ "bonobo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/bonobo
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ "bonobo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
10 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/bonobo
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
7. ^ "bonobo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of
the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/bonobo
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {2 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
[3] "Bonobo".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo
Africa9   
1,800,000 YBN
130) The end of the Tertiary {TRsEARE7 } (65-1.8 mybn), and start of the
Quaternary {KWoTRnARE or KWoTRNRE8 } (1.8 mybn-now) Period.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Tertiary period." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/tertiary-1
2. ^ "quaternary." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/quaternary
3. ^ The geological Society of America
4. ^ "Tertiary period." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 17
Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/tertiary-1
5. ^ "quaternary." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/quaternary
6. ^ The geological Society of America
7. ^ "Tertiary period." The Columbia
Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012.
Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/tertiary-1
8. ^ "quaternary." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/quaternary
9. ^ The geological Society of America
  
1,800,000 YBN
12 13 14 		563) Homo erectus {hOmO ireKTuS9 } evolves in Africa.10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Homo erectus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/homo-erectus
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). p68-71
3. ^ "Homo erectus." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/homo-erectus
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p68-71
5. ^ "Homo erectus." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/homo-erectus
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p68-71
7. ^ "Homo erectus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
10 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/homo-erectus
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p68-71
9. ^ "Homo erectus." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/homo-erectus
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p68-71
11. ^ Brown, Frank et al.
“Early Homo Erectus Skeleton from West Lake Turkana, Kenya.” Nature
316.6031 (1985):
788–792. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v316/n6031/abs/316788a0.html
12. ^ "Homo ergaster 1.9-1.4 mybn". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergaster 1.9-1.4 mybn (1.9-1.4mybn) {1.9-1.4
MYBN}
13. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.
14. ^ "Homo ergaster 1.9-1.4 mybn".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergaster 1.9-1.4
mybn (1.9-1.4mybn) {1.9-1.4 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of
Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001
http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
[2] Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p416
[3] Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa
again and again.” Nature 416.6876 (2002) :
45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html
[4] Vekua, Abesalom et al. “A New Skull of Early Homo from Dmanisi,
Georgia.” Science 297.5578 (2002): 85–89. Print. New Series
Lake Turkana, East Africa11   
1,700,000 YBN
14 		449) Homo erectus moves into Eurasia from Africa.12 13
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature
416.6876 (2002) :
45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html
3. ^ G. Philip Rightmire, "The Dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa and the
Emergence of More Modern Humans", Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 47,
No. 2, A Quarter Century of Paleoanthropology: Views from the U.S.A. (Summer,
1991), pp. 177-191 Published by: University of New Mexico Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630324
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
5. ^ Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature
416.6876 (2002) :
45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html
6. ^ G. Philip Rightmire, "The Dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa and the
Emergence of More Modern Humans", Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 47,
No. 2, A Quarter Century of Paleoanthropology: Views from the U.S.A. (Summer,
1991), pp. 177-191 Published by: University of New Mexico Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630324
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
8. ^ Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature
416.6876 (2002) :
45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html
9. ^ G. Philip Rightmire, "The Dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa and the
Emergence of More Modern Humans", Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 47,
No. 2, A Quarter Century of Paleoanthropology: Views from the U.S.A. (Summer,
1991), pp. 177-191 Published by: University of New Mexico Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630324
10. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus
11. ^ G. Philip Rightmire, "The Dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa and the
Emergence of More Modern Humans", Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 47,
No. 2, A Quarter Century of Paleoanthropology: Views from the U.S.A. (Summer,
1991), pp. 177-191 Published by: University of New Mexico Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630324
12. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus
13. ^ G. Philip Rightmire, "The Dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa and the
Emergence of More Modern Humans", Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 47,
No. 2, A Quarter Century of Paleoanthropology: Views from the U.S.A. (Summer,
1991), pp. 177-191 Published by: University of New Mexico Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630324
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {1.7 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p69-77
[2] Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble,
2001.
  
1,500,000 YBN
8 		583) The controlled use of fire by Hominids.5

Controlled fires may be made first by Australopithecus or Homo erectus.6
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for
the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) :
464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html
{Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf}
2. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the
earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) :
464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html
{Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf}
3. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the
earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) :
464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html
{Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf}
4. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the
earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) :
464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html
{Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf}
5. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the
earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) :
464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html
{Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf}
6. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3557077.stm
7. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave
for the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) :
464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html
{1.0-1.5 MYBN} {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf}
8. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans
cave for the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) :
464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html
{1.0-1.5 MYBN} {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf}
(Swartkrans cave) Swartkrans, South Africa7   
1,000,000 YBN
6 7 		589) Homo erectus evolves far less body hair, except on the head, face, airpit,
chest, and groin.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275
5. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
p69-70,273-275
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275 {1 MYBN}
7. ^ Rogers AR, Iltis D, Wooding S, "Genetic
variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair." Curr
Anthropol 2004;45:105-108. http://www.jstor.org/pss/10.1086/381006 {1.2 MYBN}
  
1,000,000 YBN
3 		6467) Homo erectus reaches China.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An
Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and
Civilization of China Series.
p206. http://books.google.com/books?id=sP-PN2StH2cC
2. ^ Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An
Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and
Civilization of China Series.
p206. http://books.google.com/books?id=sP-PN2StH2cC
3. ^ Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An
Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and
Civilization of China Series.
p206. http://books.google.com/books?id=sP-PN2StH2cC
Gongwangling, Lantian County, Shaanxi Province, China2   
970,000 YBN
12 13 14 		200) Humans wear clothing.9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G.
Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation
at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010),
229-233 . http://nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/full/nature09117.html
2. ^ Pallab Ghosh, "Humans' early arrival in Britain", BBC News,
07/07/2010 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10531419
3. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G.
Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation
at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010),
229-233 . http://nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/full/nature09117.html
4. ^ Pallab Ghosh, "Humans' early arrival in Britain", BBC News,
07/07/2010 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10531419
5. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G.
Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation
at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010),
229-233 . http://nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/full/nature09117.html
6. ^ Pallab Ghosh, "Humans' early arrival in Britain", BBC News,
07/07/2010 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10531419
7. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G.
Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation
at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010),
229-233 . http://nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/full/nature09117.html
8. ^ Pallab Ghosh, "Humans' early arrival in Britain", BBC News,
07/07/2010 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10531419
9. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G.
Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation
at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010),
229-233 . http://nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/full/nature09117.html
10. ^ Pallab Ghosh, "Humans' early arrival in Britain", BBC News,
07/07/2010 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10531419
11. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G.
Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation
at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010),
229-233 . http://nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/full/nature09117.html
12. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L.
Abel, G. Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human
Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466
(2010), 229-233
. http://nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/full/nature09117.html {970,000}
13. ^
Melissa A. Toups, Andrew Kitchen, Jessica E. Light, and David L. Reed, "Origin
of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in
Africa", Mol Biol Evol (2011) 28(1): 29-32 first published online September 7,
2010 doi:10.1093/molbev/msq234 {83,000-170,000YBN}
14. ^ Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser, Mark
Stoneking, Molecular Evolution of Pediculus humanus and the Origin of Clothing,
Current Biology, Volume 13, Issue 16, 19 August 2003, Pages 1414-1417, ISSN
0960-9822,
10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00507-4. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0960982203005074) {72,000YBN +/- 42,000years}
Happisburgh, Norfolk, UK11   
400,000 YBN
8 9 10 		615) The earliest evidence of spears.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.”
Science 338.6109 (2012):
942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942
2. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.”
Science 338.6109 (2012):
942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942
3. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.”
Science 338.6109 (2012):
942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942
4. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.”
Science 338.6109 (2012):
942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942
5. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.”
Science 338.6109 (2012):
942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942
6. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.”
Science 338.6109 (2012):
942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942
7. ^ Thieme, Hartmut, ‘Lower Palaeolithic Hunting Spears from Germany’,
Nature, 385 (1997), 807-810
. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385807a0.html {Thieme_19
970227.pdf} {400,000YBN}
8. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting
Technology.” Science 338.6109 (2012):
942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942
9. ^ Thieme, Hartmut, ‘Lower Palaeolithic Hunting Spears from Germany’,
Nature, 385 (1997), 807-810
. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385807a0.html {Thieme_19
970227.pdf} {400,000YBN}
10. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes
to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Hartmut Thieme.
Letters to Nature. Nature 385, 807 - 810 (27 February 1997);
doi:10.1038/385807a0
Kathu Pan 1, South Africa6 |(Schöningen, Germany.7 )  
302,000 YBN
7 		6517) There are 1 million humans on Earth, all hunter-gathering people.5 6
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One
Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
2. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
3. ^
Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million
B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
4. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
5. ^
Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million
B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
6. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
7. ^
Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million
B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
  
200,000 YBN
25 26 27 		548) Homo sapiens evolve in Africa.17 18 19 20

The oldest Homo sapiens fossils are from Ethiopia.21
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf
2. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic
placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736
(17 February
2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html
3. ^ University Of Utah. "The Oldest Homo Sapiens: Fossils Push Human Emergence
Back To 195,000 Years Ago." ScienceDaily, 28 Feb. 2005. Web. 9 Oct. 2011.
4. ^ Tim D.
White, Berhane Asfaw, David DeGusta, Henry Gilbert, Gary D. Richards, Gen Suwa
& F. Clark Howell, "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia",
Nature 423, 742-747 (12 June
2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6941/full/nature01669.html
5. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf
6. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic
placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736
(17 February
2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html
7. ^ University Of Utah. "The Oldest Homo Sapiens: Fossils Push Human Emergence
Back To 195,000 Years Ago." ScienceDaily, 28 Feb. 2005. Web. 9 Oct. 2011.
8. ^ Tim D.
White, Berhane Asfaw, David DeGusta, Henry Gilbert, Gary D. Richards, Gen Suwa
& F. Clark Howell, "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia",
Nature 423, 742-747 (12 June
2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6941/full/nature01669.html
9. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf
10. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic
placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736
(17 February
2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html
11. ^ University Of Utah. "The Oldest Homo Sapiens: Fossils Push Human
Emergence Back To 195,000 Years Ago." ScienceDaily, 28 Feb. 2005. Web. 9 Oct.
2011.
12. ^ Tim D. White, Berhane Asfaw, David DeGusta, Henry Gilbert, Gary D.
Richards, Gen Suwa & F. Clark Howell, "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle
Awash, Ethiopia", Nature 423, 742-747 (12 June
2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6941/full/nature01669.html
13. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf
14. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic
placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736
(17 February
2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html
15. ^ University Of Utah. "The Oldest Homo Sapiens: Fossils Push Human
Emergence Back To 195,000 Years Ago." ScienceDaily, 28 Feb. 2005. Web. 9 Oct.
2011.
16. ^ Tim D. White, Berhane Asfaw, David DeGusta, Henry Gilbert, Gary D.
Richards, Gen Suwa & F. Clark Howell, "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle
Awash, Ethiopia", Nature 423, 742-747 (12 June
2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6941/full/nature01669.html
17. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf
18. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic
placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736
(17 February
2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html
19. ^ University Of Utah. "The Oldest Homo Sapiens: Fossils Push Human
Emergence Back To 195,000 Years Ago." ScienceDaily, 28 Feb. 2005. Web. 9 Oct.
2011.
20. ^ Tim D. White, Berhane Asfaw, David DeGusta, Henry Gilbert, Gary D.
Richards, Gen Suwa & F. Clark Howell, "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle
Awash, Ethiopia", Nature 423, 742-747 (12 June
2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6941/full/nature01669.html
21. ^ McDougall, Ian, Francis H. Brown, and John G. Fleagle. “Sapropels and
the age of hominins Omo I and II, Kibish, Ethiopia.” Journal of Human
Evolution 55.3 (2008) :
409-420. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248408001024
22. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf
23. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic
placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736
(17 February
2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html
24. ^ McDougall, Ian, Francis H. Brown, and John G. Fleagle. “Sapropels and
the age of hominins Omo I and II, Kibish, Ethiopia.” Journal of Human
Evolution 55.3 (2008) :
409-420. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248408001024
25. ^ McDougall, Ian, Francis H. Brown, and John G. Fleagle. “Sapropels and
the age of hominins Omo I and II, Kibish, Ethiopia.” Journal of Human
Evolution 55.3 (2008) :
409-420. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248408001024
26. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic
placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736
(17 February
2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html
{200,000 YBN}
27. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p65. (165,000 YBN) {200,000 YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
Ethiopia, Africa22 23 24   
200,000 YBN
590) The Human language of thirty short sounds begins to develop.9 All words
are single syllable.10

This is the beginning of the transition from the verbal language of chimpanzees
and monkeys, to the language humans use now, which has shorter sound duration
and a larger number of sounds.11

The majority of the 40 or so basic sounds in human language (A, B, K, D, E,
etc.) are probably learned before humans leave Africa, because although words
vary, all humans use the same base sounds.12

Humans start to name objects and actions.13
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington
3. ^ (The vast majority of Sumerian language is made of
one-syllable words) Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117.
4. ^ Ted Huntington
5. ^ (The vast
majority of Sumerian language is made of one-syllable words) Archaic
Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117.
6. ^ Ted Huntington
7. ^ (The vast majority of Sumerian
language is made of one-syllable words) Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993,
p117.
8. ^ Ted Huntington
9. ^ Ted Huntington
10. ^ (The vast majority of Sumerian language is made of
one-syllable words) Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117.
11. ^ Ted Huntington
12. ^ Ted
Huntington.
13. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
130,000 YBN
7 8 		450) Homo Neanderthalensis evolves in Europe and Western Asia.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of
Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001
http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
2. ^ Douglas Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p464.
3. ^ Donald Johanson,
"Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?",
ActionBioscience.org, May 2001
http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
4. ^ Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of
Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001
http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
5. ^ Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of
Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001
http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
6. ^ Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of
Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001
http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
7. ^Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of
Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001
http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html {000}
8. ^
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/genetics/ancient-dna-and-neanderthals

MORE INFO
[1] "Neanderthal". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal
Europe and Western Asia6   
120,000 YBN
572) The start of the Wurm glaciation, which connects a land bridge between
Asia and America.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.dbc.uci.edu/~sustain/bio65/lec04/b65lec04.htm
2. ^ http://www.dbc.uci.edu/~sustain/bio65/lec04/b65lec04.htm
  
101,000 YBN
[99000 BC] 10 11 12 		594) Homo sapiens move out of Africa into Eurasia.8 This is the beginning of
differences in race within the human species.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
2. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
3. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, L L et al. “Reconstruction of human
evolution: bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85.16 (1988) : 6002
-6006. http://www.pnas.org/content/85/16/6002.short
4. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
5. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, L L et al. “Reconstruction of human evolution:
bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data.” Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences 85.16 (1988) : 6002
-6006. http://www.pnas.org/content/85/16/6002.short
6. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
7. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, L L et al. “Reconstruction of human evolution:
bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data.” Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences 85.16 (1988) : 6002
-6006. http://www.pnas.org/content/85/16/6002.short
8. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
9. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, L L et al. “Reconstruction of human evolution:
bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data.” Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences 85.16 (1988) : 6002
-6006. http://www.pnas.org/content/85/16/6002.short
10. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer,
J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of
Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2,
March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054
40383710125
11. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html {000 YBN}
12. ^
Cavalli-Sforza, L L et al. “Reconstruction of human evolution: bringing
together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data.” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 85.16 (1988) : 6002
-6006. http://www.pnas.org/content/85/16/6002.short {000 YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0908490.html
[2] Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature
416.6876 (2002) :
45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416045a.html
  
100,000 YBN
[98000 BC] 5 6 		257) The oldest Homo sapiens skull outside of Africa; in Israel.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/billings_africa.html (92,000-115,000)
2. ^
http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/billings_africa.html (92,000-115,000)
3. ^
http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/billings_africa.html (92,000-115,000)
4. ^
http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/billings_africa.html (92,000-115,000)
5. ^ N. Mercier, H.
Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer, J.-L. Joron,
Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel,
Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2, March 1993, Pages
169-174, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054
40383710125
6. ^ http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/billings_africa.html (92,000-115,000)

MORE INFO
[1] Bar-Yosef, O. in The Geography of Neandertals and Modern Humans in
Europe and the Greater Mediterranean (eds Bar-Yosef, O. & Pilbeam, D.)
107−156 (Peabody Museum, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2000)
[2]
Mellars, Paul. “Neanderthals and the modern human colonization of Europe.”
Nature 432.7016 (2004) :
461-465. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v432/n7016/full/nature03103.html
[3] Bar-Yosef, O., B. Vandermeersch, B. Arensburg, A. Belfer-Cohen, P.
Goldberg, H. Laville, L. Meignen, Y. Rak, J. D. Speth, E. Tchernov, A. M.
Tillier, S. Weiner, G. A. Clark, A. Garrard, D. O. Henry, F. Hole, D. Roe, K.
R. Rosenberg, L. A. Schepartz, J. J. Shea, F. H. Smith, E. Trinkaus, N. M.
Whalen and L. Wilson. 199. The Excavations in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel (and
Comments and Replies). Current Anthropology
33(5):497-550. http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2743915?uid=3739256&uid=21
29&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21101120105141
[4] "Skhul remains". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skhul_remains
[5] McCown, Keith, "The Stone Age of Mount Carmel", Vol II, 1939
[6] Stringer, C. B.
et al. “ESR Dates for the Hominid Burial Site of Es Skhul in Israel.”
Nature 338.6218 (1989):
756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html
(Skhul Cave) Mount Carmel, Israel4   
100,000 YBN
[98000 BC] 6 7 8 		597) The earliest human burial, Skhul {SKuL?} cave in Israel.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for the Hominid Burial Site of Es
Skhul in Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989):
756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html
2. ^ Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for the Hominid Burial Site of Es
Skhul in Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989):
756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html
3. ^ Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for the Hominid Burial Site of Es
Skhul in Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989):
756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html
4. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer,
J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of
Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2,
March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054
40383710125
5. ^ Philip Lieberman, "Uniquely human: the evolution of speech, thought, and
selfless behavior", 1993, p163.
6. ^ Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for the
Hominid Burial Site of Es Skhul in Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989):
756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html
7. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer,
J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of
Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2,
March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054
40383710125
8. ^ Philip Lieberman, "Uniquely human: the evolution of speech, thought, and
selfless behavior", 1993, p163.

MORE INFO
[1] Garrod, et al, "The Stone Age of Mount Carmel", 1939
(es-Skhul cave) Mount Carmel, Israel3 4 5   
100,000 YBN
[98000 BC] 9 10 11 		6333) The theory that the universe is controlled by Gods.5

The explanation that many phenomena in the universe are controlled by objects
with human and animal bodies that have supernatural powers is one of the
earliest theories that tries to explain how the universe works.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
7. ^ Stringer, C. B. et
al. “ESR Dates for the Hominid Burial Site of Es Skhul in Israel.” Nature
338.6218 (1989):
756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html
8. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer,
J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of
Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2,
March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054
40383710125
9. ^ Philip Lieberman, "Uniquely human: the evolution of speech, thought, and
selfless behavior", 1993, p163.
10. ^ Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for the
Hominid Burial Site of Es Skhul in Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989):
756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html
11. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer,
J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of
Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2,
March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054
40383710125
(Es-Skhul) Mount Carmel, Israel7 8   
61,000 YBN
[59000 BC] 13 14 15 16 17 		614) Humans use a bow and arrows, and poison arrow heads.9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also
Antiquity
84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx

2. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle
Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South
Africa". ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142
3. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also
Antiquity
84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx

4. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle
Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South
Africa". ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142
5. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also
Antiquity
84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx

6. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle
Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South
Africa". ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142
7. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also
Antiquity
84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx

8. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle
Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South
Africa". ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142
9. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also
Antiquity
84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx

10. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008).
"Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave,
South Africa". ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142
11. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also
Antiquity
84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx

12. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008).
"Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave,
South Africa". ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142
13. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008).
"Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave,
South Africa". ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142
14. ^ "Modern culture emerged in Africa 20,000 years earlier than thought", LA
Times,
07/30/2012 http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-modern-cult
ure-africa-20120730,0,4412702.story?track=rss
15. ^ Paola Villa, et al, "Border Cave and the beginning of the Later Stone Age
in South Africa", PNAS, July 30,
2012. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/07/23/1202629109.abstract
16. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008).
"Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave,
South Africa". ScienceDirect. {10,000YBN}
17. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention
: from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000
YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jim Hamm, "The Traditional Bowyer's Bible", Volume 2, 2000,
p86. books.google.com/books?id=D9yQiKTtprAC&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86
[2] Collins, Desmond (1973). Background to archaeology: Britain in its European
setting (Revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521201551
Sibudu Cave, South Africa11 12   
53,300 YBN
[51300 BC] 5 		557) Homo Erectus goes extinct.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Swisher, C. C. et al. “Latest Homo erectus of Java: Potential
Contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia.” Science 274.5294 (1996)
: 1870 -1874. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/274/5294/1870
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2891688
2. ^ Swisher, C. C. et al. “Latest Homo erectus of Java: Potential
Contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia.” Science 274.5294 (1996)
: 1870 -1874. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/274/5294/1870
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2891688
3. ^ Swisher, C. C. et al. “Latest Homo erectus of Java: Potential
Contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia.” Science 274.5294 (1996)
: 1870 -1874. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/274/5294/1870
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2891688
4. ^ Swisher, C. C. et al. “Latest Homo erectus of Java: Potential
Contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia.” Science 274.5294 (1996)
: 1870 -1874. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/274/5294/1870
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2891688
5. ^ Swisher, C. C. et al. “Latest Homo erectus of Java: Potential
Contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia.” Science 274.5294 (1996)
: 1870 -1874. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/274/5294/1870
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2891688 {300 YBN}
Ngandong, Indonesia4   
50,000 YBN
[48000 BC] 4 		6399) The start of the mass extinction of large mammals due in part to human
impact.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Koch, Paul L. and Anthony D. Barnosky. "Late Quaternary Extinctions :
State of the Debate." (2006):
215-252. http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/Koch%20%20and%20Barnosky%202006.p
df
2. ^ Koch, Paul L. and Anthony D. Barnosky. "Late Quaternary Extinctions :
State of the Debate." (2006):
215-252. http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/Koch%20%20and%20Barnosky%202006.p
df
3. ^ Koch, Paul L. and Anthony D. Barnosky. "Late Quaternary Extinctions :
State of the Debate." (2006):
215-252. http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/Koch%20%20and%20Barnosky%202006.p
df
4. ^ Koch, Paul L. and Anthony D. Barnosky. "Late Quaternary Extinctions :
State of the Debate." (2006):
215-252. http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/Koch%20%20and%20Barnosky%202006.p
df
  
46,000 YBN
[44000 BC] 11 12 13 		577) The earliest water ship. Sapiens from Southeast Asia reach Australia by
water ship.9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,1169905,00.html
2. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and
climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February
2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6925/abs/nature01383.html
3. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,1169905,00.html
4. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and
climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February
2003)
5. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,1169905,00.html
6. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and
climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February
2003)
7. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,1169905,00.html
8. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and
climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February
2003)
9. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,1169905,00.html
10. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and
climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February
2003)
11. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and climatic
change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February 2003)
12. ^
http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,1169905,00.html
13. ^ Palmer, "Primitive Life", 2009, p471.

MORE INFO
[1] David B. Goldstein and Lounès Chikhi, "HUMAN MIGRATIONS AND
POPULATION STRUCTURE: What We Know and Why it Matters", Annual Review of
Genomics and Human Genetics, Vol. 3: 129 -152 (Volume publication date
September
2002) http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.genom.3.022502.10320
0
[2] Peter A. Underhill and Toomas Kivisild, "Use of Y Chromosome and
Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations", Annual
Review of Genetics, Vol. 41: 539 -564 (Volume publication date December
2007) http://www.annualreviews.org/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1146%2Fannurev.
genet.41.110306.130407
[3]
doi:10.1038/nature01383 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6925/abs/nat
ure01383.html
[4] http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0908490.html
  
43,000 YBN
[41000 BC] 10 11 12 		1187) The earliest known mine: "Lion Cave" in Swaziland, Africa; mined for the
iron mineral hematite which is ground to produce the red pigment ochre.5 6
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources - Malolotja
Archaeology, Lion Cavern," Retrieved August 27, 2007.
http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarch.asp
2. ^ Peace Parks Foundation, "Major Features: Cultural Importance." Republic of
South Africa: Author. Retrieved August 27,
2007 http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?mid=168&pid=148
3. ^ Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources - Malolotja
Archaeology, Lion Cavern," Retrieved August 27, 2007.
http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarch.asp
4. ^ Peace Parks Foundation, "Major Features: Cultural Importance." Republic of
South Africa: Author. Retrieved August 27,
2007 http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?mid=168&pid=148
5. ^ Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources - Malolotja
Archaeology, Lion Cavern," Retrieved August 27, 2007.
http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarch.asp
6. ^ Peace Parks Foundation, "Major Features: Cultural Importance." Republic of
South Africa: Author. Retrieved August 27,
2007 http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?mid=168&pid=148
7. ^ Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources - Malolotja
Archaeology, Lion Cavern," Retrieved August 27, 2007.
http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarch.asp
8. ^ Peace Parks Foundation, "Major Features: Cultural Importance." Republic of
South Africa: Author. Retrieved August 27,
2007 http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?mid=168&pid=148
9. ^ F. Yachir, "Mining in Africa Today: Strategies and Prospects", 1988,
p1. http://books.google.com/books?id=9WyyamT93REC&pg=PA1
10. ^ Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources - Malolotja
Archaeology, Lion Cavern," Retrieved August 27, 2007.
http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarch.asp
11. ^ Peace Parks Foundation, "Major Features: Cultural Importance." Republic
of South Africa: Author. Retrieved August 27,
2007 http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?mid=168&pid=148
12. ^ F. Yachir, "Mining in Africa Today: Strategies and Prospects", 1988,
p1. http://books.google.com/books?id=9WyyamT93REC&pg=PA1
Swaziland, Africa7 8 9   
40,000 YBN
[38000 BC] 7 8 9 10 11 12 		598) The earliest sapiens fossils in Europe (Romania).3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trinkaus, Erik et al. “An Early Modern Human from the Peştera Cu Oase,
Romania.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100.20 (2003):
11231–11236. http://www.pnas.org/content/100/20/11231
2. ^ Trinkaus, Erik et al. “An Early Modern Human from the Peştera Cu Oase,
Romania.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100.20 (2003):
11231–11236. http://www.pnas.org/content/100/20/11231
3. ^ Trinkaus, Erik et al. “An Early Modern Human from the Peştera Cu Oase,
Romania.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100.20 (2003):
11231–11236. http://www.pnas.org/content/100/20/11231
4. ^ Trinkaus, Erik et al. “An Early Modern Human from the Peştera Cu Oase,
Romania.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100.20 (2003):
11231–11236. http://www.pnas.org/content/100/20/11231
5. ^ Benazzi, Stefano et al. “Early Dispersal of Modern Humans in Europe and
Implications for Neanderthal Behaviour.” Nature 479.7374 (2011):
525–528. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v479/n7374/full/nature10617.htm
l
6. ^ Higham, Tom et al. “The Earliest Evidence for Anatomically Modern Humans
in Northwestern Europe.” Nature 479.7374 (2011):
521–524. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v479/n7374/full/nature10484.htm
l
7. ^ Higham, Tom et al. “Revised Direct Radiocarbon Dating of the Vindija G1
Upper Paleolithic Neandertals.” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 103.3 (2006):
553–557. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/3/553.abstract
8. ^ Tool to convert C14 age to calendar
age: ht41264tp://radiocarbon.ldeo.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/radcarbcal?id=0&fig=1&en
try_type=0&add=1&age=34000&std=100
9. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Fossil Teeth Put Humans in Europe Earlier Than
Thought", NY Times, November 2,
2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/science/fossil-teeth-put-humans-in-euro
pe-earlier-than-thought.html
10. ^ http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/billings_africa.html (40,000 YBN)
11. ^
http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
12. ^ Palmer, "primtive Life", 2009, p472.
Peştera cu Oase, Romania4 (and baby tooth: Grotta del Cavallo, Italy5 , jaw:
Kent's Cavern, UK6 )  
40,000 YBN
[38000 BC] 7 8 9 		604) The earliest oil lamp.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
6. ^ Sophie A. de Beaune and Randall
White, "Ice Age Lamps", Scientific American, March
1993. http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/42/17/69/PDF/Sc.Amer.1993.pdf
 {Beaune_White_199303xx.pdf}
7. ^ Sophie A. de Beaune and Randall White, "Ice Age Lamps", Scientific
American, March
1993. http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/42/17/69/PDF/Sc.Amer.1993.pdf
 {Beaune_White_199303xx.pdf} {40,000YBN}
8. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The
Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p5.
{79,000BCE}
9. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ancient oil lamp". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_oil_lamp
Southwest France6   
40,000 YBN
[38000 BC] 14 15 		1262) The earliest known human-made painting.9 10 ; a cave painting made by
using a blowing technique in Spain.11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ BBC News "Red dot becomes 'oldest cave art' ",
6/15/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18459492
2. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in
Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract
3. ^ BBC News "Red dot becomes 'oldest cave art' ",
6/15/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18459492
4. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in
Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract
5. ^ BBC News "Red dot becomes 'oldest cave art' ",
6/15/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18459492
6. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in
Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract
7. ^ BBC News "Red dot becomes 'oldest cave art' ",
6/15/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18459492
8. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in
Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract
9. ^ BBC News "Red dot becomes 'oldest cave art' ",
6/15/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18459492
10. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves
in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract
11. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves
in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract
12. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves
in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract
13. ^ "Chauvet Cave". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvet_Cave
14. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves
in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract
15. ^ "Chauvet Cave". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvet_Cave
(The Panel de las Manos) El Castillo Cave, Spain12 |Southern France13   
40,000 YBN
[38000 BC] 22 23 24 		5871) The earliest musical instrument, a flute, made from the wing bone of a
vulture.17 18 19 20
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature
460, 695-696(6 August
2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full
/460695a.html?free=2
2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8117915.stm
3. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1.
4. ^
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ
5. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature
460, 695-696(6 August
2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full
/460695a.html?free=2
6. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8117915.stm
7. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1.
8. ^
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ
9. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature
460, 695-696(6 August
2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full
/460695a.html?free=2
10. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8117915.stm
11. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1.
12.
^
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ
13. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature
460, 695-696(6 August
2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full
/460695a.html?free=2
14. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8117915.stm
15. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1.
16.
^
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ
17. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature
460, 695-696(6 August
2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full
/460695a.html?free=2
18. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8117915.stm
19. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1.
20.
^
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ
21. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature
460, 695-696(6 August
2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full
/460695a.html?free=2
22. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature
460, 695-696(6 August
2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full
/460695a.html?free=2 {40000YBN}
23. ^
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ
{35000BCE}
24. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1.
{34000BCE}
Hohle Fels Cave, Germany21   
40,000 YBN
[38000 BC] 6 7 		6483) Humans catch fish.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ First direct evidence of substantial fish consumption by early modern
humans in China PhysOrg.com, 6 July 2009. http://phys.org/news166120605.html
2. ^ First direct evidence of substantial
fish consumption by early modern humans in China PhysOrg.com, 6 July
2009. http://phys.org/news166120605.html
3. ^ First direct evidence of substantial fish consumption by early modern
humans in China PhysOrg.com, 6 July 2009. http://phys.org/news166120605.html
4. ^ Richards, Michael P., and Erik
Trinkaus. “Isotopic Evidence for the Diets of European Neanderthals and Early
Modern Humans.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106.38
(2009): 16034–16039. http://www.pnas.org/content/106/38/16034.abstract
5. ^ Trinkaus, Erik et al. “An Early Modern Human from
the Peştera Cu Oase, Romania.” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 100.20 (2003):
11231–11236. http://www.pnas.org/content/100/20/11231
6. ^ Richards, Michael P., and Erik Trinkaus. “Isotopic Evidence for the
Diets of European Neanderthals and Early Modern Humans.” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 106.38 (2009): 16034–16039.
http://www.pnas.org/content/106/38/16034.abstract
7. ^ First direct evidence of substantial fish consumption by early modern
humans in China PhysOrg.com, 6 July 2009. http://phys.org/news166120605.html

MORE INFO
[1] Higham, Tom et al. “Revised Direct Radiocarbon Dating of the
Vindija G1 Upper Paleolithic Neandertals.” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103.3 (2006):
553–557. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/3/553.abstract
Peçstera cu Oase4 , Romania5   
39,000 YBN
[37000 BC] 10 11 12 13 14 		599) Sapiens reach China.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Shang, Hong et al. “An Early Modern Human from Tianyuan Cave,
Zhoukoudian, China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104.16
(2007): 6573 –6578.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/16/6573.full?sid=be561296-85f1-4b9a-8eee
-04e66b845307
2. ^ "Ancient human unearthed in China". BBC news. April 2, 2007. Retrieved
February 26, 2011.
3. ^ Shang, Hong et al. “An Early Modern Human from Tianyuan
Cave, Zhoukoudian, China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
104.16 (2007): 6573 –6578.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/16/6573.full?sid=be561296-85f1-4b9a-8eee
-04e66b845307
4. ^ "Ancient human unearthed in China". BBC news. April 2, 2007. Retrieved
February 26, 2011.
5. ^ Shang, Hong et al. “An Early Modern Human from Tianyuan
Cave, Zhoukoudian, China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
104.16 (2007): 6573 –6578.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/16/6573.full?sid=be561296-85f1-4b9a-8eee
-04e66b845307
6. ^ "Ancient human unearthed in China". BBC news. April 2, 2007. Retrieved
February 26, 2011.
7. ^ Shang, Hong et al. “An Early Modern Human from Tianyuan
Cave, Zhoukoudian, China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
104.16 (2007): 6573 –6578.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/16/6573.full?sid=be561296-85f1-4b9a-8eee
-04e66b845307
8. ^ Shen, G et al. “U-Series Dating of Liujiang Hominid Site in Guangxi,
Southern China.” Journal of human evolution 43.6 (2002): 817–829.
Print. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/12473485/reload=0;jsessionid=lswboz0xC
pa7qfBZuHb2.6
9. ^ Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An
Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and
Civilization of China Series.
p23. http://books.google.com/books?id=sP-PN2StH2cC
10. ^ Shang, Hong et al. “An Early Modern Human from Tianyuan Cave,
Zhoukoudian, China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104.16
(2007): 6573 –6578.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/16/6573.full?sid=be561296-85f1-4b9a-8eee
-04e66b845307
11. ^ "Ancient human unearthed in China". BBC news. April 2, 2007. Retrieved
February 26, 2011.
12. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p473.
13. ^
http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/billings_africa.html (30,000 YBN)
14. ^ Shen, G
et al. “U-Series Dating of Liujiang Hominid Site in Guangxi, Southern
China.” Journal of human evolution 43.6 (2002): 817–829.
Print. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/12473485/reload=0;jsessionid=lswboz0xC
pa7qfBZuHb2.6

MORE INFO
[1] Hu, Y. .; Shang, H. .; Tong, H. .; Nehlich, O. .; Liu, W. .; Zhao, C.
.; Yu, J. .; Wang, C. . et al. (Jul 2009). "Stable isotope dietary analysis of
the Tianyuan 1 early modern human". Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 106 (27): 10971–4. Bibcode 2009PNAS..10610971H.
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0904826106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2706269. PMID 19581579
(Tianyuan Cave) Zhoukoudian, China7 (Tongtianyan Cave, Liujiang County,
Guangxi Zhuang8 9 )  
35,000 YBN
[33000 BC] 4 		3943) The oldest known sculpture of the human form, a statue made from
mammoth-ivory.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Conard, Nicholas J., "A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of
Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany", Nature, 2009/05/14, vol. 459, is
7244,
p248-252. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7244/full/nature07995.html

2. ^
http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gXbk_JfASsVGU1F48--LEj7X8n6wD9
85HLD02
3. ^ Conard, Nicholas J., "A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of
Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany", Nature, 2009/05/14, vol. 459, is
7244,
p248-252. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7244/full/nature07995.html

4. ^ Conard, Nicholas J., "A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of
Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany", Nature, 2009/05/14, vol. 459, is
7244,
p248-252. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7244/full/nature07995.html
 {35000ybn}
Hohle Fels Cave, Germany3   
32,000 YBN
[30000 BC] 12 13 14 15 16 		602) Humans weave textiles from flax and use coloring dyes.9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto,
Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild
Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946),
1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359
2. ^ Michael Balter, "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man", Science 11 September 2009:
325 (5946), 1329. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1329.1
3. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta
Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani,
"30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946),
1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359
4. ^ Michael Balter, "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man", Science 11 September 2009:
325 (5946), 1329. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1329.1
5. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta
Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani,
"30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946),
1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359
6. ^ Michael Balter, "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man", Science 11 September 2009:
325 (5946), 1329. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1329.1
7. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta
Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani,
"30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946),
1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359
8. ^ Michael Balter, "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man", Science 11 September 2009:
325 (5946), 1329. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1329.1
9. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta
Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani,
"30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946),
1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359
10. ^ Michael Balter, "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man", Science 11 September 2009:
325 (5946), 1329. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1329.1
11. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta
Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani,
"30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946),
1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359
12. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto,
Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild
Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946),
1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359 {32,000 YBN}
13. ^ ADOVASIO
J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology:
Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago.
Antiquity 70: 526–534. {000 YBN} {26,000 YBN}
14. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history
of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000). {8000 YBN}
15. ^ {9000YBN}
16. ^ E. J. W. Barber, "Prehistoric Textiles: The
Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze ...",
1991. http://books.google.com/books?id=HnSlynSfeEIC {7000YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] "textile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 31 Jul. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/589392/textile>
Dzudzuana Cave, Georgia11   
31,700 YBN
[29700 BC] 7 8 		42) Humans raise dogs.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M.
Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs
and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia:
osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science,
Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440308002380)
2. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M.
Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs
and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia:
osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science,
Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440308002380)
3. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M.
Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs
and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia:
osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science,
Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440308002380)
4. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M.
Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs
and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia:
osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science,
Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440308002380)
5. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M.
Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs
and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia:
osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science,
Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440308002380)
6. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M.
Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs
and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia:
osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science,
Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440308002380)
7. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M.
Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs
and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia:
osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science,
Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440308002380) {31,700 YBN}
8. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables
of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7. {10,000BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication
Goyet cave, Belgium6   
29,000 YBN
[27000 BC] 7 8 		6215) The earliest ceramic objects, the Venus figurines.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ O. Soffer, J. M. Adovasio, D. C. Hyland, "The “Venus” Figurines:
Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic", Current
Anthropology, Vol. 41, No. 4 (August/October 2000), pp. 511-537 URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/317381
2. ^ O. Soffer, J. M. Adovasio, D. C. Hyland, "The “Venus” Figurines:
Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic", Current
Anthropology, Vol. 41, No. 4 (August/October 2000), pp. 511-537 URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/317381
3. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA SOFFER, BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI SVOBODA, "The
Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science 24
November 1989: 246 (4933), 1002-1008.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/4933/1002.short
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937
4. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA SOFFER, BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI SVOBODA, "The
Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science 24
November 1989: 246 (4933), 1002-1008.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/4933/1002.short
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937
5. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA SOFFER, BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI SVOBODA, "The
Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science 24
November 1989: 246 (4933), 1002-1008.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/4933/1002.short
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937
6. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA SOFFER, BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI SVOBODA, "The
Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science 24
November 1989: 246 (4933), 1002-1008.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/4933/1002.short
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937
7. ^ O. Soffer, J. M. Adovasio, D. C. Hyland, "The “Venus” Figurines:
Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic", Current
Anthropology, Vol. 41, No. 4 (August/October 2000), pp. 511-537 URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/317381 {29,000}
8. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA
SOFFER, BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI SVOBODA, "The Origins of Ceramic Technology
at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science 24 November 1989: 246 (4933),
1002-1008. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/4933/1002.short
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937 {26,000}
Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia6   
28,000 YBN
[26000 BC] 5 6 		451) The Neanderthals go extinct.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
4. ^ Finlayson C, Pacheco FG, Rodríguez-Vidal J, et al.
(October 2006). "Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of
Europe" (PDF). Nature 443 (7113): 850–3. doi:10.1038/nature05195. PMID
16971951. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7113/abs/nature05195.html
5. ^ Finlayson C, Pacheco FG, Rodríguez-Vidal J, et al. (October 2006). "Late
survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe" (PDF). Nature
443 (7113): 850–3. doi:10.1038/nature05195. PMID
16971951. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7113/abs/nature05195.html
{000 YBN}
6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {000 YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Garrod, D. A. E., Buxton, L. H. D., Elliot Smith, G. & Bate, D. M. A.
Excavation of a Mousterian Rock-shelter at Devil's Tower, Gibraltar. J. R.
Anthropol. Inst. 58, 91–113 (1928) http://www.jstor.org/stable/4619528
[2] Busk, G. On a very ancient cranium from
Gibraltar. Report of the 34th Meeting of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science (Bath, 1864) 91–92 (1865)
Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, Spain4   
26,000 YBN
[24000 BC] 8 		6224) The earliest "fired" clay (clay dried and hardened by fire).5 6
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre
technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000
years ago. Antiquity 70: 526–534.
2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables
of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p5.
3. ^ ADOVASIO J. M.,
SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced
woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70:
526–534.
4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p5.
5. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B.,
1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov
I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70: 526–534.
6. ^ Alexander
Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and
Schuster, 1991, p5.
7. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper
Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I,
Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70: 526–534.
8. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER
O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced woven
finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70:
526–534. {26000 YBN}
Dolní Věstonice, Pavlov, Czech Republic7   
25,000 YBN
[23000 BC] 10 11 12 		724) Woven baskets.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre
technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000
years ago. Antiquity 70: 526-534. {Adovasio_Fibre_technology_1996.pdf}
2. ^ "weaving." The Concise Oxford Dictionary
of Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/weaving
3. ^ Hoffecker, John F. “Innovation and technological knowledge in the Upper
Paleolithic of Northern Eurasia.” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News,
and Reviews 14.5 (2005) : 186-198.
4. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996:
Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I,
Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70:
526-534. {Adovasio_Fibre_technology_1996.pdf}
5. ^ "weaving." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University
Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/weaving
6. ^ Hoffecker, John F. “Innovation and technological knowledge in the Upper
Paleolithic of Northern Eurasia.” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News,
and Reviews 14.5 (2005) : 186-198.
7. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996:
Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I,
Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70:
526-534. {Adovasio_Fibre_technology_1996.pdf}
8. ^ "weaving." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University
Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/weaving
9. ^ Hoffecker, John F. “Innovation and technological knowledge in the Upper
Paleolithic of Northern Eurasia.” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News,
and Reviews 14.5 (2005) : 186-198.
10. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996:
Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I,
Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70: 526-534.
{Adovasio_Fibre_technology_1996.pdf}
11. ^ "weaving." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford
University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/weaving
12. ^ Hoffecker, John F. “Innovation and technological knowledge in the Upper
Paleolithic of Northern Eurasia.” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News,
and Reviews 14.5 (2005) : 186-198.

MORE INFO
[1] "textile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 31 Jul. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/589392/textile>
[2] Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto,
Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild
Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946),
1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359
[3] ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre
technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000
years ago. Antiquity 70: 526–534
[4] Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from
stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000)
[5] E. J. W. Barber,
"Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze
...", 1991. http://books.google.com/books?id=HnSlynSfeEIC
Pavlov, Czech Republic 7 8 9   
23,000 YBN
[21000 BC] 6 		6231) The earliest human-made structure. A stone wall.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest-man-made-structure-found-in-greek-cave.
html
2. ^
http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest-man-made-structure-found-in-greek-cave.
html
3. ^
http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest-man-made-structure-found-in-greek-cave.
html
4. ^
http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest-man-made-structure-found-in-greek-cave.
html
5. ^
http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest-man-made-structure-found-in-greek-cave.
html
6. ^
http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest-man-made-structure-found-in-greek-cave.
html {23,000 YBN}
(Theopetra Cave) Kalambaka, Greece5   
23,000 YBN
[21000 BC] 3 		6461) The earliest fishing hooks.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://www.archaeology.org/1203/trenches/jerimalai_cave_east_timor_fish_hooks.ht
ml
2. ^
http://www.archaeology.org/1203/trenches/jerimalai_cave_east_timor_fish_hooks.ht
ml
3. ^
http://www.archaeology.org/1203/trenches/jerimalai_cave_east_timor_fish_hooks.ht
ml
(Jerimalai Cave, east end of East Timor, an island off northwestern Australia)2
  
19,000 YBN
[17000 BC] 6 7 		6175) Cereal gathering.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. “How Fast Was Wild Wheat
Domesticated?” Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short
2. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. “How Fast Was Wild Wheat
Domesticated?” Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short
3. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. “How Fast Was Wild Wheat
Domesticated?” Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short
4. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. “How Fast Was Wild Wheat
Domesticated?” Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short
5. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. “How Fast Was Wild Wheat
Domesticated?” Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short
6. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. “How Fast Was Wild Wheat
Domesticated?” Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short {19000 YBN}
7. ^
Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World:
The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile
Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 67. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA67.
{Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
Near East (Southwest Asia Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia)5
  
18,000 YBN
[16000 BC] 12 13 14 15 		603) The earliest pottery.7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
5. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8077168.stm
6. ^ Elisabetta Boaretto, Xiaohong Wu, Jiarong Yuan, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Vikki
Chu, Yan Pan, Kexin Liu, David Cohen, Tianlong Jiao, Shuicheng Li, Haibin Gu,
Paul Goldberg, and Steve Weiner, "Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone
collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China
PNAS 2009 106 (24) 9595-9600;" published ahead of print June 1, 2009,
doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106
http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/9595.full?sid=4a6f1743-94c2-4be8-b046-575b4
f27ab46
7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
8. ^
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8077168.stm
9. ^ Elisabetta Boaretto, Xiaohong Wu, Jiarong Yuan, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Vikki Chu,
Yan Pan, Kexin Liu, David Cohen, Tianlong Jiao, Shuicheng Li, Haibin Gu, Paul
Goldberg, and Steve Weiner, "Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen
associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China PNAS
2009 106 (24) 9595-9600;" published ahead of print June 1, 2009,
doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106
http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/9595.full?sid=4a6f1743-94c2-4be8-b046-575b4
f27ab46
10. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8077168.stm
11. ^ Elisabetta Boaretto, Xiaohong Wu, Jiarong Yuan, Ofer Bar-Yosef,
Vikki Chu, Yan Pan, Kexin Liu, David Cohen, Tianlong Jiao, Shuicheng Li, Haibin
Gu, Paul Goldberg, and Steve Weiner, "Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone
collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China
PNAS 2009 106 (24) 9595-9600;" published ahead of print June 1, 2009,
doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106
http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/9595.full?sid=4a6f1743-94c2-4be8-b046-575b4
f27ab46
12. ^ Elisabetta Boaretto, Xiaohong Wu, Jiarong Yuan, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Vikki
Chu, Yan Pan, Kexin Liu, David Cohen, Tianlong Jiao, Shuicheng Li, Haibin Gu,
Paul Goldberg, and Steve Weiner, "Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone
collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China
PNAS 2009 106 (24) 9595-9600;" published ahead of print June 1, 2009,
doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106
http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/9595.full?sid=4a6f1743-94c2-4be8-b046-575b4
f27ab46 {18,000}
13. ^ "pottery." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pottery {17,500YBN}
14. ^
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8077168.stm {17,500YBN}
15. ^ Trevor I. Williams,
"A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York:
Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN}
(Yuchanyan cave), Daoxian County, Hunan Province, China10 11   
17,000 YBN
[15000 BC] 16 		6225) The earliest rope.10 11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ LEROI-GOURHAN, A., Lascaux Inconnu (A. LEROIGOURHAN & J. ALLAIN, eds.),
Xlle Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire, CNRS: Paris, 1979, p183.
2. ^ Alexander
Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and
Schuster, 1991, p7.
3. ^ Bahn, Paul G., "Lascaux: ¿Composición o Acumulación?",
Zephyrus, 47 (1994) http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/71521
4. ^ LEROI-GOURHAN, A., Lascaux Inconnu (A. LEROIGOURHAN & J.
ALLAIN, eds.), Xlle Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire, CNRS: Paris, 1979, p183.
5. ^
Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition,
Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7.
6. ^ Bahn, Paul G., "Lascaux: ¿Composición o
Acumulación?", Zephyrus, 47
(1994) http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/71521
7. ^ LEROI-GOURHAN, A., Lascaux Inconnu (A. LEROIGOURHAN & J. ALLAIN, eds.),
Xlle Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire, CNRS: Paris, 1979, p183.
8. ^ Alexander
Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and
Schuster, 1991, p7.
9. ^ Bahn, Paul G., "Lascaux: ¿Composición o Acumulación?",
Zephyrus, 47 (1994) http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/71521
10. ^ LEROI-GOURHAN, A., Lascaux Inconnu (A. LEROIGOURHAN & J.
ALLAIN, eds.), Xlle Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire, CNRS: Paris, 1979, p183.
11. ^
Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition,
Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7.
12. ^ Bahn, Paul G., "Lascaux: ¿Composición o
Acumulación?", Zephyrus, 47
(1994) http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/71521
13. ^ LEROI-GOURHAN, A., Lascaux Inconnu (A. LEROIGOURHAN & J. ALLAIN, eds.),
Xlle Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire, CNRS: Paris, 1979, p183.
14. ^ Alexander
Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and
Schuster, 1991, p7.
15. ^ Bahn, Paul G., "Lascaux: ¿Composición o Acumulación?",
Zephyrus, 47 (1994) http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/71521
16. ^ Bahn, Paul G., "Lascaux: ¿Composición o Acumulación?",
Zephyrus, 47 (1994) http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/71521 {17000 YBN}
Lascaux, France13 14 15   
17,000 YBN
[15000 BC] 4 5 		6516) There are 10 million humans on Earth, all hunter-gathering people.3
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
2. ^
Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
3. ^ Parker, G.
Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
4. ^ Parker, G. Compact
History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
5. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population
Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly
Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
  
14,000 YBN
[12000 BC] 12 		6227) The earliest known map.7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Gladkih, M. I., Kornietz, N. L., and Soffer, 0. "Mammoth Bone Dwellings
on the Russian Plain." Scientific American (1984): 251.
2. ^ Bibikov, S. N.
(Sergei Nikolaevich) (1981). Drevneishii Muzykalnyi Kompleks iz Kostei Mamonta:
Ocherk Materialnoi i Dukhovnoi Kultury Paleoliticheskogo Cheloveka (The Oldest
Musical Complex Made of Mammoth Bones). Akademiia Nauk Ukrainskoi SSR, Institut
Arkheologii. Kiev, Ukraine: Naukova Dumka. In Russian. Contains summary in
English and French; table of contents also in English and French.
3. ^ Alexander
Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and
Schuster, 1991, p7.
4. ^ Gladkih, M. I., Kornietz, N. L., and Soffer, 0.
"Mammoth Bone Dwellings on the Russian Plain." Scientific American (1984):
251.
5. ^ Bibikov, S. N. (Sergei Nikolaevich) (1981). Drevneishii Muzykalnyi
Kompleks iz Kostei Mamonta: Ocherk Materialnoi i Dukhovnoi Kultury
Paleoliticheskogo Cheloveka (The Oldest Musical Complex Made of Mammoth Bones).
Akademiia Nauk Ukrainskoi SSR, Institut Arkheologii. Kiev, Ukraine: Naukova
Dumka. In Russian. Contains summary in English and French; table of contents
also in English and French.
6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of
Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7.
7. ^ Gladkih, M. I.,
Kornietz, N. L., and Soffer, 0. "Mammoth Bone Dwellings on the Russian Plain."
Scientific American (1984): 251.
8. ^ Bibikov, S. N. (Sergei Nikolaevich)
(1981). Drevneishii Muzykalnyi Kompleks iz Kostei Mamonta: Ocherk Materialnoi i
Dukhovnoi Kultury Paleoliticheskogo Cheloveka (The Oldest Musical Complex Made
of Mammoth Bones). Akademiia Nauk Ukrainskoi SSR, Institut Arkheologii. Kiev,
Ukraine: Naukova Dumka. In Russian. Contains summary in English and French;
table of contents also in English and French.
9. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch,
"The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7.
10. ^
Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition,
Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7.
11. ^ http://www.infoukes.com/history/inventions/
12. ^
http://www.infoukes.com/history/inventions/ {12,000 BC (verify}

MORE INFO
[1] Pidoplichko, I. H. (1998) Upper Palaeolithic dwellings of mammoth
bones in the Ukraine: Kiev-Kirillovskii, Gontsy, Dobranichevka, Mezin and
Mezhirich, Oxford: J. and E. Hedges. ISBN 0-86054-949-6
[2] Pidoplichko, I. H. (1978) The
Mezhirich mammoth-bone houses, U.S. Geological Survey. ISBN B0006WZGIS
[3] (Ukrainian)
(1972). Icтopiя мicт i ciл Укpaїнcькoї CCP - Черкаськa
область (History of Towns and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR - Cherkasy
Oblast), Kiev
[4] "Mezhyrich". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezhyrich
Mezhirich, Ukraine10 11   
14,000 YBN
[12000 BC] 9 		6439) Lime cement is used as an adhesive on small stone tools (microliths) from
Northern Sinai.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kingery, W D, Pamela B. Vandiver, and Martha Prickett. "The Beginnings of
Pyrotechnology, Part Ii: Production and Use of Lime and Gypsum Plaster in the
Pre-Pottery Neolithic Near East." Journal of Field Archaeology. 15.2 (1988):
219-244.
http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/General/Lime%20and%20Gypsum
%20Plaster%20in%20the%20Pre-Pottery%20Neolithic%20near%20East.pdf AND
http://www.jstor.org/stable/530304
2. ^ Bar-Yosef, O., and A. N. Goring-Morris 1977 "Geometric Kebaran
Occurrences,"in O. Bar-Yosef and J. L. Phillips, eds., Prehistoric
Investigations in Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai, Qedem 7. Monographs of the
Institute of Archaeology Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 331-368.
3. ^ Kingery, W D,
Pamela B. Vandiver, and Martha Prickett. "The Beginnings of Pyrotechnology,
Part Ii: Production and Use of Lime and Gypsum Plaster in the Pre-Pottery
Neolithic Near East." Journal of Field Archaeology. 15.2 (1988): 219-244.
http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/General/Lime%20and%20Gypsum
%20Plaster%20in%20the%20Pre-Pottery%20Neolithic%20near%20East.pdf AND
http://www.jstor.org/stable/530304
4. ^ Bar-Yosef, O., and A. N. Goring-Morris 1977 "Geometric Kebaran
Occurrences,"in O. Bar-Yosef and J. L. Phillips, eds., Prehistoric
Investigations in Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai, Qedem 7. Monographs of the
Institute of Archaeology Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 331-368.
5. ^ Kingery, W D,
Pamela B. Vandiver, and Martha Prickett. "The Beginnings of Pyrotechnology,
Part Ii: Production and Use of Lime and Gypsum Plaster in the Pre-Pottery
Neolithic Near East." Journal of Field Archaeology. 15.2 (1988): 219-244.
http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/General/Lime%20and%20Gypsum
%20Plaster%20in%20the%20Pre-Pottery%20Neolithic%20near%20East.pdf AND
http://www.jstor.org/stable/530304
6. ^ Bar-Yosef, O., and A. N. Goring-Morris 1977 "Geometric Kebaran
Occurrences,"in O. Bar-Yosef and J. L. Phillips, eds., Prehistoric
Investigations in Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai, Qedem 7. Monographs of the
Institute of Archaeology Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 331-368.
7. ^ Kingery, W D,
Pamela B. Vandiver, and Martha Prickett. "The Beginnings of Pyrotechnology,
Part Ii: Production and Use of Lime and Gypsum Plaster in the Pre-Pottery
Neolithic Near East." Journal of Field Archaeology. 15.2 (1988): 219-244.
http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/General/Lime%20and%20Gypsum
%20Plaster%20in%20the%20Pre-Pottery%20Neolithic%20near%20East.pdf AND
http://www.jstor.org/stable/530304
8. ^ Bar-Yosef, O., and A. N. Goring-Morris 1977 "Geometric Kebaran
Occurrences,"in O. Bar-Yosef and J. L. Phillips, eds., Prehistoric
Investigations in Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai, Qedem 7. Monographs of the
Institute of Archaeology Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 331-368.
9. ^ Kingery, W D,
Pamela B. Vandiver, and Martha Prickett. "The Beginnings of Pyrotechnology,
Part Ii: Production and Use of Lime and Gypsum Plaster in the Pre-Pottery
Neolithic Near East." Journal of Field Archaeology. 15.2 (1988): 219-244.
http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/General/Lime%20and%20Gypsum
%20Plaster%20in%20the%20Pre-Pottery%20Neolithic%20near%20East.pdf AND
http://www.jstor.org/stable/530304
Geometric Kebaran site Lagama North VIII, Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai, Egypt7
8   
13,000 YBN
[11000 BC] 18 19 20 		578) Sapiens reach America. The oldest human bones in America.13 14 15
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Eliza Barclay (September 3, 2008). "Oldest Skeleton in Americas Found in
Underwater Cave?". National Geographic News (National Geographic).
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/09/080903-oldest-skeletons.html
2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm
3. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/ancient.woman/
4. ^ Eliza Barclay (September 3, 2008). "Oldest Skeleton in Americas
Found in Underwater Cave?". National Geographic News (National Geographic).
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/09/080903-oldest-skeletons.html
5. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm
6. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/ancient.woman/
7. ^ Eliza Barclay (September 3, 2008). "Oldest Skeleton in Americas
Found in Underwater Cave?". National Geographic News (National Geographic).
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/09/080903-oldest-skeletons.html
8. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm
9. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/ancient.woman/
10. ^ Eliza Barclay (September 3, 2008). "Oldest Skeleton in Americas
Found in Underwater Cave?". National Geographic News (National Geographic).
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/09/080903-oldest-skeletons.html
11. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm
12. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/ancient.woman/
13. ^ Eliza Barclay (September 3, 2008). "Oldest Skeleton in
Americas Found in Underwater Cave?". National Geographic News (National
Geographic).
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/09/080903-oldest-skeletons.html
14. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm
15. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/ancient.woman/
16. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm
17. ^ Michael Vincent McGinnis, Negotiating ecology: Marine
bioregions and the destruction of the Southern California Bight, Futures,
Volume 38, Issue 4, Futures of Bioregions, May 2006, Pages 382-405, ISSN
0016-3287, DOI:
10.1016/j.futures.2005.07.016. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0016328705001382)
18. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm {13000 YBN}
19. ^
http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/ancient.woman/ {13000 YBN}
20. ^ Michael
Vincent McGinnis, Negotiating ecology: Marine bioregions and the destruction of
the Southern California Bight, Futures, Volume 38, Issue 4, Futures of
Bioregions, May 2006, Pages 382-405, ISSN 0016-3287, DOI:
10.1016/j.futures.2005.07.016. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0016328705001382) {13000 YBN}
Mexico City16 and Arlington Canyon on Santa Rosa Island, California, USA17
  
12,000 YBN
[10000 BC] 3 		6522) Humans transform from hunting and gathering to agriculture, from a
migratory to a sedentary life, building the first cities.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p16-17.
2. ^
Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p16-17.
3. ^ Ted
Huntington.
  
11,700 YBN
[9700 BC] 7 8 		827) The end of the Pleistocene (PlISTeSEN), and start of the Holocene {HoLoSEN
or HOLoSEN4 } epoch.5 This is the end of the last Ice Age.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Holocene." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 06 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Holocene>.
2. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
3. ^ "Holocene." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Nov.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/holocene
4. ^ "Holocene." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 06 Jan.
2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Holocene>.
5. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
6. ^ "Holocene." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Nov.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/holocene
7. ^ "Holocene Epoch." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia
Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 05 Nov. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic//>.
8. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf

MORE INFO
[1] 1999 Geologic Time Scale, Geological Society of America
[2] "Mesolithic".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic
  
11,700 YBN
[9700 BC] 5 6 7 8 9 		828) The start of the Neolithic or "New Stone Age" in the Fertile Crescent, a
region of the Middle East arching from the Nile Valley to the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers3 .4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Fertile Crescent." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 08 Jan.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/fertile-crescent
2. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/neolithic/qt/Neolithic.htm
3. ^ "Fertile Crescent." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
08 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/fertile-crescent
4. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/neolithic/qt/Neolithic.htm
5. ^ "Holocene Epoch." Encyclop�dia Britannica.
Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 05
Nov. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic//>.
6. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/neolithic/qt/Neolithic.htm
7. ^ "Neolithic." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
05 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/neolithic
8. ^
http://archaeology.about.com/od/mesolithicarchaic/qt/Mesolithic.htm
9. ^ "Neolithic" in Timothy Darvill, "The Concise Oxford Dictionary of
Archaeology (2 ed.)", Oxford University Press, 2008.

MORE INFO
[1] "Mesolithic". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic
  
11,500 YBN
[9500 BC] 14 15 16 17 		829) Humans shape metal objects.5 6

Copper is the first metal shaped by humans.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Rolf E. Hummel, "Understanding Material Science", 2004,
p5. http://203.158.253.140/media/e-Book/Engineer/Material/Understanding%20Mater
ials%20Science.pdf
2. ^ Cyril Stanley Smith, "Metallurgy as a human experience", Metallurgical and
Materials Transactions A Volume 6, Number 4 (1975), 603-623, DOI:
10.1007/BF02672281 http://www.springerlink.com/content/4r60p045832k01l6/
3. ^ Rolf E. Hummel, "Understanding Material Science", 2004,
p5. http://203.158.253.140/media/e-Book/Engineer/Material/Understanding%20Mater
ials%20Science.pdf
4. ^ Cyril Stanley Smith, "Metallurgy as a human experience", Metallurgical and
Materials Transactions A Volume 6, Number 4 (1975), 603-623, DOI:
10.1007/BF02672281 http://www.springerlink.com/content/4r60p045832k01l6/
5. ^ Rolf E. Hummel, "Understanding Material Science", 2004,
p5. http://203.158.253.140/media/e-Book/Engineer/Material/Understanding%20Mater
ials%20Science.pdf
6. ^ Cyril Stanley Smith, "Metallurgy as a human experience", Metallurgical and
Materials Transactions A Volume 6, Number 4 (1975), 603-623, DOI:
10.1007/BF02672281 http://www.springerlink.com/content/4r60p045832k01l6/
7. ^ Noël H. Gale, "Metals and Metallurgy in the Chalcolithic Period",
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 282/283, Symposium:
Chalcolithic Cyprus (May - Aug., 1991), pp.
37-61. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357261
8. ^ Rolf E. Hummel, "Understanding Material Science", 2004,
p5. http://203.158.253.140/media/e-Book/Engineer/Material/Understanding%20Mater
ials%20Science.pdf
9. ^ Noël H. Gale, "Metals and Metallurgy in the Chalcolithic Period",
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 282/283, Symposium:
Chalcolithic Cyprus (May - Aug., 1991), pp.
37-61. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357261
10. ^ http://www.codelco.com/english/cu_zonacobre/pasado.asp
11. ^ Linda Braidwood and Robert Braidwood, "Prehistoric Village
Archaeology in south-eastern Turkey: The eight-millennium B.C> site at
Çayönü, its chipped and ground stone undustries and faunal remains:, 1982,
p4,10-11.
12. ^ "Copper". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper
13. ^ "Bronze Age". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 01 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/81017/Bronze-Age>.
14. ^ Rolf E. Hummel, "Understanding Material Science", 2004,
p5. http://203.158.253.140/media/e-Book/Engineer/Material/Understanding%20Mater
ials%20Science.pdf
15. ^ Noël H. Gale, "Metals and Metallurgy in the Chalcolithic Period",
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 282/283, Symposium:
Chalcolithic Cyprus (May - Aug., 1991), pp.
37-61. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357261
16. ^ "Bronze Age". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 01 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/81017/Bronze-Age>.
17. ^ http://www.codelco.com/english/cu_zonacobre/pasado.asp {700 YBN}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.kkhec.ac.ir/Iran%20information/iranian_copper_iran_exports.htm
(Shanidar Cave) North East Iraq8 |(Çayönü) Anatolia (modern Turkey)9
|Northern Iraq10 11 12 |Eastern Anatolia13   
11,000 YBN
[9000 BC] 8 9 		606) The oldest city, Jericho.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
6. ^ "Jericho." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19
Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/302707/Jericho>. {9,000
BC}
7. ^ "Jericho." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University
Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/jericho
8. ^ "Jericho." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/302707/Jericho>. {9,000 BC}
9. ^ Trevor
I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {000 YBN} {8,000 YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Kathleen Kenyon, "Excavations at Jericho", 1981,
p6. {Kenyon_Excavations_At_Jericho_1981.pdf}
Jericho, (modern West Bank6 ) Palestine7   
11,000 YBN
[9000 BC] 14 15 		608) The oldest saddle quern {KWRN9 } (a flat stone and rounded stone used to
grind grain into flour).10 11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "quern." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/quern
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
3. ^ "saddle quern". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.,
2012. Web. 16 Jun.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/515851/saddle-quern>.
4. ^ "quern." A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. Oxford University Press,
1995, 2003, 2005. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/quern
5. ^ "quern." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/quern
6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
7. ^ "saddle quern". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 16 Jun.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/515851/saddle-quern>.
8. ^ "quern." A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. Oxford University Press,
1995, 2003, 2005. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/quern
9. ^ "quern." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/quern
10. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history
of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
11. ^ "saddle quern". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 16 Jun.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/515851/saddle-quern>.
12. ^ "quern." A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. Oxford University Press,
1995, 2003, 2005. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/quern
13. ^ British Museum: The oldest
known tool for making flour found in the Middle
East http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe/q/que
rn_stone_for_making_flour.aspx
14. ^ British Museum: The oldest known tool for making flour found in the
Middle
East http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe/q/que
rn_stone_for_making_flour.aspx
15. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
Abu Hureyra, Syria13   
11,000 YBN
[9000 BC] 5 6 7 		617) Goats are kept, fed, milked, and killed for food.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^ Hirst, K. Kris. "The History of the
Domestication of Goats". About.com.
5. ^ Hirst, K. Kris. "The History of the Domestication
of Goats". About.com.
6. ^ Breeds of Livestock; Goats: (Capra hircus). Oklahoma State
University Board of Regents
7. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in
the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences
105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11597
Euphrates river valley at Nevali Çori, Turkey| (11,000 bp), and the Zagros
Mountains of Iran at Ganj Dareh (10,000).4   
11,000 YBN
[9000 BC] 7 		1292) The earliest stone buildings and temple; in Turkey.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ K., Schmidt. �G�bekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey. A Preliminary Report
on the 1995-1999 Excavations.� Pal�orient (2000): 45�54.
Print. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_2
000_num_26_1_4697
2. ^ "The World's First Temple". Archaeology magazine. Nov/Dec 2008. p.
23. http://www.archaeology.org/0811/abstracts/turkey.html
3. ^ K., Schmidt. �G�bekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey. A Preliminary Report
on the 1995-1999 Excavations.� Pal�orient (2000): 45�54.
Print. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_2
000_num_26_1_4697
4. ^ "The World's First Temple". Archaeology magazine. Nov/Dec 2008. p.
23. http://www.archaeology.org/0811/abstracts/turkey.html
5. ^ K., Schmidt. �G�bekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey. A Preliminary Report
on the 1995-1999 Excavations.� Pal�orient (2000): 45�54.
Print. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_2
000_num_26_1_4697
6. ^ "G�bekli Tepe." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica
Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 02 Nov. 2012.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1498811/Gobekli-Tepe
7. ^ K., Schmidt. �G�bekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey. A Preliminary Report
on the 1995-1999 Excavations.� Pal�orient (2000): 45�54.
Print. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_2
000_num_26_1_4697

MORE INFO
[1] "Neolithic". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic
[2] "Göbekli Tepe". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe (=9000bce)
Göbekli Tepe, near Sanliurfa, Southeastern Turkey5 6   
11,000 YBN
[9000 BC] 3 		6468) The earliest settlement in China.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An
Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and
Civilization of China Series.
p206. http://books.google.com/books?id=sP-PN2StH2cC
2. ^ Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An
Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and
Civilization of China Series.
p206. http://books.google.com/books?id=sP-PN2StH2cC
3. ^ Cheung, Felix. “Plant Domestication: The Grains of Time.” (2012): n.
pag. http://www.nature.com/nchina/2012/120307/full/nchina.2012.20.html?WT.ec_id
=NCHINA-20120307

MORE INFO
[1] Chi, Zang. "The discovery of early pottery in China." Documenta
Prehistorica 29 (2002):
34. http://arheologija.ff.uni-lj.si/documenta/pdf29/29chi
Nanzhuangtou, Xushui County, Hebei Province, China2   
11,000 YBN
[9000 BC] 5 6 		6509) Rye is grown in modern Syria.2

The domestication of plants is thought to have originated in the Fertile
Crescent.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Moore, Andrew Michael Tangye, Gordon C. Hillman, and Anthony J. Legge.
Village on the Euphrates: from foraging to farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford:
Oxford University Press xvii, 2000, p.
528. http://www.amazon.com/Village-Euphrates-Foraging-Farming-Hureyra/dp/019510
8078
2. ^ Moore, Andrew Michael Tangye, Gordon C. Hillman, and Anthony J. Legge.
Village on the Euphrates: from foraging to farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford:
Oxford University Press xvii, 2000, p.
528. http://www.amazon.com/Village-Euphrates-Foraging-Farming-Hureyra/dp/019510
8078
3. ^ �zkan, H. et al. �AFLP Analysis of a Collection of Tetraploid Wheats
Indicates the Origin of Emmer and Hard Wheat Domestication in Southeast
Turkey.� Molecular Biology and Evolution 19.10 (2002): 1797�1801.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/10/1797.full
4. ^ Moore, Andrew Michael Tangye, Gordon C. Hillman, and Anthony J. Legge.
Village on the Euphrates: from foraging to farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford:
Oxford University Press xvii, 2000, p.
528. http://www.amazon.com/Village-Euphrates-Foraging-Farming-Hureyra/dp/019510
8078
5. ^ Moore, Andrew Michael Tangye, Gordon C. Hillman, and Anthony J. Legge.
Village on the Euphrates: from foraging to farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford:
Oxford University Press xvii, 2000, p.
528. http://www.amazon.com/Village-Euphrates-Foraging-Farming-Hureyra/dp/019510
8078
6. ^ "First farmers discovered". BBC News.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/489449.stm
Abu Hureyra, Syria4   
10,870 YBN
[8870 BC] 6 		6438) The earliest settlement in Mesopotamia.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "history of Mesopotamia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 03 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/376828/history-of-Mesopotamia/55
488/The-emergence-of-Mesopotamian-civilization>.
2. ^ Ralph S. Solecki and Meyer Rubin, "Dating of Zawi Chemi, an Early Village
Site at Shanidar, Northern Iraq", Science , New Series, Vol. 127, No. 3312
(Jun. 20, 1958), p. 1446 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1756030
3. ^ "history of Mesopotamia". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 03
Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/376828/history-of-Mesopotamia/55
488/The-emergence-of-Mesopotamian-civilization>.
4. ^ Ralph S. Solecki and Meyer Rubin, "Dating of Zawi Chemi, an Early Village
Site at Shanidar, Northern Iraq", Science , New Series, Vol. 127, No. 3312
(Jun. 20, 1958), p. 1446 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1756030
5. ^ Ralph S. Solecki and Meyer Rubin, "Dating of Zawi
Chemi, an Early Village Site at Shanidar, Northern Iraq", Science , New Series,
Vol. 127, No. 3312 (Jun. 20, 1958), p.
1446 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1756030
6. ^ Ralph S. Solecki and Meyer Rubin, "Dating of Zawi Chemi, an Early Village
Site at Shanidar, Northern Iraq", Science , New Series, Vol. 127, No. 3312
(Jun. 20, 1958), p. 1446 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1756030
Zawi Chemi, Shanidar, Northern Iraq5   
10,500 YBN
[8500 BC] 6 7 		610) Flax is grown.3

Flax is an oil and fiber crop.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^ Zohary, D., and M. Hopf.
Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated
Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley. Oxford University Press,
2000, p9. 2012 edition: http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
5. ^ Zohary, D., and M. Hopf. Domestication of Plants
in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia,
Europe, and the Nile Valley. Oxford University Press, 2000, p126-132. 2012
edition: http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
6. ^ Zohary, D., and M. Hopf. Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the
Nile Valley. Oxford University Press, 2000, p126-132. 2012 edition:
http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria5   
10,500 YBN
[8500 BC] 6 7 		6315) Sheep are raised for wool, skins, meat and dung (which is used for
fuel).3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Per Jensen (2009). The ethology of domestic animals: an introductory
text. CABI. pp. 162–. ISBN 9781845935368.
http://books.google.com/books?id=FuJKSEgccUEC&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false
2. ^ Per Jensen (2009). The ethology of domestic animals: an introductory text.
CABI. pp. 162–. ISBN 9781845935368.
http://books.google.com/books?id=FuJKSEgccUEC&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false
3. ^ Per Jensen (2009). The ethology of domestic animals: an introductory text.
CABI. pp. 162–. ISBN 9781845935368.
http://books.google.com/books?id=FuJKSEgccUEC&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false
4. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean
Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11597
5. ^ Per Jensen (2009). The ethology of domestic animals: an
introductory text. CABI. pp. 162–. ISBN 9781845935368.
http://books.google.com/books?id=FuJKSEgccUEC&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false
6. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean
Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11597
7. ^ Per Jensen (2009). The ethology of domestic animals: an
introductory text. CABI. pp. 162–. ISBN 9781845935368.
http://books.google.com/books?id=FuJKSEgccUEC&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false

MORE INFO
[1] Krebs, Robert E. & Carolyn A. (2003). Groundbreaking Scientific
Experiments, Inventions & Discoveries of the Ancient World. Westport, CT:
Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31342-3
Northern Zagros to southeastern Anatolia4 |(Middle East) Eastern Mediterranean5
  
10,000 YBN
[8000 BC] 8 9 		205) Pigs are raised and killed for food.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Giuffra E, Kijas JM, Amarger V, Carlborg O, Jeon JT, Andersson L (April
2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and
subsequent introgression". Genetics 154 (4): 1785–91. PMC 1461048. PMID
10747069. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10747069
2. ^ Giuffra E, Kijas JM, Amarger V, Carlborg O, Jeon JT, Andersson L
(April 2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and
subsequent introgression". Genetics 154 (4): 1785–91. PMC 1461048. PMID
10747069. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10747069
3. ^ Giuffra E, Kijas JM, Amarger V, Carlborg O, Jeon JT, Andersson L
(April 2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and
subsequent introgression". Genetics 154 (4): 1785–91. PMC 1461048. PMID
10747069. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10747069
4. ^ Giuffra E, Kijas JM, Amarger V, Carlborg O, Jeon JT, Andersson L
(April 2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and
subsequent introgression". Genetics 154 (4): 1785–91. PMC 1461048. PMID
10747069. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10747069
5. ^ G. Larson, K. Dobney, U. Albarella, M. Fang, E. Matisso-Smith,
J. Robins, S. Lowden, H. Finlayson, T. Brand, E. Willerslev, P. Rowley-Conwy,
L. Andersson, A. Cooper (March 2005). "Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar
Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication". Science 307 (5715): 1618.
doi:10.1126/science.1106927. PMID
15761152. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/307/5715/1618.full.pdf
6. ^ G. Larson, K. Dobney, U. Albarella, M. Fang, E. Matisso-Smith, J. Robins,
S. Lowden, H. Finlayson, T. Brand, E. Willerslev, P. Rowley-Conwy, L.
Andersson, A. Cooper (March 2005). "Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar
Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication". Science 307 (5715): 1618.
doi:10.1126/science.1106927. PMID
15761152. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/307/5715/1618.full.pdf
7. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean
Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11597
8. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the
Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences
105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11597
9. ^ Giuffra E, Kijas JM, Amarger V, Carlborg O, Jeon JT, Andersson L (April
2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and
subsequent introgression". Genetics 154 (4): 1785–91. PMC 1461048. PMID
10747069. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10747069
(Near East) Eastern Mediterranean4 5 and Island South East Asia6 |southeastern
Anatolia7   
10,000 YBN
[8000 BC] 12 13 14 15 		1259) Clay tokens of various geometrical shapes that represent products are
used in Mesopotamia.7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Fischer, "A History of Writing", 2001, p25.
2. ^ Nissen, et al, "Archaic
Bookkeeping", 1993, p11.
3. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing:
Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M.
Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
4. ^ Fischer, "A History of Writing", 2001, p25.
5. ^ Nissen, et al, "Archaic
Bookkeeping", 1993, p11.
6. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing:
Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M.
Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
7. ^ Fischer, "A History of Writing", 2001, p25.
8. ^ Nissen, et al, "Archaic
Bookkeeping", 1993, p11.
9. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing:
Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M.
Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
10. ^ Fischer, "A History of Writing", 2001, p25.
11. ^ Nissen, et al, "Archaic
Bookkeeping", 1993, p11.
12. ^ Fischer, "A History of Writing", 2001, p25.
13. ^ Nissen,
et al, "Archaic Bookkeeping", 1993, p11.
14. ^
http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm
15. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex
Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
eastern Iran, southern Turkey, Israel, Sumer (modern Iraq)10 |Babylonia11
|Syria, Sumer and Highland Iran  
10,000 YBN
[8000 BC] 8 9 		6316) Cows are raised for milk, for meat and eventually for plowing.5 6
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean
Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11597
2. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestications/qt/cattle.htm
3. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the
Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences
105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11597
4. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestications/qt/cattle.htm
5. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the
Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences
105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11597
6. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestications/qt/cattle.htm
7. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the
Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences
105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11597
8. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean
Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11597
9. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestications/qt/cattle.htm
upper Euphrates Valley7   
9,800 YBN
[7800 BC] 10 11 12 		607) The earliest flint sickle.6 7

A sickle has a semicircular blade and is used for cutting grain or tall grass.8

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and
Shahal Abbo. The Cradle of Agriculture. Science 288.5471 (2000): 16021603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.summary
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and
Shahal Abbo. The Cradle of Agriculture. Science 288.5471 (2000): 16021603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.summary
5. ^ "sickle." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sickle
6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
7. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and
Shahal Abbo. The Cradle of Agriculture. Science 288.5471 (2000): 16021603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.summary
8. ^ "sickle." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sickle
9. ^ Unger-Hamilton, Romana (July 1985). "Microscopic Striations on Flint
Sickle-Blades as an Indication of Plant Cultivation: Preliminary Results".
World Archaeology 17 (1): 121-6.
doi:10.1080/00438243.1985.9979955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1985.99
79955
10. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. The Cradle of
Agriculture. Science 288.5471 (2000): 16021603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.summary
11. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
12. ^ Unger-Hamilton, Romana (July 1985).
"Microscopic Striations on Flint Sickle-Blades as an Indication of Plant
Cultivation: Preliminary Results". World Archaeology 17 (1): 121-6.
doi:10.1080/00438243.1985.9979955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1985.99
79955 http://www.jstor.org/stable/124680

MORE INFO
[1] Banning, E.B. (1998). "The Neolithic Period: Triumphs of
Architecture, Agriculture, and Art". Near Eastern Archaeology 61 (4):
188–237. doi:10.2307/3210656. JSTOR
3210656. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3210656 AND
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3210656
Tell Aswad (modern Syria)|Palestine9   
9,500 YBN
[7500 BC] 9 10 11 12 		612) Wheat is grown in modern Syria.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of
Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full
2. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of
Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full
3. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of
Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full
4. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of
Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full
5. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of
Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full
6. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of
Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full
7. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. "How Fast Was Wild Wheat
Domesticated?"� Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short
8. ^ Which came first, monumental building projects or farming?". Archaeo News.
2008-12-14.
9. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of
Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full
10. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. "How Fast Was Wild Wheat
Domesticated?" Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short {9300 YBN}
11. ^ Which
came first, monumental building projects or farming?". Archaeo News.
2008-12-14.
12. ^ "First farmers discovered". BBC News.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/489449.stm

MORE INFO
[1] Diamond, Jared. "Evolution, Consequences and Future of Plant and
Animal Domestication." Nature 418.6898 (2002):
700�707. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6898/full/nature01019.htm
l
[2] Moore, Andrew Michael Tangye, Gordon C. Hillman, and Anthony J. Legge.
Village on the Euphrates: from foraging to farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford:
Oxford University Press xvii, 2000, p.
528. http://www.amazon.com/Village-Euphrates-Foraging-Farming-Hureyra/dp/019510
8078
[3] Ozkan, H; Brandolini, A; Sch�fer-Pregl, R; Salamini, F (October 2002).
"AFLP analysis of a collection of tetraploid wheats indicates the origin of
emmer and hard wheat domestication in southeast Turkey". Molecular Biology and
Evolution 19 (10): 1797�801. PMID 12270906
[4] Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000).
Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated
Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University
Press. pp. 67. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA67
Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria6 |southeastern Turkey and northern Syria7 (Nevali
Cori, Turkey8 )  
9,500 YBN
[7500 BC] 8 9 10 11 		613) Common millet is grown in China.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Lu, H; Zhang, J; Liu, KB; Wu, N; Li, Y; Zhou, K; Ye, M; Zhang, T et al.
(2009). "Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East
Asia extended to 10,000 years ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 106 (18): 7367–72.
doi:10.1073/pnas.0900158106. PMC 2678631. PMID
19383791. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678631/
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
3. ^ Lu, H; Zhang, J; Liu, KB; Wu, N; Li,
Y; Zhou, K; Ye, M; Zhang, T et al. (2009). "Earliest domestication of common
millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago".
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
106 (18): 7367–72. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900158106. PMC 2678631. PMID
19383791. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678631/
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
5. ^ Lu, H; Zhang, J; Liu, KB; Wu, N; Li,
Y; Zhou, K; Ye, M; Zhang, T et al. (2009). "Earliest domestication of common
millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago".
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
106 (18): 7367–72. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900158106. PMC 2678631. PMID
19383791. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678631/
6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
7. ^ Lu, H; Zhang, J; Liu, KB; Wu, N; Li,
Y; Zhou, K; Ye, M; Zhang, T et al. (2009). "Earliest domestication of common
millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago".
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
106 (18): 7367–72. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900158106. PMC 2678631. PMID
19383791. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678631/
8. ^ Lu, H; Zhang, J; Liu, KB; Wu, N; Li, Y; Zhou, K; Ye, M; Zhang, T et al.
(2009). "Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East
Asia extended to 10,000 years ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 106 (18): 7367–72.
doi:10.1073/pnas.0900158106. PMC 2678631. PMID
19383791. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678631/
9. ^ Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An
Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and
Civilization of China Series.
p206. http://books.google.com/books?id=sP-PN2StH2cC
10. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
11. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000).
Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated
Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University
Press. pp. 83-88. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC {Zohary_Hopf_Domestica
tion_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
Cishan, North China7   
9,500 YBN
[7500 BC] 5 6 		6185) Barley is grown in modern Syria.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the
Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 59-69. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA59
{Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
2. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the
Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 59–69. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA59
{Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
3. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the
Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 59–69. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA59
{Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
4. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the
Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 67. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA67
{Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
5. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the
Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 67. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA67
{Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria4   
9,500 YBN
[7500 BC] 4 5 		6440) The earliest gypsum cement (or plaster).1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Andrew M. T. Moore, "The Prehistory of Syria", Bulletin of the American
Schools of Oriental Research , No. 270, Ancient Syria (May, 1988), pp.
3-12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357002
2. ^ Kingery, W D, Pamela B. Vandiver, and Martha Prickett. "The Beginnings of
Pyrotechnology, Part Ii: Production and Use of Lime and Gypsum Plaster in the
Pre-Pottery Neolithic Near East." Journal of Field Archaeology. 15.2 (1988):
219-244.
http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/General/Lime%20and%20Gypsum
%20Plaster%20in%20the%20Pre-Pottery%20Neolithic%20near%20East.pdf AND
http://www.jstor.org/stable/530304
3. ^ Andrew M. T. Moore, "The Prehistory of Syria", Bulletin of the American
Schools of Oriental Research , No. 270, Ancient Syria (May, 1988), pp.
3-12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357002
4. ^ Andrew M. T. Moore, "The Prehistory of Syria", Bulletin of the American
Schools of Oriental Research , No. 270, Ancient Syria (May, 1988), pp.
3-12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357002
5. ^ Akkermans, P.M.M.G., and G.M. Schwartz. The Archaeology of Syria: From
Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (C. 16,000-300 Bc).
University Press, 2003. Cambridge World Archaeology Series.
p110. http://books.google.com/books?id=_4oqvpAHDEoC&pg=PA110
Abu Hureyra, Syria3   
9,240 YBN
[7240 BC] 7 8 		1478) The earliest domesticated plants in America. Squash is grown in Peru.5
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract
2. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract
3. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract
4. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract
5. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract
6. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract
7. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract {9240}
8. ^
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/science/28cnd-squash.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&oref=s
login&adxnnlx=1183057296-Up92joKUeK1fZr+Wt4cXsQ (10000ybn)
Paiján, Peru6   
9,000 YBN
[7000 BC] 7 		1288) Mehrgarh {mARGoR}, an Indus Valley city is founded.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Brian M. Fagan, "The Oxford Companion to Archaeology", Oxford University
Press, (Print) 1996, 9780195076189, (electronic) 2012
2. ^
http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g/mehrgarh.htm
3. ^ Brian M. Fagan, "The Oxford Companion to Archaeology", Oxford University
Press, (Print) 1996, 9780195076189, (electronic) 2012
4. ^
http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g/mehrgarh.htm
5. ^ Brian M. Fagan, "The Oxford Companion to Archaeology", Oxford University
Press, (Print) 1996, 9780195076189, (electronic) 2012
6. ^
http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g/mehrgarh.htm
7. ^ Brian M. Fagan, "The Oxford Companion to Archaeology", Oxford University
Press, (Print) 1996, 9780195076189, (electronic) 2012

MORE INFO
[1] "Indus Valley Civilization". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization
Kachi plain of Baluchistan, Pakistan5 6   
9,000 YBN
[7000 BC] 4 		6484) The earliest fishing net.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Miettinen, Arto, Kaarina Sarmaja-Korjonen, Eloni Sonninen, Högne Junger,
Terttu Lempiäinen, Kirsi Ylikoski, Jari-Pekka Mäkiaho, Christian Carpelan &
Högne Jungner. (2008) The palaeoenvironment of the Antrea Net Find Iskos 16,
71-87, (Journal of the Finnish Antiquarian Society).
2. ^ Miettinen, Arto, Kaarina
Sarmaja-Korjonen, Eloni Sonninen, Högne Junger, Terttu Lempiäinen, Kirsi
Ylikoski, Jari-Pekka Mäkiaho, Christian Carpelan & Högne Jungner. (2008) The
palaeoenvironment of the Antrea Net Find Iskos 16, 71-87, (Journal of the
Finnish Antiquarian Society).
3. ^ "Antrea Net". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrea_Net
4. ^ Miettinen, Arto, Kaarina Sarmaja-Korjonen, Eloni Sonninen, Högne Junger,
Terttu Lempiäinen, Kirsi Ylikoski, Jari-Pekka Mäkiaho, Christian Carpelan &
Högne Jungner. (2008) The palaeoenvironment of the Antrea Net Find Iskos 16,
71-87, (Journal of the Finnish Antiquarian Society).
Korpilahti, Karelian Isthmus, Finland2 (Antrea, Finland, now:Kamennogorsk,
Russia3 )  
8,800 YBN
[6800 BC] 4 		6511) Lentils are grown in Israel.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the
Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 98-99. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC {Zohary_Hopf_Domestica
tion_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
2. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the
Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 98-99. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC {Zohary_Hopf_Domestica
tion_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
3. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the
Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 98-99. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC {Zohary_Hopf_Domestica
tion_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
4. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the
Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 98-99. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC {Zohary_Hopf_Domestica
tion_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
Yifta'el, North Israel3   
8,500 YBN
[6500 BC] 4 		6512) Peas are grown in Turkey.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the
Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 101-108. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC {Zohary_Hopf_Domestica
tion_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
2. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the
Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 101-108. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC {Zohary_Hopf_Domestica
tion_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
3. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the
Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 101-108. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC {Zohary_Hopf_Domestica
tion_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
4. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the
Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 101-108. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC {Zohary_Hopf_Domestica
tion_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
Çayönü, Turkey3   
8,000 YBN
[6000 BC] 6 7 		605) The oldest known boat, a dug-out boat.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^ "Oudste bootje ter wereld kon
werkelijk varen". Leeuwarder Courant. ANP. 12 April
2001. http://www.archeoforum.nl/Pesse10.html
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
6. ^ "Oudste bootje ter wereld kon
werkelijk varen". Leeuwarder Courant. ANP. 12 April
2001. http://www.archeoforum.nl/Pesse10.html
7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
Netherlands5   
8,000 YBN
[6000 BC] 6 		6220) The earliest drums.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "drum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172045/drum>.
2. ^ "drum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172045/drum>.
3. ^ "drum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172045/drum>.
4. ^ "drum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172045/drum>.
5. ^ "drum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172045/drum>.
6. ^ "drum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172045/drum>. {6000 BC}
Moravia, Czeck Republic5   
7,700 YBN
[5700 BC] 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 		719) Rice is grown near the Yangtze river in China.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.”
Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full
{Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf}
2. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.”
Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full
{Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf}
3. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.”
Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full
{Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf}
4. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.”
Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full
{Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf}
5. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.”
Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full
{Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf}
6. ^ Fuller, Dorian Q et al. “The Domestication Process and Domestication
Rate in Rice: Spikelet Bases from the Lower Yangtze.” Science 323.5921
(2009):
1607–1610. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5921/1607.short {Fuller_Dom
estication_Rice_2009.pdf}
7. ^ Y. Zheng, G. Sun, X. Chen, Chin. Sci. Bull. 52, 1654 (2007).
8. ^ Normile, Dennis.
“Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.” Science 275.5298 (1997)
: 309. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full
{Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf}
9. ^ Fuller, Dorian Q et al. “The Domestication Process and Domestication
Rate in Rice: Spikelet Bases from the Lower Yangtze.” Science 323.5921
(2009):
1607–1610. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5921/1607.short {Fuller_Dom
estication_Rice_2009.pdf}
10. ^ Y. Zheng, G. Sun, X. Chen, Chin. Sci. Bull. 52, 1654 (2007).
11. ^ Domestication
and the origins of agriculture: an appraisal Progress in Physical Geography 1
March 1999: 37-56.
http://ppg.sagepub.com/content/23/1/37.short {Mannion_Agriculture_1999.pdf}
12. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.”
Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full {11500}
{Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf}
13. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {3500 YBN}
14. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria
Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of
Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford
University Press. pp. 91. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA91
{Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
15. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe,
and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012,
p74. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
Kuahuqiao, Hangzhou Bay, Zhejiang Province6 7 |Yangtze (in Hubei and Hunan
provinces), China8   
7,100 YBN
[5100 BC] 7 8 		720) Corn is grown in Mexico.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Pope, Kevin O. et al. �Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient
Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica.� Science 292.5520 (2001):
1370�1373. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/292/5520/1370.abstract
2. ^ Pope, Kevin O. et al. �Origin and Environmental Setting of
Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica.� Science 292.5520 (2001):
1370�1373. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/292/5520/1370.abstract
3. ^ Pope, Kevin O. et al. �Origin and Environmental Setting of
Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica.� Science 292.5520 (2001):
1370�1373. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/292/5520/1370.abstract
4. ^ Pope, Kevin O. et al. �Origin and Environmental Setting of
Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica.� Science 292.5520 (2001):
1370�1373. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/292/5520/1370.abstract
5. ^ Pope, Kevin O. et al. �Origin and Environmental Setting of
Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica.� Science 292.5520 (2001):
1370�1373. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/292/5520/1370.abstract
6. ^ Piperno, D. R., and K. V. Flannery. “The earliest
archaeological maize (Zea mays L.) from highland Mexico: New accelerator mass
spectrometry dates and their implications.” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 98.4 (2001) : 2101 -2103.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/98/4/2101.short
7. ^ Pope, Kevin O. et al. �Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient
Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica.� Science 292.5520 (2001):
1370�1373. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/292/5520/1370.abstract
8. ^ Piperno, D. R., and K. V. Flannery. “The earliest
archaeological maize (Zea mays L.) from highland Mexico: New accelerator mass
spectrometry dates and their implications.” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 98.4 (2001) : 2101 -2103.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/98/4/2101.short {6250}

MORE INFO
[1] Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to
silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000)
San Andrés, Mexico5 |(Oaxaca, Mexico6 )  
7,000 YBN
[5000 BC] 10 11 12 13 		627) The first metal to be smelted and casted (copper).6 Smelting is
separating a metal from its ore by using heat and a reducing or oxidizing
material.7

Casting involves pouring liquid metal into a shaped mold of baked clay, stone,
metal, or sand.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar,
Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new
evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11,
November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440310001986)
2. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar,
Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new
evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11,
November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440310001986)
3. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar,
Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new
evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11,
November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440310001986)
4. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar,
Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new
evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11,
November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440310001986)
5. ^ "smelt." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.,
1994-2010. Answers.com 19 Feb. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/smelting
6. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren,
Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar, Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins
of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological
Science, Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440310001986)
7. ^ "smelt." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.,
1994-2010. Answers.com 19 Feb. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/smelting
8. ^ P. R. S. Moorey, "Ancient
Mesopotamian Materials and Industries. The Archaeological Evidence", Clarendon
Press, Oxford, 1994,
p269-270. {Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Industries_Moorey_1994.pdf}
AND {Moorey-Ancient_Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Industries-1994.pdf}
9. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar,
Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new
evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11,
November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440310001986)
10. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar,
Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new
evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11,
November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440310001986) {c7000 YBN}
11. ^ P.t., Craddock. “From hearth to furnace :
evidences for the earliest metal smelting technologies in the Eastern
Mediterranean.” Paléorient (2000) : 151-165.
Print. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_2
000_num_26_2_4716 {8000BCE} {article_paleo_0153-9345_2000_num_26_2_4716.pdf}
{5500BCE}
12. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 BCE) (=3500bce)
13. ^ "Copper (5000
BCE)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper (5000
BCE) (=5000bce) {5000BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] Metals and Metallurgy in the Chalcolithic Period Noël H.
Gale Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research No. 282/283,
Symposium: Chalcolithic Cyprus (May - Aug., 1991), pp. 37-61 Published by: The
American Schools of Oriental Research Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357261
Belovode, Eastern Serbia9   
7,000 YBN
[5000 BC] 6 7 		727) The earliest reed boats.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Lawler, Andrew (June 7, 2002). "Report of Oldest Boat Hints at Early
Trade Routes". Science (AAAS) 296 (5574): 1791–1792.
doi:10.1126/science.296.5574.1791. PMID 12052936.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/296/5574/1791
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3076918
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
3. ^ Lawler, Andrew (June 7, 2002).
"Report of Oldest Boat Hints at Early Trade Routes". Science (AAAS) 296 (5574):
1791–1792. doi:10.1126/science.296.5574.1791. PMID 12052936.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/296/5574/1791
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3076918
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
5. ^ Lawler, Andrew (June 7, 2002).
"Report of Oldest Boat Hints at Early Trade Routes". Science (AAAS) 296 (5574):
1791–1792. doi:10.1126/science.296.5574.1791. PMID 12052936.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/296/5574/1791
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3076918
6. ^ Lawler, Andrew (June 7, 2002). "Report of Oldest Boat Hints at Early Trade
Routes". Science (AAAS) 296 (5574): 1791–1792.
doi:10.1126/science.296.5574.1791. PMID 12052936.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/296/5574/1791
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3076918
7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
Kuwait5   
6,900 YBN
[4900 BC] 9 10 11 		648) The sail boat.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Connan, Jacques et al. “A comparative geochemical study of bituminous
boat remains from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and RJ-2, Ra’s al-Jinz (Oman).”
Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 16.1 (2005):
21-66. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0471.2005.00041.x/abst
ract {Connan_Norman_200505xx.pdf}
2. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/hterms/g/h3sabiyah.htm
3. ^ Connan, Jacques et al. “A comparative geochemical study of
bituminous boat remains from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and RJ-2, Ra’s al-Jinz
(Oman).” Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 16.1 (2005):
21-66. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0471.2005.00041.x/abst
ract {Connan_Norman_200505xx.pdf}
4. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/hterms/g/h3sabiyah.htm
5. ^ Connan, Jacques et al. “A comparative geochemical study of
bituminous boat remains from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and RJ-2, Ra’s al-Jinz
(Oman).” Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 16.1 (2005):
21-66. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0471.2005.00041.x/abst
ract {Connan_Norman_200505xx.pdf}
6. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/hterms/g/h3sabiyah.htm
7. ^ Connan, Jacques et al. “A comparative geochemical study of
bituminous boat remains from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and RJ-2, Ra’s al-Jinz
(Oman).” Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 16.1 (2005):
21-66. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0471.2005.00041.x/abst
ract {Connan_Norman_200505xx.pdf}
8. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p9.
9. ^ Connan, Jacques et al. “A comparative
geochemical study of bituminous boat remains from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and
RJ-2, Ra’s al-Jinz (Oman).” Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 16.1 (2005):
21-66. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0471.2005.00041.x/abst
ract {Connan_Norman_200505xx.pdf} {5300-4900 BC}
10. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan
Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991,
p9. {5000-4001 BC}
11. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone
axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {3000 BC}
Mesopotamia7 8   
6,800 YBN
[4800 BC] 4 		6527) The first fruit trees, olives are grown in Israel and Jordan.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe,
and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012,
p116-121. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
2. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe,
and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012,
p116-121. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
3. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe,
and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012,
p116-121. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
4. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe,
and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012,
p116-121. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
(Chalcolithic) Tuleilat Ghassul (north of the Dead Sea)3   
6,500 YBN
[4500 BC] 7 8 		6437) The earliest settlement in Europe, Provadia-Solnitsata {PrOVoDEYo
SOLnETSoTo?}, in Bulgaria is founded.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Europe's oldest prehistoric town unearthed in Bulgaria", BBC,
10/31/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20156681
2. ^ "Archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town", The Telegraph,
12/31/2012. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/9646541/B
ulgaria-archaeologists-find-Europes-most-prehistoric-town-Provadia-Solnitsata.ht
ml
3. ^ "Europe's oldest prehistoric town unearthed in Bulgaria", BBC,
10/31/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20156681
4. ^ "Archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town", The Telegraph,
12/31/2012. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/9646541/B
ulgaria-archaeologists-find-Europes-most-prehistoric-town-Provadia-Solnitsata.ht
ml
5. ^ "Europe's oldest prehistoric town unearthed in Bulgaria", BBC,
10/31/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20156681
6. ^ "Archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town", The Telegraph,
12/31/2012. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/9646541/B
ulgaria-archaeologists-find-Europes-most-prehistoric-town-Provadia-Solnitsata.ht
ml
7. ^ "Europe's oldest prehistoric town unearthed in Bulgaria", BBC,
10/31/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20156681
8. ^ "Archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town", The Telegraph,
12/31/2012. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/9646541/B
ulgaria-archaeologists-find-Europes-most-prehistoric-town-Provadia-Solnitsata.ht
ml

MORE INFO
[1] Vasil Nikolov, Kiril Maslarov, "Ancient Settlements Near Eleshnitsa",
Sofia Press, 1987
(near) Provadia, Bulgaria5 6   
6,000 YBN
[4000 BC] 7 8 		665) Wine making.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Barnard, Hans et al. “Chemical Evidence for Wine Production Around 4000
BCE in the Late Chalcolithic Near Eastern Highlands.” Journal of
Archaeological Science 38.5 (2011):
977–984. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440310004115
2. ^ Meg Sullivan, "Chemical analysis confirms discovery of oldest wine-making
equipment ever found", January 10,
2011. http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/chemical-analysis-confirms-discovery
-188683.aspx
3. ^ Barnard, Hans et al. “Chemical Evidence for Wine Production Around 4000
BCE in the Late Chalcolithic Near Eastern Highlands.” Journal of
Archaeological Science 38.5 (2011):
977–984. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440310004115
4. ^ Meg Sullivan, "Chemical analysis confirms discovery of oldest wine-making
equipment ever found", January 10,
2011. http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/chemical-analysis-confirms-discovery
-188683.aspx
5. ^ Barnard, Hans et al. “Chemical Evidence for Wine Production Around 4000
BCE in the Late Chalcolithic Near Eastern Highlands.” Journal of
Archaeological Science 38.5 (2011):
977–984. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440310004115
6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
7. ^ Barnard, Hans et al. “Chemical
Evidence for Wine Production Around 4000 BCE in the Late Chalcolithic Near
Eastern Highlands.” Journal of Archaeological Science 38.5 (2011):
977–984. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440310004115
8. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
(Areni-1 cave complex in) southeastern Armenia5 |Egypt6   
6,000 YBN
[4000 BC] 8 		6232) The earliest Sun-dried mud bricks and mud-brick house; in Mesopotamia.4 5


Mud brick, dried by the Sun, is one of the first building materials.6
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>.
2. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>.
3. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>.
4. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>.
5. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>.
6. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>.
7. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>.
8. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>. {4000 BC}
Ur, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)7   
5,800 YBN
[3800 BC] 4 		6540) The earliest nut crops, almond trees are grown in the eastern part of the
Mediterranean basin.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe,
and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012,
p147-149. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
2. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe,
and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012,
p147-149. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
3. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe,
and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012,
p147-149. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
4. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe,
and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012,
p147-149. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
Eastern part of the Mediterranean Basin3   
5,500 YBN
[3500 BC] 20 21 22 23 24 		233) The earliest writing (on clay objects in Mesopotamia). The first numbers.
The first stamp (or seal).11

The first writing begins as symbols for numbers on clay bulla (hollow clay
containers that hold clay tokens). These symbols represent the quantity and
kind of tokens inside the bulla.12 13 14 Markings on clay tokens which
represent products like sheep, oil, or metal, may lead to the first symbols of
the alphabet.15 16 17 Hollow bullae and clay tokens are eventually replaced by
solid clay tablets with the same impressions.18
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp13-14.
2. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen,
1993, pp13-14.
3. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp13-14.
4. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise.
"Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of
Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
5. ^ Fischer, "A History of Writing", 2001, p25-27.
6. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen,
1993, pp13-14.
7. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp13-14.
8. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise.
"Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of
Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
9. ^ Fischer, "A History of Writing", 2001, p25-27.
10. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise.
"Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of
Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
11. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp13-14.
12. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen,
1993, pp13-14.
13. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and
Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991:
27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
14. ^ Fischer, "A History of Writing", 2001, p25-27.
15. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat,
"The Earliest Precursor of Writing", Scientific American. June 1977, Vol. 238,
No. 6, p.
50-58. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/The_earliest_precursor_of_writing
16. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "Reckoning Before Writing", Archaeology.
May/June 1979, Vol. 32, No. 3, p. 22-31.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Reckoning_before_writing
17. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex
Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
18. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex
Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
19. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp13-14.
20. ^
http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm {5500 YBN}
21. ^ Denise
Schmandt-Besserat, "Reckoning Before Writing", Archaeology. May/June 1979, Vol.
32, No. 3, p. 22-31. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Reckoning_before_writing
22. ^ "writing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web.
20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/649670/writing>. {3500
BC}
23. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {for stamp)3500BC}
24. ^ Schmandt-Besserat,
Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins
of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.jstor.org/view/00030279/ap020117/02a00010/0
(sexagesimal.pdf)
[2] Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish
Academic Press, 1993)
[3] Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning
in the Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000)
[4] "sigillography."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543584/sigillography>
[5]
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Babylonian_numerals.html
[6] "Numeral system#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_system#History
Mesopotamia (Babylonia)19 |Sumer (Syria, Sumer, Highland Iran)  
5,500 YBN
[3500 BC] 9 10 11 		294) The sundial, the earliest timekeeping device.4 The length of the shadow
indicates the time of day.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573826/sundial>.
2. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573826/sundial>.
3. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573826/sundial>.
4. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573826/sundial>.
5. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573826/sundial>.
6. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573826/sundial>.
7. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p10.
8. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica
Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573826/sundial>.
9. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573826/sundial>. {-3500 BCE}
10. ^
"sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic
Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573826/sundial>. {-3500 BCE}
11. ^
Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition,
Simon and Schuster, 1991, p10. {2600-2501 BC}

MORE INFO
[1] Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993,
p15
China6 7 and Chaldea8   
5,500 YBN
[3500 BC] 7 		621) The earliest plow. Plows are used to break up soil4 .5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ "plow." The Concise Oxford Dictionary
of Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 24 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/plough
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^ "plow." The Concise Oxford Dictionary
of Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 24 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/plough
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
6. ^ Lal, R., D.C. Reicosky, and J.D.
Hanson. “Evolution of the Plow over 10,000 Years and the Rationale for
No-till Farming.” Soil and Tillage Research 93.1 (2007):
1–12. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167198706002522
7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).

MORE INFO
[1] M. Green/H. J. Nissen, Zeichenliste der Archaischen Texte aus Uruk
(ATU 2; Berlin 1987)
Mesopotamia6   
5,500 YBN
[3500 BC] 7 		622) The earliest irrigation (an artificial supply of water to land for food
crops4 ).5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ "irrigation." Britannica Concise
Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 24 May.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/irrigation
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to
silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^ "irrigation." Britannica
Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 24
May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/irrigation
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes
to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A
history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark
Books, 2000).
7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to
silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
Middle east (eastern part of Mediterranean)6   
5,500 YBN
[3500 BC] 4 		625) Donkeys are raised and used for transport.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
  
5,500 YBN
[3500 BC] 7 		634) The Egyptian calendar (12 months of 30 days, plus 5 extra days5 ).6
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ O. Neugebauer, "A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy: Volume 2",
p1975, 1064 http://books.google.com/books?id=vO5FCVIxz2YC&pg=PA1064
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to
silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
3. ^ O. Neugebauer, "A History of
Ancient Mathematical Astronomy: Volume 2", p1975,
1064 http://books.google.com/books?id=vO5FCVIxz2YC&pg=PA1064
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
5. ^ O. Neugebauer, "A History of Ancient
Mathematical Astronomy: Volume 2", p1975,
1064 http://books.google.com/books?id=vO5FCVIxz2YC&pg=PA1064
6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
  
5,500 YBN
[3500 BC] 18 19 		646) The earliest known wheel, a pottery wheel, in Mesopotamia.13 14 15
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Sir Leonard Woolley, "Ur 'of the Chaldees"', 1982, p27.
2. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE)
3. ^
http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE)
4. ^ Sir Leonard
Woolley, "Ur 'of the Chaldees"', 1982, p27.
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000). (3500BCE)
6. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm
(3500BCE)
7. ^ Sir Leonard Woolley, "Ur 'of the Chaldees"', 1982, p27.
8. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE)
9. ^
http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE)
10. ^ Sir Leonard
Woolley, "Ur 'of the Chaldees"', 1982, p27.
11. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000). (3500BCE)
12. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm
(3500BCE)
13. ^ Sir Leonard Woolley, "Ur 'of the Chaldees"', 1982, p27.
14. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE)
15. ^
http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE)
16. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE)
17. ^
http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE)
18. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE) (=3500BCE) {35000BCE}
19. ^
http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE) (=3500BCE)
{35000BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] Margaret Sax, Nigel D. Meeks and Dominique Collon , "The Early
Development of the Lapidary Engraving Wheel in Mesopotamia", Iraq, Vol. 62,
(2000), pp. 157-176 Published by: British Institute for the Study of
Iraq Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4200487
[2]
http://www.hartford-hwp.com/image_archive/ue/uea.html
[3] Stuart Piggott, "The earliest wheeled transport : from the Atlantic Coast
to the Caspian Sea", Thames and Hudson, 1983
[4] "WORLD'S OLDEST WHEEL FOUND IN
SLOVENIA" March
2003 http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_relations/background_information/culture/w
orlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/
Mesopotamia16 17 (and a similar pottery wheel from Choga Mish, Iran)  
5,490 YBN
[3490 BC] 7 8 		702) Cotton is grown in Peru.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract
2. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract
3. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract
4. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract
5. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract
6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
7. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas
C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and
Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract {5490 YBN}
8. ^
Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips
", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {4000 YBN}
Northwestern Peru5 |Indus valley6   
5,350 YBN
[3350 BC] 38 39 40 41 		1261) Writing on clay tablets.23 24 25

Symbols that represent a product (such as cows, sheep, and cereals26 ), drawn
with a stylus on clay tablets, are the earliest record of what will become the
modern alphabet.27 28 Many of the symbols look like the marked clay tokens
that represent actual products, and that are replaced by the drawn symbols on
clay tablets.29 30 31

This is the first training and industry of scribes,32 which will ultimately
evolve into the modern school system.33 Writing will be continuously taught
eventually in all major civilizations (even through the Dark Ages) until now.34


These tablets are all economic records, used to keep a record of objects owned
or traded35 , and contain no stories.36
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm
2. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online.
3. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex
Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
4. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm
5. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online.
6. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex
Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
7. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm
8. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online.
9. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex
Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
10. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh:
Scottish Academic Press, 1993).
11. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of
Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne
M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
12. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "The Earliest Precursor of Writing", Scientific
American. June 1977, Vol. 238, No. 6, p.
50-58. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/The_earliest_precursor_of_writing
13. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, p105.
14. ^
http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm
15. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
16. ^
Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex
Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
17. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh:
Scottish Academic Press, 1993).
18. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of
Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne
M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
19. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "The Earliest Precursor of Writing", Scientific
American. June 1977, Vol. 238, No. 6, p.
50-58. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/The_earliest_precursor_of_writing
20. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, p105.
21. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing
Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993).
22. ^ Ted
Huntington
23. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm
24. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online.
25. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex
Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
26. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh:
Scottish Academic Press, 1993).
27. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of
Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne
M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
28. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "The Earliest Precursor of Writing", Scientific
American. June 1977, Vol. 238, No. 6, p.
50-58. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/The_earliest_precursor_of_writing
29. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "The Earliest Precursor of Writing", Scientific
American. June 1977, Vol. 238, No. 6, p.
50-58. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/The_earliest_precursor_of_writing
30. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "Reckoning Before Writing", Archaeology.
May/June 1979, Vol. 32, No. 3, p. 22-31.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Reckoning_before_writing
31. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex
Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
32. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, p105.
33. ^ Ted Huntington
34. ^ Ted Huntington
35. ^ Barbara
Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic
Press, 1993).
36. ^ Ted Huntington
37. ^ "Sumerian writing>.". Encyclopedia wrBritannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 15
Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/649670/writing/53659/Sumerian-wr
iting>.
38. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "The Earliest Precursor of Writing", Scientific
American. June 1977, Vol. 238, No. 6, p.
50-58. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/The_earliest_precursor_of_writing
39. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm (3300bce)
40. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al.
Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in
the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press,
1994. http://books.google.com/books?id=YBAzXV4YtQ8C&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false
41. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

MORE INFO
[1] http://cdli.ucla.edu:16080/wiki/index.php/The_Late_Uruk_period
[2] Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning in the
Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000)
[3] Archaic Bookkeeping,
Nissen, 1993, pp13-14
Uruk37   
5,310 YBN
[3310 BC] 10 11 12 		704) The earliest wheeled vehicles, and ox pulled wheeled vehicles; in Poland.7
8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest
Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63.
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention :
from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
6. ^ Stuart and
Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63.
7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A
history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark
Books, 2000).
8. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled Transport", 1983,
p40,62-63.
9. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63.
10. ^ Stuart
and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63. {c3530-3310 BC}
11.
^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63.
{Standard of Ur) 2600-2400 BC}
12. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention :
from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {4000
YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Zettler, Richard L.; Horne, Lee; Hansen, Donald P.; Pittman, Holly.
Treasures from the royal tombs of Ur, pp. 45-47. UPenn Museum of Archaeology,
1998. ISBN 9780924171543
[2]
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/t/the_stand
ard_of_ur.aspx
(TRB - Funnel Beaker culture) Bronocice, Krakow, Poland9   
5,200 YBN
[3200 BC] 3 		6493) Cheese-making.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Salque, Melanie et al. “Earliest Evidence for Cheese Making in the
Sixth Millennium Bc in Northern Europe.” Nature advance online publication
(2012): n.
pag. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11698.html
2. ^ Salque, Melanie et al. “Earliest Evidence for Cheese Making in the Sixth
Millennium Bc in Northern Europe.” Nature advance online publication (2012):
n.
pag. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11698.html
3. ^ Salque, Melanie et al. “Earliest Evidence for Cheese Making in the Sixth
Millennium Bc in Northern Europe.” Nature advance online publication (2012):
n.
pag. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11698.html

MORE INFO
[1]
http://news.yahoo.com/cheese-first-made-least-7-500-years-ago-180758880.html
[2]
http://www.nature.com/news/art-of-cheese-making-is-7-500-years-old-1.12020#/b1
Linear Pottery settlements along the lower Vistula river (including Brześć
Kujawski 3 and 4, Miechowice 4, Smólsk 4, Wolica Nowa 1, Stare Nakonowo 2, and
Ludwinowo 6 and 7)2   
5,100 YBN
[3100 BC] 5 		641) The earliest record of a belief in Gods and Goddesses.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of
Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press,
1994, p5, 20-21,116.
2. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and
Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of
Chicago Press, 1994, p5, 20-21,116.
3. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early
Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East.
University of Chicago Press, 1994, p5, 20-21,116.
4. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic
Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the
Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press, 1994, p5, 20-21,116.
5. ^ Nissen, H.J. et
al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic
Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press, 1994, p5,
20-21,116.
Uruk4   
5,000 YBN
[3000 BC] 10 11 		569) The earliest stringed musical instrument (the lyre and the harp); in
Mesopotamia.7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p78-80.
2. ^ Yenne and
Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p17.
3. ^ Curt Sachs,
"The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p78-80.
4. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100
Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p17.
5. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of
Musical Instruments", 1940, p78-80.
6. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped
World History", 1993, p17.
7. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments",
1940, p78-80.
8. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993,
p17.
9. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p78-80.
10. ^ Curt Sachs,
"The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p78-80. {-3000 BC}
11. ^ Yenne and
Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p17. {-3000 BC}

MORE INFO
[1] C. Leonard Woolley, "Ur Excavations. Vol. II. The Royal Cemetery.",
1934 {Ur_Excavations_Royal_Cemetary_1934.pdf}
[2] http://www.penn.museum/long-term-exhibits/267-iraq.html
Sumer (modern Iraq)9   
5,000 YBN
[3000 BC] 15 16 		596) Written symbols are combined to form words;9 there is a transition from
word-writing to sound-writing in Sumarian10 .11

The vast majority of Sumerian language is made of one-syllable words.12 This
suggests that all earlier spoken languages contained only single-syllable
words.13
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p47-48.
2. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117.
3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of
Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p47-48.
4. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson,
1993, p117.
5. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117.
6. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of
Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p47-48.
7. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson,
1993, p117.
8. ^ Ted Huntington
9. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117.
10. ^ Archaic
Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117.
11. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion,
2001. Globalities Series. p47-48.
12. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117.
13. ^ Ted
Huntington
14. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, 9.
15. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson,
1993 (during writing phase Uruk III 3000bce)
16. ^ "Sumer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer (3200bce)

MORE INFO
[1] encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565349/Alphabet.html
Jemdet Nasr14   
5,000 YBN
[3000 BC] 14 15 16 		628) Bronze (copper and tin) are smelted and casted; in modern Turkey.8 9

The start of the Bronze Age; which varies on different parts of Earth.10

Bronze is made by smelting together two separate ores, one bearing copper, and
the other tin. Bronze tools will replace copper tools.11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Artifacts provide insights on Fertile Crescent", University of Chicago
News Office, Jan. 12,
2005 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/05/050112.oi-objects.shtml
2. ^ Edwards I. E. S, "The Cambridge ancient history, Volumes 1-3", 1970.
http://books.google.com/books?id=slR7SFScEnwC&pg=PA342&lpg=PA342&dq=Tell+Judai
dah+bronze&source=bl&ots=nsUpGgmod8&sig=hHbgeyEJy95EC7mkTgsuvCaMFR0&hl=en&sa=X&e
i=MPkRT5anJamoiAKilaXXDQ&sqi=2&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Tell%20Judaidah%20bro
nze&f=false
3. ^ "Artifacts provide insights on Fertile Crescent", University of Chicago
News Office, Jan. 12,
2005 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/05/050112.oi-objects.shtml
4. ^ Edwards I. E. S, "The Cambridge ancient history, Volumes 1-3", 1970.
http://books.google.com/books?id=slR7SFScEnwC&pg=PA342&lpg=PA342&dq=Tell+Judai
dah+bronze&source=bl&ots=nsUpGgmod8&sig=hHbgeyEJy95EC7mkTgsuvCaMFR0&hl=en&sa=X&e
i=MPkRT5anJamoiAKilaXXDQ&sqi=2&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Tell%20Judaidah%20bro
nze&f=false
5. ^ "Artifacts provide insights on Fertile Crescent", University of Chicago
News Office, Jan. 12,
2005 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/05/050112.oi-objects.shtml
6. ^ Edwards I. E. S, "The Cambridge ancient history, Volumes 1-3", 1970.
http://books.google.com/books?id=slR7SFScEnwC&pg=PA342&lpg=PA342&dq=Tell+Judai
dah+bronze&source=bl&ots=nsUpGgmod8&sig=hHbgeyEJy95EC7mkTgsuvCaMFR0&hl=en&sa=X&e
i=MPkRT5anJamoiAKilaXXDQ&sqi=2&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Tell%20Judaidah%20bro
nze&f=false
7. ^ "Bronze Age." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford
University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 14 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/bronze-age
8. ^ "Artifacts provide insights on Fertile Crescent", University of Chicago
News Office, Jan. 12,
2005 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/05/050112.oi-objects.shtml
9. ^ Edwards I. E. S, "The Cambridge ancient history, Volumes 1-3", 1970.
http://books.google.com/books?id=slR7SFScEnwC&pg=PA342&lpg=PA342&dq=Tell+Judai
dah+bronze&source=bl&ots=nsUpGgmod8&sig=hHbgeyEJy95EC7mkTgsuvCaMFR0&hl=en&sa=X&e
i=MPkRT5anJamoiAKilaXXDQ&sqi=2&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Tell%20Judaidah%20bro
nze&f=false
10. ^ "Bronze Age." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford
University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 14 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/bronze-age
11. ^ "hand tool". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 12 Jan.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/254115/hand-tool/39209/Smelting>
.
12. ^ "Artifacts provide insights on Fertile Crescent", University of Chicago
News Office, Jan. 12,
2005 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/05/050112.oi-objects.shtml
13. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 BCE) (=3500bce)
14. ^ "Artifacts provide
insights on Fertile Crescent", University of Chicago News Office, Jan. 12,
2005 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/05/050112.oi-objects.shtml
15. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 BCE) (=3500bce)
16. ^ "Bronze (late 3000
BCE)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze (late
3000 BCE) (late 3000bce) {Late 3000 BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] "Copper". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper
[2] V. Gordon Childe, "The Bronze Age", Cambridge University Press, 2011
http://books.google.com/books?id=Fxb9brYSPVYC
[3] "Bronze". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze
(late 3000 BCE)
[4] "Bronze Age". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age
[5] http://www.asa3.org/archive/ASA/199604/0288.html
Tell Judaidah, Turkey12 |Egypt13   
5,000 YBN
[3000 BC] 6 7 		650) Cuneiform writing. Pictures are not drawn with pointed reed, but drawn
with a cut reed-stem pressed into the wet clay to make wedges.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh:
Scottish Academic Press, 1993). p32
2. ^
http://www.usatoday.com/tech/2002/05/21/cuneiform.htm
3. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh:
Scottish Academic Press, 1993). p32
4. ^
http://www.usatoday.com/tech/2002/05/21/cuneiform.htm
5. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping,Nissen,1993,p116.
6. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping,Nissen,1993,p116.
7. ^
http://www.usatoday.com/tech/2002/05/21/cuneiform.htm (=3200BCE)
Uruk5   
5,000 YBN
[3000 BC] 6 7 8 9 		664) Soldering of metals.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), p12.
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history
of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000), p12.
3. ^ Herbert Maryon, "Metal Working in the Ancient World", American
Journal of Archaeology , Vol. 53, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1949), pp. 93-125;
p114. http://www.jstor.org/stable/500498 {Maryon_Metal_Working_1949.pdf}
4. ^ P. R. S. Moorey, "The Archaeological Evidence for Metallurgy and Related
Technologies in Mesopotamia, c. 5500-2100 B.C.", Iraq , Vol. 44, No. 1 (Spring,
1982), pp. 13-38; p27-28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4200150
5. ^ Puttlitz, K.J., and K.A. Stalter. Handbook of Lead-Free
Solder Technology for Microelectronic Assemblies. Marcel Dekker, 2004.
Mechanical Engineering. http://books.google.com/books?id=H75TywRXUK4C&pg=PA9
6. ^ P. R. S. Moorey, "The Archaeological Evidence for Metallurgy
and Related Technologies in Mesopotamia, c. 5500-2100 B.C.", Iraq , Vol. 44,
No. 1 (Spring, 1982), pp. 13-38; p27-28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4200150
7. ^ Puttlitz, K.J., and K.A. Stalter.
Handbook of Lead-Free Solder Technology for Microelectronic Assemblies. Marcel
Dekker, 2004. Mechanical
Engineering. http://books.google.com/books?id=H75TywRXUK4C&pg=PA9
8. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), p12.
9. ^ Singer, Charles Joseph, and
Trevor Illtyd Williams. "A history of technology." (1954,1965). p640-641,653.
Tell al-'Ubaid3 4 |Mesopotamia5   
5,000 YBN
[3000 BC] 2 		668) Silk making; in China.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
  
5,000 YBN
[3000 BC] 10 11 		672) The earliest dam;4 5 6 built in Egypt to provide a water reservoir.7
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ M. Kassas and M. Imam, "Habitat and Plant Communities in the Egyptian
Desert: III. The Wadi Bed Ecosystem", Journal of Ecology, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Jul.,
1954), pp. 424-441 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2256869
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes
to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
3. ^ Hellstrom, B. (1951). The
oldest dam in the world. Bull. Inst. Hydraulics, Roy. Inst. Tech., Stockholm,
no. 28.
4. ^ M. Kassas and M. Imam, "Habitat and Plant Communities in the Egyptian
Desert: III. The Wadi Bed Ecosystem", Journal of Ecology, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Jul.,
1954), pp. 424-441 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2256869
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes
to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
6. ^ Hellstrom, B. (1951). The
oldest dam in the world. Bull. Inst. Hydraulics, Roy. Inst. Tech., Stockholm,
no. 28.
7. ^ M. Kassas and M. Imam, "Habitat and Plant Communities in the Egyptian
Desert: III. The Wadi Bed Ecosystem", Journal of Ecology, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Jul.,
1954), pp. 424-441 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2256869
8. ^ M. Kassas and M. Imam, "Habitat and Plant Communities in the
Egyptian Desert: III. The Wadi Bed Ecosystem", Journal of Ecology, Vol. 42, No.
2 (Jul., 1954), pp. 424-441 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2256869
9. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from
stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
10. ^ M. Kassas and
M. Imam, "Habitat and Plant Communities in the Egyptian Desert: III. The Wadi
Bed Ecosystem", Journal of Ecology, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Jul., 1954), pp.
424-441 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2256869
11. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
Wadi Gerrawi, Egypt8 9   
5,000 YBN
[3000 BC] 5 6 		675) The earliest silver objects.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), p72.
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history
of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000), p72.
3. ^ Woolley, C. Leonard, and L. Legrain. Ur excavations. Oxford
University Press,
1934. http://www.clintgoss.com/flutopedia.com/refs/Woolley_1934_UrExcavations_V
ol02_excerpt_FP.pdf
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), p72.
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history
of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000), p72.
6. ^ "silver (Ag)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/544756/silver-Ag>.
Ur3 4   
5,000 YBN
[3000 BC] 3 		676) Metal casting where wax is melted in a clay mold.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
  
5,000 YBN
[3000 BC] 6 7 		1276) The first recorded political assembly.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday
Anchor Books, 1959), pp29-31.
2. ^ Kramer, Samuel Noah, and Thorkild Jacobsen.
“Gilgamesh and Agga.” American Journal of Archaeology 53.1 (1949):
1–18. http://www.jstor.org/stable/501208
3. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday
Anchor Books, 1959), pp29-31.
4. ^ Kramer, Samuel Noah, and Thorkild Jacobsen.
“Gilgamesh and Agga.” American Journal of Archaeology 53.1 (1949):
1–18. http://www.jstor.org/stable/501208
5. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday
Anchor Books, 1959), p29.
6. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), 3rd edition 1981, p30.
7. ^ Samual Kramer,
"History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959),
p29.
Sumer, Uruk, Kish5   
5,000 YBN
[3000 BC] 5 6 7 		6222) The inclined plane (or ramp).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p9.
2. ^
Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p9.
3. ^ Yenne
and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p9.
4. ^ Yenne and
Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p9.
5. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {3000 BC}
6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The
Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p11. {2900
BCE (based on Pyramid of Giza}
7. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped
World History", 1993, p9. {2.4 Million BC}
Egypt?  
5,000 YBN
[3000 BC] 4 		6226) The abacus; a counting and calculating device.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p16.
2. ^
Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p16.
3. ^ Yenne
and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p16.
4. ^ Yenne and
Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p16. {3000 BC}

MORE INFO
[1] Ifrah, Georges (2001), The Universal History of Computing: From the
Abacus to the Quantum Computer, New York: John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0471396710
Mesopotamia3   
5,000 YBN
[3000 BC] 4 		6441) The earliest bow drill.1 A bow drill can drill holes and start a fire
from friction.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Woods, M., and M.B. Woods. Ancient
Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels. Runestone Press, 2000. Ancient
Technology, p16. books.google.com/books?id=E1tzW_aDnxsC&pg=PA16
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes
to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A
history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark
Books, 2000).
Egypt3   
4,980 YBN
[2980 BC] 8 		654) The earliest pyramid in Egypt, the step pyramid of Djoser, designed by
Imhotep, the earliest known scientist of history.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.1.
2. ^ "pyramid". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.,
2012. Web. 04 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/484720/pyramid>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.1.
4. ^ "pyramid". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.,
2012. Web. 04 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/484720/pyramid>.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.1.
6. ^ "pyramid". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.,
2012. Web. 04 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/484720/pyramid>.
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.1.
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p.1. {flourished 2980-2950 BCE}
Sakkara, Egypt7   
4,800 YBN
[2800 BC] 5 6 		6565) Musical reed instruments.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Wade-Matthews, M. Music: An Illustrated History. Hermes House, 2002,
p34-35.
2. ^ Wade-Matthews, M. Music: An Illustrated History. Hermes House, 2002,
p34-35.
3. ^ Wade-Matthews, M. Music: An Illustrated History. Hermes House, 2002,
p34-35.
4. ^ Wade-Matthews, M. Music: An Illustrated History. Hermes House, 2002,
p34-35.
5. ^ Wade-Matthews, M. Music: An Illustrated History. Hermes House, 2002,
p34-35.
6. ^ Landels, J.G., and J.G. Landels. Music in Ancient Greece and Rome. Taylor
& Francis, 2002. http://books.google.com/books?id=NIJCJ1acjisC&pg=PA25
Greece4   
4,750 YBN
[2750 BC] 8 		320) The earliest metal saw.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Deshayes, Jean, "Les outils de bronze, de l'Indus au Danube (IVe au IIe
millénaire)", Librairie orientaliste P. Geuthner/Paris,
1960 {Deshayes_Les_Outils_1960.pdf}
2. ^ Wells, H. Bartlett, "The Position of the Large Bronze Saws of Minoan Crete
in the History of Tool Making", Expedition, 16.4, 1974,
p2-8. http://www.penn.museum/expedition-back-issues/114-volumes-11-20/560-exped
ition-volume-16-number-4-summer-1974.html
3. ^ Deshayes, Jean, "Les outils de bronze, de l'Indus au Danube (IVe au IIe
millénaire)", Librairie orientaliste P. Geuthner/Paris, 1960
{Deshayes_Les_Outils_1960.pdf}
4. ^ Wells, H. Bartlett, "The Position of the Large Bronze Saws of Minoan Crete
in the History of Tool Making", Expedition, 16.4, 1974,
p2-8. http://www.penn.museum/expedition-back-issues/114-volumes-11-20/560-exped
ition-volume-16-number-4-summer-1974.html
5. ^ Deshayes, Jean, "Les outils de bronze, de l'Indus au Danube (IVe au IIe
millénaire)", Librairie orientaliste P. Geuthner/Paris,
1960 {Deshayes_Les_Outils_1960.pdf}
6. ^ Wells, H. Bartlett, "The Position of the Large Bronze Saws of Minoan Crete
in the History of Tool Making", Expedition, 16.4, 1974,
p2-8. http://www.penn.museum/expedition-back-issues/114-volumes-11-20/560-exped
ition-volume-16-number-4-summer-1974.html
7. ^ Wells, H. Bartlett, "The Position of the Large Bronze Saws of Minoan Crete
in the History of Tool Making", Expedition, 16.4, 1974,
p2-8. http://www.penn.museum/expedition-back-issues/114-volumes-11-20/560-exped
ition-volume-16-number-4-summer-1974.html
8. ^ Wells, H. Bartlett, "The Position of the Large Bronze Saws of Minoan Crete
in the History of Tool Making", Expedition, 16.4, 1974,
p2-8. http://www.penn.museum/expedition-back-issues/114-volumes-11-20/560-exped
ition-volume-16-number-4-summer-1974.html {2750 BC}
Mesopotamia7   
4,700 YBN
[2700 BC] 6 		1052) The earliest arch.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Handcock, P.S.P. Mesopotamian Archaeology: An Introduction to the
Archaeology of Babylonia and Assyria. Putnam,
1912. http://books.google.com/books?id=ErcoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA170
2. ^"Ancient Mesopotamia:Architecture". The Oriental Institute of the
University of Chicago.
http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/ED/TRC/MESO/architecture.html
3. ^ Handcock, P.S.P. Mesopotamian Archaeology: An Introduction to the
Archaeology of Babylonia and Assyria. Putnam,
1912. http://books.google.com/books?id=ErcoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA170
4. ^"Ancient Mesopotamia:Architecture". The Oriental Institute of the
University of Chicago.
http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/ED/TRC/MESO/architecture.html
5. ^ Handcock, P.S.P. Mesopotamian Archaeology: An Introduction to the
Archaeology of Babylonia and Assyria. Putnam,
1912. http://books.google.com/books?id=ErcoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA170
6. ^ Handcock, P.S.P. Mesopotamian Archaeology: An Introduction to the
Archaeology of Babylonia and Assyria. Putnam,
1912. http://books.google.com/books?id=ErcoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA170
Nippur, Mesopotamia5   
4,500 YBN
[2500 BC] 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 		635) Iron is smelted and casted.14 15 16

The start of the Iron Age in Turkey.17
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian
Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073
2. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The Beginnings of
Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722
3. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La
Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935.
Ankara, 1937.
4. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.”
Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073
5. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The
Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722
6. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La
Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935.
Ankara, 1937.
7. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.”
Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073
8. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The
Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722
9. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La
Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935.
Ankara, 1937.
10. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.”
Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073
11. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The
Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722
12. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La
Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935.
Ankara, 1937.
13. ^ "Iron Age". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294368/Iron-Age>.
14. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian
Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073
15. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The Beginnings of
Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722
16. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La
Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935.
Ankara, 1937.
17. ^ "Iron Age". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294368/Iron-Age>.
18. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian
Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073
19. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The Beginnings of
Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722
20. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La
Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935.
Ankara, 1937.
21. ^ Petrie, W.M.F. Gerar. British School of Archaeology in Egypt,
1928. Egyptian Research Account.
22. ^ Rickard, T. A. “The Primitive Smelting of
Iron.” American Journal of Archaeology 43.1 (1939): 85–101.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/499136
23. ^ Veldhuijzen, HA and Rehren, T , "Iron Smelting Slag Formation at Tell
Hammeh (Al-Zarqa), Jordan". (2006), (Proceedings) 34th International Symposium
on Archaeometry, Zaragoza, 3-7 May 2004. (pp. 245 - 250). Institucion 'Fernando
el Catolico' (CSIC) Excma. Diputacion de Zaragoza:
Zaragoza. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/11494/
24. ^ Xander Veldhuijzen and Eveline van der Steen, "Iron Production Center
Found in the Jordan Valley", Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 62, No. 3 (Sep.,
1999), pp. 195-199 Published by: The American Schools of Oriental
Research Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3210714
25. ^ Richardson, Harry Craig. “Iron,
Prehistoric and Ancient.” American Journal of Archaeology 38.4 (1934):
555–583. http://www.jstor.org/stable/498191
26. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.”
Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073
27. ^ Petrie, W.M.F. Gerar. British
School of Archaeology in Egypt, 1928. Egyptian Research Account, p14-16, Plate
25-32. {Petrie_Gerar_1928.pdf}
28. ^ Rickard, T. A. “The Primitive Smelting of Iron.” American Journal of
Archaeology 43.1 (1939): 85–101. http://www.jstor.org/stable/499136
29. ^ Veldhuijzen, HA and Rehren, T , "Iron
Smelting Slag Formation at Tell Hammeh (Al-Zarqa), Jordan". (2006),
(Proceedings) 34th International Symposium on Archaeometry, Zaragoza, 3-7 May
2004. (pp. 245 - 250). Institucion 'Fernando el Catolico' (CSIC) Excma.
Diputacion de Zaragoza: Zaragoza. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/11494/ {930/910
BCE}
30. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 YBN)
31. ^
http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/resource/ptable/fe.htm (3000 YBN) (3000)
32. ^ "Iron (3500
YBN)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron (3500
YBN) (3500)
33. ^ "Iron Age". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294368/Iron-Age>.
34. ^ Richardson, Harry Craig. “Iron, Prehistoric and Ancient.” American
Journal of Archaeology 38.4 (1934): 555–583.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/498191

MORE INFO
[1] "Iron age". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_age
Alaca Höyük in northern Anatolia (modern Turkey)18 19 20 |Palestine21 22
|Tell Hammeh (az-Zarqa), Jordan23 24 |Central Europe and north Assyria25   
4,500 YBN
[2500 BC] 6 7 		637) Scribes change from writing right to left in columns to writing left to
right in rows.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh:
Scottish Academic Press, 1993).
2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion,
2001. Globalities Series. p49-50.
3. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian
hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993).
4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History
of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p49-50.
5. ^ Barbara Watterson,
"Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993).
6. ^
Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p49-50.
7. ^
Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish
Academic Press, 1993).
Sumer5   
4,500 YBN
[2500 BC] 2 		691) Skis are used in Skandinavia.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
  
4,500 YBN
[2500 BC] 7 		6230) The earliest dice and boardgame.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ C.L. Woolley and others, Ur Excavations, vol. II: The Royal Cemetery
(London, The British Museum Press, 1934), p. 276, plate 95.
2. ^
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/t/the_royal
_game_of_ur.aspx
3. ^ C.L. Woolley and others, Ur Excavations, vol. II: The Royal Cemetery
(London, The British Museum Press, 1934), p. 276, plate 95.
4. ^
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/t/the_royal
_game_of_ur.aspx
5. ^ C.L. Woolley and others, Ur Excavations, vol. II: The Royal Cemetery
(London, The British Museum Press, 1934), p. 276, plate 95.
6. ^
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/t/the_royal
_game_of_ur.aspx
7. ^
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/t/the_royal
_game_of_ur.aspx {2400-2600 BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] C. Leonard Woolley, "Ur Excavations. Vol. II. The Royal Cemetery.",
1934
Ur, Mesopotamia5 6   
4,500 YBN
[2500 BC] 3 4 		6462) The Babylonians describe constellations.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Rogers, J. H., "Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The
Mesopotamian traditions", Journal of the British Astronomical Association,
vol.108, no.1, p.9-28. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JBAA..108....9R
2. ^ Rogers, J. H., "Origins of the ancient constellations: I.
The Mesopotamian traditions", Journal of the British Astronomical Association,
vol.108, no.1, p.9-28. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JBAA..108....9R
3. ^ Rogers, J. H., "Origins of the ancient constellations: I.
The Mesopotamian traditions", Journal of the British Astronomical Association,
vol.108, no.1, p.9-28. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JBAA..108....9R
4. ^ "astronomical map". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 11 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40018/astronomical-map/52790/The
-constellations-and-other-sky-divisions>.
(Elamite capital) Susa, Iran2   
4,450 YBN
[2450 BC] 4 5 		708) Animal skin (leather) is used for writing (the earliest parchment).2
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ "history of publishing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/286
07/Vellum-and-parchment>.
2. ^ "history of publishing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/286
07/Vellum-and-parchment>.
3. ^ "history of publishing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/286
07/Vellum-and-parchment>.
4. ^ "history of publishing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history-of-publishing/286
07/Vellum-and-parchment>.
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).

MORE INFO
[1] "vellum." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 24 May. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/vellum>
Egypt3   
4,400 YBN
[2400 BC] 6 		1277) The earliest recorded written history.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday
Anchor Books, 1959), pp37-38.
2. ^ Nies, James Buchanan, Clarence Elwood Keiser, and
Albert Tobias Clay. "Historical, religious and economic texts and antiquities."
(1920). http://digital.library.stonybrook.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/iraqiar
cheology/id/25/rec/12
3. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday
Anchor Books, 1959), pp37-38.
4. ^ Nies, James Buchanan, Clarence Elwood Keiser, and
Albert Tobias Clay. "Historical, religious and economic texts and antiquities."
(1920). http://digital.library.stonybrook.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/iraqiar
cheology/id/25/rec/12
5. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday
Anchor Books, 1959), 3rd edition 1981, p43.
6. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at
Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), 3rd edition 1981, p38.
Lagash5   
4,345 YBN
[2345 BC] 6 7 8 9 		800) Writing on papyrus.3 Papyrus sheets are made from the fibrous layers
within the stem of the papyrus plant.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards, "Egypt and its monuments: pharaohs, fellahs
and explorers", 1891,
p195. http://books.google.com/books?id=QIwWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA195
2. ^ Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards, "Egypt and its monuments: pharaohs, fellahs
and explorers", 1891,
p195. http://books.google.com/books?id=QIwWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA195
3. ^ Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards, "Egypt and its monuments: pharaohs, fellahs
and explorers", 1891,
p195. http://books.google.com/books?id=QIwWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA195
4. ^ "papyrus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/442267/papyrus>.
5. ^ Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards, "Egypt and its monuments: pharaohs, fellahs
and explorers", 1891,
p195. http://books.google.com/books?id=QIwWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA195
6. ^ "papyrus." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University
Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 25 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/papyrus
7. ^ http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Egerton/BellSkeat2.html
8. ^
http://www.travellersinegypt.org/archives/2005/07/prisse_davennes.html (=3300)
9. ^
"Djedkare Isesi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi (=2407 or 2419)
Egypt5   
4,300 YBN
[2300 BC] 8 9 		629) The Akkadian language, the earliest known semitic language. The earliest
verb tense, and noun gender.4 5 The first dictionary.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Akkadian language". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 04 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/11690/Akkadian-language>.
2. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of
Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press,
1994, p117.
3. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), 5.
4. ^ "Akkadian language". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.,
2012. Web. 04 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/11690/Akkadian-language>.
5. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of
Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press,
1994, p117.
6. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), 5.
7. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer",
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), 5.
8. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al.
Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in
the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press, 1994, p5.
9. ^ "Akkad".
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 04 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/11671/Akkad>.

MORE INFO
[1] Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities
Series
Agade, Mesopotamia7   
4,300 YBN
[2300 BC] 7 8 9 10 11 12 		667) The earliest evidence of glass making, glass beads; in Mesopotamia.5
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PRIMARY
PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp.
1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf
2. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE
PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp.
1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf
3. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE
PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp.
1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf
4. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE
PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp.
1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf
5. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE
PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp.
1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf
6. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE
PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp.
1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf
7. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE
PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp.
1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf
{4300 YBN}
8. ^ P. R. S. Moorey, "Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries.
The Archaeological Evidence", Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1994,
p190. {Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Industries_Moorey_1994.pdf}
AND {Moorey-Ancient_Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Industries-1994.pdf} {c4000YBN}
9. ^ James
Owen, "Ancient Egyptian City Yields World's Oldest Glassworks", National
Geographic News June 16,
2005 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0616_050616_egyptglass.htm
l {35000 YBN}
10. ^ Thilo Rehren and Edgar B. Pusch, "Late Bronze Age Glass
Production at Qantir-Piramesses, Egypt", Science New Series, Vol. 308, No. 5729
(Jun. 17, 2005), pp. 1756-1758 Published by: American Association for the
Advancement of Science Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3841666
{35000 YBN}
11. ^ http://glassonline.com/infoserv/history.html {5500YBN}
12. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {5000YBN}
Mesopotamia6   
4,300 YBN
[2300 BC] 18 19 20 21 22 		1271) The earliest written stories. These consist of epics and myths, hymns and
laments, proverbs and wisdom.9

These writings record a belief in Gods, Goddesses, a Heaven, and an Under
World.10

There are clear similarities between the Sumerian and the later Greek stories,
for example stories about the creation of the universe, good and bad deeds of
the gods, and of a flood.11

The Sumerians believe in a variety of Gods and Goddesses12 . People of other
regions have similar Gods and Goddesses, but with different names, for example,
the Sumerian Goddess of love and war, Inanna is analogous to the Babylonian
Ishtar, the Greek Aphrodite, and the Roman Venus. Similarly the Sumerian
sky-god An {oN13 }, is analogous to the Babylonian "Anu" {o-nU14 }, the Greek
"Zeus", and Roman "Jupiter".15
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American
Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical
Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C
2. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American
Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical
Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C
3. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American
Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical
Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C
4. ^ Kramer, Samuel N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium B.c. New York: Harper, 1961.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/986108
5. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American
Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical
Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C
6. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American
Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical
Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C
7. ^ Kramer, Samuel N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium B.c. New York: Harper, 1961.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/986108
8. ^ Kramer, Samuel N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium B.c. New York: Harper, 1961.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/986108
9. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American
Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical
Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C
10. ^ Kramer, Samuel N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium B.c. New York: Harper, 1961.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/986108
11. ^ Kramer, Samuel N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium B.c. New York: Harper, 1961.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/986108
12. ^ http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/godsmyth/g/sumeriandeities.htm
13. ^ "an." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Jun. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/an>.
14. ^ "ANu." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Jun. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ANu>.
15. ^ King, K.C. Ancient Epic. John Wiley & Sons, 2012. Blackwell Introductions
to the Classical World,
p189-190. http://books.google.com/books?id=9dxRQbFV_jAC&pg=PA189
16. ^ Hayes, A Manual of Sumerian grammar and texts, 1990, p270.
17. ^ Kramer, S.N.
Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third
Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American Philosophical Society, 1944.
Memoirs of the American Philosophical
Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C
18. ^ Hayes, A Manual of Sumerian grammar and texts, 1990, p270. (there is
also a 2000 edition {Hayes_Sumerian_2000.pdf})
19. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual
and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ...
American Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical
Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C
20. ^ Kramer, Samuel N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium B.c. New York: Harper, 1961.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/986108
21. ^ Thomson, G.A. First Writers-The Sumerians: They Wrote on Clay. iUniverse,
2011, p xi.
22. ^ Alexander, T.D., and D.W. Baker. Dictionary of the Old Testament:
Pentateuch: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. InterVarsity
Press, 2002. The IVP Bible Dictionary Series, p608.

MORE INFO
[1] "Ancient literature". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_literature
[2] Arno Poebel, "Historical and grammatical texts", vols 1-5, 1914. vol 1:
http://books.google.com/books?id=tg0TAAAAYAAJ vol 4:
http://books.google.com/books?id=mxwYAAAAYAAJ vol 5:
http://books.google.com/books?id=_A0TAAAAYAAJ
[3] Jeffrey H. Tigay, "The evolution of the Gilgamesh epic",
http://books.google.com/books?id=cxjuHTH6I2sC
[4] Kramer, S. N. "Sumerian Literature; A Preliminary Survey of the Oldest
Literature in the World." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
85.3 (1942): 293�323. http://www.jstor.org/stable/985008
Lagash16 |Nippur17   
4,200 YBN
[2200 BC] 7 		6446) Egyptian writing becomes completely phonetic.3 The first alphabet.4

Egyptian scribes reduce Egyptian writing to only 26 signs with no vowels.5
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p84.
2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series,
p39.
3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p84.
4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series,
p39.
5. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p39,84.
6. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p84.
7. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p84.

MORE INFO
[1] Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities
Series. p47
Egypt6   
4,200 YBN
[2200 BC] 5 		6539) Citrus trees are grown in China.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe,
and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012,
p146-147. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
2. ^ H. John Webber (1967). History and Development of the Citrus Industry.
University of California Division of Agricultural
Sciences. http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/ http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/w
ebber/Vol1/Chapter1.htm#origin
3. ^ H. John Webber (1967). History and Development of the Citrus Industry.
University of California Division of Agricultural
Sciences. http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/ http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/w
ebber/Vol1/Chapter1.htm#origin
4. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe,
and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012,
p146-147. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
5. ^ H. John Webber (1967). History and Development of the Citrus Industry.
University of California Division of Agricultural
Sciences. http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/ http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/w
ebber/Vol1/Chapter1.htm#origin
China3 4   
4,130 YBN
[2130 BC] 6 		6234) The earliest musical horn.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p73.
2. ^ Curt Sachs,
"The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p73.
3. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of
Musical Instruments", 1940, p73.
4. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical
Instruments", 1940, p73.
5. ^
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/g/gudea,_king_of_l
agash.aspx
6. ^
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/g/gudea,_king_of_l
agash.aspx {around) 2130 BCE}
Lagash, Mesopotamia5   
4,100 YBN
[2100 BC] 6 7 		1279) The earliest Health science (or medical) text; which lists 10 remedies.3
4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday
Anchor Books, 1959), p52.
2. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p52.
3. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at
Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p52.
4. ^ Samual Kramer,
"History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959),
pp60-62.
5. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday
Anchor Books, 1959), p60.
6. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p60. (=toward the end of the 3rd
millenium) (=toward the end of the 3rd millenium)
7. ^
http://www.uic.edu/classes/osci/osci590/11_1OldestPrescription.htm (The tablet
was inscribed toward the end of the dynasty founded by Sargon the Great, some
time during the last quarter of Third Millennium B.C)
Nippur5   
4,100 YBN
[2100 BC] 6 		6376) The first place value number system, a sexagesimal (base 60) number
system. Fractional values such as 1/60 and 1/3600 are also in use.3 This base
60 number system is still in use to measure time and angles.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp5,142-143.
2. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen,
1993, pp5,142-143.
3. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp5,142-143.
4. ^ "sexagesimal." A Dictionary
of Weights, Measures, and Units. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2004.
Answers.com 19 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sexagesimal
5. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp5,142-143.
6. ^ Archaic
Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp5,142-143.

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.jstor.org/view/00030279/ap020117/02a00010/0
(sexagesimal.pdf)
[2] Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish
Academic Press, 1993)
[3] Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning
in the Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000)
[4] "sigillography."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543584/sigillography>
[5]
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Babylonian_numerals.html
[6] "Numeral system#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_system#History
[7] http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm
[8] "writing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/649670/writing>
[9] Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000)
Babylonia5   
4,050 YBN
[2050 BC] 5 		1278) The earliest recorded laws.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday
Anchor Books, 1959), p52.
2. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p52.
3. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at
Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p52.
4. ^ Samual Kramer,
"History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959),
p52.
5. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday
Anchor Books, 1959), p52.
Ur4   
4,000 YBN
[2000 BC] 5 6 		706) Humans ride horses.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Outram, Alan K. et al. “The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking.”
Science 323.5919 (2009): 1332 –1335.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5919/1332.short
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/25471639
2. ^ Outram, Alan K. et al. “The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking.”
Science 323.5919 (2009): 1332 –1335.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5919/1332.short
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/25471639
3. ^ Outram, Alan K. et al. “The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking.”
Science 323.5919 (2009): 1332 –1335.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5919/1332.short
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/25471639
4. ^ Outram, Alan K. et al. “The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking.”
Science 323.5919 (2009): 1332 –1335.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5919/1332.short
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/25471639
5. ^ Outram, Alan K. et al. “The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking.”
Science 323.5919 (2009): 1332 –1335.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5919/1332.short
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/25471639
6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
Kazakhstan4   
4,000 YBN
[2000 BC] 5 		711) The earliest spoked wheel.3 Spokes make the wheel lighter in weight.4
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Ghosh, A. (1989). An Encyclopedia of
Indian Archaeology. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
p.337. http://books.google.com/books?id=Wba-EZhZcfgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=it#
v=onepage&q=wheel&f=false
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^ Ghosh, A. (1989). An Encyclopedia of
Indian Archaeology. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
p.337. http://books.google.com/books?id=Wba-EZhZcfgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=it#
v=onepage&q=wheel&f=false
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
  
4,000 YBN
[2000 BC] 13 14 		733) The earliest lock and key.9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "article 4263". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-4263
2. ^
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm
3. ^ "article 4263". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-4263
4. ^
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm
5. ^ "article 4263". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-4263
6. ^
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm
7. ^ "article 4263". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-4263
8. ^
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm
9. ^ "article 4263". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-4263
10. ^
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm
11. ^
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm
(=4000ybn/nineveh)
12. ^ "Nineveh." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/nineveh
13. ^
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm
(=4000ybn/nineveh) {4000 YBN(nineveh}
14. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention :
from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
(=1200bce/egypt) {1200 BCE (egypt}
Nineveh,11 Assyria on the Tigris River12   
4,000 YBN
[2000 BC] 7 8 		1283) The earliest library catalog.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday
Anchor Books, 1959), p217.
2. ^ http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/sum/sum05.htm
3. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer",
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p217.
4. ^
http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/sum/sum05.htm
5. ^ http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/sum/sum05.htm
6. ^ "Nippur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/nippur
7. ^ http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/sum/sum05.htm (2000BCE)
8. ^ Ted Huntington. (find
more exact if possible)
Nippur5 an ancient city of Babylonia on the Euphrates River southeast of
Babylon6   
4,000 YBN
[2000 BC] 5 		6236) Metal is traded as money; in Babylonia.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>.
2. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>.
3. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>.
4. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>.
5. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>. {older than) 2000 BCE}
Babylonia4   
4,000 YBN
[2000 BC] 4 		6542) The vegetables leek, garlic and onion are grown around the fertile
crescent.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe,
and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012,
p155-157. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
2. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe,
and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012,
p155-157. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
3. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe,
and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012,
p155-157. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
4. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe,
and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012,
p155-157. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
Mesopotamia3   
3,700 YBN
[1700 BC] 3 4 		1181) The earliest brass (a copper and zinc alloy).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Thornton, C.P and Ehlers, C.B. (2003) "Early Brass in the ancient Near
East" in IAMS Newsletter 23 pp.
27–36 http://www.ucl.ac.uk/iams/newsletter/accordion/journals/iams_23/iams_23
_2003_thornton_ehlers {iams_23_2003_thornton_ehlers_2003.pdf}
2. ^ "calamine brass". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 16 Mar.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/88760/calamine-brass>.
3. ^ Thornton, C.P and Ehlers, C.B. (2003) "Early Brass in the ancient Near
East" in IAMS Newsletter 23 pp.
27–36 http://www.ucl.ac.uk/iams/newsletter/accordion/journals/iams_23/iams_23
_2003_thornton_ehlers {iams_23_2003_thornton_ehlers_2003.pdf}
4. ^ "calamine brass". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 16 Mar.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/88760/calamine-brass>.

MORE INFO
[1] "Calamine brass". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamine_brass (estimate millenium)
[2] Thornton, Christopher
P. et al. “On Pins and Needles: Tracing the Evolution of Copper-base Alloying
at Tepe Yahya, Iran, via ICP-MS Analysis of Common-place Items.” Journal of
Archaeological Science 29.12 (2002):
1451–1460. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440302908095

[3] "Calamine brass". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamine_brass
Tepe Yahya (modern Iran)|Asia Minor2   
3,700 YBN
[1700 BC] 4 		1280) The earliest agricultural science text.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday
Anchor Books, 1959), p65.
2. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p65.
3. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at
Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p65.
4. ^ Samual Kramer,
"History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), 3rd
edition, 1981, p66.
Nippur3   
3,650 YBN
[1650 BC] 4 		716) The earliest mathematical text.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aes/r/rhind_ma
thematical_papyrus.aspx
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
Egypt3   
3,600 YBN
[1600 BC] 3 4 		6460) The "Pythagorean Theorem" is known in Babylonia: that the sum of the
squares of the two legs of a right triangle is equal to the square of the
hypotenuse.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/Babylonian_Pythagoras.html
2. ^ "Pythagorean theorem". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 10 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/485209/Pythagorean-theorem>.
3. ^ "Pythagorean theorem". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 10 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/485209/Pythagorean-theorem>.
4. ^ http://isaw.nyu.edu/exhibitions/before-pythagoras/items/ybc-7289/
Babylonia  
3,531 YBN
[1531 BC] 12 13 		639) The first planet, Venus, is recognized in Babylon.9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM
B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish
Studies. University of Sydney, 2009,
p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf
2. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford
University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395.
http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree
k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20greek%20astronomy&f=false
3. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM
B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish
Studies. University of Sydney, 2009,
p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf
4. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford
University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395.
http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree
k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20greek%20astronomy&f=false
5. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM
B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish
Studies. University of Sydney, 2009,
p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf
6. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford
University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395.
http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree
k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20greek%20astronomy&f=false
7. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM
B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish
Studies. University of Sydney, 2009,
p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf
8. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford
University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395.
http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree
k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20greek%20astronomy&f=false
9. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM
B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish
Studies. University of Sydney, 2009,
p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf
10. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy.
Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395.
http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree
k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20greek%20astronomy&f=false
11. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM
B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish
Studies. University of Sydney, 2009,
p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf
12. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM
B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish
Studies. University of Sydney, 2009,
p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf
13. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy.
Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395.
http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree
k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20greek%20astronomy&f=false
Babylon11   
3,500 YBN
[1500 BC] 8 		624) The earliest oven-baked mud brick (also called "burned brick").5 6
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>.
2. ^ "burnt brick." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/burnt-brick-1
3. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>.
4. ^ "burnt brick." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/burnt-brick-1
5. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>.
6. ^ "burnt brick." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/burnt-brick-1
7. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>.
8. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>. {1500 BC}
Ur, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)7   
3,500 YBN
[1500 BC] 7 8 		723) The earliest pulley.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
6. ^ Sir Austen Henry Layard, "Nineveh and
its remains: with an account of a visit to the Chaldean ...", 1850,
p219. http://books.google.com/books?id=-J5CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA219
7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {1500 BC}
8. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100
Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p21. {before 260 BC}
Nimroud, Assyria5 6   
3,500 YBN
[1500 BC] 5 		1516) The "Vedas", four ancient Indian collections of poems or hymns, originate
as an oral tradition2 before being written down 1200 years later.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Veda". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 09 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/624383/Veda>.
2. ^ "Veda". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 09 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/624383/Veda>.
3. ^ "Rigveda". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 09 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/503627/Rigveda>.
4. ^ "Veda". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 09 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/624383/Veda>.
5. ^ "Veda". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 09 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/624383/Veda>.

MORE INFO
[1] "Veda". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074939/Veda (1500-1200BCE)
[2] "Vedas".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas (1500-1200BCE)
[3] Salomon,
Richard. “On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts.” Journal of the
American Oriental Society 115.2 (1995): 271–279.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/604670
India4   
3,500 YBN
[1500 BC] 9 10 		6228) The water clock (or Clepsydra {KlePSi-Dru5 }).6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "quaternary." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/quaternary
2. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p27.
3. ^
"quaternary." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/quaternary
4. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p27.
5. ^
"quaternary." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/quaternary
6. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p27.
7. ^
Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p27.
8. ^
Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition,
Simon and Schuster, 1991, p17.
9. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped
World History", 1993, p27. {1500 BC}
10. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The
Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p17.
{1450-1401 BC}
Egypt7 8   
3,500 YBN
[1500 BC] 7 8 		6456) The earliest American city, an Olmec city in Veracruz, Mexico.3 4
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Richard A Diehl, 2004, The Olmecs - America's First Civilization London:
Thames & Hudson, pp.25,27.
2. ^ "Olmec." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 10 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/olmec
3. ^ Richard A Diehl, 2004, The Olmecs - America's First Civilization London:
Thames & Hudson, pp.25,27.
4. ^ "Olmec." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 10 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/olmec Read more:
http://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_answer.jsp#ixzz2BngsyQSh
5. ^ Richard A Diehl, 2004, The Olmecs - America's First Civilization London:
Thames & Hudson, pp.25,27.
6. ^ "Olmec." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 10 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/olmec Read more:
http://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_answer.jsp#ixzz2BngsyQSh
7. ^ Richard A Diehl, 2004, The Olmecs - America's First Civilization London:
Thames & Hudson, pp.25,27.
8. ^ Christopher A. Pool, "Olmec Archeology And Early
Mesamerica", 2007, p I.
(El Manati shrine, near modern) San Lorenzo, Veracruz, Mexico5 6   
3,450 YBN
[1450 BC] 4 		6449) The first letters that represent vowel sounds.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p56,87.
2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p56,87.
3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p87.
4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p87.
Ugarit (modern Ra's Shamra on Syria's north coast)3   
3,400 YBN
[1400 BC] 4 		6454) The earliest Chinese writing.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p166-171.
2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p166-171.
3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p166-171.
4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p166-171.

MORE INFO
[1] Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An
Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and
Civilization of China Series.
p124-133. http://books.google.com/books?id=sP-PN2StH2cC
near Anyang, north-central China3   
3,350 YBN
[1350 BC] 2 3 		6559) The earliest evidence of human kissing.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Kiss", Bromiley, G.W. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.
Wilkliam Eerdmans, 1980,
p44. http://books.google.com/books?id=Zkla5Gl_66oC&pg=PA44
2. ^ "Akhenaten". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Akhenaten%20
3. ^ "Kiss", Bromiley, G.W. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.
Wilkliam Eerdmans, 1980,
p44. http://books.google.com/books?id=Zkla5Gl_66oC&pg=PA44
  
3,350 YBN
[1350 BC] 4 		6561) Welding of metals using heat and hammering.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Herbert Maryon, "Metal Working in the Ancient World", American Journal of
Archaeology , Vol. 53, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1949), pp. 93-125;
p103. http://www.jstor.org/stable/500498 {Maryon_Metal_Working_1949.pdf}
2. ^ Herbert Maryon, "Metal Working in the Ancient World", American Journal of
Archaeology , Vol. 53, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1949), pp. 93-125;
p103. http://www.jstor.org/stable/500498 {Maryon_Metal_Working_1949.pdf}
3. ^ Herbert Maryon, "Metal Working in the Ancient World", American Journal of
Archaeology , Vol. 53, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1949), pp. 93-125;
p103. http://www.jstor.org/stable/500498 {Maryon_Metal_Working_1949.pdf}
4. ^ Herbert Maryon, "Metal Working in the Ancient World", American Journal of
Archaeology , Vol. 53, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1949), pp. 93-125;
p103. http://www.jstor.org/stable/500498 {Maryon_Metal_Working_1949.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "welding". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 02 Feb.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/639223/welding>
Egypt3   
3,348 YBN
[1348 BC] 6 7 		2727) Monotheism, the theory that only one God exists;2 by Amenhotep IV,
Pharaoh of Egypt.3 All monotheistic religions may originate from the influence
of this earliest recorded monotheism.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Akhenaten". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Akhenaten%20
2. ^ "Akhenaten". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Akhenaten%20
3. ^ "Akhenaten". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Akhenaten%20
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ "Akhenaton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005276/Akhenaton
6. ^ "Akhenaten". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Akhenaten%20 (5th year in reign 1365bce)
7. ^
"Akhenaton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005276/Akhenaton (reign: BCE
1353�1336)

MORE INFO
[1] "Great Hymn to the Aten". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten
[2] "Amen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amen
[3] "Psalm 104". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_104
[4] "amen". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9006072/amen
Amarna, Egypt5   
3,300 YBN
[1300 BC] 4 		736) Two piece mold metal casting.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), p74.
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history
of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000), p74.
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to
silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000), p74.
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A
history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark
Books, 2000), p74.
Mesopotamia3   
3,300 YBN
[1300 BC] 5 6 		5862) The earliest written musical notation and musical composition.2
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ David Wulstan, "The Earliest Musical Notation", Music & Letters , Vol.
52, No. 4 (Oct., 1971), pp. 365-382. http://www.jstor.org/stable/734711
2. ^ David Wulstan, "The Earliest Musical
Notation", Music & Letters , Vol. 52, No. 4 (Oct., 1971), pp.
365-382. http://www.jstor.org/stable/734711
3. ^ David Wulstan, "The Earliest Musical Notation", Music & Letters , Vol. 52,
No. 4 (Oct., 1971), pp. 365-382. http://www.jstor.org/stable/734711
4. ^ "Western music." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 30 May.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/398976/Western-music>.
5. ^ David Wulstan, "The Earliest Musical Notation", Music & Letters ,
Vol. 52, No. 4 (Oct., 1971), pp. 365-382. http://www.jstor.org/stable/734711
6. ^ "Western music." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011.
Web. 30 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/398976/Western-music>. {800 BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] West, M. L., 'The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic
Texts', Music & Letters, Vol. 75, No. 2. (May, 1994), pp. 161–179
[2] A. D. Kilmer and
M. Civil, "Old Babylonian Musical Instructions Relating to Hymnody", Journal of
Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 38, No. 1 (Spring, 1986), pp.
94-98 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1359953
Ur, Babylonia3 |Mesopotamia4   
3,200 YBN
[1200 BC] 5 6 		3134) Shellac is used as plastic.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "lac." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online.
Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 14 Mar. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/327085/lac>.
2. ^ "lac." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online.
Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 14 Mar. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/327085/lac>.
3. ^ Painting & Decorating Contractors of America. National Painters Magazine.
Schnell Publishing Company, 1921,
p32. http://books.google.com/books?id=xscfAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA34
4. ^ Painting & Decorating Contractors of America. National Painters Magazine.
Schnell Publishing Company, 1921,
p32. http://books.google.com/books?id=xscfAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA34
5. ^ Merrifield, Mary (1849). Original Treatises on the Art of Painting. Vol 1,
ISBN 0486404404.
http://books.google.com/books?id=WfIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Original+Tr
eatises+on+the+Art+of+Painting&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NFFCUZHJMaqoyAGr34H4Ag&ved=0CFEQ6AE
wBA#v=onepage&q=1220&f=false
6. ^ Painting & Decorating Contractors of America. National Painters Magazine.
Schnell Publishing Company, 1921,
p32. http://books.google.com/books?id=xscfAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA34

MORE INFO
[1] "Shellac". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellac
[2] Merrifield, Mary (1849). Original Treatises on the Art of Painting. ISBN
0486404404
India3 |(from India to Spain and the South of France)4   
3,200 YBN
[1200 BC] 5 6 7 8 		6605) The first steel; in Egypt. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with
carbon content up to 2 percent.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "steel." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 06 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/564627/steel>.
2. ^ "steel." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 06 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/564627/steel>.
3. ^ Saggs, H.W. Civilization Before Greece and Rome. YALE University Press,
1989, p210. http://books.google.com/books?id=R28oab-7jLcC&pg=PA210
4. ^ Potts, D.T. A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East.
Wiley, 2012. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World,
p312. http://books.google.com/books?id=zqQofdcZAGoC&pg=PA312
5. ^ Carpenter, H. C H., and J. M. Robinson. 1930. "The metallography of some
ancient Egyptian implements.", Iron and Steel Inst. 121:430
32. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v125/n3162/abs/125859a0.html
6. ^ "steel." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 06 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/564627/steel>.
7. ^ Saggs, H.W. Civilization Before Greece and Rome. YALE University Press,
1989, p210. http://books.google.com/books?id=R28oab-7jLcC&pg=PA210
8. ^ Potts, D.T. A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East.
Wiley, 2012. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World,
p312. http://books.google.com/books?id=zqQofdcZAGoC&pg=PA312

MORE INFO
[1] "Ironware piece unearthed from Turkey found to be oldest steel". The
Hindu (Chennai, India). 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2009-03-27
[2] Flinders Petrie, "The Metals
in Egypt", Ancient Egypt, 1915,
p21-22. http://books.google.com/books?id=WJwYAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA22
Egypt2 |Cypress, Syria, and eastern Greece3 |Cypress and Israel4   
3,150 YBN
[1150 BC] 4 		6447) The Phoenician alphabet, the ancestor of the Greek alphabet.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p88-90.
2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p88-90.
3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p88-90.
4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p88-90.
(coastal centers) Byblos, Tyre, Sidon, Beurut, and Ashkelon3   
3,000 YBN
[1000 BC] 4 		746) Complex pulleys.2 The lifting power of a pulley is multiplied by the
number of ropes pulling the load.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
3. ^ Publishing, DK. Science: The Definitive Visual Guide. DK Publishing, 2009,
p41.
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {1000 BC}
  
3,000 YBN
[1000 BC] 8 		6237) The earliest lens.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Whitehouse, David (1999-07-01). "World's oldest telescope?". BBC News.
Retrieved 2008-05-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/380186.stm
2. ^ D. Brewster (1852). "On an account of a rock-crystal lens and
decomposed glass found in Niniveh" (in German). Die Fortschritte der Physik
(Deutsche Physikalische
Gesellschaft). http://books.google.com/books?id=bHwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA355&dq=ni
niveh+lens&hl=en#v=onepage&q=niniveh%20lens&f=false
3. ^ Whitehouse, David (1999-07-01). "World's oldest telescope?". BBC News.
Retrieved 2008-05-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/380186.stm
4. ^ D. Brewster (1852). "On an account of a rock-crystal lens and
decomposed glass found in Niniveh" (in German). Die Fortschritte der Physik
(Deutsche Physikalische
Gesellschaft). http://books.google.com/books?id=bHwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA355&dq=ni
niveh+lens&hl=en#v=onepage&q=niniveh%20lens&f=false
5. ^ Whitehouse, David (1999-07-01). "World's oldest telescope?". BBC News.
Retrieved 2008-05-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/380186.stm
6. ^ D. Brewster (1852). "On an account of a rock-crystal lens and
decomposed glass found in Niniveh" (in German). Die Fortschritte der Physik
(Deutsche Physikalische
Gesellschaft). http://books.google.com/books?id=bHwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA355&dq=ni
niveh+lens&hl=en#v=onepage&q=niniveh%20lens&f=false
7. ^ Whitehouse, David (1999-07-01). "World's oldest telescope?". BBC News.
Retrieved 2008-05-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/380186.stm
8. ^ Whitehouse, David (1999-07-01). "World's oldest telescope?". BBC
News. Retrieved
2008-05-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/380186.stm {3000YBN}
Nimrud, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)7   
3,000 YBN
[1000 BC] 4 		6448) The Aramaic alphabet, the ancestor of Hebrew, Arabic, and probably the
alphabets of India.2 Consonant letters are used to mark vowel sounds.3
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p122-123.
2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p122-123.
3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p122-123.
4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p122-123.
  
3,000 YBN
[1000 BC] 6 7 8 		6450) The earliest Hebrew writing.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Hebrew University of Jerusalem. "Earliest Known Hebrew Text In
Proto-Canaanite Script Discovered In Area Where 'David Slew Goliath'."
ScienceDaily, 3 Nov. 2008. Web. 8 Nov.
2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081103091035.htm
2. ^ http://newmedia-eng.haifa.ac.il/?p=2043
3. ^ Hebrew University of Jerusalem. "Earliest Known Hebrew Text In
Proto-Canaanite Script Discovered In Area Where 'David Slew Goliath'."
ScienceDaily, 3 Nov. 2008. Web. 8 Nov.
2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081103091035.htm
4. ^ http://newmedia-eng.haifa.ac.il/?p=2043
5. ^ http://newmedia-eng.haifa.ac.il/?p=2043
6. ^ Hebrew University of Jerusalem. "Earliest Known Hebrew Text In
Proto-Canaanite Script Discovered In Area Where 'David Slew Goliath'."
ScienceDaily, 3 Nov. 2008. Web. 8 Nov.
2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081103091035.htm
7. ^ http://newmedia-eng.haifa.ac.il/?p=2043
8. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities
Series. p95.
Khirbet Qeiyafa near the Elah valley, Israel5   
2,922 YBN
[922 BC] 4 		753) The monotheistic religion: Judaism is founded.1 The story of Moses.2
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit
Books, 1987).
2. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco:
Summit Books, 1987).
3. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San
Francisco: Summit Books, 1987).
4. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?",
(San Francisco: Summit Books, 1987).
Israel3   
2,850 YBN
[850 BC] 4 5 		751) The Greek alphabet; each vowel is given its own sign.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p122-123.
2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p122-123.
3. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh:
Scottish Academic Press, 1993).
4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion,
2001. Globalities Series. p122-123.
5. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian
hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993). {2850 YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jensen, H. Sign, Symbol, and Script: An Account of Man’s Efforts to
Write. Putnam, 1969, p452
Greece3   
2,800 YBN
[800 BC] 6 7 		6452) The Indian alphabets of India and South-East Asia.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p105-120.
2. ^ Jensen, H. Sign, Symbol, and Script: An Account of Man’s Efforts to
Write. Putnam, 1969, p361.
3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001.
Globalities Series. p105-120.
4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001.
Globalities Series. p105-120.
5. ^ Jensen, H. Sign, Symbol, and Script: An Account of
Man’s Efforts to Write. Putnam, 1969, p361.
6. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of
Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p105-120.
7. ^ Jensen, H. Sign, Symbol, and
Script: An Account of Man’s Efforts to Write. Putnam, 1969, p361.
India4 5   
2,785 YBN
[785 BC] 5 		771) Eclipses are predicted by Babylonian astronomers.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit
Books, 1987).
2. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco:
Summit Books, 1987).
3. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San
Francisco: Summit Books, 1987).
4. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?",
(San Francisco: Summit Books, 1987).
5. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the
Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit Books, 1987).
  
2,753 YBN
[753 BC] 3 		6457) Rome is founded.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p141.
2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p141.
3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p141.

MORE INFO
[1] Holloway, R.R. The Archaeology of Early Rome and Latium. Routledge,
1996, p5. http://books.google.com/books?id=sURWQJ1OUJYC
Rome, Italy2   
2,690 YBN
[690 BC] 8 9 		1066) The earliest aquaduct, a channel to move water from one place to another5
 near Nineveh.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "aqueduct." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jul. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aqueduct>.
2. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan,
Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press,
1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.pdf
3. ^ "aqueduct." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jul. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aqueduct>.
4. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan,
Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press,
1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.pdf
5. ^ "aqueduct." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jul. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aqueduct>.
6. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan,
Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press,
1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.pdf
7. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan,
Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press,
1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.pdf
8. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan,
Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press,
1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.pdf
9. ^ "Aquaduct". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaduct (7th cent)
Jerwan, Nineveh7   
2,690 YBN
[690 BC] 8 9 		6378) The earliest concrete (lime cement mixed with limestone); used in an
aqueduct.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan,
Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press,
1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.pdf
2. ^ Peter Roger Stuart Moorey, "Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries:
The Archaeological Evidence", 1999,
p331. http://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC&pg=PA331&lpg=PA331 {Moorey
_plaster_1999.pdf}
3. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan,
Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press,
1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.pdf
4. ^ Peter Roger Stuart Moorey, "Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries:
The Archaeological Evidence", 1999,
p331. http://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC&pg=PA331&lpg=PA331
{Moorey_plaster_1999.pdf}
5. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan,
Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press,
1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.pdf
6. ^ Peter Roger Stuart Moorey, "Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries:
The Archaeological Evidence", 1999,
p331. http://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC&pg=PA331&lpg=PA331
{Moorey_plaster_1999.pdf}
7. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan,
Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press,
1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.pdf
8. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan,
Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press,
1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.pdf
9. ^ "Aquaduct". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaduct (7th cent)

MORE INFO
[1] "Sennacherib". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 01 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534613/Sennacherib/6562/Building
-and-technological-achievements>
[2] "cement". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 12 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/101833/cement>
Jerwan, Nineveh7   
2,651 YBN
[651 BC] 9 10 		6337) All planets visible to the naked eye (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and
Saturn) are clearly distinguished from stars in Babylonia.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ A. Sachs, "Babylonian Observational Astronomy", Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and
Physical Sciences , Vol. 276, No. 1257, The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient
World (May 2, 1974), pp. 43-50 http://www.jstor.org/stable/74273
2. ^ David Brown, "Mesopotamian planetary
astronomy-astrology", 2000, p55-56.
3. ^ A. Sachs, "Babylonian Observational
Astronomy", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series
A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences , Vol. 276, No. 1257, The Place of
Astronomy in the Ancient World (May 2, 1974), pp.
43-50 http://www.jstor.org/stable/74273
4. ^ David Brown, "Mesopotamian planetary astronomy-astrology", 2000, p55-56.
5. ^ A.
Sachs, "Babylonian Observational Astronomy", Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences , Vol.
276, No. 1257, The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World (May 2, 1974), pp.
43-50 http://www.jstor.org/stable/74273
6. ^ David Brown, "Mesopotamian planetary astronomy-astrology", 2000, p55-56.
7. ^ A.
Sachs, "Babylonian Observational Astronomy", Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences , Vol.
276, No. 1257, The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World (May 2, 1974), pp.
43-50 http://www.jstor.org/stable/74273
8. ^ David Brown, "Mesopotamian planetary astronomy-astrology", 2000, p55-56.
9. ^ A.
Sachs, "Babylonian Observational Astronomy", Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences , Vol.
276, No. 1257, The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World (May 2, 1974), pp.
43-50 http://www.jstor.org/stable/74273
10. ^ David Brown, "Mesopotamian planetary astronomy-astrology", 2000, p55-56.
Babylonia7 8   
2,650 YBN
[650 BC] 5 6 		6458) The Etruscan {iTruSKeN3 } alphabet. Letter names are changed to /A/,
/BA/, /KA/, etc.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Etruscan." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 13 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/etruscan-civilization
2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p137-141.
3. ^ "Etruscan." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 13 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/etruscan-civilization
4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p137-141.
5. ^
http://www.scalarchives.com/web/dettaglio_immagine.asp?idImmagine=0080832&posizi
one=27&numImmagini=332&SC_Luogo=Archaeological+Museum%2C+Florence%2C+Italy&prmse
t=on&SC_PROV=RA&SC_Lang=eng&Sort=9&luce=
6. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p137-141.
  
2,622 YBN
[622 BC] 6 7 8 		826) The Old Testament (The Torah, The Hebrew Bible, The Ten Commandments, and
The Story of Genesis).3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "biblical literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64496/biblical-literature/73158/
The-history-of-canonization>.
2. ^ "biblical literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64496/biblical-literature/73158/
The-history-of-canonization>.
3. ^ "biblical literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64496/biblical-literature/73158/
The-history-of-canonization>.
4. ^ "biblical literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64496/biblical-literature/73158/
The-history-of-canonization>.
5. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit
Books, 1987).
6. ^ "biblical literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64496/biblical-literature/73158/
The-history-of-canonization>.
7. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit
Books, 1987).
8. ^ "Hebrew Bible". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259039/Hebrew-Bible>.
Judah4 |(Israel5 )  
2,600 YBN
[600 BC] 5 		630) Metal coin money is traded.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>.
2. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>.
3. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>.
4. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>.
5. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>. {7th Century BC}
Lydia, Anatolia4   
2,600 YBN
[600 BC] 17 		762) The Universe is explained without using the theory of Gods by Thales of
Miletus.7 8 9
Thales claims the universe originated as water,10 11 12 that
moon light is reflected sun light,13 and measures a pyramid by comparing the
pyramid shadow with the shadow from a stick.14 15
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ "Thales". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales
3. ^ "Cosmos", Carl Sagan
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
5. ^
"Thales". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales
6. ^ "Cosmos", Carl Sagan
7. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982).
8. ^ "Thales". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales
9. ^ "Cosmos", Carl Sagan
10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
11. ^ "Thales".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales
12. ^ "Cosmos", Carl Sagan
13. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
14. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
15. ^ "Thales". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales
16. ^ "Cosmos", Carl Sagan
17. ^ estimate on guess of 30 years old
when realizes to remove Marduct

MORE INFO
[1] Ueberweg, F. et al. A History of Philosophy: From Thales to the
Present Time. C. Scribner’s sons, 1891. A History of Philosophy: From
Thales to the Present Time,
p32. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ah_7Od24BXsC&pg=PA32
Miletus, Greece16   
2,600 YBN
[600 BC] 6 7 		2619) The concept of a Devil is created and is first recorded in the book of
Job, written around this time.1 2 3 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Satan". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9065840/Satan
2. ^ "The Book of Job". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043696/The-Book-of-Job
3. ^ "job new 2". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/job-new-2
4. ^ The Origin of Satan, Pagels, 1995, p39.
5. ^ Job
1:11 http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Job&verse=1:11&src=!
6. ^ "job new 2". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia
University Press., 2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/job-new-2
(between 600BCE-400BCE)
7. ^ "The Book of Job". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043696/The-Book-of-Job (before 6th
century BCE)
  
2,600 YBN
[600 BC] 4 		6455) The earliest Native American writing.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p211-236.
2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p211-236.
3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p211-236.
4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p211-236.
San Jose Mogote, Oaxaca, Mexico3   
2,588 YBN
[588 BC] 3 		6434) The monotheistic religion: Zoroasterism is founded.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Zoroaster". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/658060/Zoroaster>.
2. ^ "Zoroaster". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/658060/Zoroaster>.
3. ^ "Zoroaster". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/658060/Zoroaster>.
(Chorasmia south of the Aral Sea, modern Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan) Central
Asia and/or (born in Rhages, now Rayy, a suburb of Tehrān, a town in
Media)Tehrān, Iran2   
2,580 YBN
[580 BC] 7 		764) The Earth-centered Universe theory, and the theory that humans evolved
from fish.4

The Earth-centered theory will dominate until the 1500s.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning in
the Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000).
4. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982).
5. ^ Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning
in the Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000).
6. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982).
7. ^ estimate on guess of 30 years old when makes science
contributions

MORE INFO
[1] "Cosmos", Carl Sagan
Miletus6   
2,550 YBN
[550 BC] 4 5 		1036) The Latin alphabet.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p151-152.
2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p151-152.
3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p151-152.
4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p151-152.
5. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p151-152.

MORE INFO
[1] "History of the Latin language". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_language
[2] http://www.evertype.com/standards/wynnyogh/thorn.html
[3] "Latin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin (9th or 8th century)
Rome3   
2,533 YBN
[533 BC] 4 		6436) The start of Buddhism.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Buddha". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83105/Buddha/230768/Birth-and-ea
rly-life>.
2. ^ "Buddhism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83184/Buddhism>.
3. ^ "Buddha". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83105/Buddha/230768/Birth-and-ea
rly-life>.
4. ^ "Buddha." A Dictionary of World Mythology. Oxford University Press, 1979,
1986, 2003. Answers.com 27 Oct. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/buddha
(modern) southern Nepal, India3   
2,529 YBN
[529 BC] 12 		772) The Earth is described as a sphere by Pythagoras.9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ "Pythagoras." Biographies.
Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 11 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pythagoras
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ "Pythagoras." Biographies.
Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 11 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pythagoras
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
6. ^ "Pythagoras." Biographies.
Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 11 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pythagoras
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
8. ^ "Pythagoras." Biographies.
Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 11 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pythagoras
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
10. ^ "Pythagoras." Biographies.
Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 11 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pythagoras
11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). {529 BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] "Polycrates". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrates
[2] "Pythagorean theorem". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem
Croton, Italy11   
2,521 YBN
[521 BC] 3 		6435) The Chinese philosopher Confucius lives around this time.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Confucius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132184/Confucius>.
2. ^ "Confucius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132184/Confucius>.
3. ^ "Confucius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132184/Confucius>.
(hometown, place of birth and death) state of Lu, China2   
2,500 YBN
[500 BC] 4 		825) The crossbow is invented in China.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000). (=500)
3. ^ "crossbow." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford
University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 12 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/crossbow
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (=500)

MORE INFO
[1] "Cross-bow". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-bow (=500)
[2]
http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_madeinchina/2005-07/21/content_70877.htm
(=500)
[3] Wagner, D.B. Iron and Steel in Ancient China. Brill Academic Pub, 1993. 4.
Handbuch der Orientalistik Part 9 of Handbook of Oriental Studies Volume 9 of
Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 4 China Series,
p153,157-158. http://books.google.com/books?id=mxZsguBzwZMC&pg=PR3
China2 3   
2,500 YBN
[500 BC] 7 		6518) There are 100 million humans on Earth.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One
Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
2. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
3. ^
Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million
B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
4. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
5. ^
Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million
B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
6. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
7. ^
Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million
B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
  
2,475 YBN
[475 BC] 4 5 		6464) Babylonian astronomers divide the sky into 12 parts which correspond to
constellations (also called the zodiac1 ).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "zodiac." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 13 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/zodiac
2. ^ Rogers, J. H., "Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian
traditions", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol.108, no.1,
p.9-28. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JBAA..108....9R
3. ^ Rogers, J. H., "Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian
traditions", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol.108, no.1,
p.9-28. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JBAA..108....9R
4. ^ Rogers, J. H., "Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian
traditions", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol.108, no.1,
p.9-28. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JBAA..108....9R
5. ^ "astronomical map". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 11 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40018/astronomical-map/52790/The
-constellations-and-other-sky-divisions>.
Babylonia3   
2,470 YBN
[470 BC] 6 7 8 		840) That the brain controls the body is understood, and the first human
dissection.2 The optic nerve and Eustachian {YU-STA-siN3 } tubes are
identified.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ "Eustachian>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random
House, Inc. "Eustachian." The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical
Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 06 Jun. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Eustachian>.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
5. ^ "Alcmaeon". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.,
2012. Web. 11 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/13331/Alcmaeon>.
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=500bce) {500 BCE}
7. ^
"Alcmaeon". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcmaeon
(=450bce) {450 BCE}
8. ^ "alcmaeon". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter
2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/alcmaeon/ (=500-450bce) {500-450 BCE}
(academy at Croton, now:) Crotone, southern Italy5   
2,467 YBN
[467 BC] 14 15 		836) That stars are other Suns and made of red-hot metal is recognized9 10 and
the theory that people live on the Moon, and that the Universe is made of tiny
bodies by Anaxagoras.11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Diogenes Laertius, tr: R. D. Hicks, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers Books
I-V", 137-139. (similar
translation:) http://books.google.com/books?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ
2. ^ Popkin, R.H., S.F. Brown, and D. Carr. The Columbia History of Western
Philosophy. Columbia University Press, 1999,
p17. http://books.google.com/books?id=ok4F_SawQaEC&pg=PA17
3. ^ Diogenes Laertius, tr: R. D. Hicks, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers Books
I-V", 137-139. (similar
translation:) http://books.google.com/books?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ
4. ^ Popkin, R.H., S.F. Brown, and D. Carr. The Columbia History of Western
Philosophy. Columbia University Press, 1999,
p17. http://books.google.com/books?id=ok4F_SawQaEC&pg=PA17
5. ^ Diogenes Laertius, tr: R. D. Hicks, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers Books
I-V", 137-139. (similar
translation:) http://books.google.com/books?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ
6. ^ Popkin, R.H., S.F. Brown, and D. Carr. The Columbia History of Western
Philosophy. Columbia University Press, 1999,
p17. http://books.google.com/books?id=ok4F_SawQaEC&pg=PA17
7. ^ Diogenes Laertius, tr: R. D. Hicks, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers Books
I-V", 137-139. (similar
translation:) http://books.google.com/books?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ
8. ^ Popkin, R.H., S.F. Brown, and D. Carr. The Columbia History of Western
Philosophy. Columbia University Press, 1999,
p17. http://books.google.com/books?id=ok4F_SawQaEC&pg=PA17
9. ^ Diogenes Laertius, tr: R. D. Hicks, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers Books
I-V", 137-139. (similar
translation:) http://books.google.com/books?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ
10. ^ Popkin, R.H., S.F. Brown, and D. Carr. The Columbia History of Western
Philosophy. Columbia University Press, 1999,
p17. http://books.google.com/books?id=ok4F_SawQaEC&pg=PA17
11. ^ Diogenes Laertius, tr: R. D. Hicks, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers Books
I-V", 137-139. (similar
translation:) http://books.google.com/books?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ
12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
13. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p8-9.
14. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p8-9.
15. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (450bc+30yrs estimate for science contributions)

MORE INFO
[1] "Anaxagoras". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaxagoras (=490?-430?)
Clazomenae (75 miles/120 km north of Miletus)|Athens12 |Did not move to Athens
until around 462 bce13   
2,467 YBN
[467 BC] 21 		1894) The earliest particle (or wireless) communication. The optical
telegraph;15 16 17 using fire signals.18 19
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth,
Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA.
Harvard University Press. 1926, lines 278-316.
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac
ard%3D258
2. ^ "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph#History
3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p33.
4. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English
translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert
Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926, lines
278-316.
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac
ard%3D258
5. ^ "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph#History
6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p33.
7. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English
translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert
Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926, lines
278-316.
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac
ard%3D258
8. ^ "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph#History
9. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p33.
10. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English
translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert
Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926, lines
278-316.
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac
ard%3D258
11. ^ "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph#History
12. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p33.
13. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English
translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert
Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926, lines
278-316.
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac
ard%3D258
14. ^ http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Communication.htm
15. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir
Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D.
Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926, lines 278-316.
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac
ard%3D258
16. ^ "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph#History
17. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p33.
18. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English
translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert
Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926, lines
278-316.
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac
ard%3D258
19. ^ http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Communication.htm
20. ^ "Aeschylus." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature.
Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 14 Nov. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/aeschylus
21. ^ "Aeschylus." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 14 Nov. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/aeschylus {467 BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982)
[2] "Robert Hooke". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040979/Robert-Hooke
[3] "Robert Hooke". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke
[4] http://www.answers.com/Robert+Hooke?cat=technology
[5] http://www.libraries.uc.edu/source/volfour/oesper2.html
[6] http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/
[7]
http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/vectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm
[8] http://www.she-philosopher.com/gallery/cyclopaedia.html
[9] "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph#History (1684)
Argos, Greece20   
2,460 YBN
[460 BC] 11 12 		841) The theory that all matter is made of atoms.9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ "Leucippus". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ "Leucippus".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
6. ^
"Leucippus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
8. ^ "Leucippus". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
10. ^ "Leucippus".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus
11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
(=~490bce)
12. ^ "Leucippus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus (=500-450bce)
  
2,460 YBN
[460 BC] 3 4 		842) The theory that the universe is made of only four elements: water, air,
fire and earth.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=~490bce)
4. ^ "Empedocles".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedocles
(=500-450bce)
  
2,451 YBN
[451 BC] 2 		906) Books of Protagoras are burned for doubting the existence of Gods.1
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Diogenes Laertius "Lives of Eminent Philosophers", 397-398. (similar
translation:) http://books.google.com/books?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ
2. ^ "Protagoras". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagoras (+30)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/quotes/quote-s2.htm
  
2,450 YBN
[450 BC] 4 5 		838) The first recorded trial of a person for atheism; Anaxagoras.1 2
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ A. E. Taylor "On the date of
the Trial of Anaxagoras" in:Postgate, J.P. et al. Classical Quarterly.
Clarendon Press, 1917,
p81. http://books.google.com/books?id=_4RJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA85
5. ^ http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~dhutchin/s26a.htm {430 BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] "Anaxagoras". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaxagoras
[2] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980)
Athens, Greece3   
2,450 YBN
[450 BC] 6 7 		843) The theory that the Earth moves through space.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Diogenes Laertius, "The lives and opinions of eminent philosophers", H.
G. Bohn, 1853, p372. http://books.google.com/books?id=9-YFAAAAQAAJ AND
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Ab
ook%3D1%3Achapter%3Dprologue
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p11.
3. ^ Diogenes Laertius, "The
lives and opinions of eminent philosophers", H. G. Bohn, 1853,
p372. http://books.google.com/books?id=9-YFAAAAQAAJ AND
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Ab
ook%3D1%3Achapter%3Dprologue
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
5. ^ Diogenes Laertius, "The lives
and opinions of eminent philosophers", H. G. Bohn, 1853,
p372. http://books.google.com/books?id=9-YFAAAAQAAJ AND
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Ab
ook%3D1%3Achapter%3Dprologue
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=~480bce)
7. ^ "". The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "".
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta
(ed.). "". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition),
Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "philolaus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/stanford/entries/philolaus/ (=470-385bce)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.neo-tech.com/zero/part2.html
Croton, Italy5   
2,432 YBN
[432 BC] 10 11 12 		849) The Metonic {miToNiK5 } calendar: 12 years of 12 months and 7 years of 13
months.6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Metonic cycle." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/metonic-cycle
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ James Evans, "History and
practice of ancient astronomy", 1998,
p16. http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=
false
4. ^ David Brown, "Mesopotamian planetary astronomy-astrology", 2000, p245.
5. ^
"Metonic cycle." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/metonic-cycle
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
7. ^ James Evans, "History and
practice of ancient astronomy", 1998,
p16. http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=
false
8. ^ David Brown, "Mesopotamian planetary astronomy-astrology", 2000, p245.
9. ^
Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology",
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
11. ^
James Evans, "History and practice of ancient astronomy", 1998,
p16. http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=
false
12. ^ David Brown, "Mesopotamian planetary astronomy-astrology", 2000, p245.

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=440-?? BCE)
[2] "Meton".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meton
Athens, Greece (presumably)9   
2,430 YBN
[430 BC] 11 12 13 14 		845) The Universe is explained as being infinite in size3 4 , filled with many
other worlds, and the Milky Way as a large group of stars.5 6 The motions of
atoms are described based on natural laws, not on the wants of gods or demons.7
8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003
Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "democritus". The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta
(ed.). http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/stanford/entries/democritus/
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ "democritus". The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/stanford/entries/democritus/
4. ^
5. ^ "democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003
Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "democritus". The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta
(ed.). http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/stanford/entries/democritus/
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
7. ^ "democritus". The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
"democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition),
Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/stanford/entries/democritus/
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
9. ^ "democritus". The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
"democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition),
Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/stanford/entries/democritus/
10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). (=~470-~380bce)
12. ^ "Democritus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democritus (=~450-~370bce)
13. ^ "". The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "". The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
"democritus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition),
Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/stanford/entries/democritus/ (=~460-)
14. ^
http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/2/36.html (=460-370)
Abdera, Thrace9 10   
2,430 YBN
[430 BC] 3 4 		847) A school of health science is founded by Hippocrates. Disease is viewed as
a physical phenomenon, not the product of gods or demons.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=460-~370 BCE)
4. ^
"Hippocrates". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates (=460-377 BCE)
Cos2   
2,424 YBN
[424 BC] 7 8 		6533) Grafting of plants in Greece.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mudge, Ken, et al. "A history of grafting." Horticultural Reviews, Volume
35 (2009): 437-493. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/janick-papers/c09.pdf
2. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in
the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia,
Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012,
p115. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
3. ^ Mudge, Ken, et al. "A history of grafting." Horticultural Reviews, Volume
35 (2009): 437-493. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/janick-papers/c09.pdf
4. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in
the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia,
Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012,
p115. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
5. ^ Mudge, Ken, et al. "A history of grafting." Horticultural Reviews, Volume
35 (2009): 437-493. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/janick-papers/c09.pdf
6. ^ "Theophrastus." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 12 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/theophrastus
7. ^ Mudge, Ken, et al. "A history of grafting." Horticultural Reviews, Volume
35 (2009): 437-493. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/janick-papers/c09.pdf
8. ^ "Theophrastus." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 12 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/theophrastus
Greece5 |(presumably for Theophrastus) (The Lyceum) Athens, Greece6   
2,399 YBN
[399 BC] 4 5 6 		846) Socrates is sentenced to death, in part for disrespecting the Gods.1 2
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982).
2. ^ "socrates". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition),
Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "socrates". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socrates/
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982).
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982). (=~470-399bce)
5. ^ "Socrates". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates (=470-399bce)
6. ^ "". The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "socrates". The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta
(ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socrates/ (=469-399)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.wsu.edu/~tcook/doc/Socrates2.htm
[2] "Laconophile". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laconophile
[3] "Critias". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critias
[4] "Aristophanes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristophanes
Athens, Greece3   
2,387 YBN
[387 BC] 5 		851) The school "the Academy" is founded by Plato in Athens. The word "academy"
will eventually be applied to all schools.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=440-?? BCE)

MORE INFO
[1] "Plato". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato
[2] "plato". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition),
Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato/
Athens, Greece4   
2,378 YBN
[378 BC] 2 		854) The sky is divided into degrees of latitude and longitude (a system that
is eventually applied to the Earth).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). (=408-355 BCE)

MORE INFO
[1] "Eudoxus of Cnidus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus
  
2,358 YBN
[358 BC] 5 		856) The theory that the Earth rotates around its own axis, and that some
planets rotate around the Sun.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p18.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p18.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p18.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p18.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p18.

MORE INFO
[1] "Heracleides". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracleides (=387 - 312 BCE)
(Academy) Athens, Greece4 (presumably)  
2,335 YBN
[335 BC] 11 		859) The school called the Lyceum {LI SEuM} is opened by Aristotle in Athens.5
Aristotle also adds a fifth element "aether", which the "heavens" are made of,6
7 8 and puts forward the first theory of gravity.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Aristotle, John Leofric Stocks,
�On the Heavens� (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922), Book 1, Chapter
3. http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/heavens/index.html
3. ^ Wildberg, C. John Philoponus� Criticism. De Gruyter, 1988. Peripatoi
(Berlin), p12. http://books.google.com/books?id=af3XzdAvB_cC&pg=PA12
4. ^ Lucio Russo, "The Forgotten Revolution", (Berlin; New York:
Springer-Verlag, 2004), p302.
5. ^ "Aristotle". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle (384 - March 7, 322 BCE)
6. ^ Aristotle, John
Leofric Stocks, �On the Heavens� (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922), Book 1,
Chapter 3. http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/heavens/index.html
7. ^ Wildberg, C. John Philoponus� Criticism. De Gruyter, 1988.
Peripatoi (Berlin), p12. http://books.google.com/books?id=af3XzdAvB_cC&pg=PA12
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
9. ^ Lucio Russo, "The
Forgotten Revolution", (Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004), p302.
10. ^
"Lyceum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/352514/Lyceum>.
11. ^ "Lyceum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/352514/Lyceum>.

MORE INFO
[1] "Faustus (I) Cornelius Sulla". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustus_%28I%29_Cornelius_Sulla
Athens, Greece10   
2,330 YBN
[06/28/330 BC] 5 		864) The calendar of Callipus, 76 years of 940 months, which is more accurate
than that of Meton.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Smith, W. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. J.
Murray, 1880. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,
p575. http://books.google.com/books?id=0DIGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA575
2. ^ http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Callippus.html
3. ^ Smith, W. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. J.
Murray, 1880. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,
p575. http://books.google.com/books?id=0DIGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA575
4. ^ "Cyzicus." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 May. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Cyzicus>.
5. ^ Smith, W. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. J.
Murray, 1880. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,
p575. http://books.google.com/books?id=0DIGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA575

MORE INFO
[1] "Callippus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callippus
(probably) Cyzicus3 (an ancient city in NW Asia Minor, in Mysia, on a
peninsula in the Sea of Marmara4 )  
2,325 YBN
[325 BC] 4 5 6 7 		887) The theory that the Moon influences the tides.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). (=~300bce+30-??)
5. ^ "Pytheas". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytheas (=~380-~310)
6. ^ "Πυθέας ο
Μασσαλιώτης". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%9C%
CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82 (=~380-~310)
7. ^ "Pytheas".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytheas (voyage
325BCE 320-330BCE)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.ahepafamily.org/d5/pytheas.html
[2] "Pytheas". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/485262/Pytheas>
Massalia (now: Marseille France)3   
2,311 YBN
[311 BC] 2 		885) The theory that pleasure is good and pain is bad.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Epicurus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurus
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=306bce)

MORE INFO
[1] "Επίκουρος". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF
%82
  
2,305 YBN
[305 BC] 6 		884) Nerves are distinguished from blood vessels.1 2 The liver, ovaries,
Fallopian tubes, and retina are identified.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Herophilus." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/263634/Herophilus>.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982).
3. ^ "Herophilus." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/263634/Herophilus>.
4. ^ "Herophilus." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/263634/Herophilus>.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982).
6. ^ "Herophilus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herophilus (+30)

MORE INFO
[1]
http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:Lxv_AigSQQkJ:www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/medi
cine/anatomy/AnatHis.pdf+herophilus+tertullian&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=16
[2] "Heart". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart
[3] "Herophilus." Encyclop�dia
Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc.,
2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/263634/Herophilus>
Alexandria, Egypt4 5   
2,300 YBN
[300 BC] 3 		871) That falling bodies accelerate is recognized.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p24.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p24.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=340-270)

MORE INFO
[1] "Ελληνικός Στρατός".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF
%82_%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82
[2] "Straton of Lampsacus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straton_of_Lampsacus (=340-268bce)
(Lyceum) Athens, Greece2 (presumably)  
2,300 YBN
[300 BC] 4 		1166) A lathe is used in Egypt;1 a workpiece is rotated against a cutting
tool.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ www.stuartking.co.uk/lathe.htm
2. ^ "lathe." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica
Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/331624/lathe>.
3. ^ www.stuartking.co.uk/lathe.htm
4. ^ www.stuartking.co.uk/lathe.htm (300bce)
Egypt3   
2,300 YBN
[300 BC] 6 		6482) The earliest known use of a chain-drive; used in an automatic repeating
crossbow.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Werner Soedel, Vernard Foley: "Ancient Catapults", Scientific American,
Vol. 240, No. 3 (March 1979), p. 124-125.
{Ancient_Catapults_Scientific_American_197903xx.pdf}
2. ^ Alan Wilkins, Roman Artillery, Shire,
p.8. books.google.com/books?id=VCkGVJG6XOUC&pg=PA8
3. ^ Werner Soedel, Vernard Foley: "Ancient Catapults", Scientific American,
Vol. 240, No. 3 (March 1979), p. 124-125.
{Ancient_Catapults_Scientific_American_197903xx.pdf}
4. ^ Alan Wilkins, Roman Artillery, Shire,
p.8. books.google.com/books?id=VCkGVJG6XOUC&pg=PA8
5. ^ Werner Soedel, Vernard Foley: "Ancient Catapults", Scientific American,
Vol. 240, No. 3 (March 1979), p. 124-125.
{Ancient_Catapults_Scientific_American_197903xx.pdf}
6. ^ Alan Wilkins, Roman Artillery, Shire,
p.8. books.google.com/books?id=VCkGVJG6XOUC&pg=PA8
Rhodes, Greece5   
2,297 YBN
[297 BC] 4 5 6 7 		902) The Museum and Library of Alexandria is founded.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of
Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990), p79.
2. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate
of the Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990), p79.
3. ^ Mostafa
El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris:
UNESCO, 1990), p79.
4. ^
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/GreekScience/Students/Ellen/Museum.html (=297bce)
5. ^
"article 29287". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-29287 (=late 200s by P1)
6. ^ "Museum of
Alexandria". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9372871/Museum-of-Alexandria (=280 by
P2)
7. ^ http://ehistory.osu.edu/world/articles/ArticleView.cfm?AID=9 (= 283 BCE by
P2 Soter)

MORE INFO
[1] "article 9009440". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9009440
[2] http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/letteraristeas.html
[3]
http://www.ccel.org/c/charles/otpseudepig/aristeas.htm (translated letter)
[4] "Letter
of Aristeas". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_Aristeas
[5] http://www.bede.org.uk/Library2.htm has sources for LofA
[6] "Timon
(philosopher)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timon_%28philosopher%29
[7] "Herodas". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodas
[8] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3707641.stm
  
2,295 YBN
[295 BC] 4 		878) Euclid's "Elements" compiles all known mathematics.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). (=c325-c270bce)

MORE INFO
[1] "Euclid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid (=325-265bce)
(Mouseion) Alexandria, Egypt3   
2,285 YBN
[285 BC] 5 6 7 		1028) Compressed air is used for a catapult and for the earliest musical
keyboard instrument, an organ, by Ctesibius in Alexandria.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Ctesibius Of Alexandria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145475/Ctesibius-Of-Alexandria>.

2. ^ "Ctesibius Of Alexandria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145475/Ctesibius-Of-Alexandria>.

3. ^ "Ctesibius Of Alexandria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145475/Ctesibius-Of-Alexandria>.

4. ^ "Ctesibius Of Alexandria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145475/Ctesibius-Of-Alexandria>.

5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=c300bce) (=c300bce)
6. ^ "Ctesibius".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesibius (=(working
285 - 222 BCE)
7. ^ http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/31.html (flourished285-222bce)

MORE INFO
[1] "Water clock". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_clock
[2] "Pipe organ". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ
Alexandria, Egpyt4   
2,274 YBN
[274 BC] 4 5 		886) The cerebrum and cerebellum of the brain are identified.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). (=~304bce+30-~250BCE)
5. ^
http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Erasistratus.html (~304bce-~250bce)

MORE INFO
[1] "Erasistratus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasistratus (=330?-250?BCE)
Alexandria, Egpyt3   
2,265 YBN
[265 BC] 3 		6591) A paddle-wheel turned by oxen propels a Roman water ship.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "On the Antiquity of the use of Wheels for Oars, in the manner now
practised for prepelling Steam Boats.", Franklin Institute (Philadelphia, Pa.).
Journal of the Franklin Institute. 1827,
p206. http://books.google.com/books?id=pLVIAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA206
2. ^ "On the Antiquity of the use of Wheels for Oars, in the manner now
practised for prepelling Steam Boats.", Franklin Institute (Philadelphia, Pa.).
Journal of the Franklin Institute. 1827,
p206. http://books.google.com/books?id=pLVIAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA206
3. ^ "Mamertini". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 23 Mar.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/360778/Mamertini>.
Sicily2   
2,260 YBN
[260 BC] 11 		663) The earliest lever;7 8 a rigid bar pivoted on a support point that can be
used to exert a force on an object.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p16.
2. ^
Pappus, Collection, Synagogue, Book VIII, c. AD 340.
3. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100
Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p16.
4. ^ Pappus, Collection,
Synagogue, Book VIII, c. AD 340.
5. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped
World History", 1993, p16.
6. ^ Pappus, Collection, Synagogue, Book VIII, c. AD 340.
7. ^
Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p16.
8. ^
Pappus, Collection, Synagogue, Book VIII, c. AD 340.
9. ^ Publishing, DK. Science:
The Definitive Visual Guide. DK Publishing, 2009, p40.
10. ^ Asimov, I. Asimov’s
Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology: The Lives and Achievements
of 1510 Great Scientists from Ancient Times to the Present Chronologically
Arranged. 1982, p29
11. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World
History", 1993, p16. {before) 260 BC}
Syracuse, Sicily10   
2,260 YBN
[260 BC] 8 9 10 		822) The earliest screw; the Archimedes screw, a device for raising water.4 5

The concept of density (mass divided by volume) is understood.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "hand tool." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/254115/hand-tool>.
2. ^ "hand tool." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/254115/hand-tool>.
3. ^ "hand tool." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/254115/hand-tool>.
4. ^ "Archimedes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 12 Mar.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/32808/Archimedes>.
5. ^ "hand tool." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/254115/hand-tool>.
6. ^ "hand tool." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/254115/hand-tool>.
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982).
8. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p22.
{260 BC}
9. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to
silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (=500)
10. ^
http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Nineveh (=600)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/enc1/hanging_gardens_of_babylon
[2] "screw." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/529876/screw>
[3] Technology and Culture Volume 44, Number 1, January 2003 (PDF)
Dalley, Stephanie. Oleson, John Peter. "Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the Water
Screw: The Context of Invention in the Ancient
World" http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/technology_and_culture/toc/tech44.1.html
Syracuse, Sicily7   
2,260 YBN
[260 BC] 7 		882) The rotation of the Earth around its own axis once a day and around the
Sun once a year is understood by Aristarchus.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). {c260 BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] "article 9009438". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9009438
[2] "Cleanthes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleanthes
(Mousion of Alexandria) Alexandria, Egpyt6   
2,250 YBN
[250 BC] 7 8 		890) The earliest known escapement4 , a device that controls the rotation of a
toothed gear to provide periodic impulses5 6 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Freely, J. Flame of Miletus: The Birth of Science in Ancient Greece (and
How It Changed the World). I. B. Tauris, 2012,
p119. http://books.google.com/books?id=e4ye9m3EflQC&pg=PA119
2. ^ "escapement." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/escapement
3. ^ "escapement." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/escapement
4. ^ Freely, J. Flame of Miletus: The Birth of Science in Ancient Greece (and
How It Changed the World). I. B. Tauris, 2012,
p119. http://books.google.com/books?id=e4ye9m3EflQC&pg=PA119
5. ^ "escapement." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/escapement
6. ^ "escapement." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/escapement
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=Byzanteum 300 bce - ??)
8. ^
http://www.philonnet.gr/about/index.html (265-202 BCE)

MORE INFO
[1] "article 9025907". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9025907
[2] http://books.google.com/books?id=bCA9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA73
  
2,250 YBN
[250 BC] 4 5 		894) The ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola are described in Alexandria.1
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (261 BCE Perga {south coast of
Turkey} - 190 BCE Pergamum?)
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (261 BCE Perga
{south coast of Turkey} - 190 BCE Pergamum?)
3. ^ "Apollonius of Perga." Encyclop�dia
Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc.,
2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/30058/Apollonius-of-Perga>.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (261 BCE Perga {south coast of
Turkey} - 190 BCE Pergamum?)
5. ^ "Apollonius of Perga". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga (270 BC? - unknown, after 245
BC)
Alexandria, Egypt2 3   
2,246 YBN
[246 BC] 19 20 21 		898) The size of Earth is correctly calculated14 15 16 by using the angle of
the Sun's shadow and the distance between two cities.17
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?)
2. ^ "Eratosthenes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes
3. ^ Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980).
4. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the
lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the
present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
(276-196,240BCE 246bce?)
5. ^ "Eratosthenes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes
6. ^ Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980).
7. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the
lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the
present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
(276-196,240BCE 246bce?)
8. ^ "Eratosthenes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes
9. ^ Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980).
10. ^
Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology;
the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the
present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
(276-196,240BCE 246bce?)
11. ^ "Eratosthenes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes
12. ^ Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980).
13. ^
Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology;
the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the
present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
(276-196,240BCE 246bce?)
14. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists
from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?)
15. ^ "Eratosthenes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes
16. ^ Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles,
(1980).
17. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?)
18. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia
of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists
from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?)
19. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195
great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged",
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?)
20. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi,
"The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO,
1990). (c276-194BCE)
21. ^ Dutka, Jacques. “‘Eratosthenes’ Measurement of the Earth
Reconsidered’.” Archive for History of Exact Sciences 46.1 (1993): 55–66.
Web. 25 May
2012. http://www.springerlink.com/content/km185753675743p8/fulltext.pdf
(c230BCE {275-194BCE})
Alexandria, Egypt18   
2,240 YBN
[240 BC] 14 		1325) The earliest observation of a comet.9 10 11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Halley's comet 'was spotted by the ancient Greeks"'. BBC.
2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11255168
2. ^ http://cometography.com/pcomets/001p.html
3. ^ http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/971112e.html
4. ^ Graham and Hintz, "An Ancient Greek Sighting of Halley's Comet?
", Journal of Cosmology, 2010, Vol 9, 2130-2136.
http://journalofcosmology.com/AncientAstronomy106.html
5. ^ "Halley's comet 'was spotted by the ancient Greeks"'. BBC.
2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11255168
6. ^ http://cometography.com/pcomets/001p.html
7. ^ http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/971112e.html
8. ^ Graham and Hintz, "An Ancient Greek Sighting of Halley's Comet?
", Journal of Cosmology, 2010, Vol 9, 2130-2136.
http://journalofcosmology.com/AncientAstronomy106.html
9. ^ "Halley's comet 'was spotted by the ancient Greeks"'. BBC.
2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11255168
10. ^ http://cometography.com/pcomets/001p.html
11. ^ http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/971112e.html
12. ^ Graham and Hintz, "An Ancient Greek Sighting of Halley's
Comet? ", Journal of Cosmology, 2010, Vol 9, 2130-2136.
http://journalofcosmology.com/AncientAstronomy106.html
13. ^ "Halley's comet 'was spotted by the ancient Greeks"'. BBC.
2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11255168
14. ^ "Halley's comet 'was spotted by the ancient Greeks"'. BBC.
2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11255168
China13   
2,231 YBN
[231 BC] 7 		833) The earliest evidence of gears: the spur and worm gears.4

A gear is a toothed machine part, such as a wheel or cylinder, that meshes with
another toothed part to transmit motion or to change speed or direction.5
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ Dudás, I. The Theory And Practice Of Worm Gear Drives. Kogan Page
Science, 2004. Kogan Page Science,
p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2NnbsyJsvAC&pg=PA7
2. ^ Dudás, I. The Theory And Practice Of Worm Gear Drives. Kogan Page
Science, 2004. Kogan Page Science,
p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2NnbsyJsvAC&pg=PA7
3. ^ Dudás, I. The Theory And Practice Of Worm Gear Drives. Kogan Page
Science, 2004. Kogan Page Science,
p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2NnbsyJsvAC&pg=PA7
4. ^ Dudás, I. The Theory And Practice Of Worm Gear Drives. Kogan Page
Science, 2004. Kogan Page Science,
p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2NnbsyJsvAC&pg=PA7
5. ^ "gear." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gear
6. ^ Dudás, I. The Theory And Practice Of Worm Gear Drives. Kogan Page
Science, 2004. Kogan Page Science,
p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2NnbsyJsvAC&pg=PA7
7. ^ Dudás, I. The Theory And Practice Of Worm Gear Drives. Kogan Page
Science, 2004. Kogan Page Science,
p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2NnbsyJsvAC&pg=PA7

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/enc1/hanging_gardens_of_babylon
[2] "screw." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/529876/screw>
[3] Technology and Culture Volume 44, Number 1, January 2003 (PDF)
Dalley, Stephanie. Oleson, John Peter. "Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the Water
Screw: The Context of Invention in the Ancient
World" http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/technology_and_culture/toc/tech44.1.html
[4] "Archimedes screw." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/32831/Archimedes-screw>
[5] Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p22
[6]
Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips
", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (=500)
[7]
http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Nineveh (=600)
Syracuse, Sicily6   
2,160 YBN
[160 BC] 5 		1029) The distance to the Moon is measured using parallax; by measuring how
much an object appears to move compared to a more distant object when the
observer changes positions.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), p33-34.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), p33-34.
3. ^ American Council of Learned Societies. Concise Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Scribner’s, 2000, p425-426.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements
of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically
arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements
of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically
arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34.

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/people/ancient_epoch/hipparchus.html
[2] Narrien, J. An Historical Account of the Origin and Progress of Astronomy:
With Plates Illustrating, Chiefly, the Ancient Systems. Baldwin and Cradock,
1833, p206. books.google.com/books?id=gYYoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA206
[3] "Hipparchus." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 18 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hipparchus-1
(before 141 BC) Bithynia (presumably Nicaea)3 |(observatory on) Island of
Rhodes, Greece4   
2,160 YBN
[160 BC] 19 		6477) The law of inertia (that a body preserves its motion13 ) is understood.14
15 16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "inertia." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Oxford
University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 26 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/inertia http://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_answ
er.jsp#ixzz2DN5kNYiR
2. ^ Sambursky, S. The Physical World of Late Antiquity. Routledge and K. Paul,
1962, p74?.
3. ^ "John Philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter
2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philoponus/#2.2
4. ^ Dimarogonas, A.D. Vibration for Engineers. Prentice Hall, 1996,
p5. http://books.google.com/books?ei=eWyyUITrL8f-2QXAroGQCQ
5. ^ "inertia." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Oxford
University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 26 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/inertia http://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_answ
er.jsp#ixzz2DN5kNYiR
6. ^ Sambursky, S. The Physical World of Late Antiquity. Routledge and K. Paul,
1962, p74?.
7. ^ "John Philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter
2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philoponus/#2.2
8. ^ Dimarogonas, A.D. Vibration for Engineers. Prentice Hall, 1996,
p5. http://books.google.com/books?ei=eWyyUITrL8f-2QXAroGQCQ
9. ^ "inertia." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Oxford
University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 26 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/inertia http://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_answ
er.jsp#ixzz2DN5kNYiR
10. ^ Sambursky, S. The Physical World of Late Antiquity. Routledge and K.
Paul, 1962, p74?.
11. ^ "John Philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philoponus/#2.2
12. ^ Dimarogonas, A.D. Vibration for Engineers. Prentice Hall, 1996,
p5. http://books.google.com/books?ei=eWyyUITrL8f-2QXAroGQCQ
13. ^ "inertia." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Oxford
University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 26 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/inertia http://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_answ
er.jsp#ixzz2DN5kNYiR
14. ^ Sambursky, S. The Physical World of Late Antiquity. Routledge and K.
Paul, 1962, p74?.
15. ^ "John Philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philoponus/#2.2
16. ^ Dimarogonas, A.D. Vibration for Engineers. Prentice Hall, 1996,
p5. http://books.google.com/books?ei=eWyyUITrL8f-2QXAroGQCQ
17. ^ American Council of Learned Societies. Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Scribner's, 2000, p425-426.
18. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195
great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged",
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34.
19. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195
great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged",
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34.

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/people/ancient_epoch/hipparchus.html
[2] Narrien, J. An Historical Account of the Origin and Progress of Astronomy:
With Plates Illustrating, Chiefly, the Ancient Systems. Baldwin and Cradock,
1833, p206. books.google.com/books?id=gYYoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA206
[3] "Hipparchus." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 18 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hipparchus-1
[4] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), p32
[5] Lucio Russo, "The Forgotten Revolution", (Berlin; New York:
Springer-Verlag, 2004), p88 Pliny, Naturalis historia, II 95
[6] Lucio Russo, "The
Forgotten Revolution", (Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004), p89
[7]
"inertia." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press,
1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 11 Aug. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/inertia
[8] Edward Grant, "Motion in the Void and the Principle of Inertia in the
Middle Ages", Isis, Vol. 55, No. 3 (Sep., 1964), pp. 265-292 Published by: The
University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science
Society http://www.jstor.org/stable/228571
[9] "Simplicius of Cilicia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia
(before 141 BC) Bithynia (presumably Nicaea)17 |(observatory on) Island of
Rhodes, Greece18   
2,140 YBN
[140 BC] 14 15 16 		1070) The invention of paper in China.9 10 Paper is made by putting a mixture
of fibers and water on a fine screen; when the water drains away the remaining
mat of fibers is removed and dried.11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science
and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1.
Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf}
2. ^
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-08/08/content_4937457.htm
3. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and
Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1.
Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf}
4. ^
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-08/08/content_4937457.htm
5. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and
Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1.
Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf}
6. ^
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-08/08/content_4937457.htm
7. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and
Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1.
Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf}
8. ^
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-08/08/content_4937457.htm
9. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and
Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1.
Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf}
10. ^
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-08/08/content_4937457.htm
11. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science
and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1.
Cambridge University Press, p35. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf}
12. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and
Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and
Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press,
p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf}
13. ^ www.apio.org/chinese05.htm
14. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham,
Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5
part 1. Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf}
15. ^ www.apio.org/chinese05.htm
(=140-87BCE)
16. ^ http://www.amateras.com/trip/china/xian-e.htm {140-87BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] David Buisseret (1998), Envisaging the City, U Chicago Press, p. 12,
ISBN 978-0-226-07993-6
Pa-chhiao near Sian in the Shensi province of China12 |Xian, China13   
2,134 YBN
[134 BC] 6 7 		1041) A nova is observed. The first star catalog that uses celestial
coordinates of latitude and longitude, and that divides stars by brightness3 .
The "precession of the equinoxes" is recognized; that the position of the stars
at equinox changes slightly each year.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Bostock, J., and H.T. Riley. The Natural History of Pliny. H. G. Bohn,
1893. Bohn’s Classical Library.
p59. http://books.google.com/books?id=aVMMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA59
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34.
3. ^ Bostock, J., and H.T.
Riley. The Natural History of Pliny. H. G. Bohn, 1893. Bohn’s Classical
Library. p59. http://books.google.com/books?id=aVMMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA59
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p33-34.
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34.
7. ^ "Almagest".
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 17 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/16707/Almagest>.

MORE INFO
[1] Thurston, H. Early Astronomy. Springer New York, 1996. Springer Study
Edition Series
(observatory on) Island of Rhodes, Greece5   
2,100 YBN
[100 BC] 6 		870) The earliest known metal spur gear and mechanical computer.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Antikythera mechanism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 12 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1334586/Antikythera-mechanism>.
2. ^ "Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the
Antikythera Mechanism". Nature 444 Supplement. 30 November
2006. http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/system/files/0608_Nature.pdf
3. ^ "Antikythera mechanism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 12 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1334586/Antikythera-mechanism>.
4. ^ "Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the
Antikythera Mechanism". Nature 444 Supplement. 30 November
2006. http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/system/files/0608_Nature.pdf
5. ^ "Antikythera mechanism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 12 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1334586/Antikythera-mechanism>.
6. ^ "Antikythera mechanism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 12 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1334586/Antikythera-mechanism>.

MORE INFO
[1] "Discovering How Greeks Computed in 100 BC". The New York Times. 31
July 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/31/science/31computer.html?hp&_r=0
near the island of Antikythera, Mediterranean Sea5   
2,075 YBN
[75 BC] 5 		1116) Negative numbers are used in China.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "East Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1238455/East-Asian-mathematics>.

2. ^ "East Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1238455/East-Asian-mathematics>.

3. ^ "East Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1238455/East-Asian-mathematics>.

4. ^ "East Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1238455/East-Asian-mathematics>.

5. ^ "East Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1238455/East-Asian-mathematics>.


MORE INFO
[1] Christopher Cullen, The Suàn shù shū , “Writings on
reckoning”: Rewriting the history of early Chinese mathematics in the light
of an excavated manuscript, Historia Mathematica, Volume 34, Issue 1, February
2007, Pages 10-44, ISSN 0315-0860,
10.1016/j.hm.2005.11.006. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03
15086005001084)
[2] "Negative number". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_number (100bce-50bce)
[3] "Nine Chapters on the
Mathematical Art". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Chapters_on_the_Mathematical_Art
(200bce-100ce)
[4] "Suàn shù shū". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A0n_sh%C3%B9_sh%C5%AB (100ce)
[5] Shepherd, W.
Outline History of Science. Ward Lock, 1965.
p43. http://books.google.com/books?ei=R2ypUKnUAsrY2QWvsYCQDg&id=Fu64AAAAIAAJ
[6] Shen, K. et al. The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art: Companion and
Commentary. Oxford University Press, 1999.
p405. http://books.google.com/books?ei=R2ypUKnUAsrY2QWvsYCQDg&id=0DlGAQAAIAAJ
China4   
2,056 YBN
[56 BC] 17 		1045) The theory that light is made of atoms that move very fast.13 14 15
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ Titus Carus Lucretius, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex, Volume
1", 1866, lines 176-229, p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=oiUTAAAAQAAJ
2. ^ Titus Lucretius Carus, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum
natura libri sex", J. Allyn, 1884,
p105. http://books.google.com/books?id=LCmRGMJBoYUC
3. ^ William Ellery Leonard, "De Rerum Natura: The Latin Text of Lucretius",
Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2008,
p439. http://books.google.com/books?id=mUsQtrxbfxIC
4. ^ Titus Carus Lucretius, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex, Volume
1", 1866, lines 176-229, p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=oiUTAAAAQAAJ
5. ^ Titus Lucretius Carus, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum
natura libri sex", J. Allyn, 1884,
p105. http://books.google.com/books?id=LCmRGMJBoYUC
6. ^ William Ellery Leonard, "De Rerum Natura: The Latin Text of Lucretius",
Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2008,
p439. http://books.google.com/books?id=mUsQtrxbfxIC
7. ^ Titus Carus Lucretius, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex, Volume
1", 1866, lines 176-229, p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=oiUTAAAAQAAJ
8. ^ Titus Lucretius Carus, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum
natura libri sex", J. Allyn, 1884,
p105. http://books.google.com/books?id=LCmRGMJBoYUC
9. ^ William Ellery Leonard, "De Rerum Natura: The Latin Text of Lucretius",
Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2008,
p439. http://books.google.com/books?id=mUsQtrxbfxIC
10. ^ Titus Carus Lucretius, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex, Volume
1", 1866, lines 176-229, p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=oiUTAAAAQAAJ
11. ^ Titus Lucretius Carus, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum
natura libri sex", J. Allyn, 1884,
p105. http://books.google.com/books?id=LCmRGMJBoYUC
12. ^ William Ellery Leonard, "De Rerum Natura: The Latin Text of Lucretius",
Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2008,
p439. http://books.google.com/books?id=mUsQtrxbfxIC
13. ^ Titus Carus Lucretius, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex, Volume
1", 1866, lines 176-229, p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=oiUTAAAAQAAJ
14. ^ Titus Lucretius Carus, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum
natura libri sex", J. Allyn, 1884,
p105. http://books.google.com/books?id=LCmRGMJBoYUC
15. ^ William Ellery Leonard, "De Rerum Natura: The Latin Text of Lucretius",
Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2008,
p439. http://books.google.com/books?id=mUsQtrxbfxIC
16. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p36-37.
17. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp36-37.

MORE INFO
[1] "Lucretius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretius (=(ca. 94 BC- ca. 49 BC)
[2] "Light".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light
[3] "didactic." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 07 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/didactic
[4] "hexameter." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of
Literary Terms. Oxford University Press, 2001, 2004. Answers.com 07 Aug. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hexameter
Rome, Italy16   
2,050 YBN
[50 BC] 9 10 11 		1050) The first glass blowing; in Jerusalem.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ "Glass blowing". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_blowing
3. ^ AVIGAD, N. “Excavations in the Jewish Quarter of the
Old City of Jerusalem, 1971 (Third Preliminary Report).” Israel Exploration
Journal 22.4 (1972): 193–200. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27925355
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from
stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
5. ^ "Glass
blowing". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_blowing
6. ^ AVIGAD, N. “Excavations in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of
Jerusalem, 1971 (Third Preliminary Report).” Israel Exploration Journal 22.4
(1972): 193–200. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27925355
7. ^ Tatton-Brown, V. 1991. The Roman Empire. In H. Tait (ed.) Five
Thousand Years of Glass. pp.62–97. British Museum Press: London ISBN
0-8122-1888-4 http://www.amazon.com/Five-Thousand-Years-Glass-Hugh/dp/081221888
4#reader_0812218884
8. ^ AVIGAD, N. “Excavations in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of
Jerusalem, 1971 (Third Preliminary Report).” Israel Exploration Journal 22.4
(1972): 193–200. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27925355
9. ^ AVIGAD, N. “Excavations in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of
Jerusalem, 1971 (Third Preliminary Report).” Israel Exploration Journal 22.4
(1972): 193–200. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27925355
10. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to
silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (based on this source
estimate of 1st century BCE) (based on this source estimate of 1st century BCE)
11.
^ Tatton-Brown, V. 1991. The Roman Empire. In H. Tait (ed.) Five Thousand Years
of Glass. pp.62–97. British Museum Press: London ISBN
0-8122-1888-4 http://www.amazon.com/Five-Thousand-Years-Glass-Hugh/dp/081221888
4#reader_0812218884
(origin of glass blowing probably in the Syro-Palestine area, but earliest
artifact is from) Jerusalem7 8   
2,045 YBN
[01/01/45 BC] 3 		1056) The Julian calendar: 365 days with an extra day every 4 years.2
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ "Sosigenes of Alexandria." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia
Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Nov. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic//>.
2. ^ "Sosigenes of Alexandria." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia
Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Nov. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic//>.
3. ^ Ball, W.W.R. Mathematical Recreations and Essays. Macmillan, 1917,
p444. http://books.google.com/books?id=Zy87AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA44
Rome (presumably)  
2,040 YBN
[40 BC] 11 12 13 		1058) The earliest waterwheel.7 8 The earliest elevator (or vertical lift)9 .
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ "waterwheel." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/637559/waterwheel>.
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
3. ^ "elevator." Encyclopædia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 May 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032371>.
4. ^ "waterwheel." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/637559/waterwheel>.
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
6. ^ "elevator." Encyclopædia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 May 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032371>.
7. ^ "waterwheel." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/637559/waterwheel>.
8. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
9. ^ "elevator." Encyclopædia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 May 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032371>.
10. ^ "Vitruvius." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/631310/Vitruvius>.
11. ^ "Vitruvius." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/631310/Vitruvius>. {after 27BCE}
12. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c70-c25) (c70-c25)
13. ^ "Vitruvius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius (=c80/70-c25)

MORE INFO
[1] "Waterwheel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterwheel
Rome10   
2,037 YBN
[37 BC] 4 5 		6549) The germ theory of disease; that disease can be caused by tiny living
organisms.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Diamond, J., and N. Geographic. 1000 Events That Shaped the World.
National Geographic Society, 2008. History Series., p58.
http://books.google.com/books?id=8AceAd-41awC&pg=PA58
2. ^ Diamond, J., and N. Geographic. 1000 Events That Shaped the World.
National Geographic Society, 2008. History Series., p58.
http://books.google.com/books?id=8AceAd-41awC&pg=PA58
3. ^ Diamond, J., and N. Geographic. 1000 Events That Shaped the World.
National Geographic Society, 2008. History Series., p58.
http://books.google.com/books?id=8AceAd-41awC&pg=PA58
4. ^ Cato, M.P., F. Harrison, and M.T. Varro. Roman Farm Management: The
Treatises of Cato and Varro Done into English, with Notes of Modern Instances.
Macmillan, 1918, p94. http://books.google.com/books?id=dTJPAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA94
5. ^ Diamond, J., and N. Geographic. 1000 Events That Shaped
the World. National Geographic Society, 2008. History Series., p58.
http://books.google.com/books?id=8AceAd-41awC&pg=PA58

MORE INFO
[1] "Marcus Terentius Varro". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Marcus_Terentius_Varro
Rome (presumably)3   
2,008 YBN
[8 BC] 3 4 		1049) Silk from China is traded as far west as Rome.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ McLaughlin, R. Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient
Lands of Arabia, India and China. Bloomsbury, 2010,
p148-149. http://books.google.com/books?id=gzJf1KgqrWQC&pg=PA148
2. ^ McLaughlin, R. Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient
Lands of Arabia, India and China. Bloomsbury, 2010,
p148-149. http://books.google.com/books?id=gzJf1KgqrWQC&pg=PA148
3. ^ McLaughlin, R. Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient
Lands of Arabia, India and China. Bloomsbury, 2010,
p148-149. http://books.google.com/books?id=gzJf1KgqrWQC&pg=PA148
4. ^ "Horace." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online.
Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/271624/Horace>.

MORE INFO
[1] "Silk Road". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road (estimate based on Seneca+40)
Rome2   
1,980 YBN
[20 AD] 3 		1390) The monotheistic religion: Christianity is founded, branching from
Judaism.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Jesus Christ". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106456/Jesus-Christ
2. ^ Who Wrote The New Testament?, Burton L. Mack, 1995
3. ^ "Jesus
Christ". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106456/Jesus-Christ

MORE INFO
[1] "Jesus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus
[2] "Calvary". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary
[3] "Christianity". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/115240/Christianity>
Galilee2   
1,950 YBN
[50 AD] 15 16 		1078) The steam engine is invented in Alexandria.9 10 A hollow metal sphere
rotates from the power of steam jets that escape through open tubes on each
side of the sphere.11 12
The steam engine will not be used for practical
purposes until the 1600s.13

The earliest syphon, syringe, and chariot odometer.14
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), p40.
2. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), p40.
4. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), p40.
6. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), p40.
8. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), p40.
10. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria
11. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria
12. ^ Ted Huntington
13. ^ "steam engine." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia
Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/564472/steam-engine>.
14. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), p40.
15. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982). (=c20-?)
16. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria (=c.10-c.70(+40)

MORE INFO
[1] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles,
(1980)
Alexandria, Egypt  
1,950 YBN
[50 AD] 5 6 		6566) A wind-wheel powered machine.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Dietrich Lohrmann, "Von der östlichen zur westlichen Windmühle", Archiv
für Kulturgeschichte, Vol. 77, Issue 1 (1995), pp.1–30 (10f.)
2. ^ A.G. Drachmann,
"Heron's Windmill", Centaurus, 7 (1961), pp. 145–151
3. ^ Dietrich Lohrmann, "Von der
östlichen zur westlichen Windmühle", Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, Vol. 77,
Issue 1 (1995), pp.1–30 (10f.)
4. ^ A.G. Drachmann, "Heron's Windmill", Centaurus, 7
(1961), pp. 145–151
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from
ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). (=c20-?)
6. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria (=c.10-c.70(+40)

MORE INFO
[1] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles,
(1980)
[2] John Marlowe, "The golden age of Alexandria: from its foundation by
Alexander the Great in 331 BC to its capture by the Arabs in 642 AD.", (London:
Gollancz, 1971)
[3] http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Printonly/Pappus.html
[4] http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Printonly/Heron.html
[5] "Heron's formula". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron%27s_formula
Alexandria, Egypt  
1,935 YBN
[65 AD] 8 		6432) The glass prism.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Seneca, L.A., and T. Lodge. Works, Both Moral and Natural. 1620,
p772. http://books.google.com/books?id=FElCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA886&lpg=PA886
2. ^ The Development of Newton's Theory of Color Richard S. Westfall Isis ,
Vol. 53, No. 3 (Sep., 1962), pp. 339-358 URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/227786
3. ^ Seneca, L.A., and T. Lodge. Works, Both Moral and Natural. 1620,
p772. http://books.google.com/books?id=FElCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA886&lpg=PA886
4. ^ The Development of Newton's Theory of Color Richard S. Westfall Isis ,
Vol. 53, No. 3 (Sep., 1962), pp. 339-358 URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/227786
5. ^ Seneca, L.A., and T. Lodge. Works, Both Moral and Natural. 1620,
p772. http://books.google.com/books?id=FElCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA886&lpg=PA886
6. ^ The Development of Newton's Theory of Color Richard S. Westfall Isis ,
Vol. 53, No. 3 (Sep., 1962), pp. 339-358 URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/227786
7. ^ "Lucius Annaeus Seneca". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534392/Lucius-Annaeus-Seneca>.
8. ^ McBeath, A. & Gheorghe, A. D., "Meteor Beliefs Project: Classical beliefs
connecting meteors with life and death", WGN, Journal of the International
Meteor Organization, vol. 34, no. 5, p.
148-150. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2006JIMO...34..148M
Rome7   
1,925 YBN
[75 AD] 10 11 		1270) The last cuneiform texts.4 5 6 This ends 3000 years of cuneiform
writing.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. T. Hooker, "Reading the Past, Ancient Writing from Cuneiform to the
Alphabet", (Berkeley: University of California Press/British Museum, 1990),
p30.
2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series,
p56-57.
3. ^ Sachs, Abraham. "The latest datable cuneiform tablets." Kramer Anniversary
Volume. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 25 (1976): 379-98. ALSO IN Kramer,
Samuel Noah, et al., eds. Kramer Anniversary Volume. Vol. 25. Butzon & Bercker,
1976.
4. ^ J. T. Hooker, "Reading the Past, Ancient Writing from Cuneiform to the
Alphabet", (Berkeley: University of California Press/British Museum, 1990),
p30.
5. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series,
p56-57.
6. ^ Sachs, Abraham. "The latest datable cuneiform tablets." Kramer Anniversary
Volume. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 25 (1976): 379-98. ALSO IN Kramer,
Samuel Noah, et al., eds. Kramer Anniversary Volume. Vol. 25. Butzon & Bercker,
1976.
7. ^ J. T. Hooker, "Reading the Past, Ancient Writing from Cuneiform to the
Alphabet", (Berkeley: University of California Press/British Museum, 1990),
p30.
8. ^ J. T. Hooker, "Reading the Past, Ancient Writing from Cuneiform to the
Alphabet", (Berkeley: University of California Press/British Museum, 1990),
p29.
9. ^ http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/dccmt
10. ^ J. T. Hooker, "Reading the Past, Ancient Writing from Cuneiform to
the Alphabet", (Berkeley: University of California Press/British Museum, 1990),
p30.
11. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series,
p56-57.

MORE INFO
[1] Walker, C.B.F. Cuneiform. University of California Press, 1987.
Reading the Past, p19
Sumer/Babylon8 (Southern Iraq)9   
1,923 YBN
[77 AD] 4 		1083) The earliest Encyclopedia.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "encyclopedia." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/encyclopedia
2. ^ "encyclopedia." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/encyclopedia
3. ^ "encyclopedia." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/encyclopedia
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
Spain?  
1,917 YBN
[83 AD] 6 7 8 9 		766) The earliest magnetic compass; in China.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Needham, Joseph and Ronan, Colin A. (1986) The shorter Science and
civilisation in China : an abridgement of Joseph Needham's original text, Vol.
3, Chapter 1: "Magnetism and Electricity", Cambridge University Press, p252.
ISBN 0-521-25272-5
2. ^ Needham, Joseph and Ronan, Colin A. (1986) The shorter Science and
civilisation in China : an abridgement of Joseph Needham's original text, Vol.
3, Chapter 1: "Magnetism and Electricity", Cambridge University Press, p252.
ISBN 0-521-25272-5
3. ^ Needham, Joseph and Ronan, Colin A. (1986) The shorter Science and
civilisation in China : an abridgement of Joseph Needham's original text, Vol.
3, Chapter 1: "Magnetism and Electricity", Cambridge University Press, p252.
ISBN 0-521-25272-5
4. ^ Needham, Joseph and Ronan, Colin A. (1986) The shorter Science and
civilisation in China : an abridgement of Joseph Needham's original text, Vol.
3, Chapter 1: "Magnetism and Electricity", Cambridge University Press, p252.
ISBN 0-521-25272-5
5. ^ Needham, Joseph and Ronan, Colin A. (1986) The shorter Science and
civilisation in China : an abridgement of Joseph Needham's original text, Vol.
3, Chapter 1: "Magnetism and Electricity", Cambridge University Press, p252.
ISBN 0-521-25272-5
6. ^ Joseph Needham, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 4, part 1,
1962, p230-268. {Needham_China_compass_1962.pdf} {83 CE}
7. ^ Yenne and Grosser,
"100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p24. {83 CE}
8. ^ Needham, Joseph
and Ronan, Colin A. (1986) The shorter Science and civilisation in China : an
abridgement of Joseph Needham's original text, Vol. 3, Chapter 1: "Magnetism
and Electricity", Cambridge University Press, p252. ISBN 0-521-25272-5
{1040-1044}
9. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {600 BC}
China5 (more specific)  
1,900 YBN
[100 AD] 4 5 		5861) The earliest known complete musical composition, including musical
notation.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Seikilos epitaph". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikilos_epitaph
2. ^ "Seikilos epitaph". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikilos_epitaph
3. ^ "Seikilos epitaph". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikilos_epitaph
4. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1-7.
{100CE}
5. ^ "Seikilos epitaph". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikilos_epitaph {200 BCE- 100 CE (verify}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWyXPpf7Vjo
[2] MP3 recording of the Seikilos
song. http://www.biblicallanguagecenter.com/assets/audio/SEIKILOU_WDH_2006.mp3
(now Aidin, Turkey)3 (verify)  
1,900 YBN
[100 AD] 4 		6638) The earliest distillation; in Alexandria.1

Distillation is the process of evaporating or boiling a liquid and condensing
its vapor.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Forbes, Robert James (1970). A short history of the art of distillation:
from the beginnings up to the death of Cellier Blumenthal. BRILL. pp. 21. ISBN
978-90-04-00617-1.
2. ^ "distillation." Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th
Edition. HarperCollins Publishers. 06 Apr. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/distillation>.
3. ^ Forbes, Robert James (1970). A short history of the art of distillation:
from the beginnings up to the death of Cellier Blumenthal. BRILL. pp. 21. ISBN
978-90-04-00617-1.
4. ^ Oakes, E.H. Encyclopedia of World Scientists. Facts On File, Incorporated,
2007. Facts on File Science Library,
p485. http://books.google.com/books?id=uPRB-OED1bcC&pg=PA485
Alexandria, Egypt3   
1,850 YBN
[150 AD] 8 9 10 11 12 		1087) Ptolomy's "Almagest"4 , an Earth-centered model of the universe, with the
Earth a stationary sphere in the center, surrounded by 7 larger planetary
spheres for the Moon, Sun, planets, and fixed stars5 6 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Claudius Ptolemy, translated by: G. J. Toomer, "Almagest", 1984.
{Ptolemy_Almagest_Toomer_1984.pdf}
2. ^ "Ptolemy." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia
University Press., 2012. Answers.com 18 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ptolemy
3. ^ Claudius Ptolemy, translated by: G. J. Toomer, "Almagest", 1984, p38-39.
{Ptolemy_Almagest_Toomer_1984.pdf}
4. ^ Claudius Ptolemy, translated by: G. J. Toomer, "Almagest", 1984.
{Ptolemy_Almagest_Toomer_1984.pdf}
5. ^ "Ptolemy." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia
University Press., 2012. Answers.com 18 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ptolemy
6. ^ Claudius Ptolemy, translated by: G. J. Toomer, "Almagest", 1984, p38-39.
{Ptolemy_Almagest_Toomer_1984.pdf}
7. ^ "Ptolemy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 17 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482098/Ptolemy>.
8. ^ "Ptolemy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 17 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482098/Ptolemy>.
9. ^ Exploring the Cosmos, 1986, Berman, Evansc150) (almagest=)c150)
10. ^ "Almagest".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005845/Almagest (almagest=c150)
(almagest=)c150)
11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=75-?)
12. ^ "Ptolemy". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy (c90-c168)

MORE INFO
[1] "Hipparchus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 17 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266559/Hipparchus/229469/Other-s
cientific-work>
[2] Thurston, H. Early Astronomy. Springer New York, 1996. Springer Study
Edition Series
(in Mouseion?) Alexandria, Egypt7   
1,850 YBN
[150 AD] 2 		6177) A bellow-fed musical organ.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "organ". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 22 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/431866/organ>.
2. ^ "organ". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 22 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/431866/organ>.

MORE INFO
[1] Joseph Yasser, "The Magrepha of the Herodian Temple: A Five-Fold
Hypothesis", Journal of the American Musicological Society, Vol. 13, No. 1/3, A
Musicological Offering to Otto Kinkeldey upon the Occasion of His 80th
Anniversary (1960), pp. 24-42. http://www.jstor.org/stable/830244
[2] South Kensington Museum. A Descriptive Catalogue of
the Musical Instruments in the South Kensington Museum. Printed by G. E. Eyre
and W. Spottiswoode, 1874,
p31-32. http://books.google.com/books?id=vNk5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32
  
1,838 YBN
[162 AD] 2 		971) The valves of the heart are described, and that the brain controls the
voice is shown.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Galen of Pergamum." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica
Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/223895/Galen-of-Pergamum>.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p42.
  
1,825 YBN
[175 AD] 5 6 7 		1068) Crank-handles are used in China.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Needham, J., and L. Wang. Science and Civilisation in China: Physics and
Physical Technology. Mechanical Engineering. University Press, 1965. Science
and Civilisation in China,
p118. http://books.google.com/books?id=SeGyrCfYs2AC&
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
3. ^ "crank." Encyclop�dia Britannica.
Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13
Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/141829/crank>.
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes
to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (based on) (based on)
5. ^
Needham, J., and L. Wang. Science and Civilisation in China: Physics and
Physical Technology. Mechanical Engineering. University Press, 1965. Science
and Civilisation in China,
p118. http://books.google.com/books?id=SeGyrCfYs2AC&
6. ^ "crank." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online.
Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/141829/crank>.
7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (based on) (based on)

MORE INFO
[1] Needham, J., and L. Wang. Science and Civilisation in China: Physics
and Physical Technology. Mechanical Engineering. University Press, 1965.
Science and Civilisation in China,
p114. http://books.google.com/books?id=SeGyrCfYs2AC&pg=PA114
China3 4   
1,800 YBN
[200 AD] 4 		1073) The earliest "press-on" printing in China.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>.
2. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>.
3. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>.
4. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>. {By 200}

MORE INFO
[1] "Woodblock printing". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_printing (704-751)
China3   
1,710 YBN
[290 AD] 3 		1092) An encyclopedia of alchemy.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p45.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). (=c250CE-?) (=c250CE-?)
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
(=c250CE-?) (=c250CE-?)

MORE INFO
[1] "Alchemy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy
[2] Berthelot, M., and C.E. Ruelle. Collection Des Anciens Alchimistes Grecs.
G. Steinheil, 1888. Collection Des Anciens Alchimistes Grecs,
p163. http://books.google.com/books?id=lrRXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA163
Panopolis {now Akhmim}, Egypt2   
1,675 YBN
[05/??/325 AD] 7 8 9 		947) The Council of Nicaea {nI-SE-u1 } condemns the claim of Arius {u-rI-uS or
AR-E-uS2 }, that Jesus was not divine, as a heresy.3 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Nicaea." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 May. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Nicaea>.
2. ^ "arius." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 May. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/arius>.
3. ^ "Council of Nicaea." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica
Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 06 May. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/413817/Council-of-Nicaea>.
4. ^ "First Council of Nicaea." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2013. Answers.com 06 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/first-council-of-nicaea
5. ^ "Arius." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online.
Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 06 May. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/34795/Arius>.
6. ^ "Council of Nicaea". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/413817/Council-of-Nicaea>.
7. ^ "Council of Nicaea". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/413817/Council-of-Nicaea>.
8. ^ John Marlowe, "The golden age of Alexandria: from its foundation by
Alexander the Great in 331 BC to its capture by the Arabs in 642 AD.", (London:
Gollancz, 1971).
9. ^ "Arius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/34795/Arius>.
Nicaea, Bithynia(now İznik, Turkey)6   
1,672 YBN
[328 AD] 4 		6451) The Arabic alphabet.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p100-103.
2. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p100-103.
3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p100-103.
4. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p100-103.
(early inscription) Namara, Syria3   
1,669 YBN
[331 AD] 4 		1375) Roman emperor Constantine I abolishes all pagan (polytheistic)
hospitals.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "hospital". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110316/hospital
2. ^ "Constantine I." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 24 Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9109633>
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ "hospital". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110316/hospital

MORE INFO
[1] "Hospital#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital#History
[2] "Constantine I". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I
Constantanople3   
1,609 YBN
[02/24/391 AD] 6 7 		1002) Roman Emperor Theodosius I prohibits the visiting of non-Christian
temples.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Theodosius I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/590747/Theodosius-I/7210/The-mid
dle-years>.
2. ^ Theodosian Code 16.10.10
http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/imperial-laws-chart-395 http://www.for
dham.edu/halsall/source/codex-theod1.asp (Latin)
http://ancientrome.ru/ius/library/codex/theod/tituli.htm
3. ^ "Theodosius I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/590747/Theodosius-I/7210/The-mid
dle-years>.
4. ^ Theodosian Code 16.10.10
http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/imperial-laws-chart-395 http://www.for
dham.edu/halsall/source/codex-theod1.asp (Latin)
http://ancientrome.ru/ius/library/codex/theod/tituli.htm
5. ^ "Theodosius I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/590747/Theodosius-I/7210/The-mid
dle-years>.
6. ^ Theodosian Code 16.10.10
http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/imperial-laws-chart-395 http://www.for
dham.edu/halsall/source/codex-theod1.asp (Latin)
http://ancientrome.ru/ius/library/codex/theod/tituli.htm
7. ^ "Theodosius I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/590747/Theodosius-I/7210/The-mid
dle-years>.
(presumably) Rome, Italy5   
1,609 YBN
[391 AD] 6 		1003) The library in the Temple to Serapis (the Serapeum) in Alexandria is
violently destroyed by Christian people and the temple is converted to a
Christian church.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of
Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990).
2. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the
Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990), p160.
3. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi,
"The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO,
1990).
4. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of
Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990), p160.
5. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate
of the Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990).
6. ^ "Theodosius I".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I
(391/392)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.leeds.ac.uk/classics/rhetoric/prog-aph.htm
Alexandria, Egypt  
1,606 YBN
[08/24/394 AD] 3 		1095) The last recorded hieroglyph inscription in Egypt.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh:
Scottish Academic Press, 1993), p36.
2. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian
hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993).
3. ^ Barbara Watterson,
"Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1993).

MORE INFO
[1] "Theodosius I". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I
island of Philae, near Aswan2   
1,585 YBN
[03/??/415 AD] 4 		1009) The murder of Greek philosopher Hypatia by Christian people.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Maria Dzielska, F. Lyra (Translator), "Hypatia of Alexandria (Revealing
Antiquity , No 8)", (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, USA, 1996).
2. ^ Maria
Dzielska, F. Lyra (Translator), "Hypatia of Alexandria (Revealing Antiquity ,
No 8)", (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, USA, 1996).
3. ^ Maria Dzielska, F.
Lyra (Translator), "Hypatia of Alexandria (Revealing Antiquity , No 8)",
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, USA, 1996).
4. ^ Maria Dzielska, F. Lyra
(Translator), "Hypatia of Alexandria (Revealing Antiquity , No 8)", (Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press, USA, 1996).

MORE INFO
[1] "Socrates Scholasticus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates_Scholasticus
[2] from Damascius (in Suida):
http://www.cosmopolis.com/alexandria/hypatia-bio-suda.html "From Damascius's
Life of Isidore, reproduced in The Suda Translated by Jeremiah Reedy, from
"Alexandria 2"
[3] http://www.cosmopolis.com/alexandria/hypatia-bio-john.html
(steps of a church called The Caesarium ) Alexandria, Egypt3   
1,552 YBN
[448 AD] 		1043) Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II orders all non-Christian books
burned.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Lucio Russo, "The Forgotten Revolution", (Berlin; New York:
Springer-Verlag, 2004).
  
1,501 YBN
[499 AD] 3 		1309) The Earth rotation around its own axis is described by Indian astronomer
Aryabhata.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Aryabhata I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/37461/Aryabhata-I>.
2. ^ "Aryabhata I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/37461/Aryabhata-I>.
3. ^ "Aryabhata I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/37461/Aryabhata-I>.

MORE INFO
[1] "Aryabhatiya". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhatiya
[2] "Bhāskara II". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_II (date of book)
Kusumapura (modern Patna), India2   
1,472 YBN
[528 AD] 4 5 6 7 		1426) That the medium is actually an impediment to a projectile's motion is
recognized.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003
Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "philoponus". The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philoponus/
2. ^ "John Philoponus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9059725/John-Philoponus
3. ^ "John Philoponus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/456703/John-Philoponus>.
4. ^ "Justinian." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 26 Feb. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/justinian-5
5. ^ "John Philoponus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9059725/John-Philoponus (500s)
6. ^ "".
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta
(ed.). "". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition),
Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter
2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia
of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philoponus/ (c490 to c570) (c490 to c570)
7. ^
"John Philoponus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/456703/John-Philoponus>.

MORE INFO
[1] "John Philoponus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Philoponus (c490 to c570)
[2] "philoponus". The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta
(ed.). "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003
Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philoponus/
[3] "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003
Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philoponus/
Alexandria, Egypt2 3   
1,471 YBN
[529 AD] 8 		1014) Byzantine {BiZeNTEN5 } Emperor Justinian closes the schools of Alexandria
and Athens (including Plato's Academy).6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Justinian." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 26 Feb. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/justinian-5
2. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of
Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990), p188.
3. ^ "Byzantine." Dictionary.com
Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 13 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Byzantine>.
4. ^ "Justinian." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 26 Feb. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/justinian-5
5. ^ "Byzantine." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 13 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Byzantine>.
6. ^ "Justinian." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 26 Feb. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/justinian-5
7. ^ "Justinian." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 26 Feb. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/justinian-5
8. ^ "Justinian." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 26 Feb. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/justinian-5

MORE INFO
[1] "Damascius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascius
[2] "Justinian I." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/308858/Justinian-I>
[3] "Justinian I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/308858/Justinian-I>
Athens, Greece (and Alexandria,Egypt)7   
1,458 YBN
[542 AD] 5 6 		1381) The Hôtel-Dieu in Lyon {lE-ON2 } is founded: the earliest hospital in
France.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "hospital". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110316/hospital
2. ^ "Lyon." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Jun.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/lyon
3. ^ "hospital". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110316/hospital
4. ^ "hospital". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110316/hospital
5. ^ "hospital". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110316/hospital (542)
6. ^
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/action/showFullText?submitFullText=Full+Text+HT
ML&doi=10.1046%2Fj.1445-2197.2002.02492.x (hotel_dieu_lyon.html) (542) (542)

MORE INFO
[1] "Hospital#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital#History
[2] "Hôtel-Dieu de Paris". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_de_Paris
Lyon, France4   
1,411 YBN
[589 AD] 3 		1328) Toilet paper is used in China.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), Paper and Printing, Joseph Needham, Science
and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vol. 5 part 1,
Cambridge University Press,
p123 http://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Scien
ce+and+Civilisation+in+China:+Volume+5,&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zf-qULP1NMaCqgHT1YHYCA&ved
=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=snippet&q=dare&f=false
2. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), Paper and Printing, Joseph Needham, Science and
Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vol. 5 part 1,
Cambridge University Press,
p123 http://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Scien
ce+and+Civilisation+in+China:+Volume+5,&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zf-qULP1NMaCqgHT1YHYCA&ved
=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=snippet&q=dare&f=false
3. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), Paper and Printing, Joseph Needham, Science and
Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vol. 5 part 1,
Cambridge University Press,
p123 http://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Scien
ce+and+Civilisation+in+China:+Volume+5,&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zf-qULP1NMaCqgHT1YHYCA&ved
=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=snippet&q=dare&f=false

MORE INFO
[1] "Paper#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper#History (589CE)
China2   
1,400 YBN
[600 AD] 6 7 8 		1111) The earliest windmill, in Persia. This windmill uses a vertical shaft and
horizontal sails to grind grain.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p63.
2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The
Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p63.
3. ^
Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition,
Simon and Schuster, 1991, p63.
4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The
Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p63.
5. ^
Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition,
Simon and Schuster, 1991, p63.
6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The
Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p63. {600}
7. ^
Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips
", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (6th century) (6th century)
8. ^ "Wind mill".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_mill (6th
century)

MORE INFO
[1] Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993,
p25
Persia (Iran)5   
1,387 YBN
[613 AD] 4 		1391) The monotheistic religion: Islam is founded.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Muhammad". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105853/Muhammad
2. ^ "Muhammad". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad
3. ^ "Muhammad". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105853/Muhammad
4. ^ "Muhammad". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad
Mecca, Arabia (modern Saudi Arabia)2 3   
1,360 YBN
[640 AD] 3 		1120) The first flame throwing weapon: "Greek fire".1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ James Riddick Partington (1998). A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder.
The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801859549.
2. ^ "Greek fire". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_fire
3. ^ "Brahmagupta". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmagupta
Constantinople2   
1,300 YBN
[700 AD] 8 9 		1118) The numerals (0 through 9), and decimal notation are used in Pakistan.5 6

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "South Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1238473/South-Asian-mathematics/
253515/Classical-mathematical-literature>.
2. ^ "Hindu-Arabic numerals". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Jan.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31743/Hindu-Arabic-numerals>.
3. ^ "South Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1238473/South-Asian-mathematics/
253515/Classical-mathematical-literature>.
4. ^ "Hindu-Arabic numerals". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Jan.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31743/Hindu-Arabic-numerals>.
5. ^ "South Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1238473/South-Asian-mathematics/
253515/Classical-mathematical-literature>.
6. ^ "Hindu-Arabic numerals". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Jan.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31743/Hindu-Arabic-numerals>.
7. ^ "South Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1238473/South-Asian-mathematics/
253515/Classical-mathematical-literature>.
8. ^ "South Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1238473/South-Asian-mathematics/
253515/Classical-mathematical-literature>.
9. ^ "Hindu-Arabic numerals". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Jan.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31743/Hindu-Arabic-numerals>.

MORE INFO
[1] "Bakhshali Manuscript". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhshali_Manuscript
[2] "Indian mathematics#Bakhshali Manuscript .28200 BC - 400 CE.29". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_mathematics#Bakhshali_Manuscript_.28200_BC_-
_400_CE.29 (200 BCE - 400 CE)
[3] Ho, P.Y. Li, Qi and Shu: An Introduction to
Science and Civilization in China. Dover, 2000. Dover Science
Books. http://books.google.com/books?id=_P6C4JO4JCUC&pg=PA58
Bakhshali (near modern Peshawar, Pakistan)7   
1,249 YBN
[751 AD] 6 7 		1253) Jabir prepares and identifies acids.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
5. ^ "Geber". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (+30) (+30)
7. ^ "Geber". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber (+30)
Kufa, (now Iraq)4 5   
1,230 YBN
[770 AD] 6 		1060) Wood-cut printing; in Japan.3 A paper with text is attached with rice
paste to a block of wood, the uninked parts are cut away, the block is inked,
and a paper pressed on it.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>.
2. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>.
3. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>.
4. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>.
5. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>.
6. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>. {868}
Japan5   
1,219 YBN
[781 AD] 6 7 		1254) Lower case letters.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c732-05/19/804+30)
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). (c732-05/19/804+30)
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
(c732-05/19/804+30)
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c732-05/19/804+30)
5. ^ "804, 781=accepts
Charlemagne invitation)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin (c735-05/19/804, 781=accepts Charlemagne
invitation)
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c732-05/19/804+30)
7. ^ "804, 781=accepts
Charlemagne invitation)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin (c735-05/19/804, 781=accepts Charlemagne
invitation)

MORE INFO
[1] "Great vowel shift". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_vowel_shift
[2] "Phonological history of the English language". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_the_English_language
[3] "Carolingian minuscule". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule
Aachen, in north-west Germany, or York, England4 5   
1,211 YBN
[789 AD] 4 		1256) Charlemagne {soRlemAN} establishes schools where math and grammar are
taught.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). (789) (789)

MORE INFO
[1] "Charlesmagne". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlesmagne
Aachen, in north-west Germany3   
1,200 YBN
[800 AD] 5 		6221) String instruments are played with a bow.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p47.
2. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical
Instruments", 1989, p47.
3. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p47.
4. ^ Mary
Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p47.
5. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments",
1989, p47. {no later than 9th century) 800 CE}
River Oxus (modern) Turkmenistan (Central Asia)4   
1,185 YBN
[815 AD] 5 6 		1021) The "Bayt al-Hikma" (House of Wisdom) school is founded, where many
scientific works are translated into Arabic.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Science and Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The
Islamic Texts Society, 1987), p69.
2. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Science and
Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 1987), p69.
3. ^
Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Science and Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The
Islamic Texts Society, 1987), p69.
4. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Science and
Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 1987).
5. ^ Seyyed
Hossein Nasr, "Science and Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The Islamic
Texts Society, 1987). (c815) (c815)
6. ^ Delacy O`Leary, "How Greek Science Passed to
the Arabs", (London; New York: Kegan Paul, 2001). (before 828/829) (before
828/829)

MORE INFO
[1] "House of Wisdom)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayt_al-Hikma
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdom)
[2] "Harun Al-Rashid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_Al-Rashid
Baghdad4   
1,150 YBN
[850 AD] 14 15 		1144) Gunpowder is invented; in China9 10

The earliest gunpowder, black powder, is a mixture of saltpeter (potassium
nitrate), sulfur, and charcoal.11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A
Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599,
p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf}
2. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7,
"Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986,
p7.
3. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A
Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599,
p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf}
4. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7,
"Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986,
p7.
5. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A
Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599,
p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf}
6. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7,
"Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986,
p7.
7. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A
Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599,
p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf}
8. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7,
"Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986,
p7.
9. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A
Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599,
p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf}
10. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part
7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986,
p7.
11. ^ "gunpowder." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 26 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gunpowder
12. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A
Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599,
p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf}
13. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part
7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986,
p7.
14. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A
Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599,
p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf} {850}
15. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and
Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder
Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986, p7. {850}
China12 13   
1,100 YBN
[900 AD] 4 5 6 		1379) A health science school is founded in Salerno, Italy.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ferraris, Zoe Alaina, and Victor A. Ferraris. “The Women of Salerno:
Contribution to the Origins of Surgery From Medieval Italy.” The Annals of
Thoracic Surgery 64.6 (1997): 1855–1857.
http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/64/6/1855
2. ^ Ferraris, Zoe Alaina, and Victor A. Ferraris. “The Women of Salerno:
Contribution to the Origins of Surgery From Medieval Italy.” The Annals of
Thoracic Surgery 64.6 (1997): 1855–1857.
http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/64/6/1855
3. ^ Ferraris, Zoe Alaina, and Victor A. Ferraris. “The Women of Salerno:
Contribution to the Origins of Surgery From Medieval Italy.” The Annals of
Thoracic Surgery 64.6 (1997): 1855–1857.
http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/64/6/1855
4. ^ http://www.galter.northwestern.edu/library_notes/40/salerno.cfm (900)
5. ^
"university". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074363/university (800s)
6. ^ "University of
Salerno". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9065054/University-of-Salerno (notes for
physicians at 900)

MORE INFO
[1] "hospital". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110316/hospital
[2] "Hospital#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital#History
[3] "Salerno#Salerno and the revival of medical learning in Western Europe".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salerno#Salerno_and_the_revival_of_medical_learning
_in_Western_Europe
[4] "Schola Medica Salernitana". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schola_Medica_Salernitana (monestary founded in
800s)
Salerno (near Naples), Italy3   
1,100 YBN
[900 AD] 5 6 		5865) The first polyphonic (many-voiced) music (Organum), and distinct
pitches.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p50-52.
2. ^
"organum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 31 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/432228/organum>.
3. ^ "Musica enchiriadis." The Concise Grove Dictionary of Music. Oxford
University Press, Inc., 1994. Answers.com 31 May. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/musica-enchiriadis
4. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p50-52.
5. ^
"organum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 31 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/432228/organum>. {c900}
6. ^ Mark Evan
Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p50-52. {c850-900}
northern part of the West Frankish empire3 |Possibly written in what is now
Eastern France4   
1,095 YBN
[905 AD] 4 5 6 		1303) Gypsum1 plaster is used to hold broken bones in place2 by Al-Razi
{oL-rAZE}, who also openly rejects Islam and other religions.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "plaster of Paris." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclop�dia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 14 Mar. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/plaster-1
2. ^ "Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi." History of Science and Technology.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 14 Mar. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/al-razi
3. ^ "Al-Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad Ibn Zakariyyā." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 11. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 323-326.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2830903599&v=2.1&u=univca20&it=
r&p=GVRL&sw=w
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c845 - c930) (c845 - c930)
5. ^
"Rhazes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhazes
(865-925)
6. ^ "ar Razi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9062842/ar-Razi (c865-923/932)
Rayy (near Tehran, Iran)   
1,080 YBN
[920 AD] 11 		6183) Norwegian explorers reach North America.7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Einar Haugen Reviewed work(s): The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in
America: Excavations at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961-1968 by Anne
Stine Ingstad The Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. 10, No. 1
(Summer, 1979), pp. 176-178 Published by: The MIT Press Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/203319
2. ^ Helge Ingstad, "The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse
Settlement in L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland", 2001.
3. ^ Einar Haugen Reviewed
work(s): The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in America: Excavations at L'Anse
aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961-1968 by Anne Stine Ingstad The Journal of
Interdisciplinary History Vol. 10, No. 1 (Summer, 1979), pp.
176-178 Published by: The MIT Press Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/203319
4. ^ Helge Ingstad, "The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse
Settlement in L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland", 2001.
5. ^ Einar Haugen Reviewed
work(s): The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in America: Excavations at L'Anse
aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961-1968 by Anne Stine Ingstad The Journal of
Interdisciplinary History Vol. 10, No. 1 (Summer, 1979), pp.
176-178 Published by: The MIT Press Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/203319
6. ^ Helge Ingstad, "The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse
Settlement in L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland", 2001.
7. ^ Einar Haugen Reviewed
work(s): The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in America: Excavations at L'Anse
aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961-1968 by Anne Stine Ingstad The Journal of
Interdisciplinary History Vol. 10, No. 1 (Summer, 1979), pp.
176-178 Published by: The MIT Press Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/203319
8. ^ Helge Ingstad, "The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse
Settlement in L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland", 2001.
9. ^ Einar Haugen Reviewed
work(s): The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in America: Excavations at L'Anse
aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961-1968 by Anne Stine Ingstad The Journal of
Interdisciplinary History Vol. 10, No. 1 (Summer, 1979), pp.
176-178 Published by: The MIT Press Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/203319
10. ^ Wallace, Birgitta. “L’Anse Aux Meadows, Leif Eriksson’s Home in
Vinland.” Journal of the North Atlantic 2.sp2 (2011) :
114-125. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3721/037.002.s212
11. ^ Einar Haugen Reviewed work(s): The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in
America: Excavations at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961-1968 by Anne
Stine Ingstad The Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. 10, No. 1
(Summer, 1979), pp. 176-178 Published by: The MIT Press Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/203319 {920}
L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland9 10   
1,040 YBN
[960 AD] 8 9 		6186) The earliest rocket, in China; gun-powder rockets probably in hollow
bamboo tubes.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt
2. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt
3. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt
4. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt
5. ^
http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt
6. ^ David Baker, "The rocket: the history and development of rocket & missile
technology", 1978, p10.
7. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt
8. ^ David Baker, "The rocket: the history and
development of rocket & missile technology", 1978, p10. {960 CE}
9. ^
http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt {1045} {1045 CE}

MORE INFO
[1] "military technology". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 23 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/382397/military-technology/57612
/The-gunpowder-revolution-c-1300-1650>
China6 7   
1,036 YBN
[964 AD] 5 6 		1502) A star catalog that includes Arabic star names which, in corrupted form,
are still in use today.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi." Dictionary of Astronomy, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. Answers.com 23 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/abd-al-rahman-al-sufi
2. ^ Jones, "The Search For The Nebulae",
1975 {Jones_The_Search_For_The_Nebulae_1975.pdf}
3. ^ http://messier.seds.org/xtra/Bios/alsufi.html
4. ^ https://maps.google.com/
5. ^ "Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi." Dictionary of Astronomy, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. Answers.com 23 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/abd-al-rahman-al-sufi
6. ^ "Andromeda Galaxy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 22 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/24105/Andromeda-Galaxy>.

MORE INFO
[1] "Isfahan (city)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_%28city%29
[2] "Al Sufi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Sufi (964)
(court of the Emire Adud ad-Daula in) Isfahan, Persia3 (modern Iran)4   
1,024 YBN
[976 AD] 2 		1307) The earliest Arabic numerals in Europe.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "History of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Hindu-Arabic_numeral_system
2. ^ "History of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Hindu-Arabic_numeral_system

MORE INFO
[1] "Codex Vigilanus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Vigilanus
  
1,000 YBN
[1000 AD] 7 8 9 10 		1022) The Encyclopedia the "Suda".4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Suidae lexicon: Graecè et Latinè, Volume 1, Part 1, page XXXIX (in
Greek and Latin) http://books.google.com/books?id=7OFCgP0UCy4C
2. ^ Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning in
the Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000), p70.
3. ^
http://en.wikipedia/org/wiki/Suda
4. ^ Suidae lexicon: Graecè et Latinè, Volume 1, Part 1, page XXXIX (in Greek
and Latin) http://books.google.com/books?id=7OFCgP0UCy4C
5. ^ Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning in the
Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000), p70.
6. ^
http://en.wikipedia/org/wiki/Suda
7. ^ Suda On Line: Byzantine Lexicography http://www.stoa.org/sol/
8. ^ "Suidas." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 26
Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/suidas
9. ^ http://en.wikipedia/org/wiki/Suda
10. ^ "encyclopaedia." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia>.
  
1,000 YBN
[1000 AD] 5 		1054) Paper money is used; in China.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>.
2. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>.
3. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>.
4. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>.
5. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>. {before) 1000 YBN}
China4   
975 YBN
[1025 AD] 4 		5868) Musical staff notation.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Guido d’Arezzo." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 31 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248582/Guido-dArezzo>.
2. ^ "solmization." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 03 Jun. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/553469/solmization>.
3. ^ "Guido d’Arezzo." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 31 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248582/Guido-dArezzo>.
4. ^ "Guido d’Arezzo." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 31 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248582/Guido-dArezzo>. {c1025}
(Cathedral school) Arezzo, Italy3   
962 YBN
[1038 AD] 5 6 7 8 9 		1308) The pin-hole camera.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr,
"Science and Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society,
1987), p50.
5. ^ "Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī Al-Ḥasan Ibn Al-Ḥasan." Complete
Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons,
2008. 189-210. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2830901904&v=2.1&u=univca20&it=
r&p=GVRL&sw=w
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c965-1039) (c965-1039)
7. ^ "Ibn al
Haytham". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005710/Ibn-al-Haytham (c965-c.1040)
8. ^ "Alhazen".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen (965-1039)
9. ^ Seyyed
Hossein Nasr, "Science and Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The Islamic
Texts Society, 1987). (c965-1039) (c965-1039)

MORE INFO
[1] "Camera obscura". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_obscura
[2] "Heliocentrism". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism
[3] "Catoptrics". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catoptrics
Cairo, Egypt4   
959 YBN
[1041 AD] 6 		1124) Movable type printing, where individual blocks can be put together to
form a text, is invented in China.3

Baked clay types are placed side by side on an iron plate coated with a mixture
of resin, wax, and paper ash. Gently heating this plate and then letting the
plate cool solidifies the type.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>.
2. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>.
3. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>.
4. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>.
5. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>.
6. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>. {1041-48}
China5   
912 YBN
[1088 AD] 5 		1339) The University of Bologna is founded.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.unibo.it/Portale/Ateneo/La+nostra+storia/NoveSecoli.htm
2. ^ http://www.unibo.it/Portale/Ateneo/La+nostra+storia/NoveSecoli.htm
3. ^
http://www.unibo.it/Portale/Ateneo/La+nostra+storia/NoveSecoli.htm
4. ^ http://www.unibo.it/Portale/Ateneo/La+nostra+storia/NoveSecoli.htm
5. ^ http://www.unibo.it/Portale/Ateneo/La+nostra+storia/NoveSecoli.htm

MORE INFO
[1] "List of oldest universities in continuous operation". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation

[2] "University of Bologna". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna (1088)
[3]
http://www.eng.unibo.it/PortaleEn/University/Our+History/default.htm
Bologna, Italy4   
900 YBN
[1100 AD] 3 		5883) Non-religious (secular) music evolves in France.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Western music." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 04 Jun. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/398976/Western-music>.
2. ^ "Western music." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 04 Jun. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/398976/Western-music>.
3. ^ "Western music." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 04 Jun. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/398976/Western-music>. {early 1100s}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 3rd
edition, 2010, p90
Provence, France (Southern France)2   
894 YBN
[1106 AD] 5 6 7 8 9 		1411) Al-Ghazzali's {oL-Go-Zo-lE1 } book "The Incoherence of the Philosophers"
slows the influence of ancient Greek philosophy in2 Arab and Persian nations3
.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Ghazali, al-." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2013.
Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2013 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
2. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Science and
Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 1987),
p27,51-54.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ "al-Ghazali". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 23 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/232533/al-Ghazali>.
5. ^ "al-Ghazali". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 23 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/232533/al-Ghazali>.
6. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Science and Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The
Islamic Texts Society, 1987). (CE 1058-1111) (CE 1058-1111)
7. ^ "al Ghazali".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036672/al-Ghazali (CE 1058-1111)
8. ^
http://www.amazon.com/Incoherence-Philosophers-Islamic-Translation/dp/0842523510
 (written after more than a decade of ascetic contemplation)
9. ^
http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Incoherence_of_The_Incoherence/intro (thought
to be during period of doubts)

MORE INFO
[1] "The Incoherence of the Philosophers". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incoherence_of_the_Philosophers
[2] "Nishapur". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishapur
(Niẓāmīyah college) Nishapur, Iran4   
868 YBN
[1132 AD] 13 14 		1146) The first cannon and gun; in China.9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237.
2. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu,
Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a
Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf}
3. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237.
4. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu,
Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a
Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf}
5. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237.
6. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu,
Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a
Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf}
7. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237.
8. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu,
Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a
Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf}
9. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237.
10. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu,
Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a
Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf}
11. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237.
12. ^ Gwei-Djen,
Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a
Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf}
13. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237.
14. ^ Gwei-Djen,
Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a
Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "gunpowder". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038534/gunpowder
[2] Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, V:7: The
Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521303583
[3] "Gunpowder". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder
Ta-tsu, Szechuan Province, China11 12   
850 YBN
[1150 AD] 4 		6239) The first stringed instrument to use a keyboard.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p77.
2. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical
Instruments", 1989, p77.
3. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p77.
4. ^ Mary
Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p77. {well established by) 1150}
Europe3   
833 YBN
[1167 AD] 5 		1340) The University of Oxford is founded.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "A brief history of the
University" http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/introducing_oxford/a_brief
_history_of_the_university/index.html
2. ^ "A brief history of the
University" http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/introducing_oxford/a_brief
_history_of_the_university/index.html
3. ^ "A brief history of the
University" http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/introducing_oxford/a_brief
_history_of_the_university/index.html
4. ^ "University of Oxford." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/436492/University-of-Oxford>.
5. ^ "A brief history of the
University" http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/introducing_oxford/a_brief
_history_of_the_university/index.html

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.ox.ac.uk/aboutoxford/history.shtml (1167 but teaching
starts 1096)
Oxford, England (now: United Kingdom)4   
830 YBN
[1170 AD] 5 		1319) The University of Paris is founded.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Universities of Paris I XIII". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058484/Universities-of-Paris-I-XIII
(c1170)
2. ^ "Universities of Paris I XIII". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058484/Universities-of-Paris-I-XIII
(c1170)
3. ^ "Universities of Paris I XIII". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058484/Universities-of-Paris-I-XIII
(c1170)
4. ^ "Universities of Paris I XIII". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058484/Universities-of-Paris-I-XIII
(c1170)
5. ^ "Universities of Paris I XIII". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058484/Universities-of-Paris-I-XIII
(c1170)

MORE INFO
[1] "Peter Abelard". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9003315/Peter-Abelard
Paris, France4   
816 YBN
[11/??/1184 AD] 11 		1153) The start of the Inquisition. Pope Lucius III makes burning the official
punishment for heresy {HAReSE6 }.7 8

The Inquisition will last until the 1800s.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "inquisition." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/288915/inquisition>.
2. ^ "Lucius III." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/350632/Lucius-III>.
3. ^ "heresy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 14 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/heresy
4. ^ "inquisition." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/288915/inquisition>.
5. ^ "Lucius III." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/350632/Lucius-III>.
6. ^ "heresy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 14 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/heresy
7. ^ "inquisition." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/288915/inquisition>.
8. ^ "Lucius III." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/350632/Lucius-III>.
9. ^ "inquisition." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/288915/inquisition>.
10. ^ "Lucius III." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/350632/Lucius-III>.
11. ^ "Lucius III." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/350632/Lucius-III>.

MORE INFO
[1] "Saint Dominic". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Dominic
[2] "Inquisition". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition
[3] "Pope Lucius III". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III (11/1184)
Verona, Italy10   
772 YBN
[1228 AD] 17 18 19 20 21 		1392) The theory that all matter is made of light.13 14 15
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Robert Grosseteste, tr: Clare C. Riedl, "On Light {De Luce}", 1942.
http://web.mit.edu/jwk/www/docs/Riedel%201942%20Grosseteste%20On%20Light.pdf
{Grosseteste_OnLight.pdf}
2. ^ http://www.grosseteste.com/cgi-bin/textdisplay.cgi?text=de-luce.xml
3. ^ http://www.colorado.edu/StudentGroups/lcm/lunch/deluce.html
4. ^ Robert Grosseteste, tr: Clare C. Riedl, "On Light {De Luce}",
1942.
http://web.mit.edu/jwk/www/docs/Riedel%201942%20Grosseteste%20On%20Light.pdf
{Grosseteste_OnLight.pdf}
5. ^ http://www.grosseteste.com/cgi-bin/textdisplay.cgi?text=de-luce.xml
6. ^ http://www.colorado.edu/StudentGroups/lcm/lunch/deluce.html
7. ^ Robert Grosseteste, tr: Clare C. Riedl, "On Light {De Luce}",
1942.
http://web.mit.edu/jwk/www/docs/Riedel%201942%20Grosseteste%20On%20Light.pdf
{Grosseteste_OnLight.pdf}
8. ^ http://www.grosseteste.com/cgi-bin/textdisplay.cgi?text=de-luce.xml
9. ^ http://www.colorado.edu/StudentGroups/lcm/lunch/deluce.html
10. ^ Robert Grosseteste, tr: Clare C. Riedl, "On Light {De Luce}",
1942.
http://web.mit.edu/jwk/www/docs/Riedel%201942%20Grosseteste%20On%20Light.pdf
{Grosseteste_OnLight.pdf}
11. ^ http://www.grosseteste.com/cgi-bin/textdisplay.cgi?text=de-luce.xml
12. ^ http://www.colorado.edu/StudentGroups/lcm/lunch/deluce.html
13. ^ Robert Grosseteste, tr: Clare C. Riedl, "On Light {De Luce}",
1942.
http://web.mit.edu/jwk/www/docs/Riedel%201942%20Grosseteste%20On%20Light.pdf
{Grosseteste_OnLight.pdf}
14. ^ http://www.grosseteste.com/cgi-bin/textdisplay.cgi?text=de-luce.xml
15. ^ http://www.colorado.edu/StudentGroups/lcm/lunch/deluce.html
16. ^ Trevor Henry Aston, J. I. Catto, The Early Oxford Schools,
Volume 1, 1984, p442. http://books.google.com/books?id=AkJO3TAxMtwC&pg=PA442
17. ^ Trevor Henry Aston, J. I. Catto, The Early Oxford
Schools, Volume 1, 1984,
p442. http://books.google.com/books?id=AkJO3TAxMtwC&pg=PA442
18. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c1168-1253) (c1168-1253)
19. ^ "Robert
Grosseteste". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038191/Robert-Grosseteste (c1175-1253)
20. ^ "Robert
Grosseteste". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste (c1175-1253)
21. ^
http://www.grosseteste.com/bio.htm (c1170-1253)
Oxford, England16   
766 YBN
[1234 AD] 6 7 		1125) The movable metal block printing press is invented; in Korea.3 4
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-acti
vities/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-
heritage-page-1/baegun-hwasang-chorok-buljo-jikji-simche-yojeol-volii-the-second
-volume-of-anthology-of-great-buddhist-priests-zen-teachings/
2. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>.
3. ^
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-acti
vities/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-
heritage-page-1/baegun-hwasang-chorok-buljo-jikji-simche-yojeol-volii-the-second
-volume-of-anthology-of-great-buddhist-priests-zen-teachings/
4. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>.
5. ^
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-acti
vities/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-
heritage-page-1/baegun-hwasang-chorok-buljo-jikji-simche-yojeol-volii-the-second
-volume-of-anthology-of-great-buddhist-priests-zen-teachings/
6. ^
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-acti
vities/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-
heritage-page-1/baegun-hwasang-chorok-buljo-jikji-simche-yojeol-volii-the-second
-volume-of-anthology-of-great-buddhist-priests-zen-teachings/ {July 1377}
7. ^
"Movable type". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_type {1234}
Korea5   
758 YBN
[1242 AD] 4 5 6 7 		1403) Instructions for making gunpowder are introduced to Europe.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ "Roger Bacon". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011664/Roger-Bacon
3. ^ "Roger Bacon". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011664/Roger-Bacon
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1247) (1247)
5. ^ "Roger Bacon".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011664/Roger-Bacon (how to make gunpowder
1242)
6. ^ "Gunpowder#History and development". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder#History_and_development (gunpowder 1267)
7. ^
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 17 (1982) 3385--3400, A short history of gunpowder
and the role of charcoal in its manufacture, gunpowder.pdf (1267 cipher
written) (1267 cipher written)

MORE INFO
[1] "Roger Bacon". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon
Oxford, England3   
733 YBN
[1267 AD] 4 		1401) Mechanically propelled ships and carriages1 , and that the Earth can be
circumnavigated are proposed by Roger Bacon2 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Roger Bacon". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011664/Roger-Bacon
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ "Roger Bacon". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011664/Roger-Bacon
4. ^ Roger Bacon, "Opus Majus", 1897, p xx. vol
1: http://books.google.com/books?id=6F0XAQAAMAAJ

MORE INFO
[1] "Roger Bacon". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011664/Roger-Bacon (how to make
gunpowder 1242)
[2] "Opus Majus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_Majus (Opus Magnus 1267)
[3] "Gunpowder#History and
development". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder#History_and_development (gunpowder 1267)
Oxford, England3   
723 YBN
[1277 AD] 3 4 		1404) Roger Bacon is imprisoned and his works are ordered suppressed.1
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p58-59.
2. ^ "Roger Bacon".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011664/Roger-Bacon
3. ^ Roger Bacon, "Opus Majus", 1897, p xx. vol
1: http://books.google.com/books?id=6F0XAQAAMAAJ
4. ^ "Roger Bacon". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011664/Roger-Bacon (1277-1279)

MORE INFO
[1] "Roger Bacon". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon
[2] "Condemnations of 1277". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condemnations_of_1277
Oxford, England2   
720 YBN
[1280 AD] 5 		5873) Musical notes are defined in terms of time ("long", "breve" {BrEV1 } and
"semibreve" {SeME-BrEV2 }).3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "breve." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 May. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/breve>.
2. ^ "semibreve." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/semibreve
3. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p63.
4. ^ Mark
Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p63.
5. ^ Mark Evan
Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p63. {c1280}
Cologne, Germany4   
720 YBN
[1280 AD] 4 		6238) The first eyeglasses.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "eyeglasses." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/199370/eyeglasses>.
2. ^ "eyeglasses." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/199370/eyeglasses>.
3. ^ "eyeglasses." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/199370/eyeglasses>.
4. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p31.
{1280}
Florence, Italy3   
700 YBN
[1300 AD] 6 		1121) The first mechanical clocks in Europe;3 driven by a falling weight that
that turns a clock hour hand.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 1987).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
1987).
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 1987).
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
1987).
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 1987).
6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
1987). {around 1300}

MORE INFO
[1] "Clock#Early mechanical clocks". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock#Early_mechanical_clocks
[2] Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (8th century) (8th century)
Europe5   
690 YBN
[1310 AD] 4 5 		1424) Sulfuric and other strong acids are described. Before this vinegar was
the strongest acid known.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982).
3. ^ "Pseudo-Geber". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Geber
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982). (c1300)
5. ^ "Pseudo-Geber". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Geber (c1310)

MORE INFO
[1] "alchemy". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-35960/alchemy
Spain3   
684 YBN
[1316 AD] 4 		1428) The first book devoted entirely to anatomy.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). }
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). }
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). }
4. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982). } (1316 writes book) (1316 writes book)
Bologna, Italy3   
665 YBN
[1335 AD] 6 7 8 		1425) The law of inertia is revived.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003
Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philoponus/
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ "philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter
2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). "philoponus". The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philoponus/
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ "Jean Buridan". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9018165/Jean-Buridan
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c1295-c1358)
(c1295-c1358)
7. ^ "Jean Buridan". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9018165/Jean-Buridan (1300-1358)
8. ^
"Inertia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia
(1300-1358)
Paris, France5   
652 YBN
[04/07/1348 AD] 4 		1357) The Charles University in Prague is founded,1 the first university in
central Europe.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.cuni.cz/UKENG-181.html
2. ^ "Charles University". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/107459/Charles-University>.
3. ^ "Charles University of Prague". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_University_of_Prague
4. ^ http://www.cuni.cz/UKENG-181.html

MORE INFO
[1] "List of oldest universities in continuous operation". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation

Prague, Czech Republic (EU)3   
640 YBN
[1360 AD] 6 		1977) Uniformly accelerated motion is described,1 2 and rectangular
coordinates (latitude and longitude) are used to draw geometric figures.3 4
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ "Nicholas Oresme". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057342/Nicholas-Oresme
2. ^ The Mechanical Universe, episode 2, The Law of Falling Bodies,
:30.
3. ^ "Nicholas Oresme". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057342/Nicholas-Oresme
4. ^ Oresme, N., and M. Clagett. Nicole Oresme and the Medieval
Geometry of Qualities and Motions: a Treatise on the Uniformity and Difformity
of Intensities Known as Tractatus De Configurationibus Qualitatum Et Motuum.
University of Wisconsin Press, 1968. University of Wisconsin Publications in
Medieval Science. {Oresme_Clagett_1968.pdf}
5. ^ "Nicholas Oresme". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057342/Nicholas-Oresme
6. ^ http://www.nicole-oresme.com/seiten/oresme-biography.html (1350-1360)

MORE INFO
[1] "Nicole Oresme". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Oresme
[2] http://www.answers.com/Nicole%20oresme
Paris, France5 (presumably)  
635 YBN
[03/12/1365 AD] 4 		1360) The University of Vienna is founded; the oldest university in the German
speaking world.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "University of Vienna". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628154/University-of-Vienna>.
2. ^ "University of Vienna". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628154/University-of-Vienna>.
3. ^ http://www.univie.ac.at/en/university/
4. ^ http://www.univie.ac.at/archiv/tour/12.htm

MORE INFO
[1] "List of oldest universities in continuous operation". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation

Vienna, Austria3   
623 YBN
[1377 AD] 3 		1979) The theory that the Earth rotates daily is revived in France.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Nicholas Oresme". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057342/Nicholas-Oresme
2. ^ http://www.nicole-oresme.com/seiten/oresme-biography.html
3. ^ "Nicholas Oresme". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057342/Nicholas-Oresme (1377)

MORE INFO
[1] The Mechanical Universe, episode 2, The Law of Falling Bodies
[2] "Nicole
Oresme". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Oresme
[3] http://www.answers.com/Nicole%20oresme
Paris, France2 (presumably)  
603 YBN
[1397 AD] 3 		5897) The first harpsichords; in Italy.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p82.
2. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical
Instruments", 1989, p82.
3. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p82. {1397}

MORE INFO
[1] "History of the harpsichord". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_harpsichord
Padua, Italy2   
602 YBN
[1398 AD] 4 		1364) Sungkyunkwan University in Korea is founded.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.skku.edu/index_pc.jsp
2. ^ http://www.skku.edu/index_pc.jsp
3. ^ "Songgyun'guan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/554418/Songgyunguan>.
4. ^ http://www.skku.edu/index_pc.jsp

MORE INFO
[1] "List of oldest universities in continuous operation". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation

Seoul, South Korea3   
570 YBN
[1430 AD] 6 7 8 		6584) The magic lantern, an early image projector.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kusukawa, S., and I. MacLean. Transmitting Knowledge: Words, Images, And
Instruments in Early Modern Europe. Oxford University Press, 2006.
Oxford-Warburg Studies,
p20-21. http://books.google.com/books?id=uBpI5sdYrKQC&pg=PA21
2. ^ Ilardi, V. Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes. American
Philosophical Society, 2007. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society
Series, p188. http://books.google.com/books?id=peIL7hVQUmwC&pg=PA188
3. ^ Giovanni de Fontana, "Bellicorum instrumentorum liber cum
figuris", BSB Cod.icon. 242 Venedig 1420 -
1430. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00013084-8 {Fontana_Bellico
rum_c1430.pdf}
4. ^ http://www.magiclantern.org.uk/history/history3.html
5. ^ Ilardi, V. Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes. American
Philosophical Society, 2007. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society
Series, p188. http://books.google.com/books?id=peIL7hVQUmwC&pg=PA188
6. ^ Giovanni de Fontana, "Bellicorum instrumentorum liber cum
figuris", BSB Cod.icon. 242 Venedig 1420 -
1430. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00013084-8 {Fontana_Bellico
rum_c1430.pdf}
7. ^ Kusukawa, S., and I. MacLean. Transmitting Knowledge: Words, Images, And
Instruments in Early Modern Europe. Oxford University Press, 2006.
Oxford-Warburg Studies,
p20-21. http://books.google.com/books?id=uBpI5sdYrKQC&pg=PA21
8. ^ Ilardi, V. Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes. American
Philosophical Society, 2007. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society
Series, p188. http://books.google.com/books?id=peIL7hVQUmwC&pg=PA188
Venice, Italy5   
565 YBN
[1435 AD] 7 8 9 10 		1435) The movable type printing press is introduced into Europe.3 4

Printing in Europe will spread quickly, and results in low cost books. This
increase in books leads to more educated and literate people and faster
communication.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Johannes Gutenberg". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038592/Johannes-Gutenberg
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ "Johannes Gutenberg".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038592/Johannes-Gutenberg
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
6. ^ "Johannes Gutenberg". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038592/Johannes-Gutenberg
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c1398-c1468) (c1398-c1468)
8. ^ "Johannes
Gutenberg". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038592/Johannes-Gutenberg (14th c.-1468)
9. ^
"Johann Gutenberg". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gutenberg (c1400-1468)
10. ^ "Johannes Gutenberg".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038592/Johannes-Gutenberg (1438 law suit)
Strassburg (now Strasbourg, France)6   
565 YBN
[1435 AD] 4 5 6 7 		1440) The laws of perspective (how to draw a three-dimensional scene on a
two-dimensional plane1 ).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Leon Battista Alberti". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005446/Leon-Battista-Alberti
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ "Leon Battista Alberti".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005446/Leon-Battista-Alberti
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1434) (1434)
5. ^ "Leon Battista
Alberti". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005446/Leon-Battista-Alberti (1435)
6. ^ "Leone
Battista Alberti". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leone_Battista_Alberti (1435)
7. ^
http://www.noteaccess.com/Texts/Alberti/ (1435)
Florence, Italy3   
560 YBN
[02/12/1440 AD] 10 11 12 13 		1437) Space is described as infinite in size, and stars are described as other
suns with inhabited planets.5 6 7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ http://cla.umn.edu/sites/jhopkins/
(cusa_DeDoctaIgnorantia_DI-Intro12-2000.pdf)
4. ^ http://cla.umn.edu/sites/jhopkins/
(cusa_DeDoctaIgnorantia_DI-Intro12-2000.pdf)
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
6. ^
http://cla.umn.edu/sites/jhopkins/ (cusa_DeDoctaIgnorantia_DI-Intro12-2000.pdf)
7. ^ http://cla.umn.edu/sites/jhopkins/
(cusa_DeDoctaIgnorantia_DI-Intro12-2000.pdf)
8. ^ "De Docta Ignorantia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Docta_Ignorantia
9. ^ "Bernkastel-Kues". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernkastel-Kues
10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1401-1464) (1401-1464)
11. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1440 book) (1440 book)
12. ^ "Nicholas Of Cusa".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055730/Nicholas-Of-Cusa (1440 book)
13. ^ "De
Docta Ignorantia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Docta_Ignorantia (02/12/1440)
Cusa, Germany8 9   
550 YBN
[1450 AD] 9 		1171) The earliest wound spiral spring and spring driven clocks.5 6 Replacing
a falling weight with a spring to drive the wheel-train allows smaller
time-keeping devices to be made.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "clock". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/121951/clock>.
2. ^ Britten, F.J. Former Clock & Watchmakers and Their Work, Including an
Account of the Development of Horological Instruments from the Earliest
Mechanism, with Portraits of Masters of the Art: a Directory of over Five
Thousand Names and Some Examples of Modern Construction. E. & F.N. Spon, 1894,
p35. http://books.google.com/books?id=S_U9AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA35
3. ^ "clock". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/121951/clock>.
4. ^ Britten, F.J. Former Clock & Watchmakers and Their Work, Including an
Account of the Development of Horological Instruments from the Earliest
Mechanism, with Portraits of Masters of the Art: a Directory of over Five
Thousand Names and Some Examples of Modern Construction. E. & F.N. Spon, 1894,
p35. http://books.google.com/books?id=S_U9AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA35
5. ^ "clock". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/121951/clock>.
6. ^ Britten, F.J. Former Clock & Watchmakers and Their Work, Including an
Account of the Development of Horological Instruments from the Earliest
Mechanism, with Portraits of Masters of the Art: a Directory of over Five
Thousand Names and Some Examples of Modern Construction. E. & F.N. Spon, 1894,
p35. http://books.google.com/books?id=S_U9AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA35
7. ^ "Watch", Colby, F.M., T. Williams, and H.T. Wade. The New International
Encyclopaedia. Dodd, Mead and company, 1905. The New International
Encyclopaedia,
p329-330. http://books.google.com/books?id=O4RRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA329
8. ^ "clock". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/121951/clock>.
9. ^ "clock". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/121951/clock>.

MORE INFO
[1] Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to
silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (1400s century estimate)
(1400s century estimate)
[2] "Clock". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock (early 1400s)
[3] "spring." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/spring
southern Germany or northern Italy8   
546 YBN
[1454 AD] 4 5 		1436) The first printed book in Europe (copies of the Bible).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ "Gutenberg Bible". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038593/Gutenberg-Bible
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1454) (1454)
5. ^ "Johannes
Gutenberg". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038592/Johannes-Gutenberg (1455 at the
latest)

MORE INFO
[1] "Johann Gutenberg". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gutenberg
Mainz, Germany3   
533 YBN
[1467 AD] 5 		6478) The cipher wheel for encrypting messages.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Leon Battista Alberti". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12870/Leon-Battista-Alberti/201/
Contribution-to-philosophy-science-and-the-arts>.
2. ^ De Leeuw, K.M.M., and J. Bergstra. The History of Information Security: A
Comprehensive Handbook. Elsevier Science, 2007,
p280-281. http://books.google.com/books?id=pQBrsonDp6cC&pg=PA280
3. ^ Alberti, L.B. et al. A Treatise on Ciphers. Galimberti, 1997.
4. ^ "Leon
Battista Alberti". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12870/Leon-Battista-Alberti/201/
Contribution-to-philosophy-science-and-the-arts>.
5. ^ De Leeuw, K.M.M., and J. Bergstra. The History of Information Security: A
Comprehensive Handbook. Elsevier Science, 2007,
p280-281. http://books.google.com/books?id=pQBrsonDp6cC&pg=PA280

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.noteaccess.com/Texts/Alberti/
[2] "Leone Battista Alberti". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leone_Battista_Alberti (1452)
Rome, Italy (presumably)4   
517 YBN
[1483 AD] 6 		6481) A parachute is designed.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "parachute". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/442451/parachute>.
2. ^ "Leonardo da Vinci's parachute". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1704849/Leonardo-da-Vincis-parac
hute>.
3. ^ "parachute". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/442451/parachute>.
4. ^ "Leonardo da Vinci's parachute". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1704849/Leonardo-da-Vincis-parac
hute>.
5. ^ "Leonardo da Vinci". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108470/Leonardo-da-Vinci
6. ^ "parachute". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/442451/parachute>.

MORE INFO
[1] "Leonardo da Vinci". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci
[2] http://www.answers.com/topic/leonardo-da-vinci?cat=health
[3] "elevator". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032371/elevator
[4] "Elevator#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator#History
[5] "Submarines#History of submarines". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarines#History_of_submarines
[6] "submarine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110183/submarine
[7] "tank". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/582594/tank>
[8] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (CE 1452-1519)1472 to be
before all other Da Vinci records starting at id1462 in 1473 CE.) (CE
1452-1519)1472 to be before all other Da Vinci records starting at id1462 in
1473 CE.)
[9]
http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/sci/history/AHistoryofScienceVolume
II/chap11.html
Milan, Italy5   
514 YBN
[1486 AD] 4 		1467) Gliders, a helical air-screw, and a flying machine with flapping wings
are designed.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Anderson, J.D. A History of Aerodynamics: And Its Impact on Flying
Machines. Cambridge University Press, 1997. Cambridge Aerospace, 8,
p14. http://books.google.com/books?id=1OeCJFJY3ZYC&pg=PA14
2. ^ Anderson, J.D. A History of Aerodynamics: And Its Impact on Flying
Machines. Cambridge University Press, 1997. Cambridge Aerospace, 8,
p14. http://books.google.com/books?id=1OeCJFJY3ZYC&pg=PA14
3. ^ "Leonardo da Vinci". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108470/Leonardo-da-Vinci
4. ^ Anderson, J.D. A History of Aerodynamics: And Its Impact on Flying
Machines. Cambridge University Press, 1997. Cambridge Aerospace, 8,
p14. http://books.google.com/books?id=1OeCJFJY3ZYC&pg=PA14

MORE INFO
[1] "Leonardo da Vinci". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci
[2] http://www.answers.com/topic/leonardo-da-vinci?cat=health
[3] "Ornithopter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithopter (1488)
[4]
http://www.wired.com/images/slideshow/2007/11/gallery_helicopter/02_vite_aerea.j
pg
Milan, Italy3   
508 YBN
[10/12/1492 AD] 6 		1450) Humans from Europe reach America by crossing the Atlantic Ocean in three
small ships.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
5. ^ "Christopher Columbus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109621/Christopher-Columbus
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (10/12/1492) (10/12/1492)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/christopher%20columbus
(probably) San Salvador5   
500 YBN
[1500 AD] 3 		6480) A screw cutting machine is designed.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Leonardo da Vinci". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/336408/Leonardo-da-Vinci/59786/M
echanics-and-cosmology>.
2. ^ "Leonardo da Vinci". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2012. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/336408/Leonardo-da-Vinci/59097/Second-
Florentine-period-1500-08
3. ^ "Leonardo da Vinci". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/336408/Leonardo-da-Vinci/59786/M
echanics-and-cosmology>.

MORE INFO
[1] "Leonardo da Vinci". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci
[2] http://www.answers.com/topic/leonardo-da-vinci?cat=health
[3] "elevator". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032371/elevator
[4] "Elevator#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator#History
[5] "Submarines#History of submarines". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarines#History_of_submarines
[6] "submarine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110183/submarine
[7]
http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/sci/history/AHistoryofScienceVolume
II/chap11.html
[8] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (CE 1452-1519)1472 to be
before all other Da Vinci records starting at id1462 in 1473 CE.) (CE
1452-1519)1472 to be before all other Da Vinci records starting at id1462 in
1473 CE.)
Florence, Italy2   
496 YBN
[1504 AD] 2 		1474) That the new lands represent a new continent separated from Asia by a
second ocean is recognized.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). (1504) (1504)

MORE INFO
[1] "Amerigo Vespucci". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075177/Amerigo-Vespucci
[2] "Vespuci". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespuci
  
487 YBN
[09/25/1513 AD] 4 		1485) Europeans reach the Pacific Ocean.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ "Vasco Nunez de Balboa". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26
Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/49909/Vasco-Nunez-de-Balboa>.
4. ^ "Vasco Nunez de Balboa". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011919/Vasco-Nunez-de-Balboa (09/25/1513
(or 09/27/1513)
from a peak in Darién, Panama3   
483 YBN
[10/31/1517 AD] 4 		1389) The start of the Protestant Reformation.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Reformation". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063023/Reformation
2. ^ "Reformation". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063023/Reformation
3. ^ "Reformation". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063023/Reformation
4. ^ "Reformation". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063023/Reformation
Wittenberg, Germany3   
478 YBN
[09/08/1522 AD] 11 12 13 		1475) Humans circumnavigate the Earth.7 8 This proves that a single ocean
covers the Earth.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ "Juan Sebastian de Elcano".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032242/Juan-Sebastian-de-Elcano
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ "Juan Sebastian de Elcano".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032242/Juan-Sebastian-de-Elcano
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
6. ^ "Juan Sebastian de Elcano".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032242/Juan-Sebastian-de-Elcano
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
8. ^ "Juan Sebastian de Elcano".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032242/Juan-Sebastian-de-Elcano
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
10. ^
http://www.answers.com/Juan%20Sebastian%20del%20Cano
11. ^ "Juan Sebastián Elcano". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano (09/08/1522)
12. ^ "Ferdinand
Magellan". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-225336/Ferdinand-Magellan (09/08/1522)
13. ^
http://www.answers.com/Juan%20Sebastian%20del%20Cano (09/06/1522)
Seville, Spain10   
470 YBN
[1530 AD] 3 4 		1503) The disease "syphillis" is described and named.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Fracastoro, Girolamo." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 5 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035082>.
2. ^ "Girolamo Fracastoro." Biographies. Answers
Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/girolamo-fracastoro
3. ^ "Girolamo Fracastoro." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
05 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/girolamo-fracastoro (p3:1530)
4. ^
"Fracastoro, Girolamo." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 5 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035082>.
(1530)

MORE INFO
[1] "Girolamo Fracastoro". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Fracastoro
Verona, Italy2 (and possibly mountain villa at Incaffi)  
469 YBN
[1531 AD] 3 4 		1546) Spanish physician Michael Servetus publishes a book that describes Jesus
as only human.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066881/Michael-Servetus
2. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066881/Michael-Servetus
3. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066881/Michael-Servetus (1531)
4. ^
http://www.answers.com/Michael%20Servetus (1531)
Toulouse, France2 (presumably)  
467 YBN
[1533 AD] 4 5 		1541) The method of triangulation to measure distance: a base line of known
length is chosen, and from its endpoints the angles of sight to a remote object
are measured. The distance to the object from either endpoint can then be
calculated using simple trigonometry.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "trigonometry". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/605281/trigonometry/225332/Appli
cation-to-science>.
2. ^ "trigonometry". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/605281/trigonometry/225332/Appli
cation-to-science>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ "trigonometry". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.,
2012. Web. 29 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/605281/trigonometry/225332/Appli
cation-to-science>.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).

MORE INFO
[1] "Gemma Frisius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Frisius (1553)
Friesland (present day Netherlands) (presumably)3   
462 YBN
[10/28/1538 AD] 4 5 		1371) The University of Santo Domingo is founded, the first university in the
Western Hemisphere.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "First universities in the Western Hemisphere", Encyclopedia Britannica.
2012. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/618194/university/284214/First-unive
rsities-in-the-Western-Hemisphere?anchor=ref96335
2. ^ "First universities in the Western Hemisphere", Encyclopedia Britannica.
2012. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/618194/university/284214/First-unive
rsities-in-the-Western-Hemisphere?anchor=ref96335
3. ^ "First universities in the Western Hemisphere", Encyclopedia Britannica.
2012. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/618194/university/284214/First-unive
rsities-in-the-Western-Hemisphere?anchor=ref96335
4. ^ http://uasd.edu.do/html/website2/detalles/informacion_general.html
5. ^ "First universities in the Western Hemisphere", Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2012. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/618194/university/284214/First-unive
rsities-in-the-Western-Hemisphere?anchor=ref96335

MORE INFO
[1] "List of oldest universities in continuous operation". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation

Santo Domingo, (now the) Dominican Republic3   
462 YBN
[1538 AD] 5 		3059) The theory that the Earth and planets rotate around a central fixed
point.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Girolamo Fracastoro." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 05 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/girolamo-fracastoro
2. ^ Fracastoro, G. Hieronymi Fracastorii ... Opera
Omnia Quorum Nomina Sequens Pagina Plenius Indicat ... apud Iuntas, 1584,
p. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=rG98CDUIsWoC
3. ^ "Girolamo Fracastoro". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 16 Mar.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/215496/Girolamo-Fracastoro>.
4. ^ "Girolamo Fracastoro." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
05 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/girolamo-fracastoro
5. ^ "Girolamo Fracastoro." Biographies. Answers Corporation,
2006. Answers.com 05 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/girolamo-fracastoro (1538)

MORE INFO
[1] "Fracastoro, Girolamo." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 5 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035082>
[2] "Girolamo Fracastoro". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Fracastoro
[3] "Girolamo Fracastoro." Encyclopedia of Public Health. The Gale
Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 05 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/girolamo-fracastoro
[4] Morton RS, Hudson MM., The iconography of Girolamo Fracastoro (c.
1483-1553). Part I: woodcuts and engravings., J Med Biogr. 1999 May;7(2):118-21
(University of Padua) Padua, Italy3 |Verona, Italy4 (and possibly mountain
villa at Incaffi)  
458 YBN
[1542 AD] 2 3 4 		1511) Appendicitis (an inflammation of the appendix) is described.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). (1542) (1542)
3. ^ http://www.answers.com/jean%20fernel (1542)
4. ^
http://www.faqs.org/health/bios/21/Jean-Francois-Fernel.html (1542)
  
457 YBN
[1543 AD] 9 10 		1482) The Sun centered theory is revived by Copernicus.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ "Nicolaus Copernicus".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105759/Nicolaus-Copernicus
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ "Nicolaus Copernicus".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105759/Nicolaus-Copernicus
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
6. ^ "Nicolaus Copernicus".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105759/Nicolaus-Copernicus
7. ^ "Nicolaus Copernicus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/136591/Nicolaus-Copernicus/8437/
Publication-of-De-revolutionibus>.
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1543)
9. ^ "Nicolaus Copernicus".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105759/Nicolaus-Copernicus (1543)
10. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1543)

MORE INFO
[1] "Nicolaus Copernicus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus
[2] "Heliocentric theory". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentric_theory
(presumably) written in (Frauenburg, East Prussia now:)Frombork, Poland7 ;
(printed in)Nuremberg, Germany8   
455 YBN
[1545 AD] 5 		1537) The first imaginary numbers; the square root of a negative number.1 2 3
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ Needham, T. Visual Complex Analysis. Clarendon Press, 1998,
p1. http://books.google.com/books?id=ogz5FjmiqlQC&pg=PA1
2. ^ Cardano, G., T.R. Witmer, and O. Ore. The Rules of Algebra: Ars Magna.
Dover Publ., 2007. Dover Books on Mathematics
Series. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZMZY79bvOPgC
3. ^ "imaginary number." Science Answers.. The Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh.,
2003. Answers.com 01 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/imaginary-number
4. ^ "Gerolamo Cardano." A Dictionary of
Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 30 Nov.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/cardano-geronimo
5. ^ "Gerolamo Cardano." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 30 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cardano-geronimo

MORE INFO
[1] "Girolamo Cardano". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020283/Girolamo-Cardano (1545)
(University of Pavia) Pavia, Italy (presumably)4   
455 YBN
[1545 AD] 4 5 		1543) Arteries are tied to stop bleeding and artificial limbs are created.2
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ "Ambroise Pare". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058441/Ambroise-Pare
4. ^ "Ambroise Pare". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058441/Ambroise-Pare (1545)
5. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1545) (1545)
Paris, France3   
454 YBN
[1546 AD] 7 8 9 		1507) The scientific classification of minerals.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Georgius Agricola". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9004072/Georgius-Agricola
2. ^ "Georgius Agricola". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9004072/Georgius-Agricola
3. ^ http://www.answers.com/topic/georg-agricola?cat=technology
4. ^ "Chemnitz". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemnitz
5. ^ http://www.answers.com/topic/georg-agricola?cat=technology
6. ^ "Basel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel
7. ^ http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/agricola_textbook_of_mineralogy/page_001
(published: 1546 in Basel) (published: 1546)
8. ^
http://www.answers.com/topic/georg-agricola?cat=technology (published: 1546 in
Basel) (published: 1546 in Basel in Basel)
9. ^
http://www.answers.com/topic/georg-agricola?cat=technology (published: 1546 in
Basel)

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982)
[2] "Georgius Agricola". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Agricola
written: Chemnitz3 , Saxony, Germany4 | published: Basel5 , Switzerland6   
454 YBN
[1546 AD] 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 		1547) Pulmonary circulation is understood by Michael Servetus (SRVETuS): that
blood goes from the right side of the heart to the lung where it is mixed with
air becoming red, and then to the left side of the heart where it is sent
through the rest of the body.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Johns Hopkins Hospital. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin. 1915,
p320-322. http://books.google.com/books?id=Bc0yAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA321
2. ^ Johns Hopkins Hospital. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin. 1915,
p320-322. http://books.google.com/books?id=Bc0yAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA321
3. ^ Johns Hopkins Hospital. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin. 1915,
p320-322. http://books.google.com/books?id=Bc0yAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA321
4. ^ Johns Hopkins Hospital. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin. 1915,
p320-322. http://books.google.com/books?id=Bc0yAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA321
5. ^ Osler, W. Contributions to Medical and Biological Research. P. B. Hoeber,
1919. Contributions to Medical and Biological Research,
p772. http://books.google.com/books?id=bqIEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA772
6. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/535958/Michael-Servetus>.
7. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/535958/Michael-Servetus>.
8. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066881/Michael-Servetus (1553)
9. ^
Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology",
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1553) (1553)
10. ^
http://www.answers.com/Michael%20Servetus (1553)

MORE INFO
[1] "Unitarian". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian
Vienne, France3   
454 YBN
[1546 AD] 4 5 		3057) The germ theory of disease is revived.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Fracastoro, Girolamo." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 5 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035082>.
2. ^ Fracastoro, G., and L.A. Giunta. Hieronymi
Fracastorii ... De Sympathia Et Antipathia Rerum Liber Vnus: De Contagione Et
Contagiosis Morbis Et Curatione Libri III. apud heredes Lucantonii Iuntae,
1546. http://books.google.com/books?id=B580FxRJwQUC
3. ^ "Girolamo Fracastoro." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
05 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/girolamo-fracastoro
4. ^ "Fracastoro, Girolamo." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 May 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035082>. (1546)
5. ^ "Girolamo Fracastoro",
Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons,
(2000), p325. (1546)
Verona, Italy3   
449 YBN
[1551 AD] 3 4 		1549) The first planetary tables based on the Sun-centered theory.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1551) (1551)
4. ^ "Erasmus
Reinhold". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994,
1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Erasmus+Reinhold+?cat=technology (1551)

MORE INFO
[1] "Erasmus Reinhold". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Reinhold
[2] http://hsci.cas.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=9&exbid=52&exbpg=25
  
447 YBN
[10/27/1553 AD] 7 		1548) Michael Servetus is burned alive for heresy {HAReSE4 } in Switzerland.5
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ "heresy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 14 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/heresy
2. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/535958/Michael-Servetus>.
3. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066881/Michael-Servetus
4. ^ "heresy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 14 Jan.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/heresy
5. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066881/Michael-Servetus
6. ^ "Michael Servetus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066881/Michael-Servetus (1553)
7. ^
"Michael Servetus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/535958/Michael-Servetus>.

MORE INFO
[1] "Michael Servetus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Servetus
[2] "Unitarian". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian
[3] "Champel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champel
[4] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1553) (1553)
[5]
http://www.answers.com/Michael%20Servetus (1553)
Geneva, Switzerland6   
440 YBN
[1560 AD] 5 		1538) The first systematic computations of probabilities (for example the
chance of a certain combination in the fall of 3 dice2 ).3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Girolamo Cardano". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020283/Girolamo-Cardano
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp130-132.
3. ^ "Girolamo Cardano".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020283/Girolamo-Cardano
4. ^ "Girolamo Cardano". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020283/Girolamo-Cardano
5. ^ "Gerolamo Cardano". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano (1560s)

MORE INFO
[1] "Ars Magna (Gerolamo Cardano)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Magna_%28Gerolamo_Cardano%29
Italy4   
440 YBN
[1560 AD] 3 		1563) The first scientific society (a group for the communication of scientific
research), the precursor of the Academy of the Lynx.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1560) (1560)

MORE INFO
[1] "Giambattista della Porta". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9060950/Giambattista-della-Porta
[2] http://www.answers.com/Giambattista%20della%20Porta
  
439 YBN
[1561 AD] 4 		1562) Fallopian tubes, and semicircular canals are identified, and the vagina,
placenta, clitoris and cochlea are named.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Gabriel Fallopius". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9033648/Gabriel-Fallopius
2. ^ "Gabriel Fallopius". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9033648/Gabriel-Fallopius
3. ^ "Gabriel Fallopius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/200926/Gabriel-Fallopius>.
4. ^ "Gabriel Fallopius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/200926/Gabriel-Fallopius>.

MORE INFO
[1] "Gabriel Fallopius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Fallopius (1561)
(University of Padua) Padua, Italy3   
435 YBN
[1565 AD] 4 5 		1558) The first illustrations of fossils.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Gesner, K. et al. De Omni Rerum
Fossilium Genere, Gemmis, Lapidibus, Metallis, Et Huiusmodi, Libri Aliquot,
Plerique Nunc Primum Editi. excudebat Iacobus Gesnerus, 1565. De Omni Rerum
Fossilium Genere, Gemmis, Lapidibus, Metallis, Et Huiusmodi, Libri Aliquot,
Plerique Nunc Primum Editi. http://books.google.com/books?id=JP0qBLnRY58C
3. ^ "Konrad von Gesner". The Oxford Dictionary of
Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Konrad%20von%20Gesner
4. ^ Gesner, K. et al. De Omni Rerum Fossilium Genere, Gemmis, Lapidibus,
Metallis, Et Huiusmodi, Libri Aliquot, Plerique Nunc Primum Editi. excudebat
Iacobus Gesnerus, 1565. De Omni Rerum Fossilium Genere, Gemmis, Lapidibus,
Metallis, Et Huiusmodi, Libri Aliquot, Plerique Nunc Primum
Editi. http://books.google.com/books?id=JP0qBLnRY58C
5. ^ "Konrad von Gesner". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Konrad%20von%20Gesner (1555)

MORE INFO
[1] "Konrad von Gesner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_von_Gesner
Zurich, Swizerland3 (presumably)  
431 YBN
[1569 AD] 7 		1550) Cyclindrical projection is used to make a map so that lines of latitude
and longitude are straight.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Gerardus Mercator". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052077/Gerardus-Mercator
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ "Gerardus Mercator".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052077/Gerardus-Mercator
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
5. ^ "Gerardus Mercator".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052077/Gerardus-Mercator
6. ^ "Gerardus Mercator". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator
7. ^ "Gerardus Mercator". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052077/Gerardus-Mercator (1569)
Duchy of Cleves, Germany5 6 (presumably)  
427 YBN
[1573 AD] 6 		1575) A comet is proven to be farther away than the moon and to have an orbit
that is not circular which disproves the ancient theory of crystal2 planetary
spheres.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Tycho Brahe". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Tycho+Brahe?cat=technology
2. ^ Ted Huntington
3. ^ "Tycho Brahe". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Tycho+Brahe?cat=technology
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
5. ^ "Tycho Brahe". Biographies.
Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Tycho+Brahe?cat=technology
6. ^ "Tycho Brahe". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016148/Tycho-Brahe (1573)

MORE INFO
[1] "Tycho Brahe". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe
[2] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980)
[3] "Hven".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hven
Island of Hven (now Ven, Sweden)5   
418 YBN
[1582 AD] 		1566) The Gregorian calendar: February 29th is omitted in century years which
are not divisible by 400.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).

MORE INFO
[1] "Christoph Clavius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Clavius
Rome, Italy3   
415 YBN
[1585 AD] 6 		1581) Decimal point notation is introduced into Europe.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Simon Stevin". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 02 Dec.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/565994/Simon-Stevin>.
2. ^ Simon Stevin, "De Thiende", 1585.
http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/stev001thie01_01/downloads.php {Stevin_De_Thiende_1
585.pdf} English "The Tenth"
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia
of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp95-96.
4. ^ Simon
Stevin, "De Thiende", 1585.
http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/stev001thie01_01/downloads.php {Stevin_De_Thiende_1
585.pdf} English "The Tenth"
5. ^ "Simon Stevinus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Stevinus
6. ^ "Simon Stevin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9069667/Simon-Stevin (1585)

MORE INFO
[1] "Fraction (mathematics)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraction_%28mathematics%29
[2] Stevin, S. "L’ Arithmetique". 1585, part2,
p144. http://books.google.com/books?id=1dU5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA144
Netherlands5 (presumably)  
414 YBN
[1586 AD] 6 7 		1583) Objects of different weight are shown to fall the same distance in the
same amount of time.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Simon Stevin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9069667/Simon-Stevin
http://books.google.com/books?id=I9Y0AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA757 2. ^ Sherwood
Taylor, "Science Past and Present", 1945,
p82. http://www.archive.org/stream/sciencepastandpr035050mbp/sciencepastandpr03
5050mbp_djvu.txt
3. ^ "Simon Stevin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9069667/Simon-Stevin
http://books.google.com/books?id=I9Y0AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA757 4. ^ Sherwood
Taylor, "Science Past and Present", 1945,
p82. http://www.archive.org/stream/sciencepastandpr035050mbp/sciencepastandpr03
5050mbp_djvu.txt
5. ^ "Simon Stevin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9069667/Simon-Stevin
6. ^ "Simon Stevin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9069667/Simon-Stevin
(1586)
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1586) (1586)

MORE INFO
[1] "Simon Stevinus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Stevinus
[2] http://www.answers.com/Simon+Stevin?cat=technology
[3] "statics". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9069478/statics
[4] http://books.google.com/books?id=I9Y0AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA757 Sherwood
Taylor, "Science Past and Present", 1945,
p82. http://www.archive.org/stream/sciencepastandpr035050mbp/sciencepastandpr03
5050mbp_djvu.txt
[5] http://books.google.com/books?id=I9Y0AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA757 Sherwood Taylor,
"Science Past and Present", 1945,
p82. http://www.archive.org/stream/sciencepastandpr035050mbp/sciencepastandpr03
5050mbp_djvu.txt
Netherlands5 (presumably)  
409 YBN
[1591 AD] 4 5 6 		1182) The first modern flush toilet.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Sir John Harington". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 02 Dec.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/255314/Sir-John-Harington>.
2. ^ "Sir John Harington". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 02 Dec.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/255314/Sir-John-Harington>.
3. ^ "Sir John Harington". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 02 Dec.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/255314/Sir-John-Harington>.
4. ^ "Sir John Harington". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 02 Dec.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/255314/Sir-John-Harington>.
5. ^ "Sir John Harrington". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Harrington (based on (presented ajax to
Queen in 1592)
6. ^ "Flushing toilet". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flushing_toilet (=1596)

MORE INFO
[1] "John Harington". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harington
(Palace of Queen Elizabeth) Richmond, Surrey, England3   
409 YBN
[1591 AD] 8 9 		1568) Letters are used to represent constant and unknown numbers (the first
"variables"4 ).5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Viète, F. Introduction à
L’art Analytique. 1868. http://books.google.com/books?id=atM8AAAAcAAJ
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
6. ^
Viète, F. Introduction à L’art Analytique.
1868. http://books.google.com/books?id=atM8AAAAcAAJ
7. ^ "Francois Viete seigneur de la Bigotiere". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075315/Francois-Viete-seigneur-de-la-Bigot
iere
8. ^ "Francois Viete seigneur de la Bigotiere". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075315/Francois-Viete-seigneur-de-la-Bigot
iere (1591)
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1591) (1591)

MORE INFO
[1] "Franciscus Vieta". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Vieta
[2] "Viète's formulas". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%A8te%27s_formulas
(possibly) Paris, France7   
408 YBN
[1592 AD] 3 		1587) That plants, like animals, have gender is recognized.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p97.
2. ^ "Prospero Alpini".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospero_Alpini
3. ^ "Prospero Alpini". Encyclopedia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005902/Prospero-Alpini (1592)
Venice, Italy2   
408 YBN
[1592 AD] 8 		1613) The first thermometer is invented by Galileo.4 A glass tube is turned
upside down in a container of water. A change in temperature changes the level
of the water within it.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "thermometer." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/591653/thermometer>.
2. ^ "thermometer." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/591653/thermometer>.
3. ^ "thermometer." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/591653/thermometer>.
4. ^ "thermometer." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/591653/thermometer>.
5. ^ "thermometer." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/591653/thermometer>.
6. ^ Lives. Lives of Eminent Persons; Consisting of Galileo, Kepler. 1833.
Libr. of Useful Knowledge,
p11. http://books.google.com/books?id=DP8GAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA11
7. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
8. ^ "thermometer." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/591653/thermometer>. {1592}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Galileo+Galilei?cat=technology
[2] http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/indepth/Thermometer.html
[3] "Galileo Galilei". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei (1593)
Padua, Italy7   
404 YBN
[08/03/1596 AD] 6 7 8 9 		1616) A variable star is discovered, a star that shows periodic changes in
brightness.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105.
2. ^ Kepler, J., and E. Rosen.
Kepler’s Somnium: The Dream, Or Posthumous Work on Lunar Astronomy. Dover
Publ., 1967, p.226. http://books.google.com/books?id=OdCJAS0eQ64C&pg=PA226
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105.
4. ^ Kepler, J., and E.
Rosen. Kepler’s Somnium: The Dream, Or Posthumous Work on Lunar Astronomy.
Dover Publ., 1967,
p.226. http://books.google.com/books?id=OdCJAS0eQ64C&pg=PA226
5. ^ Christianson, J.R. On Tycho’s Island: Tycho Brahe, Science, and Culture
in the Sixteenth Century. Cambridge University Press, 2002,
p264. http://books.google.com/books?id=SNh7SyciWPMC&pg=PA264
6. ^ Kepler, J., and E. Rosen. Kepler’s Somnium: The Dream, Or Posthumous
Work on Lunar Astronomy. Dover Publ., 1967,
p.226. http://books.google.com/books?id=OdCJAS0eQ64C&pg=PA226
7. ^ Brahe, T. Tychonis Brahe Dani Opera Omnia: Tomus XIII. Gyldendal, 1926,
p.114-115.
8. ^ The Popular Science Monthly. Popular Science Publishing Company, 1897,
p683. http://books.google.com/books?id=7zwUAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA683
9. ^ Campbell, W.W. Stellar Motions: With Special Reference to Motions
Determined by Means of the Spectrograph. Yale university press, 1913. Mrs.
Hepsa Ely Silliman Memorial Lectures,
p282. http://books.google.com/books?id=a567AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA282

MORE INFO
[1] "David Fabricius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fabricius (08/??/1596)
Resterhave (near Dorum) East Frisia (now northwest Germany and northeast
Netherlands) (presumably)5   
403 YBN
[1597 AD] 3 4 		1589) The preparation of hydrochloric acid, and other chemical compounds are
described.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Andreas Libavius". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048108/Andreas-Libavius
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Libavius, A. Alchemia. Kopffius,
1597. http://books.google.com/books?id=u49SAAAAcAAJ
4. ^ "Andreas Libavius". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048108/Andreas-Libavius (1606)
  
400 YBN
[02/17/1600 AD] 4 		1578) Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at the stake for
heresy in Rome.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ "Giordano Bruno". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 02 Dec.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/82258/Giordano-Bruno/883/Final-y
ears>.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (02/17/1600) (02/17/1600)
(Campo de Fiori {flower market}) Rome, Italy3   
400 YBN
[1600 AD] 8 9 10 		1571) That the Earth is a spherical magnet on which a compass points to the
magnetic poles is recognized4 , and the first electroscope, which measures
static electricity.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ "Electroscope". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 1911. "Electroscope". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electroscope
3. ^ Gilbert, W., and P. Short. Gulielmi Gilberti ... De Magnete, Magneticisque
Corporibus, Et De Magno Magnete Tellure: Physiologia Noua Plurimis Et
Argumentis, Et Experimentis Demonstrata. excudebet Petrus Short, 1600.
Biblioteca Digital Dioscórides. http://books.google.com/books?id=Mbo2oDsnrAAC
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
5. ^ "Electroscope".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Electroscope". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electroscope
6. ^ Gilbert, W., and P. Short. Gulielmi Gilberti ... De Magnete, Magneticisque
Corporibus, Et De Magno Magnete Tellure: Physiologia Noua Plurimis Et
Argumentis, Et Experimentis Demonstrata. excudebet Petrus Short, 1600.
Biblioteca Digital Dioscórides. http://books.google.com/books?id=Mbo2oDsnrAAC
7. ^ "William Gilbert". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036815/William-Gilbert
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1600) (1600)
9. ^ Gilbert, W., and
P. Short. Gulielmi Gilberti ... De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, Et De
Magno Magnete Tellure: Physiologia Noua Plurimis Et Argumentis, Et Experimentis
Demonstrata. excudebet Petrus Short, 1600. Biblioteca Digital
Dioscórides. http://books.google.com/books?id=Mbo2oDsnrAAC
10. ^ "William Gilbert". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036815/William-Gilbert (1600)

MORE INFO
[1] "William Gilbert". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gilbert
[2] http://www.sparkmuseum.com/ELECTROSCOPE.HTM
[3] Gilbert, W., P.F. Mottelay, and E. Wright. William Gilbert of
Colchester, Physician of London: On the Load Stone and Magnetic Bodies, ... J.
Wiley & Sons, 1893, pxii. http://books.google.com/books?id=uTfPAAAAMAAJ
London, England7 (presumably)  
397 YBN
[1603 AD] 3 4 		1636) The first star catalog to show the entire celestial sphere, and the Bayer
{BIR} star naming system where each star is named after the constellation
associated with it in order of brightness, for example Betelgeuse, the
brightest star in Orion is named Alpha Orionis, and Rigel is Beta Orionis.1
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp108-109.
2. ^ "Johann Bayer".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9013868/Johann-Bayer
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp108-109. (1603) (1603)
4. ^ "Johann
Bayer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9013868/Johann-Bayer (1603)

MORE INFO
[1] "Johann Bayer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Bayer
Augsburg, Germany2   
397 YBN
[1603 AD] 8 9 10 11 12 		3678) The first synthetic luminescent material; barium sulfide.1 2 3

Luminescence is light emission that cannot be attributed to the temperature of
the emitting body.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "luminescence." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 11 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-68942>.
2. ^ F. Licetus, Litheosphorus, sive de lapide Bononiensi
lucem in se conceptam ab ambiente claro mox in tenebris mire conservante,
Utini, ex typ. N. Schiratti, 1640. See
http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/delights/texts/Demonstration_21.htm
3. ^ http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/delights/texts/Demonstration_21.htm
4. ^ "luminescence." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 12 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/luminescence
5. ^ "Phosphorescence". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Phosphorescence
6. ^ "luminescence." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 11 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-68942>.
7. ^ Raymond Kane, Raymond Kane and Heinz Sell,
"Revolution in Lamps: A Chronicle of 50 Years of Progress", The Fairmont Press,
Inc., 2001,
p96. http://books.google.com/books?id=klE5qGAltjAC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=theodore
+sidot&source=web&ots=yaXfXcsJ0T&sig=ktjD5WA5O73ht6WpAg0rZajYv4I
8. ^ E. Newton Harvey, "History of Luminescence From the Earliest Times Until
1900", American Philosophical Society, 1957, p94-95. {1603}
9. ^ Raymond Kane, Raymond
Kane and Heinz Sell, "Revolution in Lamps: A Chronicle of 50 Years of
Progress", The Fairmont Press, Inc., 2001,
p96. http://books.google.com/books?id=klE5qGAltjAC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=theodore
+sidot&source=web&ots=yaXfXcsJ0T&sig=ktjD5WA5O73ht6WpAg0rZajYv4I {1602}
10. ^
"Phosphorescence". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Phosphorescence {1602}
11. ^ "luminescence."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 11 Dec. 2008
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-68942>. {1603}
12. ^ E. Newton Harvey, "History of
Luminescence From the Earliest Times Until 1900", American Philosophical
Society, 1957, p306-307. {1602-1604}

MORE INFO
[1] "Barium sulfide". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_sulfide
Bologna, Italy5 6 7   
396 YBN
[1604 AD] 8 		1622) The inverse squared law of light: that the intensity of light is
inversely related to the square of the distance.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ferguson, K. Tycho and Kepler: The Unlikely Partnership That Forever
Changed Our Understanding of the Heavens. Walker, 2002,
p292-293. http://books.google.com/books?id=O7ve-vB_Kq8C&pg=PA292
2. ^ Kepler, J., C. de Marne, and J. Aubry. Ad Vitellionem Paralipomena, Quibus
Astronomiae Pars Optica Traditur ; Potibimùm De Artificiosa Observatione Et
Aestimatione Diametrorum Deliquiorumque Solis & Lunae. Cum Exemplis Insignium
Eclipsium. Habes Hoc Libro, Lector, Inter Alia Multa Nova, Tractatum Luculentum
De Modo Visionis, Et Humorum Oculi Usu, Contra Opticos Et Anatomicos, Authore
Ioanne Keplero. apud Claudium Marnium & haeredes Ioannis Aubrii,
1604. http://books.google.com/books?id=iXlZNOHpsVIC
3. ^ Kepler, Johannes, and William H. Donahue. Optics: Paralipomena to Witelo &
optical part of astronomy. Santa Fe, N.M.: Green Lion Press, 2000. Print, p22.
(Proposition 9) {Kepler_Optics_1604_2000.pdf}
4. ^ Ferguson, K. Tycho and Kepler: The Unlikely Partnership
That Forever Changed Our Understanding of the Heavens. Walker, 2002,
p292-293. http://books.google.com/books?id=O7ve-vB_Kq8C&pg=PA292
5. ^ Kepler, J., C. de Marne, and J. Aubry. Ad Vitellionem Paralipomena, Quibus
Astronomiae Pars Optica Traditur ; Potibimùm De Artificiosa Observatione Et
Aestimatione Diametrorum Deliquiorumque Solis & Lunae. Cum Exemplis Insignium
Eclipsium. Habes Hoc Libro, Lector, Inter Alia Multa Nova, Tractatum Luculentum
De Modo Visionis, Et Humorum Oculi Usu, Contra Opticos Et Anatomicos, Authore
Ioanne Keplero. apud Claudium Marnium & haeredes Ioannis Aubrii,
1604. http://books.google.com/books?id=iXlZNOHpsVIC
6. ^ Kepler, Johannes, and William H. Donahue. Optics: Paralipomena to Witelo &
optical part of astronomy. Santa Fe, N.M.: Green Lion Press, 2000. Print, p22.
(Proposition 9) {Kepler_Optics_1604_2000.pdf}
7. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler
8. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 02 Dec.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/315225/Johannes-Kepler/8445/Astr
onomical-work>.

MORE INFO
[1] "Johannes Kepler". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105767/Johannes-Kepler
[2] http://www.answers.com/Johannes+Kepler?cat=technology
[3] "Johannes Kepler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler (01/01/1604)
Prague, (now: Czech Republic)7 (presumably)  
394 YBN
[1606 AD] 4 		2099) Europeans discover and explore Australia.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "australia continent". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/australia-continent?cat=health
2. ^ Suarez, T. Early Mapping of the Pacific: The Epic Story of Seafarers,
Adventurers and Cartographers Who Mapped the Earth’s Greatest Ocean. C. E.
Tuttle, 2004. http://books.google.com/books?id=ICDV937xiNIC&pg=PA84
3. ^ http://www.answers.com/topic/new-zealand-oceania?cat=travel
4. ^ http://www.answers.com/topic/australia-continent?cat=health
(1606)
Australia3   
392 YBN
[1608 AD] 10 11 		1618) The earliest telescope (a refracting telescope5 );6 a double convex lens
(the "object glass") is placed at the farther end of a tube, and a double
concave lens (the "eyepiece") at the nearer end.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p105.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105.
5. ^ Ted Huntington
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
p105.
7. ^ http://www.ece.umd.edu/~taylor/optics3.htm
8. ^ Dick, T. The Telescope and Microscope. Lane & Scott, 1852,
p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id=PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9
9. ^ "Hans Lippershey". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048449/Hans-Lippershey
10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. (1608) (1608)
11. ^ Dick, T.
The Telescope and Microscope. Lane & Scott, 1852,
p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id=PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Hans+Lippershey?cat=technology
Middleburgh, Zeeland (Holland8 ) (modern: Netherlands)9   
391 YBN
[1609 AD] 6 		1599) The "law of falling bodies"; that the distance covered by a falling body
is proportional to the square of the elapsed time is understood,2 and that the
path of a projectile is a parabola3 (that two forces can work on an object at
the same time) is understood4 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
2. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
3. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists
from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
5. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
6. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo (1609)
(University of Padua) Padua, Italy5   
391 YBN
[1609 AD] 14 		1619) That planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus of the
ellipse9 , and that a line connecting a planet and the Sun will sweep over
equal areas in equal times10 is shown by Johannes Kepler; (Kepler's first two
laws of planetary motion).11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/315225/Johannes-Kepler>.
2. ^ Johannes Kepler, "Astronomia nova",
1609. http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/titleinfo/162514 {Astronomia_nova_seu_p
hysica_coelestis_tradita_commentariis_de_motibus_stellae_m.pdf}
3. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/315225/Johannes-Kepler>.
4. ^ Johannes Kepler, "Astronomia nova",
1609. http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/titleinfo/162514 {Astronomia_nova_seu_p
hysica_coelestis_tradita_commentariis_de_motibus_stellae_m.pdf}
5. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/315225/Johannes-Kepler>.
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp105-108.
7. ^ Johannes Kepler,
"Astronomia nova",
1609. http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/titleinfo/162514 {Astronomia_nova_seu_p
hysica_coelestis_tradita_commentariis_de_motibus_stellae_m.pdf}
8. ^ "Johannes Kepler." Dictionary of Astronomy, John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. Answers.com 04 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/johannes-kepler
9. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/315225/Johannes-Kepler>.
10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp105-108.
11. ^ Johannes Kepler,
"Astronomia nova",
1609. http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/titleinfo/162514 {Astronomia_nova_seu_p
hysica_coelestis_tradita_commentariis_de_motibus_stellae_m.pdf}
12. ^ "Johannes Kepler." Dictionary of Astronomy, John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. Answers.com 04 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/johannes-kepler
13. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler
14. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp105-108. (1609) (1609)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Johannes+Kepler?cat=technology
Weil der Stadt (now part of the Stuttgart Region in the German state of
Baden-Württemberg, 30 km west of Stuttgart's center)13   
390 YBN
[01/??/1610 AD] 7 		1605) The four moons of Jupiter are first seen and their period determined by
Galileo.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
2. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
3. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
4. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
5. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
6. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
7. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo (01/1610)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Galileo+Galilei?cat=technology
(University of Padua) Padua, Venice, Italy6   
390 YBN
[12/11/1610 AD] 		6485) The phases of planet Venus are seen by Galileo.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Machamer, P. The Cambridge Companion to Galileo. Cambridge University
Press, 1998. Cambridge Companions to Philosophy,
p261. http://books.google.com/books?id=1wEFPLoqTeAC&pg=PA261
2. ^ Machamer, P. The Cambridge Companion to Galileo. Cambridge University
Press, 1998. Cambridge Companions to Philosophy,
p261. http://books.google.com/books?id=1wEFPLoqTeAC&pg=PA261
3. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Galileo+Galilei?cat=technology
[2] "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo (01/1610)
[3] "Galilei,
Galileo." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles
Scribner's Sons, 2008. 237-249. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Dec.
2012. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2830901566&v=2.1&u=univca20&i
t=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[4] "Galileo Galilei". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei
Florence, Italy3   
390 YBN
[1610 AD] 8 		6488) The earliest Microscope, a compound light microscope.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955. Dover
Books on Astronomy Series,
p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30
2. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955. Dover
Books on Astronomy Series,
p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30
3. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955. Dover
Books on Astronomy Series,
p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30
4. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955. Dover
Books on Astronomy Series,
p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30
5. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955. Dover
Books on Astronomy Series,
p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30
6. ^ Dick, T. The Telescope and Microscope. Lane & Scott, 1852,
p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id=PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9
7. ^ "Hans Lippershey". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048449/Hans-Lippershey
8. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications,
1955. Dover Books on Astronomy Series,
p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Hans+Lippershey?cat=technology
[2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. (1608) (1608)
[3] "microscope".
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 04 Dec.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/380582/microscope>
Middleburgh, Zeeland (Holland6 ) (modern: Netherlands)7   
389 YBN
[06/13/1611 AD] 14 15 		1617) That the Sun has spots and rotates around its own axis is shown.9 10 11
12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Fabricius, J. De Maculis in Sole Observatis Narratio.
1611. http://books.google.com/books?id=aGFRAAAAcAAJ
2. ^ "Johannes Fabricius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/199808/Johannes-Fabricius>.
3. ^ Fabricius, J. De Maculis in Sole Observatis Narratio.
1611. http://books.google.com/books?id=aGFRAAAAcAAJ
4. ^ Walter M. Mitchell, "The history of the discovery of the solar spots",
Popular Astronomy, V24,
1916. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916PA.....24...22M {Mitchell_History_of_t
he_Discovery_of_Sun-spots_1916.pdf}
5. ^ Fabricius, J. De Maculis in Sole Observatis Narratio.
1611. http://books.google.com/books?id=aGFRAAAAcAAJ
6. ^ "Johannes Fabricius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/199808/Johannes-Fabricius>.
7. ^ Fabricius, J. De Maculis in Sole Observatis Narratio.
1611. http://books.google.com/books?id=aGFRAAAAcAAJ
8. ^ Walter M. Mitchell, "The history of the discovery of the solar spots",
Popular Astronomy, V24,
1916. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916PA.....24...22M {Mitchell_History_of_t
he_Discovery_of_Sun-spots_1916.pdf}
9. ^ Fabricius, J. De Maculis in Sole Observatis Narratio.
1611. http://books.google.com/books?id=aGFRAAAAcAAJ
10. ^ "Johannes Fabricius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/199808/Johannes-Fabricius>.
11. ^ Fabricius, J. De Maculis in Sole Observatis Narratio.
1611. http://books.google.com/books?id=aGFRAAAAcAAJ
12. ^ Walter M. Mitchell, "The history of the discovery of the solar spots",
Popular Astronomy, V24,
1916. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916PA.....24...22M {Mitchell_History_of_t
he_Discovery_of_Sun-spots_1916.pdf}
13. ^ Galilei, G. et al. On Sunspots. University of Chicago Press, 2010,
p30. http://books.google.com/books?id=vdDhfPxIcLQC&pg=PA31
14. ^ Vaquero, J.M. The Sun Recorded Through History. Springer-Verlag New York,
2009. Astrophysics and Space Science Library,
p111. http://books.google.com/books?id=iWkyiEeiyksC&pg=PA111
15. ^ Galilei, G. et al. On Sunspots. University of Chicago Press, 2010,
p31. http://books.google.com/books?id=vdDhfPxIcLQC&pg=PA31

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982)
[2]
http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/fabricius.html
[3] "David Fabricius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fabricius (06/??/1611)
Osteel, East Frisia13 (now northwest Germany and northeast Netherlands)  
389 YBN
[1611 AD] 3 		1627) A story about a man who travels to the moon by Kepler.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp105-108.
2. ^ "Johannes Kepler".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler
3. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler (1611)

MORE INFO
[1] "Johannes Kepler". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105767/Johannes-Kepler
[2] http://www.answers.com/Johannes+Kepler?cat=technology
[3] Caspar, Kepler, pp 142-146
[4] Caspar, Kepler, pp 198-202
Prague, (now: Czech Republic)2   
388 YBN
[1612 AD] 4 		3680) The theory of storage of light; that light can be absorbed in materials
and re-emitted later.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ E. Newton Harvey, "History of Luminescence From the Earliest Times Until
1900", American Philosophical Society, 1957, p94-95.
2. ^ E. Newton Harvey, "History of
Luminescence From the Earliest Times Until 1900", American Philosophical
Society, 1957, p94-95.
3. ^ E. Newton Harvey, "History of Luminescence From the
Earliest Times Until 1900", American Philosophical Society, 1957, p306-307.
4. ^ E.
Newton Harvey, "History of Luminescence From the Earliest Times Until 1900",
American Philosophical Society, 1957, p306-307. {1612}

MORE INFO
[1] "Barium sulfide". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_sulfide
[2] "Phosphorus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus
[3] "luminescence." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 12 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/luminescence
[4] "phosphor." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/phosphor
[5] "luminescence." Science of Everyday Things. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002.
Answers.com 13 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/luminescence
[6] Raymond Kane, Raymond Kane and Heinz Sell,
"Revolution in Lamps: A Chronicle of 50 Years of Progress", The Fairmont Press,
Inc., 2001,
p96. http://books.google.com/books?id=klE5qGAltjAC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=theodore
+sidot&source=web&ots=yaXfXcsJ0T&sig=ktjD5WA5O73ht6WpAg0rZajYv4I
[7] "Phosphorescence". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Phosphorescence
[8] "luminescence." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 11 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-68942>
(Collegio Romano) Rome, Italy3   
386 YBN
[1614 AD] 8 		1584) Exponential notation and logarithms.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "John Napier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054813/John-Napier , -97.
2. ^
Napier, J., and H. Briggs. Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio: Et Eorum
Ad Naturales Ipsorum Numeros Habitudines; Una Cum Appendice ... Una Cum
Annotationibus ... A. Hermann,
1620. http://books.google.com/books?id=VukHAQAAIAAJ
3. ^ "John Napier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054813/John-Napier , -97.
4. ^
Napier, J., and H. Briggs. Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio: Et Eorum
Ad Naturales Ipsorum Numeros Habitudines; Una Cum Appendice ... Una Cum
Annotationibus ... A. Hermann,
1620. http://books.google.com/books?id=VukHAQAAIAAJ
5. ^ "John Napier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054813/John-Napier , -97.
6. ^
Napier, J., and H. Briggs. Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio: Et Eorum
Ad Naturales Ipsorum Numeros Habitudines; Una Cum Appendice ... Una Cum
Annotationibus ... A. Hermann,
1620. http://books.google.com/books?id=VukHAQAAIAAJ
7. ^ "John Napier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054813/John-Napier (1614)
8. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).

MORE INFO
[1] "John Napier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Napier
[2] "Simon Stevinus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Stevinus (1614)
Scotland7 (presumably)  
384 YBN
[1616 AD] 4 5 		1608) Copernicanism is declared a heresy by Pope "Paul V" (Camillo Borghese).1
2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p104.
2. ^ "Paul V". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058766/Paul-V
3. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1616) (1616)
5. ^ "Galileo Galilei".
Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Galileo+Galilei?cat=technology (1616)

MORE INFO
[1] "Galileo Galilei". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei
[2] "Pope Paul V". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_V
[3] "Galileo affair". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_affair
Rome, Italy3   
384 YBN
[1616 AD] 4 5 		1644) The circulatory system is described; that the heart is a muscle that
contracts to push blood out, that blood can only move in one direction, in a
circle from the heart to the arteries, from the arteries to the veins, and
through the veins back to the heart.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp110-112.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp110-112.
3. ^ "William Harvey". Biographies. Answers Corporation,
2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/William+Harvey?cat=health
4. ^ "William Harvey". Biographies. Answers Corporation,
2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/William+Harvey?cat=health (1616)
5. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp110-112. (1616) (1616)

MORE INFO
[1] "William Harvey". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harvey
London, England3   
384 YBN
[1616 AD] 7 8 		1831) The reflecting telescope.3

A reflecting telescope focuses light reflected off a parabolic shaped (concave4
) mirror instead of through a lens.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Niccolo Zucchi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078475/Niccolo-Zucchi
2. ^ "Niccolo Zucchi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078475/Niccolo-Zucchi
3. ^ "Niccolo Zucchi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078475/Niccolo-Zucchi
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp148-154.
6. ^
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/zucchi.html
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1616) (1616)
8. ^
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/zucchi.html (1616)
Rome, Italy6   
383 YBN
[01/15/1617 AD] 9 10 		6491) The first double (or binary) star system is observed.5 6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Le Opere di Galileo Galilei. Edizione Nazionale Sotto Gli Auspicii Di Sua
Maest� Il Re D'Italia, Edited by Antonio Favaro, 20 vols., G. Barb�ra,
Florence, 1890�1909 Vol. III, Part II (1892), p. 877. Mss. Gal. P.IV, T.VI,
car 10r, BNCF.
http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?cc=genpub;view=toc;idno=AGH6462.
0003.002
2. ^ http://www.leosondra.cz/en/mizar/riccioli/
3. ^ Fedele, U. "Le Prime Osservazioni Di Stelle Doppie." (1949): n. pag.
Print. http://www.leosondra.cz/en/mizar/fedele/
4. ^ Davies, J.K., and L.H. Barrera. The First Decadal Review of the
Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt. Springer, 2004. Earth, Moon, and Planets,
p395. http://books.google.com/books?id=WuDdVbJf_d8C&pg=PA395
5. ^ Le Opere di Galileo Galilei. Edizione Nazionale Sotto Gli Auspicii Di Sua
Maest� Il Re D'Italia, Edited by Antonio Favaro, 20 vols., G. Barb�ra,
Florence, 1890�1909 Vol. III, Part II (1892), p. 877. Mss. Gal. P.IV, T.VI,
car 10r, BNCF.
http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?cc=genpub;view=toc;idno=AGH6462.
0003.002
6. ^ http://www.leosondra.cz/en/mizar/riccioli/
7. ^ Fedele, U. "Le Prime Osservazioni Di Stelle Doppie." (1949): n. pag.
Print. http://www.leosondra.cz/en/mizar/fedele/
8. ^ Davies, J.K., and L.H. Barrera. The First Decadal Review of the
Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt. Springer, 2004. Earth, Moon, and Planets,
p395. http://books.google.com/books?id=WuDdVbJf_d8C&pg=PA395
9. ^ Le Opere di Galileo Galilei. Edizione Nazionale Sotto Gli Auspicii Di Sua
Maest� Il Re D'Italia, Edited by Antonio Favaro, 20 vols., G. Barb�ra,
Florence, 1890�1909 Vol. XII (1902), p. 296 (Letter 1236). Mss. Gal. P.VI,
T.X, car. 16, BNCF. http://books.google.com/books?id=70ESAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA296
10. ^ http://www.leosondra.cz/en/mizar

MORE INFO
[1] "Giovanni Battista Riccioli". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy.
Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Battista+Riccioli+?cat=technology
[2] Riccioli, G.B. Almagestum Novum Astronomiam Veterem Novamque Complectens
Observationibus Aliorum, Et Propiis Novisque Theorematibus, Problematibus, Ac
Tabulispromotam, in Tres Tomos Distributam Quorum Argumentum Sequens Pagina
Explicabit. Ex typographia Haeredis Victorii Benatii, 1651. Almagestum Novum
Astronomiam Veterem Novamque Complectens Observationibus Aliorum, Et Propiis
Novisque Theorematibus, Problematibus, Ac Tabulispromotam, in Tres Tomos
Distributam Quorum Argumentum Sequens Pagina Explicabit,
p422. http://books.google.com/books?id=_mJDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA422
[3] "Mizar". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053081/Mizar (1650)
(University of Florence) Florence, Italy  
381 YBN
[1619 AD] 3 		1632) That the square of the period of orbit of a planet is proportional to the
cube of its distance from the Sun is shown by Kepler; (Kepler's third law of
planetary motion).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp105-108.
2. ^ "Johannes Kepler".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler
3. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler (1619)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Johannes+Kepler?cat=technology
[2] Gingerich, "Kepler, Johannes" from Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, pp 302-304
[3] Wolf, A History of Science, Technology and Philosophy, pp
140-141; Pannekoek, A History of Astronomy, p 252
[4] Exploring the Cosmos, 5th
Edition, Berman, Evans, 1986
Linz, Austria2   
381 YBN
[1619 AD] 4 		1641) That the curvature of the lens in the human eye changes as the eye
focuses to different distances is recognized.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Scheiner, C. Oculus, Hoc Est,
Fundamentum Opticum. 1619. http://books.google.com/books?id=gGY_AAAAcAAJ
3. ^ "Christoph Scheiner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Scheiner
4. ^ Scheiner, C. Oculus, Hoc Est, Fundamentum Opticum.
1619. http://books.google.com/books?id=gGY_AAAAcAAJ

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Christoph%20Scheiner%20
[2] "Pantograph". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograph
[3] "Christoph Scheiner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Scheiner (1603)
Dillingen, Germany3   
379 YBN
[1621 AD] 6 		1651) The law of refraction, which describes how a light ray bends when passing
between two mediums of different density.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "light". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 15 Jan.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/340440/light/258393/Reflection-a
nd-refraction>.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p113.
3. ^ "light". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.,
2013. Web. 15 Jan.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/340440/light/258393/Reflection-a
nd-refraction>.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p113.
5. ^ "Willebrord Snell".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willebrord_Snell
6. ^ "Willebrord Snell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willebrord_Snell (1621)
Leiden, Netherlands5 (presumably)  
376 YBN
[1624 AD] 5 		6241) The submarine.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "submarine." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/570813/submarine>.
2. ^ "submarine." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/570813/submarine>.
3. ^ "submarine." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/570813/submarine>.
4. ^ "submarine." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/570813/submarine>.
5. ^ "submarine." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/570813/submarine>. {1624}
Thames River, England4   
374 YBN
[1626 AD] 6 7 8 		1693) The sealed thermometer (which measures temperature independently of air
pressure).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p124.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p124.
3. ^ Taylor, F. Sherwood. “The Origin of the
Thermometer.” Annals of Science 5.2 (1942): 129–156. Web. 17 Feb. 2013,
p151. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00033794200201401#preview {Ta
ylor_Thermometer_20060602.pdf}
4. ^ "Low Countries". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 17 Feb.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349663/Low-Countries>.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p124.
6. ^ Taylor, F. Sherwood.
“The Origin of the Thermometer.” Annals of Science 5.2 (1942): 129–156.
Web. 17 Feb. 2013,
p151. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00033794200201401#preview {Ta
ylor_Thermometer_20060602.pdf}
7. ^ Leurechon, J. Récréation Mathématique: Composée De Plusieurs
Problèmes Plaisants Et Facétieux : En Feict d’Arithméticque,
Géométrie, Méchanicque, Opticque, Et Autres Parties De Ces Belles Sciences.
Hanzelet, 1626, facing
p90. http://books.google.com/books?id=QsY5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA68
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p124. (1654) (1654)

MORE INFO
[1] "Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_II_de%27_Medici%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany

(The Low Countries) Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg3 4 |was: Tuscany,
Italy5 (presumably)  
370 YBN
[1630 AD] 5 		1642) That the Sun completes one rotation every 25 days is recognized,2 and
the inclination of the Sun's axis to the Earth's orbit is determined to be 7
degrees.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Walter M. Mitchell, "The history of the discovery of the solar spots",
Popular Astronomy, V24, 1916,
p488-490. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916PA.....24...22M {Mitchell_History_
of_the_Discovery_of_Sun-spots_1916.pdf}
2. ^ Walter M. Mitchell, "The history of the discovery of the solar spots",
Popular Astronomy, V24, 1916,
p488-490. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916PA.....24...22M {Mitchell_History_
of_the_Discovery_of_Sun-spots_1916.pdf}
3. ^ Walter M. Mitchell, "The history of the discovery of the solar spots",
Popular Astronomy, V24, 1916,
p488-490. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916PA.....24...22M {Mitchell_History_
of_the_Discovery_of_Sun-spots_1916.pdf}
4. ^ Walter M. Mitchell, "The history of the discovery of the solar spots",
Popular Astronomy, V24, 1916,
p85,209. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916PA.....24...22M {Mitchell_History_o
f_the_Discovery_of_Sun-spots_1916.pdf}
5. ^ Walter M. Mitchell, "The history of the discovery of the solar spots",
Popular Astronomy, V24, 1916,
p488-490. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916PA.....24...22M {Mitchell_History_
of_the_Discovery_of_Sun-spots_1916.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Christoph%20Scheiner%20
[2] "Pantograph". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograph
[3] http://journal.utarts.com/articles.php?id=3&type=paper
[4] http://www.christoph-scheiner.com/
[5] "Christoph Scheiner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Scheiner (01/12/1612)
[6] Galilei, G. et al. On
Sunspots. University of Chicago Press, 2010,
p46. http://books.google.com/books?id=vdDhfPxIcLQC&pg=PA46
Rome, Italy4   
369 YBN
[11/07/1631 AD] 8 9 10 		1663) The transit of Mercury across the Sun is observed.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p115.
2. ^ Nadler, S. A Companion to
Early Modern Philosophy. Wiley, 2008. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy,
p81. http://books.google.com/books?id=KENbzY8uDGkC&pg=PA81
3. ^ Gassendi, "Mercurius in sole visus et Venus invisa Parislis anno 1611",
1632 in Gassendi, 1658, vol3, p441. ("Mercury Seen in the Sun, and Venus
Unseen at paris in the Year
1631") http://books.google.com/books?id=VA1TAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA441
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p115.
5. ^ Nadler, S. A Companion to
Early Modern Philosophy. Wiley, 2008. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy,
p81. http://books.google.com/books?id=KENbzY8uDGkC&pg=PA81
6. ^ Gassendi, "Mercurius in sole visus et Venus invisa Parislis anno 1611",
1632 in Gassendi, 1658, vol3, p441. ("Mercury Seen in the Sun, and Venus
Unseen at paris in the Year
1631") http://books.google.com/books?id=VA1TAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA441
7. ^ "Pierre Gassendi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi
8. ^ Hockey, T. et al. Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer,
2007. Springer Reference, p409.
9. ^ Gassendi, "Mercurius in sole visus et Venus
invisa Parislis anno 1611", 1632 in Gassendi, 1658, vol3, p441. ("Mercury
Seen in the Sun, and Venus Unseen at paris in the Year
1631") http://books.google.com/books?id=VA1TAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA441
10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p115. (1631) (1631)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Pierre+Gassendi?cat=technology
Paris, France7 (presumably)  
369 YBN
[1631 AD] 4 		1655) The "vernier {VRnYA or VRNER} scale", a device capable of precise
measurement is invented.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p114.
2. ^ "Pierre Vernier".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075131/Pierre-Vernier
3. ^ "Pierre Vernier". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Pierre+Vernier?cat=technology
4. ^ "Pierre Vernier". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Pierre+Vernier?cat=technology (1631)

MORE INFO
[1] "Pierre Vernier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Vernier
Ornans, France2 3 (presumably: birth and death location)  
369 YBN
[1631 AD] 7 		1664) The speed of sound is measured (as around 500 meters or 1500 feet per
second) and shown to be independent of pitch,4 by measuring the time
difference between seeing the flash of a gun and hearing the sound over a long
distance on a still day.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p115.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p115.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p115.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p115.
5. ^ "acoustics". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26
May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/4044/acoustics/64048/Measuring-t
he-speed-of-sound>.
6. ^ "Pierre Gassendi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p115. (1631) (1631)

MORE INFO
[1] "Pierre Gassendi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036159/Pierre-Gassendi
[2] http://www.answers.com/Pierre+Gassendi?cat=technology
Paris, France6 (presumably)  
367 YBN
[06/22/1633 AD] 4 5 		1611) Galileo is condemned to life imprisonment by the Inquisition.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
2. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
3. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (06/22/1633) (06/22/1633)
5. ^ "Galileo".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo (06/22/1633)

MORE INFO
[1] "Galileo Galilei". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei
[2] http://www.answers.com/Galileo+Galilei?cat=technology
Rome, Italy3   
365 YBN
[1635 AD] 4 		1657) The "Académie Parisienne" (the precursor to the French Academy of
Sciences).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Marin Mersenne". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052176/Marin-Mersenne
2. ^ "Marin Mersenne". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052176/Marin-Mersenne
3. ^ "Marin Mersenne". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052176/Marin-Mersenne
4. ^ "Marin Mersenne". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052176/Marin-Mersenne (1635)

MORE INFO
[1] "Marin Mersenne". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Mersenne
Paris, France3 (presumably)  
365 YBN
[1635 AD] 6 		1660) Frequencies of sounds are measured.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Mersenne.html
2. ^
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Mersenne.html
3. ^ http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Mersenne.html
4. ^ http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Mersenne.html
5. ^ "Marin Mersenne". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052176/Marin-Mersenne
6. ^ Marin Marsenne, tr: R. E. Chapman, "Harmonie
Universelle", 1635, 1957.

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Marin%20Mersenne
[2] "Marin Mersenne". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052176/Marin-Mersenne
(1637)
Paris, France5 (presumably)  
365 YBN
[1635 AD] 4 		1669) That the direction of the Earth's magnetic field changes over time is
recognized.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p118.
2. ^ Gellibrand, H. A
Discourse Mathematical on the Variation of the Magneticall Needle: Together
with Its Admirable Diminution Lately Discovered. By Henry Gellibrand Professor
of Astronomie in Gresham College. William Iones, dwelling in Red-crosse-street,
1635. Early English Books,
1475-1640. http://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/detail/FOLGERCM1~6~6~354589~1298
48:A-discourse-mathematical-on-the-var
AND http://books.google.com/books?id=H6qvmAEACAAJ
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p118.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p118. (1635)

MORE INFO
[1]
http://measure.igpp.ucla.edu/solar-terrestrial-luminaries/timeline.html
?, England3   
364 YBN
[1636 AD] 3 		1219) Harvard College is founded.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Colonial colleges". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_colleges
2. ^ "Colonial colleges". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_colleges
3. ^ "Colonial colleges". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_colleges

MORE INFO
[1] "Harvard University". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA  
363 YBN
[1637 AD] 4 		1615) The slow swaying (or "libration" {lI-BrA-suN1 }) of the moon as it
rotates is recognized.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "libration." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 17 Mar. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/libration>.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp100-105.
3. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp100-105. (1637) (1637)

MORE INFO
[1] "Galileo Galilei". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei
[2] http://www.answers.com/Galileo+Galilei?cat=technology
Florence, Italy3   
363 YBN
[1637 AD] 9 		1668) The Cartesian coordinate system, where points are plotted on a two
dimensional graph.5 6 7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Discourse on the Method ("Discours de la Methode"). An introduction to
Dioptrique, Des Météores and La Géométrie. Original in French, because
intended for a wider public., 1637 English: tr: John Veitch, "Discourse on
the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason, and Seeking Truth in the
Sciences", 1899 and "La
géométrie" http://books.google.com/books?id=aHBtAAAAMAAJ http://books.google
.com/books?id=DSjXAAAAMAAJ 2nd edition:
http://books.google.com/books?id=lGFxGEEK52oC
2. ^ "René Descartes." A Dictionary of Statistics. Oxford University Press,
2008. Answers.com 27 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ren-descartes
3. ^ Discourse on the Method ("Discours de la
Methode"). An introduction to Dioptrique, Des Météores and La Géométrie.
Original in French, because intended for a wider public., 1637 English: tr:
John Veitch, "Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason, and
Seeking Truth in the Sciences", 1899 and "La
géométrie" http://books.google.com/books?id=aHBtAAAAMAAJ http://books.google
.com/books?id=DSjXAAAAMAAJ
4. ^ "René Descartes." A Dictionary of Statistics. Oxford University Press,
2008. Answers.com 27 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ren-descartes
5. ^ Discourse on the Method ("Discours de la
Methode"). An introduction to Dioptrique, Des Météores and La Géométrie.
Original in French, because intended for a wider public., 1637 English: tr:
John Veitch, "Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason, and
Seeking Truth in the Sciences", 1899 and "La
géométrie" http://books.google.com/books?id=aHBtAAAAMAAJ http://books.google
.com/books?id=DSjXAAAAMAAJ
6. ^ "René Descartes." A Dictionary of Statistics. Oxford University Press,
2008. Answers.com 27 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ren-descartes
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
pp115-118.
8. ^ "Descartes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp115-118. (1637) (1637)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/topic/ren-descartes?cat=technology
Netherlands (presumably)8   
361 YBN
[11/24/1639 AD] 8 		1708) The transit of Venus is observed.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p128.
2. ^ "Jeremiah Horrocks".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041099/Jeremiah-Horrocks
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p128.
4. ^ "Jeremiah Horrocks".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041099/Jeremiah-Horrocks
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p128.
6. ^ "Jeremiah Horrocks".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041099/Jeremiah-Horrocks
7. ^ "Jeremiah Horrocks". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041099/Jeremiah-Horrocks
8. ^ "Jeremiah Horrocks". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041099/Jeremiah-Horrocks (11/24/1639 (Old
Style (Julian?)

MORE INFO
[1] "Jeremiah Horrocks". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Horrocks
Hoole, Lancashire, England7 (presumably)  
361 YBN
[11/24/1639 AD] 5 		6581) That the orbit of the Moon around the Earth is approximately elliptical
(with the Earth at one focus1 ) and that the Sun has a perturbing effect on the
Moon’s orbit is shown.2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p128.
2. ^ "Jeremiah Horrocks".
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 17 Mar.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/272141/Jeremiah-Horrocks>.
3. ^ Opera Posthuma of Jeremiah Horrocks, ed. John Wallis, London,
1672. http://books.google.com/books?id=xVQ_AAAAcAAJ
4. ^ "Jeremiah Horrocks". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041099/Jeremiah-Horrocks
5. ^ "Jeremiah Horrocks." Dictionary of Astronomy, John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. Answers.com 17 Mar. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/jeremiah-horrocks

MORE INFO
[1] "Jeremiah Horrocks". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Horrocks
[2] "Jeremiah Horrocks". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041099/Jeremiah-Horrocks
(11/24/1639 (Old Style (Julian?)
Hoole, Lancashire, England4 (presumably)  
360 YBN
[1640 AD] 4 5 		1697) The micrometer (a device for precision measurement) is invented and
applied to the telescope.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Bolt, M. et al. Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer, 2007.
Springer Reference. http://books.google.com/books?id=t-BF1CHkc50C&pg=PA407
2. ^ Bolt, M. et al. Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers.
Springer, 2007. Springer
Reference. http://books.google.com/books?id=t-BF1CHkc50C&pg=PA407
3. ^ Bolt, M. et al. Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer, 2007.
Springer Reference. http://books.google.com/books?id=t-BF1CHkc50C&pg=PA407
4. ^ Bolt, M. et al. Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers.
Springer, 2007. Springer
Reference. http://books.google.com/books?id=t-BF1CHkc50C&pg=PA407
5. ^
http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/sci/history/AHistoryofScienceVolume
II/chap43.html (1636)
Middleton (West Yorkshire), England3   
360 YBN
[1640 AD] 3 		6490) The Earth's acceleration due to gravity is measured.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Giovanni Battista Riccioli". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Battista+Riccioli+?cat=technology
2. ^ "Giovanni Battista Riccioli". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Battista+Riccioli+?cat=technology
3. ^ "Grimaldi, Francesco Maria." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 542-545. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 6 Dec.
2012. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2830901742&v=2.1&u=univca20&i
t=r&p=GVRL&sw=w

MORE INFO
[1] "Mizar". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053081/Mizar (1650)
Bologna, Italy2 (presumably)  
359 YBN
[1641 AD] 8 9 10 11 		6244) The repeating gun, a gun in which ammunition is fed from a magazine.5 6
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ "repeating rifle." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/498312/repeating-rifle>.
2. ^ http://www.earmi.it/A-Enciclopedia/ripetizione.html
3. ^ "repeating rifle." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web.
24 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/498312/repeating-rifle>.
4. ^ http://www.earmi.it/A-Enciclopedia/ripetizione.html
5. ^ "repeating rifle." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/498312/repeating-rifle>.
6. ^ http://www.earmi.it/A-Enciclopedia/ripetizione.html
7. ^ "The new weapons of the world encyclopedia : an international
encyclopedia from 5000 B.C. to the 21st century",
2007. http://books.google.com/books?id=3Il9ubyJCisC&pg=PA353&
8. ^ "The new weapons of the world encyclopedia : an international encyclopedia
from 5000 B.C. to the 21st century",
2007. http://books.google.com/books?id=3Il9ubyJCisC&pg=PA353& {1641}
9. ^
http://www.earmi.it/A-Enciclopedia/ripetizione.html {1641}
10. ^ "repeating rifle."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/498312/repeating-rifle>. {early
1600s}
11. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p49.
{1836}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeff Kinard, "Pistols: an illustrated history of their impact", 2004,
p37-38. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZVnuHX_6bG0C&pg=PA37
Netherlands7   
358 YBN
[1642 AD] 4 		1719) A mechanical calculating machine that can add and subtract.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp130-132.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp130-132.
3. ^ "Blaise Pascal". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy.
Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Blaise+Pascal?cat=technology
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp130-132. (1642) (1642)

MORE INFO
[1] "Blaise Pascal". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108317/Blaise-Pascal
[2] "Blaise Pascal". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal
Rouen, France3 (presumably)  
357 YBN
[1643 AD] 10 		1692) The earliest vacuum (a space empty of matter5 ), and barometer (which
measures atmospheric pressure6 ) are invented.7 When a tube filled with
mercury is turned upside down into a dish, the space above the mercury in the
tube is found to be a vacuum.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli
2. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli
3. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli
4. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli
5. ^ "vacuum." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vacuum
6. ^ "barometer." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 May. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/barometer>.
7. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli
8. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli
9. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli
10. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli (1643)

MORE INFO
[1] "Evangelista Torricelli". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli
[2] "atmospheric pressure." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Dec.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/atmospheric-pressure
Florence, Italy9   
356 YBN
[11/22/1644 AD] 8 9 10 		1694) The phases of Mercury are observed.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp124-125.
2. ^ Hevelius, J. Johannis
Hevelii Selenographia: Sive, Lunae Descriptio; Atque Accurata, Tam Macularum
Ejus, Quam Motuum Diversorum, Aliarumque Omnium Vicissitudinum, Phasiumque,
Telescopii Ope Deprehensarum, Delineatio. In Qu� Simul Caeterorum Omnium
Planetarum Nativa Facies, Variaeque Observationes, Praesertim Autem Macularum
Solarium ... Addita Est, Lentes Expoliendi Nova Ratio; Ut Et Telescopia Diversa
Construendi ... autoris sumtibus, typis H�nefeldianis,
1647. http://books.google.com/books?id=i1lDAAAAcAAJ
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp124-125.
4. ^ Hevelius, J. Johannis
Hevelii Selenographia: Sive, Lunae Descriptio; Atque Accurata, Tam Macularum
Ejus, Quam Motuum Diversorum, Aliarumque Omnium Vicissitudinum, Phasiumque,
Telescopii Ope Deprehensarum, Delineatio. In Qu� Simul Caeterorum Omnium
Planetarum Nativa Facies, Variaeque Observationes, Praesertim Autem Macularum
Solarium ... Addita Est, Lentes Expoliendi Nova Ratio; Ut Et Telescopia Diversa
Construendi ... autoris sumtibus, typis H�nefeldianis,
1647. http://books.google.com/books?id=i1lDAAAAcAAJ
5. ^ "Johannes Hevelius." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/johannes-hevelius
6. ^ "Johannes Hevelius." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/johannes-hevelius
7. ^ "Johannes Hevelius." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/johannes-hevelius
8. ^ Hevelius, J. Johannis Hevelii Selenographia: Sive, Lunae Descriptio; Atque
Accurata, Tam Macularum Ejus, Quam Motuum Diversorum, Aliarumque Omnium
Vicissitudinum, Phasiumque, Telescopii Ope Deprehensarum, Delineatio. In Qu�
Simul Caeterorum Omnium Planetarum Nativa Facies, Variaeque Observationes,
Praesertim Autem Macularum Solarium ... Addita Est, Lentes Expoliendi Nova
Ratio; Ut Et Telescopia Diversa Construendi ... autoris sumtibus, typis
H�nefeldianis, 1647. http://books.google.com/books?id=i1lDAAAAcAAJ
9. ^ "Johannes Hevelius." Dictionary of Astronomy, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/johannes-hevelius
10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp124-125. (1644) (1644)

MORE INFO
[1] "Johannes Hevelius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hevelius
(rooftop observatories on many houses5 ) Danzig6 (now Gdansk in Poland)7
  
356 YBN
[1644 AD] 8 9 		2618) The principle of the conservation of motion is described by René
Descartes.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Rene Descartes, "Principles of Philosophy", in "The Philosophical Works
of Descartes", trans. E. S. Haldane and G. R. T. Ross (New York: Dover, 1955).
2. ^
Descartes, Rene?, Valentine R. Miller, and Reese P. Miller. Principles of
Philosophy. Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel, 1983. Print. p61.
{Descartes_Miller_and_Miller_Principles_of_Philosophy_1983.pdf}
3. ^ Descartes, R. Principia Philosophiae. apud Ludovicum Elzevirium, 1644,
Part II, art 37-40. http://books.google.com/books?id=lHpbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA54
4. ^ Rene Descartes, "Principles of Philosophy", in "The
Philosophical Works of Descartes", trans. E. S. Haldane and G. R. T. Ross (New
York: Dover, 1955).
5. ^ Descartes, Rene?, Valentine R. Miller, and Reese P. Miller.
Principles of Philosophy. Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel, 1983. Print. p61.
{Descartes_Miller_and_Miller_Principles_of_Philosophy_1983.pdf}
6. ^ Descartes, R. Principia Philosophiae. apud Ludovicum Elzevirium, 1644,
Part II, art 37-40. http://books.google.com/books?id=lHpbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA54
7. ^ "Descartes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes
8. ^ Exploring the Cosmos, fifth edition. Berman and Evans, p46. (1644)
9. ^
Descartes, R. Principia Philosophiae. apud Ludovicum Elzevirium, 1644, Part
II, art 37-40. http://books.google.com/books?id=lHpbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA54

MORE INFO
[1] "Rene Descartes". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108563/Rene-Descartes
[2]
http://www.answers.com/topic/ren-descartes?cat=technology
[3] "The World (Descartes)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_%28Descartes%29
[4] "Momentum". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum
[5] 1. ^ A. Sayili (1987), "Ibn Sīnā and Buridan on the Motion of the
Projectile", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 500 (1), p. 477-482:
"Thus he considered impetus as proportional to weight times velocity.
In other words, his conception of impetus comes very close to the concept of
momentum of Newtonian mechanics."
[6] Rene Descartes, translated by John Veitch,
"Selections from the Principles of Philosophy of Rene Descartes
(1596-1650)". http://www.classicallibrary.org/descartes/principles/index.htm
[7] "Inertia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia
Netherlands (presumably)7   
355 YBN
[1645 AD] 4 5 		1844) That the strength the Sun holds the planets with decreases by the inverse
distance squared is recognized.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Ismael Bullialdus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Bullialdus
2. ^, p333.
http://books.google.com/books?id=5V4DAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA333&dq=%22Astronomia+philolai
ca%22&as_brr=1#PPA333,M1
3. ^ http://diglib.hab.de/wdb.php?dir=drucke/2-1-4-astron-2f-1&image=00005
4. ^ "Ismael Bullialdus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Bullialdus (1645)
5. ^
http://books.google.com/books?id=5V4DAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA333&dq=%22Astronomia+philolai
ca%22&as_brr=1#PPA333,M1 (1645)
Paris, France3   
352 YBN
[09/19/1648 AD] 5 		1721) Atmospheric pressure is shown to change at different elevations.2 This
implies that empty space (a vacuum) exists above the atmosphere.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp130-132.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp130-132.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp130-132.
4. ^ "Blaise
Pascal". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994,
1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Blaise+Pascal?cat=technology
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
pp130-132. (09/19/1648) (09/19/1648)

MORE INFO
[1] "Blaise Pascal". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108317/Blaise-Pascal
Rouen, France4 (presumably)  
352 YBN
[1648 AD] 8 		1648) The label of "gas" is applied to a substance.4 5 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
gas is recognized.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p112.
2. ^ Van Helmont, J.B. Joannis
Baptistae Van Helmont ... Opera Omnia. Additis His De Novo Tractatibus Aliquot
Posthumis Ejusdem Authoris, Maximè Curiosis Pariter Ac Perutilissimis, Antehac
Non in Lucem Editis; Una Cum Indicibus Rerum Ac Verborum Ut Locupletissimis,
Ita Et Accuratissimis. sumptibus Johannis Justi Erythropili, typis Johannis
Philippi Andreae,
1682. http://books.google.com/books?id=qzFFAAAAcAAJ English: John Baptista
Van Helmont; John Chandler (translator) (1662). "Oriatrike or Physick
Refined" http://www.nightenlight.com/higher-worlds-visited/rsc/john-baptista-va
n-helmont/oriatrike-or-physick-refined-001-030
3. ^ "Jan Baptista van Helmont". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039924/Jan-Baptista-van-Helmont
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p112.
5. ^ Van Helmont, J.B. Joannis
Baptistae Van Helmont ... Opera Omnia. Additis His De Novo Tractatibus Aliquot
Posthumis Ejusdem Authoris, Maximè Curiosis Pariter Ac Perutilissimis, Antehac
Non in Lucem Editis; Una Cum Indicibus Rerum Ac Verborum Ut Locupletissimis,
Ita Et Accuratissimis. sumptibus Johannis Justi Erythropili, typis Johannis
Philippi Andreae,
1682. http://books.google.com/books?id=qzFFAAAAcAAJ English: John Baptista
Van Helmont; John Chandler (translator) (1662). "Oriatrike or Physick
Refined" http://www.nightenlight.com/higher-worlds-visited/rsc/john-baptista-va
n-helmont/oriatrike-or-physick-refined-001-030
6. ^ "Jan Baptista van Helmont". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039924/Jan-Baptista-van-Helmont
7. ^ "Jan Baptista van Helmont". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039924/Jan-Baptista-van-Helmont
8. ^ "Jan Baptista van Helmont". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039924/Jan-Baptista-van-Helmont (1648)

MORE INFO
[1] "Jan Baptista van Helmont". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Baptista_van_Helmont
[2] http://www.answers.com/Jan+Baptista+van+Helmont?cat=technology
Vilvoorde, Belgium7   
350 YBN
[1650 AD] 8 9 10 		1675) The first air pump.4 That sound cannot be produced in the absence of air
is proven.5

This air pump is like a waterpump but airtight, and is powered by hand
pumping.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp120-121.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp120-121.
3. ^ "Otto von Guericke." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 06 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/otto-von-guericke
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp120-121.
5. ^ "Otto von Guericke." A
Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 06 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/otto-von-guericke
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
pp120-121.
7. ^ "Otto von Guericke". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038368/Otto-von-Guericke
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp120-121. (1650) (1650)
9. ^ "Otto
von Guericke". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038368/Otto-von-Guericke (1650)
10. ^ Daniel
Coit Gilman, Harry Thurston Peck, Frank Moore Colby, "The New International
Encyclopædia",
pp238-239. http://books.google.com/books?id=f2dMAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22geissler+pump%22
&pg=PA239&ci=10,460,449,440&source=bookclip (1654)

MORE INFO
[1] "Otto von Guericke". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Guericke
[2] http://www.answers.com/Otto+von+Guericke?cat=technology
Magdeburg, Germany7 (presumably)  
350 YBN
[1650 AD] 5 		1722) The hydraulic press;2 that pressure applied to a confined liquid is
transmitted equally through the liquid in all directions is recognized.3
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp130-132.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp130-132.
3. ^ "Blaise Pascal". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108317/Blaise-Pascal
4. ^ "Blaise Pascal". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Blaise+Pascal?cat=technology
5. ^ "Syringe#Historical Timeline". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringe#Historical_Timeline (1650 (needs better
estimate)

MORE INFO
[1] "Pascals principle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058620/Pascals-principle
[2] "Pascal's law". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_law
Rouen, France4 (presumably)  
348 YBN
[1652 AD] 3 		1775) Lymphatic vessels are identified; which have thinner walls than blood
vessels, and carry the clear, watery fluid portion of the blood (lymph) into
the spaces around cells and back into the blood vessels.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp140-141.
2. ^ "Olof Rudbeck".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Rudbeck
3. ^ "Olof Rudbeck". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Rudbeck (Spring, 1652)
Uppsala, Sweden2   
345 YBN
[03/25/1655 AD] 7 8 9 		1763) The first known moon of Saturn, Titan is identified.4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp138-140.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp138-140.
3. ^ "Titan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/597100/Titan>.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp138-140.
5. ^ "Titan". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.,
2012. Web. 27 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/597100/Titan>.
6. ^ "Christiaan Huygens". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041658/Christiaan-Huygens
7. ^ http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050325.html (3/25/1655)
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp138-140. (1656) (1656)
9. ^ "Titan". Encyclopedia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072639/Titan (1655)

MORE INFO
[1] "Christiaan Huygens". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens
[2] "Orion nebula#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_nebula#History
The Hague, Netherlands6 (presumably)  
345 YBN
[1655 AD] 6 		1702) Exponents are extended to include negative numbers and fractions.3 4
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p126.
2. ^ Wallis, J. Arithmetica
Infinitorum. 1656. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z5w_AAAAcAAJ
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p126.
4. ^ Wallis, J.
Arithmetica Infinitorum. 1656. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z5w_AAAAcAAJ
5. ^ "John Wallis". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075990/John-Wallis
6. ^ "John Wallis". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075990/John-Wallis (1655)

MORE INFO
[1] "John Wallis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wallis
[2] http://www.answers.com/John+Wallis+?cat=technology
(University of Oxford) Oxford, England5   
342 YBN
[1658 AD] 6 7 		1804) Red blood cells are observed and described.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070581/Jan-Swammerdam
2. ^ Swammerdam, J., H. Boerhaave, and H.D. Gaubius. Bybel Der
Natuure. by Isaak Severinus, Boudewyn van der Aa, Pieter van der Aa, 1738.
Bybel Der Natuure, Door Jan Swammerdam, Amsteldammer. Of Historie Der Insecten,
Tot Zeekere Zoorten Gebracht: Door Voorbeelden, Ontleedkundige Onderzoekingen
Van Veelerhande Kleine Gediertens, Als Ook Door Kunstige Kopere Plaaten
Opgeheldert: Verrykt Met Ontelbaare Waarnemingen Van Nooit Ontdekte
Zeldzaamhedenin De
Natuur. http://books.google.com/books?id=1SxMAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA819
3. ^ "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070581/Jan-Swammerdam
4. ^ Swammerdam, J., H. Boerhaave, and H.D. Gaubius. Bybel Der
Natuure. by Isaak Severinus, Boudewyn van der Aa, Pieter van der Aa, 1738.
Bybel Der Natuure, Door Jan Swammerdam, Amsteldammer. Of Historie Der Insecten,
Tot Zeekere Zoorten Gebracht: Door Voorbeelden, Ontleedkundige Onderzoekingen
Van Veelerhande Kleine Gediertens, Als Ook Door Kunstige Kopere Plaaten
Opgeheldert: Verrykt Met Ontelbaare Waarnemingen Van Nooit Ontdekte
Zeldzaamhedenin De
Natuur. http://books.google.com/books?id=1SxMAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA819
5. ^ "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070581/Jan-Swammerdam
6. ^ "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070581/Jan-Swammerdam
(1658)
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p145. (1658) (1658)
Amsterdam, Netherlands5 (presumably)  
341 YBN
[1659 AD] 5 		1771) The ring of Saturn is seen1 2 and the apparent sizes of the planets are
measured in seconds of arc3 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Huygens, C. Opera Varia. 1724. Opera Varia,
p.529 http://books.google.com/books?id=lppGAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA529
2. ^ Proctor, R.A. Saturn and Its System: Containing Discussions of the Motions
(real and Apparent) and Telescopic Appearance of the Planet Saturn, Its
Satellites, and Rings; the Nature of the Rings; the Great Inequality of Saturn
and Jupiter; and the Habitability of Saturn. To Which Are Appended Notes on
Chald�an Astronomy, Laplace�s Nebular Theory, and the Habitability of the
Moon; a Series of Tables with Explanatory Notes; and Explanations of
Astronomical Terms. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green, 1865,
p48. http://books.google.com/books?id=S68RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA48
3. ^ Huygens, C. Opera Varia. 1724. Opera Varia,
p.591 http://books.google.com/books?id=lppGAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA591
4. ^ "Christiaan Huygens". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041658/Christiaan-Huygens
5. ^ "Christiaan Huygens". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Christiaan+Huygens?cat=technology (1659)

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982)
[2] "Titan (moon)". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_%28moon%29
[3]
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/features/saturn-story/moons.cfm NASA:
News-Features-The Story of Saturn. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved on
2007-01-08
[4] http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050325.html
[5] "Titan". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072639/Titan
The Hague, Netherlands4 (presumably)  
340 YBN
[11/28/1660 AD] 4 		1704) The Royal Society is formed.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Royal Society". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064290/Royal-Society
2. ^ "Royal Society". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064290/Royal-Society
3. ^ "Royal Society". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064290/Royal-Society
4. ^ "Royal Society". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064290/Royal-Society
(11/28/1660)
London, England3   
340 YBN
[1660 AD] 10 		1737) Gas is collected for the first time5 6 and that electrical attraction is
transmitted through a vacuum is proven.7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Boyle, "New experiments physico-mechanicall, touching the spring of the
air and its effects",
1660. http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/permanent/archimedes_re
pository/large/boyle_exper_013_en_1660/index.meta&viewMode=image
AND http://archimedes.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de//docuserver/images/archimedes/boyle_e
xper_013_en_1660/downloads/boyle_exper_013_en_1660.text.pdf {Boyle_exper_013_en
_1660.text.pdf}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136.
4. ^ Boyle, "New experiments physico-mechanicall, touching
the spring of the air and its effects",
1660. http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/permanent/archimedes_re
pository/large/boyle_exper_013_en_1660/index.meta&viewMode=image
AND http://archimedes.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de//docuserver/images/archimedes/boyle_e
xper_013_en_1660/downloads/boyle_exper_013_en_1660.text.pdf {Boyle_exper_013_en
_1660.text.pdf}
5. ^ Boyle, "New experiments physico-mechanicall, touching the spring of the
air and its effects",
1660. http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/permanent/archimedes_re
pository/large/boyle_exper_013_en_1660/index.meta&viewMode=image
AND http://archimedes.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de//docuserver/images/archimedes/boyle_e
xper_013_en_1660/downloads/boyle_exper_013_en_1660.text.pdf {Boyle_exper_013_en
_1660.text.pdf}
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136.
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136.
8. ^ Boyle, "New experiments physico-mechanicall, touching
the spring of the air and its effects",
1660. http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/permanent/archimedes_re
pository/large/boyle_exper_013_en_1660/index.meta&viewMode=image
AND http://archimedes.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de//docuserver/images/archimedes/boyle_e
xper_013_en_1660/downloads/boyle_exper_013_en_1660.text.pdf {Boyle_exper_013_en
_1660.text.pdf}
9. ^ "Robert Boyle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016071/Robert-Boyle
10. ^ "Robert Boyle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016071/Robert-Boyle
(1660)

MORE INFO
[1] "Robert Boyle". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle
Oxford, England9 (presumably)  
340 YBN
[1660 AD] 3 		3142) A sub-atmospheric pressure is measured using a mercury filled tube to
measure the pressure produced in a bell jar by a piston pump.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ P. A. Redhead, The ultimate vacuum, VacuumVolume 53, Issues 1-2, , May
1999, Pages
137-149. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TW4-3WC41PF-13/1/124b4
08e41b05b5d704ff7f49318d0d9) {Vacuum_1999_sdarticle.pdf} (nice work with many
figures)
2. ^ "Robert Boyle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016071/Robert-Boyle
3. ^ P. A. Redhead, The ultimate vacuum, VacuumVolume 53, Issues 1-2,
, May 1999, Pages
137-149. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TW4-3WC41PF-13/1/124b4
08e41b05b5d704ff7f49318d0d9) {Vacuum_1999_sdarticle.pdf} (nice work with many
figures) (1660)

MORE INFO
[1] "Robert Boyle". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle
[2] "Robert Boyle". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Robert+Boyle?cat=technology
[3] "Robert Boyle". Who2? Biographies. Who2?, 2008. Answers.com 2008.
http://www.answers.com/Robert+Boyle?cat=technology
[4] "Robert Boyle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016071/Robert-Boyle (1660)
Oxford, England2 (presumably)  
339 YBN
[1661 AD] 5 6 		1738) Acids, bases, and neutral liquids are recognized using acid-base
indicators,2 and an element is defined as any substance that cannot be broken
down farther into another substance.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136.
4. ^ "Robert
Boyle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016071/Robert-Boyle
5. ^ "Robert Boyle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016071/Robert-Boyle (1661)
6. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136. (1661) (1661)

MORE INFO
[1] "Robert Boyle". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle
Oxford, England4 (presumably)  
339 YBN
[1661 AD] 6 		1754) The connection of arteries and veins, and microscopic blood vessels
(eventually named "capillaries") are observed.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp137-138.
2. ^ "Marcello Malpighi".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050369/Marcello-Malpighi
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp137-138.
4. ^ "Marcello Malpighi".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050369/Marcello-Malpighi
5. ^ "Marcello Malpighi". Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Gale
Group, Inc, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Marcello+Malpighi?cat=health
6. ^ "Marcello Malpighi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050369/Marcello-Malpighi (1661)

MORE INFO
[1] "Marcello Malpighi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi
Bologna, Italy5   
338 YBN
[1662 AD] 12 13 		1739) That pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related is proven.7 8 9
A long J-shaped tube traps air at the end using mercury. Adding twice the
mercury, adds twice the pressure, reducing the volume of air at the end by
half. Removing half the mercury doubles the volume of air.10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136.
2. ^ Boyle, R. New Experiments
Physico-mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air, and Its Effects: (made, for
the Most Part, in a New Pneumatical Engine). H. Hall, 1662,
p156. books.google.com/books?id=LqYrAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA156
3. ^ Publishing, DK. Science: The Definitive Visual Guide. DK Publishing, 2009,
p99.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136.
5. ^ Boyle, R. New Experiments
Physico-mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air, and Its Effects: (made, for
the Most Part, in a New Pneumatical Engine). H. Hall, 1662,
p156. books.google.com/books?id=LqYrAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA156
6. ^ Publishing, DK. Science: The Definitive Visual Guide. DK Publishing, 2009,
p99.
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136.
8. ^ Boyle, R. New Experiments
Physico-mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air, and Its Effects: (made, for
the Most Part, in a New Pneumatical Engine). H. Hall, 1662,
p156. books.google.com/books?id=LqYrAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA156
9. ^ Publishing, DK. Science: The Definitive Visual Guide. DK Publishing, 2009,
p99.
10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136.
11. ^ "Robert Boyle".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016071/Robert-Boyle
12. ^ "Robert Boyle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016071/Robert-Boyle (1662)
13. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136. (1662) (1662)

MORE INFO
[1] "Robert Boyle". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle
[2] http://www.answers.com/Robert+Boyle?cat=technology
Oxford, England11 (presumably)  
337 YBN
[1663 AD] 7 		2247) The first static electricity generator is built: a sulfur globe is
rotated against a cloth4 which can produce sizable electric sparks5 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Otto von Guericke". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Otto+von+Guericke?cat=technology
2. ^ "Otto von Guericke". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Otto+von+Guericke?cat=technology
3. ^ "Otto von Guericke". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Otto+von+Guericke?cat=technology
4. ^ "Otto von Guericke". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Otto+von+Guericke?cat=technology
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp120-121.
6. ^ "Otto von Guericke".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038368/Otto-von-Guericke
7. ^ "Otto von Guericke". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Otto+von+Guericke?cat=technology (1663)

MORE INFO
[1] "Otto von Guericke". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Guericke
[2] http://books.google.com/books?id=R3Yt1N-qotsC
Magdeburg, Germany6 (presumably)  
336 YBN
[1664 AD] 9 10 		1666) The theory that light is made of particles is revived by Rene Descartes
(DAKoRT)5 , who compares light to a ball, and is the first to describe the two
major theories of light: that light may be transmitted by particle collision
(the "wave" or "constant collision" theory) or by particles that move mostly
without collision through space (the "corpuscular" or "rare collision"
theory).6 7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Rene Descartes, Translated by Michael S. Mahoney, "The World or Treatise
on Light", Chapters 13 and 14.
http://www.princeton.edu/~hos/mike/texts/descartes/world/worldfr.htm AND
http://books.google.com/books?id=YUo7AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA265
2. ^ Descartes, R. Le Monde ... Ou Le Traité De La Lumière Et Des Autres
Objets Principaux Des Sens, Avec Un Discours De L’action Des Corps Et Un
Autre Des Fièvres, Composez Selon Les Principes Du Même Auteur. Michel Bobin
et Nic. le Gras, 1664. http://books.google.com/books?id=DHEPAAAAQAAJ
3. ^ Rene Descartes, Translated by Michael S. Mahoney, "The
World or Treatise on Light", Chapters 13 and 14.
http://www.princeton.edu/~hos/mike/texts/descartes/world/worldfr.htm AND
http://books.google.com/books?id=YUo7AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA265
4. ^ Descartes, R. Le Monde ... Ou Le Traité De La Lumière Et Des Autres
Objets Principaux Des Sens, Avec Un Discours De L’action Des Corps Et Un
Autre Des Fièvres, Composez Selon Les Principes Du Même Auteur. Michel Bobin
et Nic. le Gras, 1664. http://books.google.com/books?id=DHEPAAAAQAAJ
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp115-118.
6. ^ Rene
Descartes, Translated by Michael S. Mahoney, "The World or Treatise on Light",
Chapters 13 and 14.
http://www.princeton.edu/~hos/mike/texts/descartes/world/worldfr.htm
7. ^ Descartes, R. Le Monde ... Ou Le Traité De La Lumière Et Des Autres
Objets Principaux Des Sens, Avec Un Discours De L’action Des Corps Et Un
Autre Des Fièvres, Composez Selon Les Principes Du Même Auteur. Michel Bobin
et Nic. le Gras, 1664. http://books.google.com/books?id=DHEPAAAAQAAJ
8. ^ "Rene Descartes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158787/Rene-Descartes/43352/Resi
dence-in-the-Netherlands>.
9. ^ "Rene Descartes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158787/Rene-Descartes/43352/Resi
dence-in-the-Netherlands>.
10. ^ Descartes, R. Le Monde ... Ou Le Traité De La Lumière Et Des Autres
Objets Principaux Des Sens, Avec Un Discours De L’action Des Corps Et Un
Autre Des Fièvres, Composez Selon Les Principes Du Même Auteur. Michel Bobin
et Nic. le Gras, 1664. http://books.google.com/books?id=DHEPAAAAQAAJ

MORE INFO
[1] "The World (Descartes)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_%28Descartes%29
[2]
http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/Descartes/extraits/le_monde/le_monde.doc
[3] "Rene Descartes". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108563/Rene-Descartes (1633)
[4] "Rene
Descartes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158787/Rene-Descartes>
(in 1633:) Netherlands (presumably)8   
335 YBN
[1665 AD] 4 		1688) The theory that comets move in elliptical orbits.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Giovanni Alfonso Borelli". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Alfonso+Borelli?cat=technology
2. ^ "Giovanni Alfonso Borelli". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Alfonso+Borelli?cat=technology
3. ^ "Giovanni Alfonso Borelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9080729/Giovanni-Alfonso-Borelli
4. ^ "Giovanni Alfonso Borelli". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Alfonso+Borelli?cat=technology (1665)
Pisa, Italy3 (presumably)  
335 YBN
[1665 AD] 9 10 		1707) The theory of light "diffraction".3 4 Light passed through two narrow
holes, one behind the other, causes some light to appear outside of the cone of
light made by the holes. This is thought to be a new property of light named
"diffraction" in which light bends around the side of a hole.5 6 But this
outer light can also be explained as light reflected off the inside surface of
the hole.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ P. Francesco Maria Grimaldo, "Physico-mathesis de lumine, coloribus, et
iride", 1665.
http://books.google.com/books?id=sZE_AAAAcAAJ {Grimaldi_Francesco_Physico.pdf
}
2. ^ Review of "Physico-mathesis de lumine, coloribus, et iride", Martyn, J. et
al. Philosophical Transactions, Giving Some Accompt of the Present
Undertakings, Studies and Labors of the Ingenious in Many Considerable Parts of
the World. T. N., 1710,
p3068. http://books.google.com/books?id=L1ItoQ2GjMAC&pg=PA3068
3. ^ P. Francesco Maria Grimaldo, "Physico-mathesis de lumine, coloribus, et
iride", 1665.
http://books.google.com/books?id=sZE_AAAAcAAJ {Grimaldi_Francesco_Physico.pdf
}
4. ^ Review of "Physico-mathesis de lumine, coloribus, et iride", Martyn, J. et
al. Philosophical Transactions, Giving Some Accompt of the Present
Undertakings, Studies and Labors of the Ingenious in Many Considerable Parts of
the World. T. N., 1710,
p3068. http://books.google.com/books?id=L1ItoQ2GjMAC&pg=PA3068
5. ^ P. Francesco Maria Grimaldo, "Physico-mathesis de lumine, coloribus, et
iride", 1665.
http://books.google.com/books?id=sZE_AAAAcAAJ {Grimaldi_Francesco_Physico.pdf
}
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp127-128.
7. ^ Huntington, Ted. “Is
Diffraction Actually Reflection?” 10 June
2008. http://www.tedhuntington.com/paper_diffraction.htm
8. ^ "Francesco Grimaldi". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Francesco+Grimaldi?cat=technology
9. ^ "Francesco Grimaldi". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Francesco+Grimaldi?cat=technology (1665)
10. ^ P. Francesco
Maria Grimaldo, "Physico-mathesis de lumine, coloribus, et iride", 1665.
http://books.google.com/books?id=sZE_AAAAcAAJ {Grimaldi_Francesco_Physico.pdf
}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/G/Grimaldi/1/html
Bologna, Italy8 (presumably)  
335 YBN
[1665 AD] 4 5 		1726) The period of a Mars day is measured as 24 hours and 40 minutes.2
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp132-133.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp132-133.
3. ^ "Giovanni Domenico Cassini". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp 132-133. (1665,1666)
5. ^ "Gian
Domenico Cassini". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020655/Gian-Domenico-Cassini
(1666)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Domenico+Cassini+?cat=technology
Bologna, Italy3   
335 YBN
[1665 AD] 6 		1776) The first blood transfusion is performed.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p141.
2. ^ Richard Lower, "An
account of the experiment of transfusion, practiced upon a man in London",
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1667, Vol.2,
p489 http://books.google.com/books?id=RF5FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA489
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p141.
4. ^ Richard Lower, "An
account of the experiment of transfusion, practiced upon a man in London",
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1667, Vol.2,
p489 http://books.google.com/books?id=RF5FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA489
5. ^ "Richard Lower". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lower
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p141. (1665) (1665)
London?, England5   
335 YBN
[1665 AD] 10 11 12 13 14 		1799) The wave theory of light is firmly established by Robert Hooke4 , with
the medium being a fluid between the stars associated with the ancient concept
of aether5 . In this view light is analogous to sound: a motion that results
from the collisions of many transparent material particles of a medium.6

Hooke
also uses the word "cells" to describe tiny rectangular holes in a thin sliver
of cork viewed under a microscope,7 and publishes the first images of a
microorganism (and protist).8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Hooke, R. Micrographia: Or, Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute
Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon.
printed for James Allestry, 1667,
p56-57. http://books.google.com/books?id=SgFMAAAAcAAJ
2. ^ Hooke, R. Micrographia: Or, Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute
Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon.
printed for James Allestry, 1667,
p96-97. http://books.google.com/books?id=SgFMAAAAcAAJ
3. ^ Gest, Howard. "The discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni
Van Leeuwenhoek, fellows of the Royal Society." Notes and Records of the Royal
Society of London 58.2 (2004):
187-201. http://rsnr.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/58/2/187.full.pdf
4. ^ Hooke, R. Micrographia: Or, Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute
Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon.
printed for James Allestry, 1667,
p56-57. http://books.google.com/books?id=SgFMAAAAcAAJ
5. ^ Hooke, R. Micrographia: Or, Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute
Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon.
printed for James Allestry, 1667,
p96-97. http://books.google.com/books?id=SgFMAAAAcAAJ
6. ^ Hooke, R. Micrographia: Or, Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute
Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon.
printed for James Allestry, 1667,
p54-67. http://books.google.com/books?id=SgFMAAAAcAAJ
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp144-145.
8. ^ Gest, Howard. "The
discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek, fellows
of the Royal Society." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 58.2
(2004):
187-201. http://rsnr.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/58/2/187.full.pdf
9. ^ http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/vectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm
10. ^ Hooke, R. Micrographia, Or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute
Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses,... by R. Hooke,... J. Martyn and J.
Allestry, 1665. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZggAYAAACAAJ
11. ^ "Robert Hooke." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 10 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-hooke
12. ^ http://home.clara.net/rod.beavon/robert_hooke.htm (submitted for
printing: 11/23/1664released for sale: 1665)
13. ^
http://home.clara.net/rod.beavon/robert_hooke.htm (submitted for printing:
11/23/1664released for sale: 1665)
14. ^
http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/vectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm (1665)

MORE INFO
[1] "Robert Hooke". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040979/Robert-Hooke
[2] "Robert Hooke". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke
[3] http://www.answers.com/Robert+Hooke?cat=technology
[4] http://www.libraries.uc.edu/source/volfour/oesper2.html
[5] http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/
[6] http://www.she-philosopher.com/gallery/cyclopaedia.html
[7] Hooke, R. Micrographia: Or, Some Physiological Descriptions
of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries
Thereupon. printed for James Allestry, 1667,
p54. http://books.google.com/books?id=SgFMAAAAcAAJ
[8] P. Francesco Maria Grimaldo, "Physico-mathesis de lumine, coloribus, et
iride", 1665. http://books.google.com/books?id=sZE_AAAAcAAJ PD
[9] Suber cells and mimosa leaves. Robert Hooke, Micrographia,
1665. other version PD
London, England9   
334 YBN
[10/??/1666 AD] 11 12 13 14 		1827) Calculus: differentiation is used to find the rate of change (or slope)
of an equation and integration is used to calculate the area or volume
described by an equation.7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Newton, "The October 1666 Tract on Fluxions", MS Add. 3958.3, ff.
48r-63v, Cambridge University Library, Cambridge,
UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00100
AND http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-03958/92
2. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108764/Sir-Isaac-Newton
3. ^ Isaac Newton, "De Analysi per Aequationes Numero Terminorum
Infinitas" (1669; "On Analysis by Equations with an Infinite Number of Terms"),
todo: find original work, and English translation of original
work. partially described in Latin: Wallis, J. Johannis Wallis ... Opera
Mathematica ... E Theatro Sheldoniano, 1693. Johannis Wallis ... Opera
Mathematica. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2BDAAAAcAAJ explained in
English: Newton, I. Two Treatises of the Quadrature of Curves and Analysis by
Equations of an Infinite Number of Terms, Explained by John Stewart. James
Bettenham, 1745. http://books.google.com/books?id=eg4OAAAAQAAJ
4. ^ Isaac Newton, "The October 1666 Tract on Fluxions", MS Add.
3958.3, ff. 48r-63v, Cambridge University Library, Cambridge,
UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00100
AND http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-03958/92
5. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108764/Sir-Isaac-Newton
6. ^ Isaac Newton, "De Analysi per Aequationes Numero Terminorum
Infinitas" (1669; "On Analysis by Equations with an Infinite Number of Terms"),
todo: find original work, and English translation of original
work. partially described in Latin: Wallis, J. Johannis Wallis ... Opera
Mathematica ... E Theatro Sheldoniano, 1693. Johannis Wallis ... Opera
Mathematica. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2BDAAAAcAAJ explained in
English: Newton, I. Two Treatises of the Quadrature of Curves and Analysis by
Equations of an Infinite Number of Terms, Explained by John Stewart. James
Bettenham, 1745. http://books.google.com/books?id=eg4OAAAAQAAJ
7. ^ Isaac Newton, "The October 1666 Tract on Fluxions", MS Add.
3958.3, ff. 48r-63v, Cambridge University Library, Cambridge,
UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00100
AND http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-03958/92
8. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108764/Sir-Isaac-Newton
9. ^ Isaac Newton, "De Analysi per Aequationes Numero Terminorum
Infinitas" (1669; "On Analysis by Equations with an Infinite Number of Terms"),
todo: find original work, and English translation of original
work. partially described in Latin: Wallis, J. Johannis Wallis ... Opera
Mathematica ... E Theatro Sheldoniano, 1693. Johannis Wallis ... Opera
Mathematica. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2BDAAAAcAAJ explained in
English: Newton, I. Two Treatises of the Quadrature of Curves and Analysis by
Equations of an Infinite Number of Terms, Explained by John Stewart. James
Bettenham, 1745. http://books.google.com/books?id=eg4OAAAAQAAJ
10. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108764/Sir-Isaac-Newton
11. ^ Isaac Newton, "The October 1666 Tract on Fluxions", MS Add. 3958.3, ff.
48r-63v, Cambridge University Library, Cambridge,
UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00100
AND http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-03958/92
12. ^ Brewster, D., and I. Newton. Memoirs of the Life, Writings and
Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. Constable, 1855. Memoirs of the Life, Writings
and Discoveries of Sir Isaac
Newton. http://books.google.com/books?id=4hY6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=%E2%8
0%9COn+Analysis+by+Equations+with+an+Infinite+Number+of+Terms%E2%80%9D&source=bl
&ots=TPKbJAoHv0&sig=K_kBe8m59TO6GE8oAtLdugq3lCs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aSA5UMWePIjPrQHj0o
DYDQ&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%E2%80%9COn%20Analysis%20by%20Equations%20with%
20an%20Infinite%20Number%20of%20Terms%E2%80%9D&f=false
13. ^ http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Newton.html (07/1669)
14. ^
"Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108764/Sir-Isaac-Newton
(07/1669)

MORE INFO
[1] "Isaac Newton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton
[2] "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Isaac_Newton
[3] "binomial theorem". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9079241/binomial-theorem
[4] http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html
[5] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=47
[6] Abe Mizrahi and Michael Sullivan, "Calculus and Analytic
Geometry", Second Edition, Wadsworth Publishing Company, (1986), pp107-181
(Derivative), pp278-323 (Integral) {For a basic explanation of differentiation
and integration, or any modern calculus textbook}
[7] Newton, I. The Method of Fluxions
and Infinite Series: With Its Application to the Geometry of Curve-lines. By
... Sir Isaac Newton, ... Translated from the Author’s Latin Original Not Yet
Made Publick. To Which Is Subjoin’d, a Perpetual Comment Upon the Whole Work,
... By John Colson, ... Henry Woodfall; and sold by John Nourse, 1736
Cambridge, England10   
332 YBN
[11/26/1668 AD] 9 		3257) The equation Distance = velocity multiplied by Time is identified.3 4 In
addition the concept and equation of momentum (mass times velocity), and the
theory of the conservation of momentum is established.5 6 Note that
conservation of momentum may result from the separate conservation of mass and
of motion.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Dr. John Wallis, and Dr. Christopher Wren, "A Summary Account of the
General Laws of Motion", Philosophical Transactions, (1665-1678), Volume
3,1668,
pp864-868. books.google.com/books?id=SF5FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA864 http://journals.roy
alsociety.org/content/3t6172g2t153q212/?p=712eb21bc6624d76b0bd5d68f591a77a&pi=0
 {Wallis_John_Wren_Christopher_Laws_of_Motion_1668.pdf}
2. ^ Davies, E. Brian. "The Mechanical Philosophy 1660-1675."
(2007). http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/3458/
3. ^ Dr. John Wallis, and Dr. Christopher Wren, "A Summary Account of the
General Laws of Motion", Philosophical Transactions, (1665-1678), Volume
3,1668,
pp864-868. books.google.com/books?id=SF5FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA864 http://journals.roy
alsociety.org/content/3t6172g2t153q212/?p=712eb21bc6624d76b0bd5d68f591a77a&pi=0
 {Wallis_John_Wren_Christopher_Laws_of_Motion_1668.pdf}
4. ^ Davies, E. Brian. "The Mechanical Philosophy 1660-1675."
(2007). http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/3458/
5. ^ Dr. John Wallis, and Dr. Christopher Wren, "A Summary Account of the
General Laws of Motion", Philosophical Transactions, (1665-1678), Volume
3,1668,
pp864-868. books.google.com/books?id=SF5FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA864 http://journals.roy
alsociety.org/content/3t6172g2t153q212/?p=712eb21bc6624d76b0bd5d68f591a77a&pi=0
 {Wallis_John_Wren_Christopher_Laws_of_Motion_1668.pdf}
6. ^ Davies, E. Brian. "The Mechanical Philosophy 1660-1675."
(2007). http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/3458/
7. ^ Ted Huntington.
8. ^ "John Wallis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wallis
9. ^ Dr. John Wallis, and Dr. Christopher Wren, "A Summary Account of the
General Laws of Motion", Philosophical Transactions, (1665-1678), Volume
3,1668,
pp864-868. books.google.com/books?id=SF5FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA864 http://journals.roy
alsociety.org/content/3t6172g2t153q212/?p=712eb21bc6624d76b0bd5d68f591a77a&pi=0
 {Wallis_John_Wren_Christopher_Laws_of_Motion_1668.pdf} (11/26/1668)

MORE INFO
[1] "John Wallis". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075990/John-Wallis
[2] http://www.answers.com/John+Wallis+?cat=technology
[3] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982)
[4] "Christopher Wren".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren
[5] http://www.answers.com/Christopher%20Wren
[6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
p126
[7] "John Wallis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wallis (1685)
[8] "Sir Christopher Wren".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-8007/Sir-Christopher-Wren
[9] Wallis, J. Mechanica: Sive, De Motu, Tractatus Geometricus. Pitt,
1670. http://books.google.com/books?id=vGo_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA29
London, England8 (presumably)  
332 YBN
[1668 AD] 4 		1727) Jupiter's period of daily rotation of nine hours fifty-six minutes is
determined by observing the movement of spots in Jupiter's clouds.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp132-133.
2. ^ "Gian Domenico Cassini".
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/98187/Gian-Domenico-Cassini>.
3. ^ "Cassini, Gian Domenico", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
2000, p171.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp132-133. (1668) (1668)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Domenico+Cassini+?cat=technology
[2] "Giovanni Domenico Cassini". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini
(Observatory at) Panzano (near Bologna), Italy3   
332 YBN
[1668 AD] 3 		1736) The theory of "spontaneous regeneration" of flies from meat is disproven,
by proving that maggots only appear in meat placed in open vessels which flies
can land on, and not in closed vessels.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p134.
2. ^
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12687b.htm
3. ^ "Francesco Redi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9062979/Francesco-Redi (1668)

MORE INFO
[1] "Francesco Redi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Redi
Florence, Italy2 (presumably)  
331 YBN
[03/18/1669 AD] 6 		3258) The concept of energy (mass multiplied by velocity squared), and the
theory of conservation of energy is defined.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Huygens, C., J.A. Vollgraff, and Hollandsche Maatschappij der
Wetenschappen. Oeuvres Compl�tes: Correspondance. M. Nijhoff, 1895. Oeuvres
Compl�tes, p383-389. books.google.com/books?id=sH3tV6ogFtcC&pg=PA383
2. ^ George E. Smith, "The vis viva dispute: A controversy at the
dawn of dynamics", Physics Today, October 2006, page
31. http://physicstoday.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_59/iss_10/31_1.shtml
3. ^ Huygens, C., J.A. Vollgraff, and Hollandsche Maatschappij der
Wetenschappen. Oeuvres Compl�tes: Correspondance. M. Nijhoff, 1895. Oeuvres
Compl�tes, p383-389. books.google.com/books?id=sH3tV6ogFtcC&pg=PA383
4. ^ George E. Smith, "The vis viva dispute: A controversy at the
dawn of dynamics", Physics Today, October 2006, page
31. http://physicstoday.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_59/iss_10/31_1.shtml
5. ^ "Christiaan Huygens". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041658/Christiaan-Huygens
6. ^ http://www.physics.odu.edu/~kuhn/PHYS101/VisViva.html#ref (03/08/1669)

MORE INFO
[1] "Christiaan Huygens". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens
The Hague, Netherlands5 (presumably)  
331 YBN
[1669 AD] 7 		1735) The phenomenon of "double refraction" is observed.3 Objects viewed
through calcite are seen double which is explained as light being refracted at
two different angles.4 This may be the result of light particles reflecting
off of atoms in the two perpendicular planes within the crystal.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp133-134.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp133-134.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp133-134.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp133-134.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ "Erasmus Bartholin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9013525/Erasmus-Bartholin
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp133-134. (1669)

MORE INFO
[1] "double refraction". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9001617/double-refraction
Copenhagen, Denmark6   
331 YBN
[1669 AD] 4 5 		1758) The first detailed description of invertebrate anatomy.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Marcello Malpighi". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Marcello+Malpighi?cat=health
2. ^ Malpighi, M. Dissertatio Epistolica De Bombyce. apud Jo. Martyn & Jac.
Atlestry, 1669. http://books.google.com/books?id=-yIOAAAAQAAJ
3. ^ "Marcello Malpighi". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Marcello+Malpighi?cat=health
4. ^ "Marcello Malpighi". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Marcello+Malpighi?cat=health
5. ^ Malpighi, M. Dissertatio Epistolica De Bombyce. apud Jo.
Martyn & Jac. Atlestry, 1669. http://books.google.com/books?id=-yIOAAAAQAAJ

MORE INFO
[1] "Marcello Malpighi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi
[2] "Marcello Malpighi". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Marcello+Malpighi?cat=health (1666)
Bologna, Italy3   
331 YBN
[1669 AD] 4 5 		1774) The element Phosphorus is identified as a heavy glowing liquid obtained
by distilling a red oil distilled from urine with carbon.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Hennig Brand". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016207/Hennig-Brand
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p140.
3. ^ "Hennig Brand".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennig_Brand
4. ^ "Hennig Brand". Encyclopedia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016207/Hennig-Brand (about 1669)
5. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (between 1669 and 1675) (between 1669 and 1675)

MORE INFO
[1] "Retort". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retort
Hamburg, Germany3 (presumably)  
329 YBN
[1671 AD] 3 		1854) A calculating machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide is
constructed.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp155-156.
2. ^ "Gottfried Leibniz".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
pp155-156. (1671) (1671)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Gottfried+Wilhelm+Leibniz?cat=technology
Mainz, Germany2   
329 YBN
[1671 AD] 8 		2119) The element Hydrogen is identified when released by mixing iron filings
with acids, and is found to be flammable.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Farndon, J. Hydrogen. Benchmark Books, 2000. Elements (Benchmark Books).
2. ^
Boyle, Robert. Tracts Written by the Honourable Robert Boyle: Containing New
Experiments Touching the Relation Betwixt Flame and Air : and About Explosions
: an Hydrostatical Discourse Occasion'd by Some Objections of Dr. Henry More
against Some Explications of New Experiments Made by the Author of These Tracts
: to Which Is Annex't, an Hydrostatical Letter, Dilucidating an Experiment
About a Way of Weighing Water in Water. London: Printed for Richard Davis,
1673. Internet resource.
http://uci.worldcat.org/title/tracts-written-by-the-honourable-robert-boyle-co
ntaining-new-experiments-touching-the-relation-betwixt-flame-and-air-and-about-e
xplosions-an-hydrostatical-discourse-occasiond-by-some-objections-of-dr-henry-mo
re-against-some-explications-of-new-experiments-made-by-the-author-of-these-trac
ts-to-which-is-annext-an-hydrostatical-letter-dilucidating-an-experiment-about-a
-way-of-weighing-water-in-water/oclc/606570832?referer=di&ht=edition
3. ^ Boyle, Robert. The works of the Honourable Robert Boyle. In six volumes.
To which is prefixed The life of the author. ... Vol. Volume 3.A new edition.
London, MDCCLXXII. 3. ^. Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC
Irvine. 11 Dec. 2012
<http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=ECCO&userGroupN
ame=ucirvine&tabID=T001&docId=CW3314952823&type=multipage&contentSet=ECCOArticle
s&version=1.0&docLevel=FASCIMILE>. {Boyle_part_1672.pdf}
4. ^ Farndon, J. Hydrogen. Benchmark Books, 2000. Elements (Benchmark Books).
5. ^
Boyle, Robert. Tracts Written by the Honourable Robert Boyle: Containing New
Experiments Touching the Relation Betwixt Flame and Air : and About Explosions
: an Hydrostatical Discourse Occasion'd by Some Objections of Dr. Henry More
against Some Explications of New Experiments Made by the Author of These Tracts
: to Which Is Annex't, an Hydrostatical Letter, Dilucidating an Experiment
About a Way of Weighing Water in Water. London: Printed for Richard Davis,
1673. Internet resource.
http://uci.worldcat.org/title/tracts-written-by-the-honourable-robert-boyle-co
ntaining-new-experiments-touching-the-relation-betwixt-flame-and-air-and-about-e
xplosions-an-hydrostatical-discourse-occasiond-by-some-objections-of-dr-henry-mo
re-against-some-explications-of-new-experiments-made-by-the-author-of-these-trac
ts-to-which-is-annext-an-hydrostatical-letter-dilucidating-an-experiment-about-a
-way-of-weighing-water-in-water/oclc/606570832?referer=di&ht=edition
6. ^ Boyle, Robert. The works of the Honourable Robert Boyle. In six volumes.
To which is prefixed The life of the author. ... Vol. Volume 3.A new edition.
London, MDCCLXXII. 6. ^. Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC
Irvine. 11 Dec. 2012
<http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=ECCO&userGroupN
ame=ucirvine&tabID=T001&docId=CW3314952823&type=multipage&contentSet=ECCOArticle
s&version=1.0&docLevel=FASCIMILE>. {Boyle_part_1672.pdf}
7. ^ "Robert Boyle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016071/Robert-Boyle
8. ^ Farndon, J. Hydrogen. Benchmark Books, 2000. Elements (Benchmark
Books).

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982)
[2] "Robert Boyle". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle
[3] http://www.answers.com/Robert+Boyle?cat=technology
[4] "Hydrogen# ref-8". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen#_ref-8 (1671)
[5]
http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/H/hist.html (1671)
[6] Boyle, R.
Tracts ... Containing New Experiments, Touching the Relation Betwixt Flame and
Air: And About Explosions. An Hydrostatical Discourse Occasion’d by Some
Objections of Dr. Henry More ... To Which Is Annex’t, An Hydrostatical Letter
... New Experiments, of the Positive Or Relative Levity of Bodies Under Water;
of the Air’s Spring on Bodies Under Water; About the Differing Pressure of
Heavy Solids and Fluids. Richard Davis,
1672. http://books.google.com/books?id=_Dh8PQAACAAJ
Oxford, England7 (presumably)  
328 YBN
[02/19/1672 AD] 11 12 13 14 15 		1829) The corpuscular theory of light is firmly established by Isaac Newton. In
this view light is thought to be made of material particles that move through
any medium. Newton shows that color is a property of light, not of objects.
Newton also separates white light into primary colors and recombines primary
colors to form white light. Newton also shows that light of different colors
refract at different angles.7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Newton, "Draft of 'A Theory Concerning Light and Colors"', Feb 6,
1671/2, in English, c. 5,137 words, 14pp. Shelfmark: MS Add. 3970.3, ff.460-466
Location: Cambridge University Library, Cambridge,
UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP00003
2. ^ Isaac Newton, "A Letter of Mr. Isaac Newton … containing his New Theory
about Light and Colors", Feb 19, 1671/2, in English, c. 5,263 words, 13pp.
Published in: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, No. 80 (19 Feb.
1671/2), pp.
3075-3087. http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0000
6 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=L1ItoQ2GjMAC&pg=PA3075
3. ^ Isaac Newton, "Mr Isaac Newtons Answer to some Considerations of
Robert Hooke. ^ upon his doctrine of Light and Colors", Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society, No. 88 (18 November 1672), pp.
5084-5103. http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0002
8
4. ^ Isaac Newton, "Draft of 'A Theory Concerning Light and Colors"', Feb 6,
1671/2, in English, c. 5,137 words, 14pp. Shelfmark: MS Add. 3970.3, ff.460-466
Location: Cambridge University Library, Cambridge,
UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP00003
5. ^ Isaac Newton, "A Letter of Mr. Isaac Newton … containing his New Theory
about Light and Colors", Feb 19, 1671/2, in English, c. 5,263 words, 13pp.
Published in: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, No. 80 (19 Feb.
1671/2), pp.
3075-3087. http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0000
6
6. ^ Isaac Newton, "Mr Isaac Newtons Answer to some Considerations of Robert
Hooke. ^ upon his doctrine of Light and Colors", Philosophical Transactions of
the Royal Society, No. 88 (18 November 1672), pp.
5084-5103. http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0002
8
7. ^ Isaac Newton, "Draft of 'A Theory Concerning Light and Colors"', Feb 6,
1671/2, in English, c. 5,137 words, 14pp. Shelfmark: MS Add. 3970.3, ff.460-466
Location: Cambridge University Library, Cambridge,
UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP00003
8. ^ Isaac Newton, "A Letter of Mr. Isaac Newton … containing his New Theory
about Light and Colors", Feb 19, 1671/2, in English, c. 5,263 words, 13pp.
Published in: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, No. 80 (19 Feb.
1671/2), pp.
3075-3087. http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0000
6
9. ^ Isaac Newton, "Mr Isaac Newtons Answer to some Considerations of Robert
Hooke. ^ upon his doctrine of Light and Colors", Philosophical Transactions of
the Royal Society, No. 88 (18 November 1672), pp.
5084-5103. http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0002
8
10. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108764/Sir-Isaac-Newton (02/19/1672)
11. ^ Isaac
Newton, "Draft of 'A Theory Concerning Light and Colors"', Feb 6, 1671/2, in
English, c. 5,137 words, 14pp. Shelfmark: MS Add. 3970.3, ff.460-466 Location:
Cambridge University Library, Cambridge,
UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP00003
12. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/413189/Sir-Isaac-Newton/12246/In
fluence-of-the-scientific-revolution>.
13. ^ Isaac Newton, "A Letter of Mr. Isaac Newton … containing his New Theory
about Light and Colors", Feb 19, 1671/2, in English, c. 5,263 words, 13pp.
Published in: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, No. 80 (19 Feb.
1671/2), pp.
3075-3087. http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0000
6
14. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/413189/Sir-Isaac-Newton/12246/In
fluence-of-the-scientific-revolution>.
15. ^ Isaac Newton, "A Letter of Mr. Isaac Newton … containing his New Theory
about Light and Colors", Feb 19, 1671/2, in English, c. 5,263 words, 13pp.
Published in: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, No. 80 (19 Feb.
1671/2), pp.
3075-3087. http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0000
6 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=L1ItoQ2GjMAC&pg=PA3075

MORE INFO
[1] "Isaac Newton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton
[2] "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Isaac_Newton
[3] "binomial theorem". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9079241/binomial-theorem
[4] http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Newton.html
[5] http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html
[6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p148
[7] Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp148-154. (02/19/1672)
Cambridge, England10   
328 YBN
[1672 AD] 7 		1731) The scale of our star system is measured3 using the parallax of Mars to
measure the distance from Earth to Mars which provides a scale to calculate the
distance to the other planets.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isobel Black Gill, David Gill, "Six Months in Ascension",
1878. http://books.google.com/books?id=DwJFAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gill
+ascension+date:1878-1878&lr=&ei=EsCISaSVA5OmkQTSoKSXBg
2. ^ Isobel Black Gill, David Gill, "Six Months in Ascension",
1878. http://books.google.com/books?id=DwJFAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gill
+ascension+date:1878-1878&lr=&ei=EsCISaSVA5OmkQTSoKSXBg
3. ^ Isobel Black Gill, David Gill, "Six Months in Ascension",
1878. http://books.google.com/books?id=DwJFAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gill
+ascension+date:1878-1878&lr=&ei=EsCISaSVA5OmkQTSoKSXBg
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp132-133.
5. ^ "Giovanni Domenico
Cassini". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p140.
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp132-133. (1672) (1672)

MORE INFO
[1] "Gian Domenico Cassini". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020655/Gian-Domenico-Cassini
[2] http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Domenico+Cassini+?cat=technology
Paris, France5 ;Guiana, South America6   
327 YBN
[1673 AD] 4 		3377) The combustion of gun powder is used to create a vacuum.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://www.deutsches-museum.de/en/exhibitions/energie/power-engines/combustion-e
ngines/
2. ^ Kelly, J. Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of
the Explosive That Changed the World. Basic Books, 2009,
p116. http://books.google.com/books?id=8xfs8tC8Ow0C&pg=PA116
3. ^ "Christiaan Huygens". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041658/Christiaan-Huygens
4. ^
http://www.deutsches-museum.de/en/exhibitions/energie/power-engines/combustion-e
ngines/ {1673}

MORE INFO
[1] Cosmos, Carl Sagan
[2] http://www.richardbell.net/huygens.html
[3]
http://en.thinkexist.com/quotes/christiaan_huygens
[4] http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignOffice/projects/cecil/history.html
[5] http://www.a1nethost.com/american/scientific-american/484/00.htm#3
[6] http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_huygens.htm
[7] Huygens, Christiaan. (1680). "Nova vis movens mediante pulvere
nitrato et aere", ("A New Motive Power by Means of Gunpowder and Air"), Royal
Academy of Sciences. in: Huygens, C. Opera Varia. 1724. Opera
Varia. books.google.com/books?id=19o7AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA280
Paris, France3 (presumably)  
326 YBN
[1674 AD] 6 		1825) The element Oxygen is identified.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "John Mayow". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051617/John-Mayow
2. ^ "John Mayow". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/John+Mayow+?cat=technology
3. ^ "John Mayow". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051617/John-Mayow
4. ^ "John Mayow". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/John+Mayow+?cat=technology
5. ^ "John Mayow". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mayow
6. ^ "John Mayow". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/John+Mayow+?cat=technology (1674)
Oxford, England5   
325 YBN
[1675 AD] 3 		1732) The space between the ring of Saturn is seen.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp132-133.
2. ^ "Giovanni Domenico
Cassini". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp132-133. (1675) (1675)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Domenico+Cassini+?cat=technology
Paris, France2   
324 YBN
[06/13/1676 AD] 5 		1837) The binomial theorem is described:1 2 for any positive integer n, the
nth power of the sum of two numbers a and b may be expressed as the sum of n +
1 terms.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp148-154.
2. ^ Isaac Newton, Copy of a
letter from Newton to Henry Oldenburg, dated 13 June 1676, MS Add. 3977.5,
Cambridge University Library, Cambridge,
UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/diplomatic/NATP00181
3. ^ "binomial theorem." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica
Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 20 Mar. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/65749/binomial-theorem>.
4. ^ Newton_isaac_letters_739364699_content.pdf Annals of Science, The Newton
Letters Vols I and II, G Burniston Brown, 06/01/1960
5. ^
Newton_isaac_letters_739364699_content.pdf Annals of Science, The Newton
Letters Vols I and II, G Burniston Brown, 06/01/1960 (06/14/1676)

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108764/Sir-Isaac-Newton
[2] "Isaac Newton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton
[3] http://www.answers.com/Isaac+Newton+?cat=technology
[4] "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Isaac_Newton
[5] http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Newton.html
[6] http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html
[7] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=47
[8]
http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/texts/viewtext.php?id=NATP00006&mode=norma
lized
[9] http://www.jstor.org/view/03702316/ap000007/00a00090/0
[10] "Niccolo Zucchi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078475/Niccolo-Zucchi
[11]
http://grus.berkeley.edu/~jrg/TelescopeHistory/Early_Period.html
[12] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=15
Cambridge, England4   
324 YBN
[1676 AD] 19 20 		1851) The speed of light is shown to be finite and is measured by subtracting
the time it takes for the moon of Jupiter, Io to enter and exit the shadow of
Jupiter when the Earth is moving toward Jupiter, from the time it takes when
the Earth is moving away from Jupiter.13 14 15 16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Olaus Roemer". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Olaus+Roemer?cat=technology
2. ^ "Ole Romer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9083854/Ole-Romer
3. ^ "Demonstration touchant le mouvement de la lumiere trouvé par M.
Römer de l' Academie Royale des Sciences", Journal des sçavans, December 7,
1676 http://books.google.com/books?id=5scUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA484
4. ^ "A Demonstration concerning the Motion of Light, communicated from Paris"
is published in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" (No. 136)
on June 25, 1677. http://books.google.com/books?id=juU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=118
5. ^ "Olaus Roemer". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Olaus+Roemer?cat=technology
6. ^ "Ole Romer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9083854/Ole-Romer
7. ^ "Demonstration touchant le mouvement de la lumiere trouvé par M.
Römer de l' Academie Royale des Sciences", Journal des sçavans, December 7,
1676 http://books.google.com/books?id=5scUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA484
8. ^ "A Demonstration concerning the Motion of Light, communicated from Paris"
is published in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" (No. 136)
on June 25, 1677. http://books.google.com/books?id=juU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=118
9. ^ "Olaus Roemer". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Olaus+Roemer?cat=technology
10. ^ "Ole Romer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9083854/Ole-Romer
11. ^ "Demonstration touchant le mouvement de la lumiere trouvé par
M. Römer de l' Academie Royale des Sciences", Journal des sçavans, December
7, 1676 http://books.google.com/books?id=5scUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA484
12. ^ "A Demonstration concerning the Motion of Light, communicated from
Paris" is published in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society"
(No. 136) on June 25,
1677. http://books.google.com/books?id=juU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=118
13. ^ "Olaus Roemer". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Olaus+Roemer?cat=technology
14. ^ "Ole Romer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9083854/Ole-Romer
15. ^ "Demonstration touchant le mouvement de la lumiere trouvé par
M. Römer de l' Academie Royale des Sciences", Journal des sçavans, December
7, 1676 http://books.google.com/books?id=5scUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA484
16. ^ "A Demonstration concerning the Motion of Light, communicated from
Paris" is published in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society"
(No. 136) on June 25,
1677. http://books.google.com/books?id=juU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=118
17. ^ William Tobin, "The Life and Science of Léon Foucault", Cambridge
University Press, 2003, p118.
18. ^ "Olaus Roemer". The Oxford Dictionary of
Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Olaus+Roemer?cat=technology
19. ^ "Olaus Roemer". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Olaus+Roemer?cat=technology (1676)
20. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp154-155. (1676) (1676)
(Paris Observatory17 ) Paris, France18   
324 YBN
[1676 AD] 3 		1870) The first observatory in the southern hemisphere.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp159-160.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp159-160.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp159-160. (1676)

MORE INFO
[1] "Edmund Halley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Halley
[2] http://www.answers.com/Edmund+Halley+?cat=technology
[3] "St. Helena". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena
Saint Helena2   
323 YBN
[1677 AD] 4 		1784) Sperm cells are first described.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Leeuwenhoek". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Leeuwenhoek?cat=health
2. ^ "Leeuwenhoek". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Leeuwenhoek?cat=health
3. ^ "Leeuwenhoek". Encyclopedia of Public Health. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Leeuwenhoek?cat=health
4. ^ "Leeuwenhoek". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Leeuwenhoek?cat=health (1677)

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982)
[2] "Anton van Leeuwenhoek".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_van_Leeuwenhoek
Delft, Netherlands3   
322 YBN
[06/25/1678 AD] 5 6 		3862) The first woman to teach at a university after the collapse of science of
the 400s CE.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.women-philosophers.com/Helena-Lucretia-Cornaro-Piscopia.html
2. ^ Maschietto, F.L. et al. Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia (1646-1684):
The First Woman in the World to Earn a University Degree. Saint Joseph’s
University Press, 2007.
3. ^ Robin, D.M., A.R. Larsen, and C. Levin. Encyclopedia of
Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England. Abc-Clio Incorporated,
2007, p292. http://books.google.com/books?id=OQ8mdTjxungC&pg=PA292
4. ^
http://www.women-philosophers.com/Helena-Lucretia-Cornaro-Piscopia.html
5. ^ http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/piscopia.htm {06/25/1678}
6. ^
http://www.women-philosophers.com/Helena-Lucretia-Cornaro-Piscopia.html {1678}
(University of Padua) Padua, Italy4   
322 YBN
[1678 AD] 9 10 11 12 13 14 		1794) The helical spring.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Hooke, R. Lectures De Potentia Restitutiva, Or of Spring Explaining the
Power of Springing Bodies. John Martyn,
1678. http://books.google.com/books?id=LAtPAAAAcAAJ
2. ^ "Robert Hooke". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Robert+Hooke?cat=technology
3. ^ http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/vectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm
4. ^ Hooke, R. Lectures De Potentia Restitutiva, Or of Spring Explaining
the Power of Springing Bodies. John Martyn,
1678. http://books.google.com/books?id=LAtPAAAAcAAJ
5. ^ "Robert Hooke". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Robert+Hooke?cat=technology
6. ^ http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/vectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp144-145.
8. ^
http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/vectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm
9. ^ Hooke, R. Lectures De Potentia Restitutiva, Or of Spring Explaining the
Power of Springing Bodies. John Martyn,
1678. http://books.google.com/books?id=LAtPAAAAcAAJ
10. ^ http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/vectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm
(1657)
11. ^ Nicholson, W., "An Account of the Invention of the Balance Spring, and
the Determination of the Conditions of its Isochronism in wide and narrow
Vibrations...", Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts. G. G.
and J. Robinson, 1806. Landmarks II, Scientific Journals.,
p363. http://books.google.com/books?id=6GcxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA363
12. ^ "Hooke, Robert", Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts,
Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, Enlarged and Improved. A. Constable,
1823. Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and
Miscellaneous Literature, Enlarged and Improved.,
p592-593. http://books.google.com/books?id=GMsnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA592
13. ^ Patterson, Louise Diehl. �Pendulums of Wren and Hooke.� Osiris 10
(1952): 277�321. http://www.jstor.org/stable/301817
14. ^ Patterson, Louise Diehl. �Pendulums of Wren and Hooke.�
Osiris 10 (1952): 277�321. http://www.jstor.org/stable/301817

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/
London, England (presumably)7 |(if 1657:) Oxford, England (presumably)8   
322 YBN
[1678 AD] 6 7 		1871) The first catalog of telescopically located southern hemisphere stars.3 4

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Edmond Halley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038943/Edmond-Halley
2. ^ Halley, E. Catalogus Stellarum Australium: Sive, Supplementum
Catalogi Tychenici, Exhibens Longitudines Et Latitudines Stellarum Fixarum,
Quae, Prope Polum Antarcticum Sitae, in Horizonte Uraniburgico Tychoni
Inconspicuae Fuere, Accurato Calculo Ex Distantiis Supputatas, & Ad Annum 1677
Completum correctas...Accedit Appendicula De Rebus Quibusdam Astronomicis...
Typis T. James, 1679. http://books.google.com/books?id=QVg4AAAAMAAJ
3. ^ "Edmond Halley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038943/Edmond-Halley
4. ^ Halley, E. Catalogus Stellarum Australium: Sive, Supplementum Catalogi
Tychenici, Exhibens Longitudines Et Latitudines Stellarum Fixarum, Quae, Prope
Polum Antarcticum Sitae, in Horizonte Uraniburgico Tychoni Inconspicuae Fuere,
Accurato Calculo Ex Distantiis Supputatas, & Ad Annum 1677 Completum
correctas...Accedit Appendicula De Rebus Quibusdam Astronomicis... Typis T.
James, 1679. http://books.google.com/books?id=QVg4AAAAMAAJ
5. ^ "Edmund Halley". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Edmund+Halley+?cat=technology
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp159-160. (1678) (1678)
7. ^
"Edmond Halley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038943/Edmond-Halley (late 1678)

MORE INFO
[1] "St. Helena". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena
London, England5 (presumably)  
322 YBN
[1678 AD] 11 		3592) Direct neuron activation (or direct neuron writing). Jan Swammerdam (Yon6
 SVoMRDoM) contracts a muscle by making neurons fire using electricity.7 A
frog leg hanging from a silver wire twitches when a brass ring contacts it.8

This electrical muscle movement will eventually lead to very precise remote
neuron stimulation.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837",
E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA
2. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837",
E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA
3. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837",
E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA
4. ^ Ted Huntington
5. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year
1837", E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA
6. ^ Ted Huntington
7. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year
1837", E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA
8. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837",
E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA
9. ^ Ted Huntington.
10. ^ "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070581/Jan-Swammerdam
11. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy,
to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA {1678}"

MORE INFO
[1] "Jan Swammerdam". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam
[2] http://www.answers.com/Jan+Swammerdam+?cat=technology
[3] http://www.janswammerdam.net/portrait.html
[4] "Apothecary". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apothecary
[5] http://www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/exhibits/herbal/swammerdam.htm
[6] "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070581/Jan-Swammerdam
(1672)
[7] "Electricity and Magnetism" Amédée Guillemin, translated by Silvanus P.
Thompson, B.A., D.Sc., F.R.A.S. Macmillan and Co., London, 1891.
http://books.google.com/books?id=iHg9AQAAIAAJ
[8] http://www.telephonecollecting.org/feeling.htm
Amsterdam, Netherlands10 (presumably)  
321 YBN
[03/15/1679 AD] 5 		1858) Binary numbers are established;1 2 the basis of all modern computers.3
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047669/Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz
2. ^ Richard Jung. Sensory Research in Historical Perspective: Some
Philosophical Foundations of Perception. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 3:
Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System, Sensory Processes: 1-74. First
published in print 1984. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp010301
http://www.comprehensivephysiology.com/WileyCDA/CompPhysArticle/refId-cp010301
.html
3. ^ Ted Huntington
4. ^ "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047669/Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz
5. ^ "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047669/Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz
(03/??/1679)

MORE INFO
[1] "Gottfried Leibniz". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz
[2] http://www.answers.com/Gottfried+Wilhelm+Leibniz?cat=technology
Hannover, Germany4   
321 YBN
[1679 AD] 4 		1863) The first pressure cooker. Water boiled in an air-tight container raises
the pressure in the container, which raises the boiling point of water allowing
food to cook faster.1 A safety value prevents explosions.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p158.
2. ^ "Denis Papin".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058341/Denis-Papin
3. ^ "Denis Papin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058341/Denis-Papin
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p158. (1679) (1679)
London, England3   
318 YBN
[03/03/1682 AD] 8 9 10 11 		1788) The cell nucleus is described.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, and Johan Arnold Langerak. Antonii à
Leeuwenhoeck ... Opera Omnia, Seu Arcana Naturae, Ope Exactissimorum
Microscopiorum Detecta, Experimentis Variis Comprobata, Epistolis, Ad Varios
Illustres Viros, Ut Et Ad Integram, Quae Londini Floret, Sapientem Societatem,
Cujus Membrum Est, Datis, Comprehensa, et. ^ Quatuor Tomis Distincta. Editio
novissima, prioribus emendatior, cum indicibus cuique tomo accommodatis.
Lugduni Batavorum: apud Joh. Arnold Langerak, 1722, p213.
http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009289705 {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_A
rcana_Naturae_1719.pdf}
2. ^ Leeuwenhoek, A. van: Opera Omnia, seu Arcana Naturae ope exactissimorum
Microscopiorum detecta, experimentis variis comprobata, Epistolis ad varios
illustres viros., Langerak, 1722 , p51.
http://books.google.com/books?id=0Zs_AAAAcAAJ {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_Ar
cana_Naturae_1722.pdf} Cited after: Dieter Gerlach, Geschichte der
Mikroskopie. Verlag Harry Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2009. ISBN
978-3-8171-1781-9.
3. ^ Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, and Johan Arnold Langerak. Antonii à
Leeuwenhoeck ... Opera Omnia, Seu Arcana Naturae, Ope Exactissimorum
Microscopiorum Detecta, Experimentis Variis Comprobata, Epistolis, Ad Varios
Illustres Viros, Ut Et Ad Integram, Quae Londini Floret, Sapientem Societatem,
Cujus Membrum Est, Datis, Comprehensa, et. ^ Quatuor Tomis Distincta. Editio
novissima, prioribus emendatior, cum indicibus cuique tomo accommodatis.
Lugduni Batavorum: apud Joh. Arnold Langerak, 1722, p213.
http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009289705 {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_A
rcana_Naturae_1719.pdf}
4. ^ Leeuwenhoek, A. van: Opera Omnia, seu Arcana Naturae ope exactissimorum
Microscopiorum detecta, experimentis variis comprobata, Epistolis ad varios
illustres viros., Langerak, 1722 , p51.
http://books.google.com/books?id=0Zs_AAAAcAAJ {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_Ar
cana_Naturae_1722.pdf} Cited after: Dieter Gerlach, Geschichte der
Mikroskopie. Verlag Harry Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2009. ISBN
978-3-8171-1781-9.
5. ^ Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, and Johan Arnold Langerak. Antonii à
Leeuwenhoeck ... Opera Omnia, Seu Arcana Naturae, Ope Exactissimorum
Microscopiorum Detecta, Experimentis Variis Comprobata, Epistolis, Ad Varios
Illustres Viros, Ut Et Ad Integram, Quae Londini Floret, Sapientem Societatem,
Cujus Membrum Est, Datis, Comprehensa, et. ^ Quatuor Tomis Distincta. Editio
novissima, prioribus emendatior, cum indicibus cuique tomo accommodatis.
Lugduni Batavorum: apud Joh. Arnold Langerak, 1722, p213.
http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009289705 {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_A
rcana_Naturae_1719.pdf}
6. ^ Leeuwenhoek, A. van: Opera Omnia, seu Arcana Naturae ope exactissimorum
Microscopiorum detecta, experimentis variis comprobata, Epistolis ad varios
illustres viros., Langerak, 1722 , p51.
http://books.google.com/books?id=0Zs_AAAAcAAJ {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_Ar
cana_Naturae_1722.pdf} Cited after: Dieter Gerlach, Geschichte der
Mikroskopie. Verlag Harry Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2009. ISBN
978-3-8171-1781-9.
7. ^ "Leeuwenhoek". Encyclopedia of Public Health. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Leeuwenhoek?cat=health
8. ^ Henry Harris, "The Birth of the Cell",
p76 http://books.google.com/books?id=zVsxFp3CyngC&pg=PA76
9. ^
http://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/cell/resources/blooddisc.htm?HeaderFooter
=0
10. ^ Leeuwenhoek, A. van: Opera Omnia, seu Arcana Naturae ope exactissimorum
Microscopiorum detecta, experimentis variis comprobata, Epistolis ad varios
illustres viros., Langerak, 1722 , p51.
http://books.google.com/books?id=0Zs_AAAAcAAJ {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_Ar
cana_Naturae_1722.pdf} Cited after: Dieter Gerlach, Geschichte der
Mikroskopie. Verlag Harry Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2009. ISBN
978-3-8171-1781-9.
11. ^ Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, and Johan Arnold Langerak. Antonii à
Leeuwenhoeck ... Opera Omnia, Seu Arcana Naturae, Ope Exactissimorum
Microscopiorum Detecta, Experimentis Variis Comprobata, Epistolis, Ad Varios
Illustres Viros, Ut Et Ad Integram, Quae Londini Floret, Sapientem Societatem,
Cujus Membrum Est, Datis, Comprehensa, et. ^ Quatuor Tomis Distincta. Editio
novissima, prioribus emendatior, cum indicibus cuique tomo accommodatis.
Lugduni Batavorum: apud Joh. Arnold Langerak, 1722, p213.
http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009289705 {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_A
rcana_Naturae_1719.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "Anton van Leeuwenhoek". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_van_Leeuwenhoek
[2] "Haberdasher". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haberdasher
[3] "Leeuwenhoek". Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Gale Group, Inc,
2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Leeuwenhoek?cat=health (10/09/1676
(letter to Royal Society)
[4] "Leeuwenhoek". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Leeuwenhoek?cat=health (10/09/1676 (letter
to Royal Society)
Delft, Netherlands7   
317 YBN
[09/12/1683 AD] 8 9 		1785) The first picture of bacteria.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047611/Antonie-van-Leeuwenhoek
2. ^ Egerton, Frank N. "A history of the ecological sciences, part 19:
Leeuwenhoek's microscopic natural history." Bulletin of the Ecological Society
of America 87.1 (2006):
47-58. http://esapubs.org/bulletin/current/history_list/history19.pdf
3. ^ "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047611/Antonie-van-Leeuwenhoek
4. ^ Egerton, Frank N. "A history of the ecological sciences, part 19:
Leeuwenhoek's microscopic natural history." Bulletin of the Ecological Society
of America 87.1 (2006):
47-58. http://esapubs.org/bulletin/current/history_list/history19.pdf
5. ^ "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047611/Antonie-van-Leeuwenhoek
6. ^ Egerton, Frank N. "A history of the ecological sciences, part 19:
Leeuwenhoek's microscopic natural history." Bulletin of the Ecological Society
of America 87.1 (2006):
47-58. http://esapubs.org/bulletin/current/history_list/history19.pdf
7. ^ "Leeuwenhoek". Encyclopedia of Public Health. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Leeuwenhoek?cat=health
8. ^ http://www.euronet.nl/users/warnar/leeuwenhoek.html
(09/12/1683)
9. ^ Egerton, Frank N. "A history of the ecological sciences, part 19:
Leeuwenhoek's microscopic natural history." Bulletin of the Ecological Society
of America 87.1 (2006):
47-58. http://esapubs.org/bulletin/current/history_list/history19.pdf

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982)
[2] "Anton van Leeuwenhoek".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_van_Leeuwenhoek
[3] "Haberdasher". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haberdasher
Delft, Netherlands7   
315 YBN
[1685 AD] 3 		3348) A portable pin-hole camera.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.johann-zahn.com/
2. ^ http://www.johann-zahn.com/
3. ^
http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft296nb16b&chunk.id=0&doc.view=print
{1685}
(Würzburg praemonstrantensian monastery) Würzburg, Germany2   
313 YBN
[1687 AD] 13 		1845) The law of gravitation by Isaac Newton; that all matter attracts other
matter with a force that is the product of their masses, and the inverse of
their distance squared.6

Newton clearly distinguishes between mass and weight7 , viewing mass as the
quantity of matter contained in a body8 , and defines a force as the product of
mass and acceleration (F=ma).9

Newton shows that the acceleration on any mass from a second mass due to
gravity can be calculated as the mass of the second object divided by the
distance between the two objects squared10 and theorizes that even light
particles are affected by gravity.11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ (Liber I Prop. LXIX. Theor. XXIX.) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis
Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687),
p190. http://books.google.com/books?id=qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA190
AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 English
(note: Third Edition): Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles
of Natural Philosophy, Volume 1,
p259. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259
2. ^ (Liber I Prop. LXIX. Theor. XXIX.) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis
Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687),
p190. http://books.google.com/books?id=qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA190
AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 English
(note: Third Edition): Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles
of Natural Philosophy, Volume 1,
p259. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259
3. ^ (Liber I Prop. LXIX. Theor. XXIX.) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis
Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687),
p190. http://books.google.com/books?id=qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA190
AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 English
(note: Third Edition): Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles
of Natural Philosophy, Volume 1,
p259. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259
4. ^ (Liber I Prop. LXIX. Theor. XXIX.) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis
Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687),
p190. http://books.google.com/books?id=qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA190
AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 English
(note: Third Edition): Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles
of Natural Philosophy, Volume 1,
p259. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259
5. ^ (De Motu Corporum, Liber Primus, Prop XCVI Scholium) Isaac Newton,
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687),
p34. http://books.google.com/books?id=qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA34
AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071
English: Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy, Volume 1,
p316-317. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA316
6. ^ (Liber I Prop. LXIX. Theor. XXIX.) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis
Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687),
p190. http://books.google.com/books?id=qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA190
AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 English
(note: Third Edition): Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles
of Natural Philosophy, Volume 1,
p259. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp148-154.
8. ^ (Proposition LXIX Theorem
XXIX) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. (London:
1687) http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/diplomatic/NATP00077
English: Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy, p259-260. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp148-154.
10. ^ (Proposition LXIX
Theorem XXIX) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
(London:
1687) http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/diplomatic/NATP00077
English: Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy, p259-260. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259
11. ^ (De Motu Corporum, Liber Primus, Prop XCVI Scholium) Isaac
Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687),
p34. http://books.google.com/books?id=qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA34
AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071
English: Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy, Volume 1,
p316-317. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA316
12. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108764/Sir-Isaac-Newton
13. ^ Newton_isaac_letters_739364699_content.pdf Annals of Science, The Newton
Letters Vols I and II, G Burniston Brown, 06/01/1960 (publishes: 1687)

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Isaac_Newton
[2] "binomial theorem". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9079241/binomial-theorem
[3] http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Newton.html
[4] http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html
[5] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=47
[6]
http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/texts/viewtext.php?id=NATP00006&mode=norma
lized
[7] http://www.jstor.org/view/03702316/ap000007/00a00090/0
[8] "Niccolo Zucchi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078475/Niccolo-Zucchi
[9]
http://grus.berkeley.edu/~jrg/TelescopeHistory/Early_Period.html
[10] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=15
[11] "acoustics". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-64048/acoustics
[12] (Scholium.) Newton, I., and A. Motte. The Principia. Prometheus
Books, 1848. Great Minds Series., p182
Cambridge, England12 (presumably)  
313 YBN
[1687 AD] 5 6 		3895) That a mite causes scabies, a skin inflammation1 , is proven, and the
mite first seen with a microscope.2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "scabies." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online.
Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 22 Mar. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/526234/scabies>.
2. ^ J Théodoridès, "Casimir Davaine (1812-1882): a precursor of Pasteur.",
Med Hist. 1966 April; 10(2):
155–165. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1033586
{08/1850}
3. ^ "Bonomo, Giovan Cosimo", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p118.
4. ^ Marcia Ramos-e-Silva ,
"Giovan Cosimo Bonomo (1663–1696): discoverer of the etiology of scabies",
International Journal of Dermatology, Volume 37, Issue 8, Pages
625-630. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/119104681/HTMLSTAR
T
5. ^ J Théodoridès, "Casimir Davaine (1812-1882): a precursor of Pasteur.",
Med Hist. 1966 April; 10(2):
155–165. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1033586
{08/1850} {1687}
6. ^ "Bonomo, Giovan Cosimo", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p118. {1687}

MORE INFO
[1] "Casimir Davaine". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Davaine
[2] "Pierre François Olive Rayer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_Olive_Rayer
[3] "Davaine, Casimir Joseph", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p233
[4] "Koch, Robert." Encyclopædia
Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 17 Mar. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9045848>
[5] Joseph A. Witkowski, Lawrence Charles Parish, The story of anthrax from
antiquity to the present: a biological weapon of nature and humans, Clinics in
Dermatology, Volume 20, Issue 4, July-August 2002, Pages 336-342, ISSN
0738-081X, DOI:
10.1016/S0738-081X(02)00250-X. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6
T5G-46MBF63-4/2/8d6754fb70b3b214872fb2cd8fe4bca9)
[6]
http://books.google.com/books?id=weyQKyhtTGMC&pg=PA742&dq=bonomo+cestoni&as_brr=
1&ei=1KO_SfruN5XSlQSL8dVQ
[7] Dr Bonomo and Richard Mead, "An Abstract of Part of a Letter from Dr Bonomo
to Sigmor Redi, Containing Some Observations concerni... more", Philosophical
Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 23, (1702 - 1703), pp.
1296-1299. http://www.jstor.org/stable/102886
Livorno, Italy4   
310 YBN
[1690 AD] 6 		1200) A gear-cutting machine2 (a machine for cutting gears out of cylinders of
metal3 ).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
3. ^ Ted Huntington
4. ^ "Polhem". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polhem
5. ^ "Polhem". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polhem
6. ^ "Polhem". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polhem
Sweden5   
310 YBN
[1690 AD] 5 		1864) The steam engine is reinvented;2 a pump with a piston is raised by
steam.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Dugald Clerks, "The Gas Engine", Scientific American Supplement, No. 484,
April 11, 1885 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13939/13939-h/13939-h.htm
2. ^ Dugald Clerks, "The Gas Engine", Scientific American Supplement,
No. 484, April 11,
1885 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13939/13939-h/13939-h.htm
3. ^ "Denis Papin". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Denis%20Papin
4. ^ "Denis Papin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Papin
5. ^ "Denis Papin". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Denis%20Papin (1690)

MORE INFO
[1] "Denis Papin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058341/Denis-Papin
[2] http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignOffice/projects/cecil/history.html
Leipzig, Germany4   
306 YBN
[1694 AD] 3 4 		1888) A water wheel is used to lift ore from a mine.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Svenska teknologf�reningen. Christopher Polhem, the Father of Swedish
Technology. Trustees of Trinity College, 1963, p165-168. {Polhem_1963.pdf}
2. ^ Svenska
teknologf�reningen. Christopher Polhem, the Father of Swedish Technology.
Trustees of Trinity College, 1963, p168. {Polhem_1963.pdf}
3. ^ Svenska teknologf�reningen.
Christopher Polhem, the Father of Swedish Technology. Trustees of Trinity
College, 1963, p168. {Polhem_1963.pdf}
4. ^ "Christopher Polhem". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Polhem (1690)

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982)
[2]
http://www.answers.com/Christopher%20Polhem
(Falun Mine) Blankstoten, Sweden2   
305 YBN
[1695 AD] 5 6 		3260) The quantity mass times velocity squared is named "vis-visa" ("the living
force"), and the theory that vis-visa, not momentum is the quantity always
conserved.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp155-156.
2. ^ George E. Smith, "The vis
viva dispute: A controversy at the dawn of dynamics", Physics Today, October
2006, page
31. http://physicstoday.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_59/iss_10/31_1.shtml
3. ^ Gottfried Leibniz, "Specimen Dynamicum"
(1695). books.google.com/books?id=0je_DN18UkoC&pg=PA315 English translation:
L. E. Loemker, "Philosophical Papers and Letters", (1976),
pp.435-452. http://books.google.com/books?id=vm_7-mtXj0YC {Leibniz_specimen_16
95.pdf}
4. ^ "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047669/Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz
5. ^ Gottfried Leibniz, "Specimen Dynamicum"
(1695). books.google.com/books?id=0je_DN18UkoC&pg=PA315 English translation:
L. E. Loemker, "Philosophical Papers and Letters", (1976),
pp.435-452. http://books.google.com/books?id=vm_7-mtXj0YC {Leibniz_specimen_16
95.pdf}
6. ^ http://www.physics.odu.edu/~kuhn/PHYS101/VisViva.html (1695)

MORE INFO
[1] "Gottfried Leibniz". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz
[2] http://www.answers.com/Gottfried+Wilhelm+Leibniz?cat=technology
[3] "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047669/Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz
(03/??/1679)
[4] G. W. Leibniz, Acta Eruditorum (1686), p. 161; English translation in
Philosophical Papers and Letters, L. E. Loemker, trans. and ed., Reidel,
Dordrecht, the Netherlands (1969), p. 296
Hannover, Germany4 (presumably)  
303 YBN
[1697 AD] 7 8 9 		1885) The "phlogiston {Flo-JiS-ToN1 } theory" of combustion.2 Phlogiston is
thought to be the combustible element in substances.3 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "phlogiston." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 08 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/phlogiston
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp161-162.
3. ^ "Georg Ernst Stahl". The
Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Georg+Ernst+Stahl?cat=technology
4. ^ Mellor, J.W. A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and
Theoretical Chemistry. Longmans, Green and Co., 1922. A Comprehensive Treatise
on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry,
p64-65. http://books.google.com/books?id=PnjVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA65
5. ^ "Zymotechnia fundamentalis) in: Stahl, G.E. Georgii Ernesti Stahlii
Opusculum Chymico-physico-medicum, Seu Schediasmatum a Pluribus Annis Variis
Occasionibus in Publicum Emissorum Nunc ... in Unum Volumen Jam Collectorum ...
typis et impensis Orphanotrophei, 1715,
p67. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKx7vYJ-ujsC&pg=PA67
6. ^ "Georg Ernst Stahl". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-6870/Georg-Ernst-Stahl
7. ^ Mellor, J.W. A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and
Theoretical Chemistry. Longmans, Green and Co., 1922. A Comprehensive Treatise
on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry,
p64-65. http://books.google.com/books?id=PnjVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA65
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp161-162. (1700) (1700)
9. ^ "Georg
Ernst Stahl". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ernst_Stahl (1697)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/phlogiston?cat=technology
[2] "phlogiston". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9059739/phlogiston
Halle, Germany6   
302 YBN
[1698 AD] 12 		1777) The size and distance of other stars is measured by comparing the
apparent size of Sirius to a fractional portion of the Sun.7 8 9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Sagan, Soter, Druyan, "Cosmos", 1984.
2. ^ Thomas Dick, "The sidereal heavens
and other subjects connected with astronomy: as ...", 1844,
p63. books.google.com/books?id=a-gRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA63
3. ^ Huygens, "Cosmotheoros, Or Conjectures Concerning the Planetary Worlds and
Their Inhabitants", 1699. Huygens, Christiaan. Cosmotheoros: or, conjectures
concerning the inhabitants of the planets. Translated from the Latin of
Christian Huygens. A new edition, corrected. Glasgow, Mcdlxii (1762).
Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27 May 2012, Book 2,
p116.
http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=ECCO&userGroupN
ame=ucirvine&tabID=T001&docId=CW3309941561&type=multipage&contentSet=ECCOArticle
s&version=1.0&docLevel=FASCIMILE {Huygens_Cosmotheoros.pdf}
4. ^ Sagan, Soter, Druyan, "Cosmos", 1984.
5. ^ Thomas Dick, "The sidereal heavens
and other subjects connected with astronomy: as ...", 1844,
p63. books.google.com/books?id=a-gRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA63
6. ^ Huygens, "Cosmotheoros, Or Conjectures Concerning the Planetary Worlds and
Their Inhabitants", 1699. Huygens, Christiaan. Cosmotheoros: or, conjectures
concerning the inhabitants of the planets. Translated from the Latin of
Christian Huygens. A new edition, corrected. Glasgow, Mcdlxii (1762).
Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27 May 2012, Book 2,
p116.
http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=ECCO&userGroupN
ame=ucirvine&tabID=T001&docId=CW3309941561&type=multipage&contentSet=ECCOArticle
s&version=1.0&docLevel=FASCIMILE {Huygens_Cosmotheoros.pdf}
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp138-140.
8. ^ Thomas Dick, "The
sidereal heavens and other subjects connected with astronomy: as ...", 1844,
p63. books.google.com/books?id=a-gRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA63
9. ^ Huygens, "Cosmotheoros, Or Conjectures Concerning the Planetary Worlds and
Their Inhabitants", 1699. Huygens, Christiaan. Cosmotheoros: or, conjectures
concerning the inhabitants of the planets. Translated from the Latin of
Christian Huygens. A new edition, corrected. Glasgow, Mcdlxii (1762).
Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27 May 2012, Book 2,
p116.
http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=ECCO&userGroupN
ame=ucirvine&tabID=T001&docId=CW3309941561&type=multipage&contentSet=ECCOArticle
s&version=1.0&docLevel=FASCIMILE {Huygens_Cosmotheoros.pdf}
10. ^ Sagan, Soter, Druyan, "Cosmos", 1984.
11. ^ "Christiaan Huygens". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041658/Christiaan-Huygens
12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp138-140. (1698) (1698)

MORE INFO
[1] "Christiaan Huygens". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens
[2] http://www.answers.com/Christiaan+Huygens?cat=technology
[3]
http://books.google.com/books?id=ntZwxttZF-sC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=huygens+distan
ce+stars+sirius&source=web&ots=LS3xk1VXzb&sig=dggeaF1_TGO8d12SB7CC9-t0Wxg
The Hague, Netherlands11 (presumably)  
301 YBN
[1699 AD] 4 5 		2008) The theory that color is determined by the frequency of light.2
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, p75.
2. ^ Optics in the age
of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, p75.
3. ^ Optics in the age of Euler, Casper
Hakfoort, 1995, p57.
4. ^ Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, p56.
(1699)
5. ^ "Malebranche". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malebranche (1699)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/topic/nicolas-malebranche
[2] light_color_malebranche_Newton.pdf
http://www.springerlink.com/content/n57210216334v842/ VI From Newton to
Young Journal Documenta Ophthalmologica Publisher Springer
Netherlands ISSN 0012-4486 (Print) 1573-2622 (Online) Issue Volume 96,
Numbers 1-3 / July, 1999 DOI 10.1023/A:1017248722519 Pages 88-111 Subject
Collection Medicine SpringerLink Date Monday, October 25, 2004
Paris, France3   
300 YBN
[07/11/1700 AD] 5 6 		1857) The "Akademie der Wissenschaften1 " (Academy of Sciences) is established
in Berlin.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Gottfried+Wilhelm+Leibniz?cat=technology
2. ^ "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz". Biographies. Answers
Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Gottfried+Wilhelm+Leibniz?cat=technology
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp155-156.
4. ^ "Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047669/Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz
5. ^ "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047669/Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz
(07/11/1700)
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp155-156. (1700) (1700)

MORE INFO
[1] "Gottfried Leibniz". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz
Berlin, Germany3 4   
300 YBN
[1700 AD] 4 		3593) A frog muscle is caused to move by rubbing a cut nerve with a scalpel.1 2

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837",
E. & F. N. Spon,
1884,p175-176. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcove
r&dq=A+History+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA
#PPA176,M1
2. ^ Histoire de l'Academie des Sciences," 1700, p. 40, and 1742, vol. I. p.
187. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3502d/f46.image {Historie_de_l_Acad
emie_1700.pdf}
3. ^ "Duverney, Joseph-Guichard", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p270
4. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History
of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon,
1884,p175-176. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcove
r&dq=A+History+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA
#PPA176,M1 {1700}

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph-Guichard Du Verney". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Guichard_Du_Verney
[2] http://www.speedylook.com/Joseph-Guichard_Of_Verney.html
Paris, France3 (presumably)  
300 YBN
[1700 AD] 4 		6251) The pianoforte (or piano) is invented.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p91.
2. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical
Instruments", 1989, p91.
3. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p91.
4. ^ Mary
Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p91. {1700}
Florence, Italy3   
298 YBN
[06/28/1702 AD] 4 5 		1892) That liquids such as water always boil at the same temperature is
determined.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p163.
2. ^ Amontons, G. "Discours
sur quelques proprits de lair, et le moyen den connatre la temprature
dans tous les climats de la Terre." Mmoires de lAcadmie Royale des Sciences
(1702):
155-171. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3505b/f314.image.r=Histoire%20et
%20M%C3%A9moires%20de%20l%27Acad%C3%A9mie%20royale%20des%20sciences.langEN
AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3505b.image.langEN.r=Histoire%20et%20
M%C3%A9moires%20de%20l%27Acad%C3%A9mie%20royale%20des%20sciences
3. ^ "Guillaume Amontons". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Guillaume+Amontons?cat=technology
4. ^ Amontons, G. "Discours sur quelques proprits de lair, et le moyen den
connatre la temprature dans tous les climats de la Terre." Mmoires de
lAcadmie Royale des Sciences (1702):
155-171. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3505b/f314.image.r=Histoire%20et
%20M%C3%A9moires%20de%20l%27Acad%C3%A9mie%20royale%20des%20sciences.langEN
AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3505b.image.langEN.r=Histoire%20et%20
M%C3%A9moires%20de%20l%27Acad%C3%A9mie%20royale%20des%20sciences
5. ^ "Guillaume Amontons". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Guillaume+Amontons?cat=technology (1702)

MORE INFO
[1] "Guillaume Amontons". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Amontons
Paris, France3 (presumably)  
295 YBN
[1705 AD] 4 		1872) The path of a comet is correctly calculated.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Edmond Halley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038943/Edmond-Halley
2. ^ "Edmond Halley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038943/Edmond-Halley
3. ^ "Edmond Halley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038943/Edmond-Halley
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp159-160.

MORE INFO
[1] "Edmund Halley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Halley
[2] http://www.answers.com/Edmund+Halley+?cat=technology
London, England3 (presumably)  
292 YBN
[1708 AD] 4 		4481) Light rays are shown to move low-mass objects.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Joseph Priestley, "The History and Present State of Discoveries Relating
to Vision, Light and Colours", 1772, kraus reprint 1978,
p385. {Priestley_History_Light.pdf}
2. ^ Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences, 1708,
p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=tN0EAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=g
bs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false {verify this link - I can't find the
specific text}
3. ^ Joseph Priestley, "The History and Present State of Discoveries
Relating to Vision, Light and Colours", 1772, kraus reprint 1978,
p385. {Priestley_History_Light.pdf}
4. ^ Joseph Priestley, "The History and Present State of Discoveries Relating
to Vision, Light and Colours", 1772, kraus reprint 1978,
p385. {Priestley_History_Light.pdf} {1708}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Homberg,_Wilhelm

Paris, France3   
290 YBN
[1710 AD] 5 6 		3773) The first theory of relativity; that a motion requires at least two
bodies, as opposed to the theory of absolute space, time, and motion.1 2 3
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ "Berkeley, George." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 31 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9078783>.
2. ^ George Berkeley, Thomas Joseph McCormack,
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, Open Court Pub. Co.,
1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=mWVCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=auth
or:berkeley&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=8qNbSfClJo_IM8mO4BY#PPR4,M1 1710
edition: http://books.google.com/books?id=mmMIOwAACAAJ&dq=author:berkeley+date:
1710-1710&ei=17tbSaRQkagzyaC43wE
3. ^ W. A. Suchting, "Berkeley's Criticism of Newton on Space and Motion
Berkeley's Criticism of Newton on Space and Motion", Isis, Vol. 58, No. 2
(Summer, 1967), pp.
186-197. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/228223.pdf {Suchting_Berkeley_Geo
rge_Newton_1967.pdf}
4. ^ George Berkeley, "De Moto", 1721. from: George Berkeley, "The Works of
George Berkeley" By
http://books.google.com/books?id=3dIQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA84&dq=de+moto+author:berkel
ey&ei=47BbSdXIII2YMsKwybAH#PPA73,M1
5. ^ W. A. Suchting, "Berkeley's Criticism of Newton on Space and Motion
Berkeley's Criticism of Newton on Space and Motion", Isis, Vol. 58, No. 2
(Summer, 1967), pp.
186-197. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/228223.pdf {Suchting_Berkeley_Geo
rge_Newton_1967.pdf} {1710}
6. ^ "Berkeley, George." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 31 Dec. 2008
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9078783>. {1710}
(Trinity College) Dublin, Ireland4   
287 YBN
[03/28/1713 AD] 15 		6594) The mass and density of the planets are determined5 and the theory that
the Universe is made of mostly empty space by Newton6 .

Newton calculates the mass of Jupiter to be around 1/1000th the mass of the
Sun, Saturn around 1/2000th, and the Earth to be 1/200000th.7

Newton estimates the density of Earth to be about 4 times the density of the
Sun, Jupiter 3/4 the density, and Saturn only 1/2 the density.8

Newton allows that gravitational attraction may arise as a result of emissions
from the bodies themselves, or by the action of a material medium.9 10 11

Newton also recognizes that the Sun is moved by the gravity of the other
planets.12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ (Proposition VIII) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723,
p370-371. http://books.google.com/books?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA370 AND Newton,
Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco
Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�,
MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27
Mar. 2013, p370-371. . {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130328.pdf} For
English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy, Volume 2,
p228. http://books.google.com/books?id=6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA228
2. ^ (Book III, Propositions X) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723,
p372-373. http://books.google.com/books?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA372 AND: Newton,
Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco
Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�,
MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27
Mar. 2013, p372-373. . {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130328.pdf} For
English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy, Volume 2,
p230-232. http://books.google.com/books?id=6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA230
3. ^ (Proposition VIII) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723,
p370-371. http://books.google.com/books?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA370 AND Newton,
Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco
Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�,
MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27
Mar. 2013, p370-371. . {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130328.pdf} For
English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy, Volume 2,
p228. http://books.google.com/books?id=6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA228
4. ^ (Book III, Propositions X) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723,
p372-373. http://books.google.com/books?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA372 AND: Newton,
Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco
Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�,
MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27
Mar. 2013, p372-373. . {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130328.pdf} For
English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy, Volume 2,
p230-232. http://books.google.com/books?id=6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA230
5. ^ (Proposition VIII) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723,
p370-371. http://books.google.com/books?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA370 AND Newton,
Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco
Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�,
MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27
Mar. 2013, p370-371. . {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130328.pdf} For
English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy, Volume 2,
p228. http://books.google.com/books?id=6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA228
6. ^ (Book III, Propositions X) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723,
p372-373. http://books.google.com/books?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA372 AND: Newton,
Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco
Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�,
MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27
Mar. 2013, p372-373. . {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130328.pdf} For
English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy, Volume 2,
p230-232. http://books.google.com/books?id=6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA230
7. ^ (Proposition VIII) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723,
p370-371. http://books.google.com/books?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA370 AND Newton,
Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco
Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�,
MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27
Mar. 2013, p370-371. . {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130328.pdf} For
English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy, Volume 2,
p228. http://books.google.com/books?id=6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA228
8. ^ (Proposition VIII) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723,
p370-371. http://books.google.com/books?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA370 AND Newton,
Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco
Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�,
MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27
Mar. 2013, p370-371. . {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130328.pdf} For
English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy, Volume 2,
p228. http://books.google.com/books?id=6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA228
9. ^ Newton, I., and F. Cajori. Sir Isaac Newton’s Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy and His System of the World: The System of the World.
University of California Press, 1962. Sir Isaac Newtons Mathematical Principles
on Natural Philosophy and His System of the World,
p634. http://books.google.com/books?id=gB2-Hqdx_LUC&pg=PA634
10. ^ (Proposition LXIX Scholium) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723,
p172-173. http://books.google.com/books?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA172 AND Newton,
Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco
Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�,
MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27
Mar. 2013, p172-173. . {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130328.pdf}
11. ^ Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy,
p262. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA262
12. ^ (Book III, Propositions XI and XII) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis
Principia Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723,
p373-374. http://books.google.com/books?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA373 AND: Newton,
Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco
Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�,
MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27
Mar. 2013, p373-374. . {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130328.pdf} For
English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy, Volume 2,
p232-233. http://books.google.com/books?id=6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA232
13. ^ (Proposition VIII) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723,
p370-371. http://books.google.com/books?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA370 AND Newton,
Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco
Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�,
MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27
Mar. 2013, p370-371. . {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130328.pdf}
14. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton." Encyclop�dia Britannica.
Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 27
Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/413189/Sir-Isaac-Newton>.
15. ^ (Proposition VIII) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723,
p370-371. http://books.google.com/books?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA370 AND Newton,
Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco
Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�,
MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27
Mar. 2013, p370-371. . {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130328.pdf} For
English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy, Volume 2,
p228. http://books.google.com/books?id=6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA228

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Isaac_Newton
[2] "binomial theorem". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9079241/binomial-theorem
[3] http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Newton.html
[4] http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html
[5] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=47
[6]
http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/texts/viewtext.php?id=NATP00006&mode=norma
lized
[7] http://www.jstor.org/view/03702316/ap000007/00a00090/0
[8] "Niccolo Zucchi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078475/Niccolo-Zucchi
[9]
http://grus.berkeley.edu/~jrg/TelescopeHistory/Early_Period.html
[10] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=15
[11] "acoustics". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-64048/acoustics
[12] (De Motu Corporum -Liber Primus- Scholium) Isaac Newton,
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687),
p34. http://books.google.com/books?id=qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA34
AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071
[13] Sir Isaac Newton, The mathematical principles of natural philosophy,
Volume 2, printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729,
p227-228. http://books.google.com/books?id=6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA227
[14] "Ismael Bullialdus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Bullialdus
[15] Isaac Newton, "Opticks: Or, A treatise of the Reflections, Refractions,
Inflexions and Colours of Light. Also Two treatises of the Species and
Magnitude of Curvilinear Figures", First Edition, (London: 1704),
p132. http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00031
AND http://archive.org/details/opticksortreatis00newt
[16] Isaac Newton, "Opticks: Or, A treatise of the Reflections, Refractions,
Inflexions and Colours of Light. Also Two treatises of the Species and
Magnitude of Curvilinear Figures", First Edition, (London:
1704) http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00031
[17] http://www.physics.odu.edu/~kuhn/PHYS101/VisViva.html#ref
[18] "Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Gale
Group, Inc, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Isaac+Newton+?cat=technology
[19]
http://books.google.com/books?id=Q7wkAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA136&dq=aristotle+physics+
gravity+levity&as_brr=1
[20]
http://books.google.com/books?id=Q7wkAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA141&lpg=RA1-PA141&dq=aris
totle+gravity+levity&source=web&ots=uMydiEAeSU&sig=7Jj8rcY4QjtyJC6olR_uyAt2KAE#P
RA1-PA141,M1
[21] "Isaac Newton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton
[22] "Edmund Halley". Who2? Biographies. Who2?, 2008. Answers.com 2008.
http://www.answers.com/Edmund+Halley+?cat=technology
[23] The Mechanical Universe, Episode 18, Waves
[24]
http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath109/kmath109.htm
[25] Tricker, R. A. R., "Early Electrodynamics - The First Law of Circulation",
(Pergamon, NY), 1965, p4
(Dabam) London, England13 14   
286 YBN
[1714 AD] 4 		1925) A thermometer that uses mercury and the Fahrenheit temperature scale.1
That boiling point changes with change in pressure is recognized.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9033562/Daniel-Gabriel-Fahrenheit
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp167-168.
3. ^ "Gabriel Fahrenheit". The
Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Gabriel+Fahrenheit+?cat=technology
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp167-168. (1714) (1714)

MORE INFO
[1] "Gabriel Fahrenheit". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Fahrenheit
Amsterdam, Netherlands3 (presumably)  
282 YBN
[1718 AD] 11 12 		1876) The movement of the stars over long periods of time is proven.7 8 9 This
adds proof against the ancient claim that the stars are fixed on a celestial
sphere.10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Edmund Halley, "Considerations on the Change of the Latitudes of Some of
the Principal Fixt Stars.", R. S. Sec. Phil. Trans. 1717 30 351-363 736-738;
doi:10.1098/rstl.1717.0025
http://intl-rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/citmgr?gca=roypt;30/351-363/736
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/103320
2. ^ Aitken, R. G., "Edmund Halley and Stellar Proper Motions", Astronomical
Society of the Pacific Leaflets, Vol. 4, No. 164,
p.103. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1942ASPL....4..103A/0000106.000
.html
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp159-160.
4. ^ Edmund Halley,
"Considerations on the Change of the Latitudes of Some of the Principal Fixt
Stars.", R. S. Sec. Phil. Trans. 1717 30 351-363 736-738;
doi:10.1098/rstl.1717.0025
http://intl-rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/citmgr?gca=roypt;30/351-363/736
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/103320
5. ^ Aitken, R. G., "Edmund Halley and Stellar Proper Motions", Astronomical
Society of the Pacific Leaflets, Vol. 4, No. 164,
p.103. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1942ASPL....4..103A/0000106.000
.html
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp159-160.
7. ^ Edmund Halley,
"Considerations on the Change of the Latitudes of Some of the Principal Fixt
Stars.", R. S. Sec. Phil. Trans. 1717 30 351-363 736-738;
doi:10.1098/rstl.1717.0025
http://intl-rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/citmgr?gca=roypt;30/351-363/736
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/103320
8. ^ Aitken, R. G., "Edmund Halley and Stellar Proper Motions", Astronomical
Society of the Pacific Leaflets, Vol. 4, No. 164,
p.103. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1942ASPL....4..103A/0000106.000
.html
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp159-160.
10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp159-160.
11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp159-160.
12. ^ Aitken, R.
G., "Edmund Halley and Stellar Proper Motions", Astronomical Society of the
Pacific Leaflets, Vol. 4, No. 164,
p.103. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1942ASPL....4..103A/0000106.000
.html

MORE INFO
[1] "Edmond Halley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038943/Edmond-Halley
[2] "Edmund Halley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Halley
[3] "comet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110156/comet
[4] "Comet Halley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Halley
  
280 YBN
[1720 AD] 4 		6650) The theory that space is mostly dark because other stars are too far away
for light emitting from them to be going in our direction.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Halley, Edmund. "Of the Infinity of the Sphere of Fix'd Stars. By Edmund
Halley, LLDRSS." Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) 31 (1720):
22-24. http://books.google.com/books?id=O19FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA22
2. ^ Halley, Edmund. "Of the Number, Order, and Light of the Fix'd Stars. By
the Same." Philosophical transactions 31.364-369 (1720):
24-26. http://books.google.com/books?id=O19FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA24
3. ^ Jaki, Stanley L. "Olbers', Halley's, or Whose Paradox?." American Journal
of Physics 35 (1967):
200. http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v35/i3/p200_s1
4. ^ Halley, Edmund. "Of the Infinity of the Sphere of Fix'd Stars. By Edmund
Halley, LLDRSS." Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) 31 (1720):
22-24. http://books.google.com/books?id=O19FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA22

MORE INFO
[1] "Edmund Halley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Halley
[2] http://www.answers.com/Edmund+Halley+?cat=technology
[3] "St. Helena". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena
[4] "Edmond Halley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038943/Edmond-Halley
[5] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp159-160. (1676)
  
275 YBN
[1725 AD] 5 		3604) A machine uses a perforated roll of paper to form patterns in textiles.2


Perforated paper is the basis for early mechanical computers, and perforated
film.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "textile." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 23 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/589392/textile>.
2. ^ "textile." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 23 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/589392/textile>.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ W. Maigne, "Dictionnaire classique des origines, inventions &
découvertes dans les arts, les sciences, et les lettres, présentant une
exposition dommaire des grandes conquétes du génie de l'homme: ouvrage
destiné aux gens du monde et aux élèves des écoles", Larousse et Boyer,
1864,
p614. http://books.google.com/books?id=DOgIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA614&dq=basile+bouchon+
lyon&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=KjLZSP_RKYXWsgOKouSZDg
5. ^ "textile." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 23 Sep. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/589392/textile>.
{1725}

MORE INFO
[1] "Basile Bouchon". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basile_Bouchon
[2] http://cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at/index.php?id=315
[3]
http://books.google.com/books?id=vf8tAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA444&dq=basile+bouchon&as_brr=
1&ei=JjHZSLTaMYjutAP99KHeDg#PPA444,M1
Lyon, France4   
274 YBN
[1726 AD] 4 		3381) "Coal gas", a flammable gas made mostly of hydrogen, methane and carbon
monoxide1 is produced by distillation of coal.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "coal gas." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 02 Jul.
2008. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/coal gas>.
2. ^ William Robinson, "Gas
and Petroleum Engines: A Practical Treatise on the Internal Combustion ...",
http://books.google.com/books?id=8e9MAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=%22robert+
street%22+patent+engine&source=web&ots=zXhunpMWQn&sig=OK3zL_tlF9en_5S83tLJ0kuNyV
I&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA102,M1
3. ^ "Stephen Hales". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038874/Stephen-Hales
4. ^ William Robinson, "Gas and Petroleum Engines: A Practical
Treatise on the Internal Combustion ...",
http://books.google.com/books?id=8e9MAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=%22robert+
street%22+patent+engine&source=web&ots=zXhunpMWQn&sig=OK3zL_tlF9en_5S83tLJ0kuNyV
I&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA102,M1 {1726}

MORE INFO
[1] "Stephen Hales". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hales
[2]
http://www.illustratedgarden.org/mobot/rarebooks/title.asp?relation=QK711H341727
 (Vegtable Staticks)
[3] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p165. (1727) (1727)
[4] "Stephen
Hales". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038874/Stephen-Hales (1727)
Teddington, England3 (presumably)  
271 YBN
[1729 AD] 3 4 		1957) That electricity can flow in silk and metal is discovered.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "electromagnetism#152023.hook". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-71598/electromagnetism#152023.hook
2. ^ "Stephen Gray (scientist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gray_%28scientist%29
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p173. (1729) (1729)
4. ^
"electromagnetism#152023.hook". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-71598/electromagnetism#152023.hook (1729)
London, England2   
267 YBN
[12/27/1733 AD] 7 8 		1965) The theory that electricity is made of two different fluids3 4 ;
"vitreous" and "resinous".5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Charles François de Cisternay Du Fay". The Oxford Dictionary of
Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Charles+Fran%C3%A7ois+de+Cisternay+Du+Fay?cat=technology
2. ^ Du Fay, "V. A Letter from Mons. Du Fay", Philosophical Transactions. N432,
Jan-Mar 1734, p258-266,p263. (p797 in
link) http://books.google.com/books?id=sfMyAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA263
3. ^ "Charles François de Cisternay Du Fay". The Oxford Dictionary of
Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Charles+Fran%C3%A7ois+de+Cisternay+Du+Fay?cat=technology
4. ^ Du Fay, "V. A Letter from Mons. Du Fay", Philosophical Transactions. N432,
Jan-Mar 1734, p258-266,p263. (p797 in
link) http://books.google.com/books?id=sfMyAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA263
5. ^ "Charles François de Cisternay Du Fay". The Oxford Dictionary of
Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Charles+Fran%C3%A7ois+de+Cisternay+Du+Fay?cat=technology
6. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/BOOK_DUFAY.HTM
7. ^ Du Fay, "V. A Letter from Mons. Du Fay", Philosophical Transactions.
N432, Jan-Mar 1734, p258-266,p263. (p797 in
link) http://books.google.com/books?id=sfMyAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA263
8. ^ "C. F. du Fay". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._F._du_Fay (12/1733)
Paris, France6   
265 YBN
[1735 AD] 14 15 16 		1996) Life of Earth, including the human species, is systematically categorized
by Carolus Linnaeus (lin Aus8 9 ).10 11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Carolus Linnaeus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048407/Carolus-Linnaeus
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp181-183.
3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=linnaeus&submit=Submit
4. ^ "Carl Linnaeus." The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy,
Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 28 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/carolus-linnaeus
5. ^ "linnaeus." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 14 May. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/linnaeus>.
6. ^ "Carolus Linnaeus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048407/Carolus-Linnaeus
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp181-183.
8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=linnaeus&submit=Submit
9. ^ "Carl Linnaeus." The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy,
Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 28 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/carolus-linnaeus
10. ^ "Carolus Linnaeus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048407/Carolus-Linnaeus
11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp181-183.
12. ^ "carolus linnaeus". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/carolus-linnaeus
13. ^ "Carolus Linnaeus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus
14. ^ "Carolus Linnaeus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048407/Carolus-Linnaeus (1735)
15. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the
lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the
present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
pp181-183. (1735)
16. ^ "carolus linnaeus". History of Science and Technology.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/carolus-linnaeus (1735)
Netherlands12 13   
264 YBN
[1736 AD] 3 		1923) Substances that can conduct a flow of electricity are called "conductors"
and those that cannot are called "insulators".1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p167.
2. ^
http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/desaguliers.html (copy at
http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/desaguliers.html)
3. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/desaguliers.html (copy at
http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/desaguliers.html) (1736 (loosely based on )
(1736 (loosely based on )

MORE INFO
[1] "Electricity". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electricity
[2] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/gray.html
[3] http://www.roughashlar.com/members/article_index/9990194831362.html
London, England2   
264 YBN
[1736 AD] 5 		1966) That the Earth is an oblate spheroid (a sphere flattened at the poles) is
verified.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p175.
2. ^ "Pierre Louis Moreau de
Maupertuis". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051494/Pierre-Louis-Moreau-de-Maupertuis
3. ^ "Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051494/Pierre-Louis-Moreau-de-Maupertuis
4. ^ "Maupertuis". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Maupertuis?cat=technology
5. ^ "Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051494/Pierre-Louis-Moreau-de-Maupertuis
(1736)

MORE INFO
[1] "Pierre Louis Maupertuis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis
Lapland3 4   
262 YBN
[1738 AD] 4 5 6 		1971) The kinetic theory of gases and heat. Pressure is explained as the impact
of molecules on a surface. Pressure and motion are shown to increase with
temperature.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Daniel Bernoulli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078863/Daniel-Bernoulli
2. ^ "Daniel Bernoulli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078863/Daniel-Bernoulli
3. ^ Henry Crew, The Rise of Modern Physics, The Williams & Wilkins
Company, 1935, p218-223. {This also contains a partial translation from
Latin.}
4. ^ "Daniel Bernoulli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078863/Daniel-Bernoulli (1738)
5. ^
Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology",
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp175-176. (1738) (1738)
6. ^ Henry Crew, The Rise
of Modern Physics, The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1935, p218-223. {This also
contains a partial translation from Latin.} {1738}

MORE INFO
[1] "Daniel Bernoulli". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli
[2] http://www.answers.com/Daniel+Bernoulli?cat=technology
[3] http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/252/kinetic_theory.html
Basel, Switzerland2 (presumably)| (published in ) Strasbourg3   
260 YBN
[1740 AD] 3 		2019) That phosphorus gains weight when burned (now known as oxidation) is
found. This conflicts with the phlogiston theory.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp184-185.
2. ^ "Andreas Sigismund
Marggraf". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050865/Andreas-Sigismund-Marggraf
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp184-185. (1740) (1740)

MORE INFO
[1] "Andreas Sigismund Marggraf". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf
Berlin, Germany2 (presumably)  
260 YBN
[1740 AD] 4 		2067) Parthenogenesis (reproduction without fertilization) is conclusively
proven; in female aphids.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Charles Bonnet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9080625/Charles-Bonnet
2. ^ "Charles Bonnet". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bonnet
3. ^ "Charles Bonnet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9080625/Charles-Bonnet
4. ^ "Charles Bonnet". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bonnet (1740)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/parthenogenesis
Geneva?, Switzerland2 3 (presumably)  
258 YBN
[1742 AD] 3 		1975) The Celsius (or centigrade) temperature scale is invented; the freezing
and boiling point of water are divided into 100 degrees1 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p177.
2. ^ "Celsius Anders".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9022032/Celsius-Anders
3. ^ "Celsius Anders". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9022032/Celsius-Anders (1742)

MORE INFO
[1] "Anders Celsius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius
Uppsala, Sweden2 (presumably)  
257 YBN
[1743 AD] 2 3 		1976) The first philosophical society in America, "the American Philosophical
Society" is formed.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp177-179.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp177-179. (1743) (1743)
3. ^ "John Harrison". The Oxford Dictionary
of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/John+Harrison?cat=technology (1735) (1743)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Benjamin%20Franklin%20
[2] http://www.sparkmuseum.com/ELECTROSCOPE.HTM
Philadelphia, Pennsylviania, (English Colonies) USA  
256 YBN
[1744 AD] 4 		2121) An electric spark is used to ignite a flammable liquid;1 ether.2 3
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ "ether." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Mar. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ether
2. ^ "Electricity". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Electricity". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electricity
3. ^ Royal Society (Great Britain). Philosophical
Transactions, Giving Some Account of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and
Labours of the Ingenious in Many Considerable Parts of the World. Royal
Society, Volume 43, N744, 1746,
p167. books.google.com/books?id=6j9WAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA167
4. ^ "Electricity (1744)". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Electricity".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electricity
(1744) (1744)

MORE INFO
[1] Phil. Trans., 1 744, 43, p. 167)
  
255 YBN
[03/27/1745 AD] 4 		1244) An electric spark ignites black powder.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Watson, W. Experiments and Observations Tending to Illustrate the Nature
and Properties of Electricity. C. Davis, 1746,
p3. books.google.com/books?id=TRw5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3
2. ^ Lynch, A.J., and C.A. Rowland. The History of Grinding. Society for
Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, Incorporated, 2005,
p168. http://books.google.com/books?id=Kj7PSOqTZ3IC&pg=PA168
3. ^ "Blasting cap". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasting_cap
4. ^ Watson, W. Experiments and Observations Tending to Illustrate the Nature
and Properties of Electricity. C. Davis, 1746,
p3. books.google.com/books?id=TRw5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3

MORE INFO
[1] "William Watson (scientist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Watson_%28scientist%29
[2] Priestley, Joseph. The history and present state of electricity, with
original experiments, by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and
enlarged Vol. 1. London, 1775. 2 vols. Eighteenth Century Collections Online.
Gale Group. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO Gale Document Number:
CW3308601351 http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO?dd=0&locID=ucirvine&d1=0
657800501&srchtp=a&c=1&SU=0LRM&df=f&d2=140&docNum=CW3308601351&h2=1&vrsn=1.0&af=
BN&d6=140&d3=140&ste=10&stp=Author&d4=0.33&n=10&d5=d6&ae=T036346 Priestley_Hist
ory_of_Electricity.pdf
England3   
255 YBN
[11/04/1745 AD] 18 19 20 		1972) The storage of electricity. The first electric memory and capacitor
(commonly called the Leyden jar).10 11 12

A Leyden jar is a glass bottle holding water that can store electricity and
give the holder of the bottle a large electric shock.13
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "E Georg von Kleist". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045738/E-Georg-von-Kleist
2. ^ Priestley, Joseph. The history and present state of electricity, with
original experiments, by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and
enlarged Vol. 1. London, 1775. 2 vols. Eighteenth Century Collections Online.
Gale Group, pp102-103. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO Gale Document
Number: CW3308601351
3. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements:
From 500 BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999,
p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=uwgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21
4. ^ "E Georg von Kleist". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045738/E-Georg-von-Kleist
5. ^ Priestley, Joseph. The history and present state of electricity, with
original experiments, by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and
enlarged Vol. 1. London, 1775. 2 vols. Eighteenth Century Collections Online.
Gale Group, pp102-103. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO Gale Document
Number: CW3308601351
6. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements:
From 500 BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999,
p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=uwgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21
7. ^ "E Georg von Kleist". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045738/E-Georg-von-Kleist
8. ^ Priestley, Joseph. The history and present state of electricity, with
original experiments, by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and
enlarged Vol. 1. London, 1775. 2 vols. Eighteenth Century Collections Online.
Gale Group, pp102-103. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO Gale Document
Number: CW3308601351
9. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements:
From 500 BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999,
p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=uwgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21
10. ^ "E Georg von Kleist". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045738/E-Georg-von-Kleist
11. ^ Priestley, Joseph. The history and present state of electricity, with
original experiments, by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and
enlarged Vol. 1. London, 1775. 2 vols. Eighteenth Century Collections Online.
Gale Group, pp102-103. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO Gale Document
Number: CW3308601351
12. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements:
From 500 BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999,
p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=uwgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21
13. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From
500 BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999,
p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=uwgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21
14. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From
500 BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999,
p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=uwgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21
15. ^ "E Georg von Kleist". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045738/E-Georg-von-Kleist
16. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/kleist.html
17. ^ "Pomerania". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania
18. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From
500 BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999,
p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=uwgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21
19. ^ Priestley, Joseph. The history and present state of electricity, with
original experiments, by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and
enlarged Vol. 1. London, 1775. 2 vols. Eighteenth Century Collections Online.
Gale Group, p102. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO Gale Document
Number: CW3308601351 (11/04/1745)
20. ^ "E Georg von Kleist". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045738/E-Georg-von-Kleist (1745)

MORE INFO
[1] "Ewald Georg von Kleist". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Georg_von_Kleist
(University of Wittenburg) Wittenburg, Germany14 (was for von Kleist:
Pomerania?, Prussia15 16 ) (coast of Baltic Sea between Germany and Poland17
)  
255 YBN
[1745 AD] 7 8 		2966) An electrostatic motor.3 4

A clapper swings back and forth between two bells of oppositely charged
glasses, causing a ring on contact with each, until the charge is gone.5
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ http://www.arcsandsparks.com/franklin.html
2. ^ video of a modern version of Hamilton's Mill
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewgVXg_tsC4
3. ^ http://www.arcsandsparks.com/franklin.html
4. ^ video of a modern version of Hamilton's Mill
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewgVXg_tsC4
5. ^ http://www.arcsandsparks.com/franklin.html
6. ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06649b.htm
7. ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06649b.htm (1745)
8. ^
http://www.arcsandsparks.com/franklin.html (Bells= 1742)

MORE INFO
[1] Elementary Lessons in Electricity and Magnetism By Silvanus
Phillips
Thompson http://books.google.com/books?id=hLk3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=winc
kler+leipzig+electricity&source=web&ots=Op8vIkfDDE&sig=qHZAdRw3VdIi8ePfK7kcsGP6H
zA&hl=en
(University of Erfurt) Erfurt, Germany6   
254 YBN
[1746 AD] 3 4 		2953) The theory that electricity is made of two streams of electrical fluid
that move in opposite directions.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Riskin, J. Science in the Age of Sensibility: The Sentimental Empiricists
of the French Enlightenment. University of Chicago Press, 2002, p77.
http://books.google.com/books?id=QpWa9XSnFx4C&pg=PA77
2. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/nollet.html
3. ^ "JEAN ANTOINE NOLLET". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/JEAN+ANTOINE+NOLLET?cat=technology (1746)
4. ^
http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/nollet.html (1745)

MORE INFO
[1] "Jean-Antoine Nollet". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Nollet
[2] http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11090b.htm
Paris, France2 (presumably)  
254 YBN
[1746 AD] 4 		2968) That electricity in an electrostatic generator comes from the ground and
not the sphere is proven.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ The History and Present State of Electricity, with Original Experiments
by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and enlarged. London,
1775. 542pp. (2 vols), v1 p113.
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO?dd=0&locID=ucirvine&d1=0657800501&srch
tp=a&c=1&SU=0LRM&d2=1&docNum=CW3308601212&h2=1&vrsn=1.0&af=BN&d6=1&ste=10&dc=tiP
G&stp=Author&d4=0.33&n=10&d5=d6&ae=T036346 Priestley_History_of_Electricity.pdf

2. ^ A Sequel to the Experiments and Observations Tending to Illustrate the
Nature and Properties of Electricity; In a Letter to the Royal Society from the
Same Journal Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) Issue Volume 44 -
1746/1747 Author William, pp713-714.
Watson DOI 10.1098/rstl.1746.0119 Watson_William_1746_Sequel.pdf
3. ^ "William Watson (scientist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Watson_%28scientist%29
4. ^ "William Watson (scientist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Watson_%28scientist%29 (1746) (1746)

MORE INFO
[1] A Continuation of a Paper concerning Electricity, by William Watson
F. R. S. Printed in These Trans. N. 477, Article I. Ending p.
501 Journal Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) Issue Volume 44 -
1746/1747 Author William
Watson DOI 10.1098/rstl.1746.0118 Watson_William_1746_Continuation.pdf
[2] An Account of the Phaenomena of Electricity in Vacuo, with Some
Observations Thereupon, by Mr. Wm. Watson, F. R. S. Wm. Watson
Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 47. (1751 - 1752), pp. 362-376.
http://www.jstor.org/view/02607085/ap000035/00a00610/0?frame=noframe&userID=80
c3de14@uci.edu/01c0a848640050f4dd0&dpi=3&config=jstor
London, England3   
253 YBN
[07/11/1747 AD] 4 5 6 		1981) The theory that electricity is a single fluid, and that lightning is
electricity.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp177-179.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp177-179.
3. ^ "Benjamin Franklin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-22467/Benjamin-Franklin
4. ^ The Writings of Benjamin Franklin By Benjamin Franklin Published
1905 Macmillan & co., ltd. United States, p302.
http://books.google.com/books?id=BITTQfMLcpEC&pg=PA302&lpg=PA302&dq=franklin+mar
ch+28+1747+letter&source=web&ots=cMKNLDwQT2&sig=rk0pZ33SEwyWeJb7wA3PCHnUKOk&hl=e
n (07/11/1747)
5. ^ "Benjamin Franklin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-22467/Benjamin-Franklin (1751)
6. ^ "Leyden Jar
(1747-1748)". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Leyden Jar". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Leyden_Jar (1747-1748)
(1747-1748)

MORE INFO
[1] "Benjamin Franklin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin
[2] http://www.answers.com/Benjamin%20Franklin%20
[3] http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/bios/franklin/chpt4.htm
[4] An Account of Mr. Benjamin Franklin's Treatise, Lately Published,
Intituled, Experiments and Observations on Electricity, Made at Philadelphia in
America; By Wm. Watson, F. R. S. Journal Philosophical Transactions
(1683-1775) Issue Volume 47 - 1751/1752 Authors Benjamin Franklin and Wm.
Watson DOI 10.1098/rstl.1751.0032 http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q49
0w47733103h6h/?p=d81fd6c4f77d41ce864b64afe5cacc64&pi=9 Franklin_Electricity_175
1.pdf (resuscitates pigeon killed by shock which flies into wall as if blind)
[5]
Electrical Experiments, Made in Pursuance of Those by Mr. Canton, Dated Decem.
3, 1753; With Explanations by Mr. Benjamin Franklin, Communicated Mr. Peter
Collinson, F. R. S. Franklin_1753_RS.pdf (threads separate electroscope,
Canton made pithballs)
Philadelphia, PA (English colonies) USA (letter to London, England3 )  
253 YBN
[1747 AD] 4 5 		2055) Citris fruits are proven to cure scurvy in one of the earliest clinical
experiments.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p189.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p189.
3. ^ "James Lind". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048347/James-Lind
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p189. (1747) (1747)
5. ^ "James
Lind". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lind
(1747)
England3   
253 YBN
[1747 AD] 6 		3452) The basis of refrigeration is understood.3 That evaporating liquids
produces cold is recognized.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ William Cullen, "Of the Cold produced by evaporating Fluids and of some
other Means of producing Cold", Philosophical Society of Edinburgh. Essays and
observations, physical and literary. Read before a Society in Edinburgh, and
published by them. Volume 2. Edinburgh, 1754. 464pp. 2 vols,
p145-156. {Cullen_evaporation.pdf}
2. ^ William Cullen, "Of the Cold produced by evaporating Fluids and of some
other Means of producing Cold", Philosophical Society of Edinburgh. Essays and
observations, physical and literary. Read before a Society in Edinburgh, and
published by them. Volume 2. Edinburgh, 1754. 464pp. 2 vols,
p145-156. {Cullen_evaporation.pdf}
3. ^ William Cullen, "Of the Cold produced by evaporating Fluids and of some
other Means of producing Cold", Philosophical Society of Edinburgh. Essays and
observations, physical and literary. Read before a Society in Edinburgh, and
published by them. Volume 2. Edinburgh, 1754. 464pp. 2 vols,
p145-156. {Cullen_evaporation.pdf}
4. ^ William Cullen, "Of the Cold produced by evaporating Fluids and of some
other Means of producing Cold", Philosophical Society of Edinburgh. Essays and
observations, physical and literary. Read before a Society in Edinburgh, and
published by them. Volume 2. Edinburgh, 1754. 464pp. 2 vols,
p145-156. {Cullen_evaporation.pdf}
5. ^ William Cullen, "Of the Cold produced by evaporating Fluids and of some
other Means of producing Cold", Philosophical Society of Edinburgh. Essays and
observations, physical and literary. Read before a Society in Edinburgh, and
published by them. Volume 2. Edinburgh, 1754. 464pp. 2 vols,
p145-156. {Cullen_evaporation.pdf}
6. ^ William Cullen, "Of the Cold produced by evaporating Fluids and of some
other Means of producing Cold", Philosophical Society of Edinburgh. Essays and
observations, physical and literary. Read before a Society in Edinburgh, and
published by them. Volume 2. Edinburgh, 1754. 464pp. 2 vols,
p145-156. {Cullen_evaporation.pdf} {1747}

MORE INFO
[1] "William Cullen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cullen
[2] "William Cullen." Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Gale Group,
Inc, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-cullen
[3] Thomas S. Kuhn, "The Caloric Theory of Adiabatic Compression", Isis, Vol.
49, No. 2 (Jun., 1958), pp.
132-140. http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-1753(195806)49%3A2%3C132%3ATCTOAC%
3E2.0.CO%3B2-7 {Cullen_William_1755_Isis.pdf} (05/01/1755)
(Academy of Petersburg) Petersburg, Russia5   
252 YBN
[02/14/1748 AD] 4 		1932) The phenomenon of "nutation", that the apparent declination of some stars
changes annually because of the movement of the nodes of the Moon's orbit
around the Earth.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "James Bradley". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/James+Bradley+?cat=technology
2. ^ "James Bradley". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/James+Bradley+?cat=technology
3. ^ "James Bradley". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/James+Bradley+?cat=technology
4. ^ "James Bradley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bradley (02/14/1748)

MORE INFO
[1] "Aberration of light". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberration_of_light
Kew, England3   
252 YBN
[1748 AD] 7 8 9 		2954) Osmosis is described (the spontaneous passage or diffusion of water or
some other solvent through a semipermeable membrane1 ).2 3 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "osmosis." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 13 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/osmosis
2. ^ Memoires de l'Acudemie des
Sciences, Paris 1748, p101
3. ^ Chapman, H.C. Treatise on Human Physiology ... Lea
brothers & Company,
1887. http://books.google.com/books?id=Np1BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA202
4. ^ Kahlenberg, Louis. "The bearing of actual osmotic experiments upon the
conception of the nature of solutions." Transactions of the Faraday Society
3.July (1907):
22-26. http://books.google.com/books?id=khbzAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA22
5. ^ http://www.enotes.com/microbiology-resources/historical-chronology
6. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/nollet.html
7. ^ Memoires de l'Acudemie des Sciences, Paris 1748, p101
8. ^ Chapman,
H.C. Treatise on Human Physiology ... Lea brothers & Company,
1887. http://books.google.com/books?id=Np1BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA202
9. ^ Kahlenberg, Louis. "The bearing of actual osmotic experiments upon the
conception of the nature of solutions." Transactions of the Faraday Society
3.July (1907):
22-26. http://books.google.com/books?id=khbzAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA22

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/JEAN+ANTOINE+NOLLET?cat=technology
[2] "Jean-Antoine Nollet". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Nollet
[3] http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11090b.htm
[4] "electromagnetism". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-71599/electromagnetism
[5] "Jean Antoine Nollet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Jean_Antoine_Nollet
[6] http://www.enotes.com/microbiology-resources/historical-chronology (1748)
Paris, France6 (presumably)  
252 YBN
[1748 AD] 4 5 		4537) That irregularities in the motions of satellites occur because the bodies
they orbit are not perfectly spherical is recognized.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Robert Grant, "History of physical astronomy: from the earliest ages to
the middle of the ...", 1852,
p88. http://books.google.com/books?id=JP_ekCK1MQgC&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=1758+wal
msley+jupiter&source=bl&ots=zsFdAtj7iK&sig=SjyleX3mZhWpM1XsXxRsD7xXE3w&hl=en&ei=
U1dDTPWnLY2-sQOb0_iCDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=
onepage&q=1758%20walmsley%20jupiter&f=false
2. ^ Charles Lane Poor, "Gravitation versus Relativity" (New York, 1922)
3. ^
"Leonhard Euler". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9033216/Leonhard-Euler
4. ^ Charles Lane Poor, "Gravitation versus Relativity" (New York,
1922) {1748}
5. ^ Robert Grant, "History of physical astronomy: from the earliest ages
to the middle of the ...", 1852,
p88. http://books.google.com/books?id=JP_ekCK1MQgC&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=1758+wal
msley+jupiter&source=bl&ots=zsFdAtj7iK&sig=SjyleX3mZhWpM1XsXxRsD7xXE3w&hl=en&ei=
U1dDTPWnLY2-sQOb0_iCDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=
onepage&q=1758%20walmsley%20jupiter&f=false {1748}

MORE INFO
[1] "Leonhard Euler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler
[2] http://www.answers.com/Leonhard%20Euler%20
[3] "Contributions of Leonhard Euler to mathematics". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributions_of_Leonhard_Euler_to_mathematics
[4] "E (mathematical constant)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_%28mathematical_constant%29
[5] ^ O'Connor, J.J., and Roberson, E.F.; The MacTutor History of Mathematics
archive: "The number e"; University of St Andrews Scotland (2001)
[6] History of
Mathematics, D. E. Smith
[7]
http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521035071 (Optics
in the Age of Euler), Conceptions of the Nature of Light, 1700-1795
[8]
http://math.dartmouth.edu/~euler/
[9] "Johann Andreas von Segner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Andreas_von_Segner
[10] http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/optics/colour.htm
[11] Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, pp56-57
[12] Home, R.W.
(1988). "Leonhard Euler's 'Anti-Newtonian' Theory of Light". Annals of Science
45 (5): 521-533. (euler_antiNewton_light_1988_annals_of_science.pdf), p13
[13]
Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, pp1-2
[14] Optics in the age of
Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, p75
[15] Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort,
1995, pp78-79
[16] Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, p82
[17] Optics in
the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, p84
[18] "Johann Andreas von Segner".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066597/Johann-Andreas-von-Segner
[19] Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, pp88-89
[20] Optics in the age
of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995, p102
[21] Optics in the age of Euler, Casper
Hakfoort, 1995, p103
[22] http://www.math.dartmouth.edu/~euler/pages/E088.html
(1746)
[23] Optics in the age of Euler, Casper Hakfoort, 1995 (1746)
[24] Charles Walmesley,
"Of the Irregularities in the Motion of a Satellite Arising from the
Spheroidical Figure of Its Primary Planet: In a Letter to the Rev. James
Bradley D. D. Astronomer Royal, F. R. S. and Member of the Royal Academy of
Sciences at Paris;", Phil. Trans. 1757, 10/21/1758. 50:809-835;
doi:10.1098/rstl.1757.0111 http://books.google.com/books?id=S-U_AAAAYAAJ&pg=P
A295&lpg=PA295&dq=%22since+the+time+that+astronomers+have+been+enabled%22&source
=bl&ots=03k1LyYeep&sig=Eb-Z2Mu_sAc_baKvdSXS4TI9YIs&hl=en&ei=PVtDTLmNDZHCsAOwl-H5
DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22since%2
0the%20time%20that%20astronomers%20have%20been%20enabled%22&f=false
[25] Robert E. Bradley, Charles Edward Sandifer, "Leonhard Euler: life, work
and legacy",
2007. http://books.google.com/books?id=75vJL_Y-PvsC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=euler
+1748+jupiter&source=bl&ots=RslLkxNhjB&sig=gmr0_82LV9HvoxrDdGYLT_f5Vys&hl=en&ei=
_l5DTOP_CpGmsQPo-oH1DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAw#v=
onepage&q=euler%201748%20jupiter&f=false
Berlin, Germany3   
251 YBN
[04/29/1749 AD] 4 		2971) That the electric charge is stored in the glass of a Leyden jar is
proven.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Leyden Jar". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Leyden Jar". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Leyden_Jar
2. ^ Benjamin Franklin, "The Writings of Benjamin Franklin",
Macmillan & co., ltd., 1905, p402.
http://books.google.com/books?id=BITTQfMLcpEC&pg=PA402
3. ^ Benjamin Franklin, "The Writings of Benjamin Franklin", Macmillan & co.,
ltd., 1905, p396. http://books.google.com/books?id=BITTQfMLcpEC&pg=PA396
4. ^ Benjamin Franklin, "The Writings of Benjamin Franklin",
Macmillan & co., ltd., 1905, p411.
http://books.google.com/books?id=BITTQfMLcpEC&pg=PA411

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982)
[2] "Benjamin Franklin". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-22467/Benjamin-Franklin
[3] "Benjamin Franklin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin
[4] http://www.answers.com/Benjamin%20Franklin%20
[5] http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/bios/franklin/chpt4.htm
[6]
http://books.google.com/books?id=QpWa9XSnFx4C&pg=PA76&lpg=PA76&dq=nollet+electri
cal+mechanical&source=web&ots=soy1Mv8usj&sig=lEG1Yk6qvpp4Img5Ga3ZGHz5r-I&hl=en#P
PA76,M1
[7] An Account of Mr. Benjamin Franklin's Treatise, Lately Published,
Intituled, Experiments and Observations on Electricity, Made at Philadelphia in
America; By Wm. Watson, F. R. S. Journal Philosophical Transactions
(1683-1775) Issue Volume 47 - 1751/1752 Authors Benjamin Franklin and Wm.
Watson DOI 10.1098/rstl.1751.0032 http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q49
0w47733103h6h/?p=d81fd6c4f77d41ce864b64afe5cacc64&pi=9 Franklin_Electricity_175
1.pdf (resuscitates pigeon killed by shock which flies into wall as if blind)
[8]
Electrical Experiments, Made in Pursuance of Those by Mr. Canton, Dated Decem.
3, 1753; With Explanations by Mr. Benjamin Franklin, Communicated Mr. Peter
Collinson, F. R. S. Franklin_1753_RS.pdf (threads separate electroscope,
Canton made pithballs)
[9] "Franz Ulrich Theodor Aepinus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Franz_Ulrich_Theodor_Aepinus
[10] http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Aepinus.html
[11] Franklin, B., W.T. Franklin, and W. Duane. Memoirs of Benjamin
Franklin. McCarty & Davis, 1840. Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin,
p251. http://books.google.com/books?id=HptPAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA251
Philadelphia, Pennsylviania, (English Colonies) USA3   
250 YBN
[1750 AD] 2 		2025) The theory that the Sun is not the center of the universe, and that the
Milky Way is flattened.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp185-186.
2. ^ "Thomas Wright
(astronomer)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wright_%28astronomer%29 (1750) (1750)
  
249 YBN
[1751 AD] 3 4 		2047) Diderot's (DEDrO) twenty-eight volume encyclopedia.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp188-189.
2. ^ "Denis Diderot".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-1818/Denis-Diderot
3. ^ "Denis Diderot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-1818/Denis-Diderot (1751)
4. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp188-189. (1751) (1751)

MORE INFO
[1] "Denis Diderot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Diderot
Paris, France2   
248 YBN
[01/03/1752 AD] 3 		2009) The different spectra of an alcohol flame colored by various salts is
described.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Melvill, Thomas, "Observations on Light and Colours", Journal of the
Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Vol. 8, p.231,
08/1914 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1914JRASC...8..231M {melville_thomas.pdf
}
2. ^ http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18542?_fromAuth=1
3. ^ http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18542?_fromAuth=1 (01/03/1752)

MORE INFO
[1] A Letter from Mr. T. Melvil to the Rev. James Bradley, D. D. F. R. S.
With a Discourse concerning the Cause of the Different Refrangibility of the
Rays of Light Author T. Melvil DOI 10.1098/rstl.1753.0038
melvil_thomas_1753_phil_trans.pdf
[2] Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Title: Early Papers on
Light and Color by Thomas Melville Authors: Hess, H. V. Journal: Publication
of the Pomona College Astronomical Society, vol. 4,
pp.22-25 1914 melville_thomas2.pdf
[3] http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/252/spectra.html
[4] http://members.aol.com/WSRNet/D1/hist.htm
[5] Criticisms of the projectile theory of light G N Cantor 1981 Phys.
Educ. 16 112-119 doi:10.1088/0031-9120/16/2/314 G N Cantor Print
publication: Issue 2 (March
1981) http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0031-9120/16/2/314/pev16i2p112.pdf?request-
id=GEXT97iQ3BG5LVsA3Ai7Kg michell_corpuscular_criticism_pev16i2p112.pdf
Edinburgh, Scotland2   
248 YBN
[02/20/1752 AD] 6 		2976) A spark is passed through a vacuum tube.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ The History and Present State of Electricity, with Original Experiments
by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and enlarged. London,
1775. 542pp. (2 vols), v1 347-351.
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO?dd=0&locID=ucirvine&d1=0657800501&srch
tp=a&c=1&SU=0LRM&d2=1&docNum=CW3308601212&h2=1&vrsn=1.0&af=BN&d6=1&ste=10&dc=tiP
G&stp=Author&d4=0.33&n=10&d5=d6&ae=T036346 Priestley_History_of_Electricity.pdf

2. ^ An Account of the Phaenomena of Electricity in Vacuo, with Some
Observations Thereupon, by Mr. Wm. Watson, F. R. S. Wm. Watson
Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 47. (1751 - 1752), pp. 362-376.
http://www.jstor.org/view/02607085/ap000035/00a00610/0?frame=noframe&userID=80
c3de14@uci.edu/01c0a848640050f4dd0&dpi=3&config=jstor
3. ^ The History and Present State of Electricity, with Original Experiments
by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and enlarged. London,
1775. 542pp. (2 vols), v1 347-351.
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO?dd=0&locID=ucirvine&d1=0657800501&srch
tp=a&c=1&SU=0LRM&d2=1&docNum=CW3308601212&h2=1&vrsn=1.0&af=BN&d6=1&ste=10&dc=tiP
G&stp=Author&d4=0.33&n=10&d5=d6&ae=T036346 Priestley_History_of_Electricity.pdf

4. ^ An Account of the Phaenomena of Electricity in Vacuo, with Some
Observations Thereupon, by Mr. Wm. Watson, F. R. S. Wm. Watson
Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 47. (1751 - 1752), pp. 362-376.
http://www.jstor.org/view/02607085/ap000035/00a00610/0?frame=noframe&userID=80
c3de14@uci.edu/01c0a848640050f4dd0&dpi=3&config=jstor
5. ^ "William Watson (scientist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Watson_%28scientist%29
6. ^ An Account of the Phaenomena of Electricity in Vacuo, with Some
Observations Thereupon, by Mr. Wm. Watson, F. R. S. Wm. Watson
Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 47. (1751 - 1752), pp. 362-376.
http://www.jstor.org/view/02607085/ap000035/00a00610/0?frame=noframe&userID=80
c3de14@uci.edu/01c0a848640050f4dd0&dpi=3&config=jstor (02/20/1752) (02/20/1752)

MORE INFO
[1] "electromagnetism". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-71599/electromagnetism
[2] A Continuation of a Paper concerning Electricity, by
William Watson F. R. S. Printed in These Trans. N. 477, Article I. Ending p.
501 Journal Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) Issue Volume 44 -
1746/1747 Author William
Watson DOI 10.1098/rstl.1746.0118 Watson_William_1746_Continuation.pdf
[3] A Sequel to the Experiments and Observations Tending to Illustrate the
Nature and Properties of Electricity; In a Letter to the Royal Society from the
Same Journal Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) Issue Volume 44 -
1746/1747 Author William
Watson DOI 10.1098/rstl.1746.0119 Watson_William_1746_Sequel.pdf
London, England5   
248 YBN
[1752 AD] 3 4 		1922) Digestion of food is proven to be chemical and not mechanical; small
metal cylinders with food inside are regurgitated by birds with partially
digested food.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp166-167.
2. ^ "René Antoine Ferchault
de Réaumur". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press,
1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Ren%C3%A9+Antoine+Ferchault+de+R%C3%A9aumur?cat=technolog
y
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp166-167. (1752) (1752)
4. ^ "René
Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Ren%C3%A9+Antoine+Ferchault+de+R%C3%A9aumur?cat=technolog
y (1752)

MORE INFO
[1] "Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9062880/Rene-Antoine-Ferchault-de-Reaumur
[2] "René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumur
[3] http://www.answers.com/topic/cupola?cat=health
Paris, France2 (presumably)  
248 YBN
[1752 AD] 3 		1983) Lightning is proven to be electricity by charging a Leyden jar with
electricity from the sky using a kite.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp177-179.
2. ^ "Benjamin Franklin".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-22467/Benjamin-Franklin
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp177-179. (1752) (1752)

MORE INFO
[1] "Benjamin Franklin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin
[2] http://www.answers.com/Benjamin%20Franklin%20
[3] http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/bios/franklin/chpt4.htm
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania2 (presumably)  
247 YBN
[12/??/1753 AD] 3 		2972) Electrostatic induction is identified: that an electrified object can
induce an opposite charge in a second object just by being close.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ The History and Present State of Electricity, with Original Experiments
by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and enlarged. London,
1775. 542pp. (2 vols), v1 p260-261.
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO?dd=0&locID=ucirvine&d1=0657800501&srch
tp=a&c=1&SU=0LRM&d2=1&docNum=CW3308601212&h2=1&vrsn=1.0&af=BN&d6=1&ste=10&dc=tiP
G&stp=Author&d4=0.33&n=10&d5=d6&ae=T036346 Priestley_History_of_Electricity.pdf

2. ^ "John Canton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020076/John-Canton
3. ^ The History and Present State of Electricity, with Original
Experiments by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and
enlarged. London, 1775. 542pp. (2 vols), v1 p260-261.
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO?dd=0&locID=ucirvine&d1=0657800501&srch
tp=a&c=1&SU=0LRM&d2=1&docNum=CW3308601212&h2=1&vrsn=1.0&af=BN&d6=1&ste=10&dc=tiP
G&stp=Author&d4=0.33&n=10&d5=d6&ae=T036346 Priestley_History_of_Electricity.pdf
(12/1753) (12/1753)

MORE INFO
[1] "John Canton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Canton
[2] http://www.answers.com/John+Canton?cat=technology
[3] "Electroscope". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroscope
[4] http://www.sparkmuseum.com/ELECTROSCOPE.HTM
[5] "Electroscope". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electroscope
[6]
http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/stories/enlightenment_and_measurement/05.
ST.05/?scene=6
[7] "Electrostatic induction". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_induction
London, England2   
247 YBN
[1753 AD] 3 		2957) That air can hold electricity is discovered.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ The History and Present State of Electricity, with Original Experiments
by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and enlarged. London,
1775. 542pp. (2 vols), v1 p245.
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO?dd=0&locID=ucirvine&d1=0657800501&srch
tp=a&c=1&SU=0LRM&d2=1&docNum=CW3308601212&h2=1&vrsn=1.0&af=BN&d6=1&ste=10&dc=tiP
G&stp=Author&d4=0.33&n=10&d5=d6&ae=T036346 Priestley_History_of_Electricity.pdf

2. ^ "John Canton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020076/John-Canton
3. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/ELECTROSCOPE.HTM (1753)

MORE INFO
[1] "John Canton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Canton
[2] http://www.answers.com/John+Canton?cat=technology
[3] "Electroscope". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroscope
[4] "Electroscope". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electroscope
[5]
http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/stories/enlightenment_and_measurement/05.
ST.05/?scene=6
London, England2   
245 YBN
[01/25/1755 AD] 4 5 		1370) Moscow State University is founded.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Moscow State University." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia
Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 13 Dec. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/393517/Moscow-State-University>.
2. ^ "Moscow State University." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia
Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 13 Dec. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/393517/Moscow-State-University>.
3. ^ http://www.msu.ru/en/info/history.html
4. ^ http://www.msu.ru/en/info/history.html
5. ^ "Moscow State University." Encyclop�dia Britannica.
Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 13
Dec. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/393517/Moscow-State-University>.
Moscow, Russia3   
245 YBN
[06/05/1755 AD] 4 		2089) Carbon dioxide is isolated; when released by mixing magnesium oxide with
an acid.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Joseph Black". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9015464/Joseph-Black
2. ^ Joseph Black, "Experiments upon Magnesia Alba, Quicklime, and
Some Other Alcaline Substances", Philosophical Society of Edinburgh. Essays and
Observations, Physical and Literary. G. Hamilton and J. Balfour, 1756. Essays
and Observations, Physical and Literary,
p157. http://books.google.com/books?id=7IUDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA157
3. ^ "Joseph Black". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9015464/Joseph-Black
4. ^ "Joseph Black". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9015464/Joseph-Black
(1755)

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph Black". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Black
Edinburgh, Scotland3   
245 YBN
[1755 AD] 4 		2072) The nebular hypothesis, that the star system formed as a result of the
gravitational interaction of atoms1 , that the Milky Way is a lens shaped
collection of stars, and that other such "island universes" exist.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Immanuel Kant". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Immanuel%20Kant%20
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p192.
3. ^ "Immanuel Kant".
Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Immanuel%20Kant%20
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p192. (1755) (1755)

MORE INFO
[1] "Immanuel Kant". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27137/Immanuel-Kant
[2] "Immanuel Kant". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant
[3] "solar system". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-242060/solar-system
[4] "Nebular hypothesis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis
Königsberg, Germany3   
242 YBN
[1758 AD] 4 		3649) The first color specification based on the painters' three primary colors
(red, yellow, and blue1 ).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/color6.html
3. ^ http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/color6.html
4. ^ http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/color6.html {1758}
(lecture at U of Göttingen) Göttingen, Germany3   
241 YBN
[1759 AD] 4 5 		2141) The theory that specialized organs arise out of unspecialized tissue in
the embryo is introduced and will replace the theory that a body is preformed
in the egg or sperm.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p206.
2. ^ Wolff, C.F. Theoria
Generationis. typis et sumtu Io. Christ. Hendeli,
1774. http://books.google.com/books?id=4ZlS5D9A_8QC
3. ^ "Caspar Friedrich Wolff". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Friedrich_Wolff
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p206. (1759) (1759)
5. ^ "Caspar
Friedrich Wolff". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia
University Press., 2003. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Caspar%20Friedrich%20Wolff (1759)
Halle, Germany3   
241 YBN
[1759 AD] 3 		3011) The electrical inverse distance squared law. The theory that electrical
attraction and repulsion between charged bodies decreases by the inverse of the
distance between them squared.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Aepinus, Franz Maria Ulrich Theodor Hoch." Encyclopædia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Apr. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9003864>.
2. ^ "Aepinus, Franz Maria Ulrich Theodor Hoch." Encyclopædia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Apr. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9003864>.
3. ^ "Aepinus, Franz Maria Ulrich Theodor Hoch." Encyclopædia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Apr. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9003864>. (1759)

MORE INFO
[1] "Franz Ulrich Theodor Aepinus". Encyclopedia Britannica.
1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Franz_Ulrich_Theodor_Aepinus
[2] John L. Heilbron, "Electricity in the 17th and 18th centuries: a study
of early Modern physics", University of California Press, (1979), pp391-392.
ISBN 0-520-03478-3
[3] Joseph Priestley, The History and Present State of Electricity, with
Original Experiments (London, England: 1767), page
732. http://books.google.com/books?id=HZE_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA732
St. Petersberg, Russia2   
240 YBN
[1760 AD] 4 		2074) Locating the center of an earthquake by recording the time when the
earthquake is felt in different places is described.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Conjectures Concerning the Cause and Observations upon the Phaenomena of
Earthquakes (1760), p10-11. http://archive.org/details/Michell1760sc82C
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p192.
3. ^ "John
Michell". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994,
1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/John+Michell?cat=technology
4. ^ "John Michell". The Oxford Dictionary of
Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/John+Michell?cat=technology (1760)

MORE INFO
[1] "John Michell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Michell
Cambridge, England3   
240 YBN
[1760 AD] 6 7 		2122) Electrolysis. Molecules are split using electricity. Water is separated
into hydrogen and oxygen gases by passing electricity through water.3
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/16009a.htm
5. ^ "Giovanni Battista Beccaria". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Beccaria
6. ^
http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/c8x97gg743267538/fulltext.pdf (1760
(presumably)
7. ^
http://books.google.com/books?id=wKzJTBZh20wC&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&dq=%22john+warlti
re%22+electricity&source=web&ots=qx-N2a9F9w&sig=0ReDFF5mI7Bgvvrn__a-VFc2T-0
(c1762)

MORE INFO
[1] "Electricity". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electricity
[2] Phil. Trans., 1 744, 43, p. 167)
[3] "Electrolysis". Encyclopedia Britannica.
1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electrolysis
[4] http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06649b.htm
[5] http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/?k=Beccaria
[6] "biophysics#48706.toc". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110580/biophysics#48706.toc
[7] http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/b/beccaria.xml
Turin, Italy4 5   
237 YBN
[1763 AD] 5 		2080) That valleys are formed by streams that run through them is understood,1
and that all rocks are not sedimentary is proven because basalt is shown to be
formed by volcanoes2 (has an igneous origin3 ).
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p193.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p193.
3. ^ "Nicolas Desmarest". The Oxford Dictionary of
Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Nicolas+Desmarest?cat=technology
4. ^ "Nicolas Desmarest". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Nicolas+Desmarest?cat=technology
5. ^ "Nicolas Desmarest". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Nicolas+Desmarest?cat=technology (1763)

MORE INFO
[1] "Nicolas Desmarest". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Desmarest
France4   
236 YBN
[05/08/1764 AD] 5 6 		6589) A globular cluster is recognized as a group of stars.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp199-200.
2. ^ "Charles Messier". The
Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Charles+Messier+?cat=technology
3. ^ Charles Messier, 1774. Catalogue des N�buleuses & des amas
d'�toiles, que l'on d�couvre parmi les �toiles fixes sur l'horizon de
Paris; observ�es � l'Observatoire de la Marine, avec differens instruments.
M�moires de l'Acad�mie Royale des Sciences for 1771, Paris (dated February
16, 1771, published 1774), pp. 435-461 + Pl. VIII.
http://books.google.com/books?id=z0FRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA435 English: http://messi
er.seds.org/xtra/history/m-cat71.html
4. ^ Charles Messier, 1774. Catalogue des N�buleuses & des amas d'�toiles,
que l'on d�couvre parmi les �toiles fixes sur l'horizon de Paris;
observ�es � l'Observatoire de la Marine, avec differens instruments.
M�moires de l'Acad�mie Royale des Sciences for 1771, Paris (dated February
16, 1771, published 1774), pp. 435-461 + Pl. VIII.
http://books.google.com/books?id=z0FRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA435 English: http://messi
er.seds.org/xtra/history/m-cat71.html
5. ^ Charles Messier, 1774. Catalogue des N�buleuses & des amas d'�toiles,
que l'on d�couvre parmi les �toiles fixes sur l'horizon de Paris;
observ�es � l'Observatoire de la Marine, avec differens instruments.
M�moires de l'Acad�mie Royale des Sciences for 1771, Paris (dated February
16, 1771, published 1774), pp. 435-461 + Pl. VIII.
http://books.google.com/books?id=z0FRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA435 English: http://messi
er.seds.org/xtra/history/m-cat71.html
6. ^ http://messier.seds.org/m/m004.html

MORE INFO
[1] "Charles Messier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Messier
[2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp199-200. (1758) (1758)
[3] "Charles
Messier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052247/Charles-Messier (1758)
[4] Cudnik, B.
Faint Objects and How to Observe Them. Springer New York, 2013. Astronomers�
Observing Guides, p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=3FgpvtufVW0C&pg=PA7
Paris, France4   
234 YBN
[05/29/1766 AD] 8 9 		2113) Hydrogen gas is isolated by dissolving metals in acids and collecting the
gas released in bottles inverted over water or mercury.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish
2. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Three Papers, Containing Experiments on
Factitious Air, by the Hon. Henry Cavendish, F. R. S.", Philosophical
Transactions (1683-1775) , Vol. 56, (1766), pp.
141-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/105491
3. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish
4. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Three Papers, Containing Experiments on
Factitious Air, by the Hon. Henry Cavendish, F. R. S.", Philosophical
Transactions (1683-1775) , Vol. 56, (1766), pp.
141-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/105491
5. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish
6. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Three Papers, Containing Experiments on
Factitious Air, by the Hon. Henry Cavendish, F. R. S.", Philosophical
Transactions (1683-1775) , Vol. 56, (1766), pp.
141-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/105491
7. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish
8. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Three Papers, Containing Experiments on
Factitious Air, by the Hon. Henry Cavendish, F. R. S.", Philosophical
Transactions (1683-1775) , Vol. 56, (1766), pp.
141-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/105491
9. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish (1766)

MORE INFO
[1] "Henry Cavendish". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendish
[2] "Hydrogen#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen#History
[3]
http://books.google.com/books?id=ygqYnSR3oe0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+scienti
fic+papers+cavendish#PPA77,M1
[4]
http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMA
IN&node_id=925&content_id=CTP_004439&use_sec=true&sec_url_var=region1
[5] Three Papers, Containing Experiments on Factitious Air, by the Hon. Henry
Cavendish, F. R. S. Journal Philosophical Transactions
(1683-1775) Issue Volume 56 -
1766 Pages 141-184 DOI 10.1098/rstl.1766.0019 http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac
.uk/content/k22512528480nx11/?p=d80161c905fe4831aa63484ba66ccb98&pi=2 cavendish
_3gases.pdf
London, England7   
232 YBN
[1768 AD] 3 		2667) The first Encyclopaedia Britannica.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032600/Encyclopaedia-Britannica
2. ^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032600/Encyclopaedia-Britannica
3. ^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032600/Encyclopaedia-Britannica (1768)

MORE INFO
[1] "Encyclopaedia britannica". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_britannica
Edinburgh, Scotland2   
232 YBN
[1768 AD] 4 		4482) That light particles do not appear to interfere or collide with each
other is recognized.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ John Canton, M. A. and F. R. S., "An Easy Method of Making a Phosphorus,
That Will Imbibe and Emit Light, like the Bolognian Stone; With Experiments and
Observations"; Phil. Trans. January 1, 1768 58:337-344;
doi:10.1098/rstl.1768.0045 http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/58/33
7.full.pdf+html?sid=001d4bce-e36d-4a76-9692-410401128f00
2. ^ Joseph Priestley, "The History and Present State of Discoveries Relating
to Vision, Light and Colours", 1772, kraus reprint 1978,
p385. {Priestley_History_Light.pdf}
3. ^ "John Canton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020076/John-Canton
4. ^ John Canton, M. A. and F. R. S., "An Easy Method of Making a
Phosphorus, That Will Imbibe and Emit Light, like the Bolognian Stone; With
Experiments and Observations"; Phil. Trans. January 1, 1768 58:337-344;
doi:10.1098/rstl.1768.0045 http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/58/33
7.full.pdf+html?sid=001d4bce-e36d-4a76-9692-410401128f00

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/John+Canton?cat=technology
[2] "John Canton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Canton (1750)
London, England3   
231 YBN
[1769 AD] 16 		1206) The first self-propelled vehicle.11 12 A steam-engine powered
automobile.13 14
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
6. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot
7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
8. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot
9. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
10. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot
11. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to
silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
12. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot
13. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from
stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
14. ^ "Cugnot".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot
15. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot
16. ^ "Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 02 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145966/Nicolas-Joseph-Cugnot>. {1769}
England15   
231 YBN
[1769 AD] 5 		2069) The theory that fossils that resemble no living creature may have been
animals that went extinct.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Charles Bonnet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9080625/Charles-Bonnet
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp190-191.
3. ^ "Charles Bonnet".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bonnet
4. ^ "Charles Bonnet". Encyclopedia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9080625/Charles-Bonnet
5. ^ "Charles Bonnet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9080625/Charles-Bonnet (1769)
Geneva?, Switzerland3 4 (presumably)  
229 YBN
[1771 AD] 3 		2118) That quantity of charge equals electric potential times capacity is
understood.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, Second
Edition, 1935, p272-273.
2. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish
3. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish (1771)

MORE INFO
[1] "Henry Cavendish". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendish
London, England2   
228 YBN
[06/04/1772 AD] 5 6 7 		2138) Carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water which is the beginning of the
soda-water industry.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Priestley, J. Directions for Impregnating Water with Fixed Air: In Order
to Communicate to It the Peculiar Spirit and Virtues of Pyrmont Water, and
Other Mineral Waters of a Similar Nature. By Joseph Priestley, LL.D. F.R.S.
printed for J. Johnson, 1772. http://books.google.com/books?id=huNbAAAAQAAJ
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia
of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp204-206.
3. ^ Priestley,
J. Directions for Impregnating Water with Fixed Air: In Order to Communicate to
It the Peculiar Spirit and Virtues of Pyrmont Water, and Other Mineral Waters
of a Similar Nature. By Joseph Priestley, LL.D. F.R.S. printed for J. Johnson,
1772. http://books.google.com/books?id=huNbAAAAQAAJ
4. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley
5. ^ Priestley, J. Directions for Impregnating Water with Fixed Air: In Order
to Communicate to It the Peculiar Spirit and Virtues of Pyrmont Water, and
Other Mineral Waters of a Similar Nature. By Joseph Priestley, LL.D. F.R.S.
printed for J. Johnson, 1772. http://books.google.com/books?id=huNbAAAAQAAJ
6. ^ Priestley, J. Directions for Impregnating Water
with Fixed Air: In Order to Communicate to It the Peculiar Spirit and Virtues
of Pyrmont Water, and Other Mineral Waters of a Similar Nature. By Joseph
Priestley, LL.D. F.R.S. printed for J. Johnson,
1772. http://books.google.com/books?id=huNbAAAAQAAJ
7. ^ American Council of Learned Societies. Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Scribner’s, 2000, p722-724.

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061366/Joseph-Priestley (1772)
Leeds, England3 4   
228 YBN
[06/04/1772 AD] 18 19 		6495) Five new gases are identified and isolated (including nitrous oxide and
carbon monoxide).7 8 9 10 11 12 That some gases cannot be collected over water
because they are soluble in water, but can be collected over mercury is
realized.13 14 15
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Observations on different Kinds of Air." Philosophical Transactions 62
(1772): 147-264, p.216. http://books.google.com/books?id=ABJ8KuRujGQC&pg=PA216
2. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061366/Joseph-Priestley
3. ^ SMITH, W. D. A. “A HISTORY OF NITROUS OXIDE AND OXYGEN ANAESTHESIA PART
I: JOSEPH PRIESTLEY TO HUMPHRY DAVY.” British Journal of Anaesthesia 37.10
(1965): 790–798.
Print. http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/10/790.extract
4. ^ Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Vol.1. London,
1774, p118. http://www.archive.org/details/experimentsobser01prie
5. ^ Thorpe, T.E. Joseph Priestley. Dent, 1906. English Men of Science,
p177. http://books.google.com/books?id=uAwFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA177
6. ^ Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Vol.1. London,
1774, p38-39. http://www.archive.org/details/experimentsobser01prie
7. ^ "Observations on different Kinds of Air." Philosophical Transactions
62 (1772): 147-264,
p.216. http://books.google.com/books?id=ABJ8KuRujGQC&pg=PA216
8. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061366/Joseph-Priestley
9. ^ SMITH, W. D. A. “A HISTORY OF NITROUS OXIDE AND OXYGEN
ANAESTHESIA PART I: JOSEPH PRIESTLEY TO HUMPHRY DAVY.” British Journal of
Anaesthesia 37.10 (1965): 790–798.
Print. http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/10/790.extract
10. ^ Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Vol.1. London,
1774, p118. http://www.archive.org/details/experimentsobser01prie
11. ^ Thorpe, T.E. Joseph Priestley. Dent, 1906. English Men of Science,
p177. http://books.google.com/books?id=uAwFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA177
12. ^ Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Vol.1. London,
1774, p38-39. http://www.archive.org/details/experimentsobser01prie
13. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp204-206.
14. ^ "Observations on
different Kinds of Air." Philosophical Transactions 62 (1772): 147-264,
p.213. http://books.google.com/books?id=ABJ8KuRujGQC&pg=PA213
15. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061366/Joseph-Priestley
16. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061366/Joseph-Priestley
17. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061366/Joseph-Priestley
18. ^ "Observations on different Kinds of Air." Philosophical Transactions 62
(1772): 147-264, p.230. http://books.google.com/books?id=ABJ8KuRujGQC&pg=PA147
19. ^ "Observations on different Kinds of Air." Philosophical
Transactions 62 (1772): 147-264,
p.230. http://books.google.com/books?id=ABJ8KuRujGQC&pg=PA147

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061366/Joseph-Priestley (1772)
[2] Experiments
and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Vol.2. London,
1775. http://books.google.com/books?id=gB0UAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=da
[3] "Joseph Priestley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley
[4] Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Vol.1. London,
1774. http://www.archive.org/details/experimentsobser01prie
Leeds, England16 |(does not move to Calne until 1773)17   
228 YBN
[1772 AD] 6 7 8 		2076) The theory that gravity must change the speed of light particles, that a
mass may be so large that light particles cannot escape it, and that the force
that causes light to be emitted from luminous bodies is much higher than the
force of gravity at the surface of the Sun.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Joseph Priestley, "The history and present state of discoveries relating
to vision, light, and colours.", Leeds: n.p., 1771, p786-791,787. Vol 1:
http://books.google.com/books?id=MLxz5yymkNcC Vol 2:
http://books.google.com/books?id=pmF8xgh257sC&pg=PA787
2. ^ Michell, John (1784), "On the Means of Discovering the Distance,
Magnitude, &c. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the
Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should be Found to Take
Place in any of Them, and Such Other Data Should be Procured from Observations,
as Would be Farther Necessary for That Purpose. By the Rev. John Michell, B. D.
F. R. S. In a Letter to Henry Cavendish, Esq. F. R. S. and A. S.",
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (The Royal Society)
74: 35–57. http://www.jstor.org/stable/106576 michell_1783.pdf
3. ^ Joseph Priestley, "The history and present state of discoveries
relating to vision, light, and colours.", Leeds: n.p., 1771,
p786-791,787. Vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=MLxz5yymkNcC Vol 2:
http://books.google.com/books?id=pmF8xgh257sC&pg=PA787
4. ^ Michell, John (1784), "On the Means of Discovering the Distance,
Magnitude, &c. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the
Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should be Found to Take
Place in any of Them, and Such Other Data Should be Procured from Observations,
as Would be Farther Necessary for That Purpose. By the Rev. John Michell, B. D.
F. R. S. In a Letter to Henry Cavendish, Esq. F. R. S. and A. S.",
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (The Royal Society)
74: 35–57. http://www.jstor.org/stable/106576 michell_1783.pdf
5. ^ Michell, John (1784), "On the Means of Discovering the Distance,
Magnitude, &c. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the
Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should be Found to Take
Place in any of Them, and Such Other Data Should be Procured from Observations,
as Would be Farther Necessary for That Purpose. By the Rev. John Michell, B. D.
F. R. S. In a Letter to Henry Cavendish, Esq. F. R. S. and A. S.",
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (The Royal Society)
74: 35–57 http://www.jstor.org/stable/106576 michell_1783.pdf
6. ^ Joseph Priestley, "The history and present state of discoveries
relating to vision, light, and colours.", Leeds: n.p., 1771,
p786-791,787. Vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=MLxz5yymkNcC Vol 2:
http://books.google.com/books?id=pmF8xgh257sC&pg=PA787
7. ^ Michell, John (1784), "On the Means of Discovering the Distance,
Magnitude, &c. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the
Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should be Found to Take
Place in any of Them, and Such Other Data Should be Procured from Observations,
as Would be Farther Necessary for That Purpose. By the Rev. John Michell, B. D.
F. R. S. In a Letter to Henry Cavendish, Esq. F. R. S. and A. S.",
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (The Royal Society)
74: 35–57 http://www.jstor.org/stable/106576 michell_1783.pdf {05/26/1783}
8. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p192. (1784) (1784)

MORE INFO
[1] "John Michell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Michell
[2] http://www.answers.com/John+Michell?cat=technology
[3] http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/Bios/michell.html
[4] Criticisms of the projectile theory of light G N Cantor 1981 Phys.
Educ. 16 112-119 doi:10.1088/0031-9120/16/2/314 G N Cantor Print
publication: Issue 2 (March
1981) michell_corpuscular_criticism_pev16i2p112.pdf
[5] "John Michell". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052474/John-Michell
Thornhill, Yorkshire, England5   
228 YBN
[1772 AD] 4 		2140) The mass of a light particle is measured to be around 10 nanograms.2
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ Joseph Priestley, "The history and present state of discoveries relating
to vision, light, and colours.", Leeds: n.p., 1771, p389-390. Vol 1:
http://books.google.com/books?id=MLxz5yymkNcC&pg=PA390 Vol 2:
http://books.google.com/books?id=pmF8xgh257sC
2. ^ Joseph Priestley, "The history and present state of discoveries relating
to vision, light, and colours.", Leeds: n.p., 1771, p389-390. Vol 1:
http://books.google.com/books?id=MLxz5yymkNcC&pg=PA390 Vol 2:
http://books.google.com/books?id=pmF8xgh257sC
3. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley
4. ^ Joseph Priestley, "The history and present state of discoveries relating
to vision, light, and colours.", Leeds: n.p., 1771, p390. Vol 1:
http://books.google.com/books?id=MLxz5yymkNcC&pg=PA390 Vol 2:
http://books.google.com/books?id=pmF8xgh257sC

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061366/Joseph-Priestley
[2] http://www.answers.com/Joseph%20Priestley
[3]
http://books.google.com/books?id=prOsrElRVHoC&pg=PA79&lpg=PA79&dq=ac.+par.+1723&
source=web&ots=8KE7ChOjYe&sig=5bJOnyDkXkJNqljVIEI_-nhrl_k&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_res
ult&resnum=1&ct=result {interesting account about Newton believing inflexion}
[4] "Joseph
Priestley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley (1772)
Leeds, England3   
228 YBN
[1772 AD] 3 		2172) The inverse square law of gravitation is applied to chemical forces of
attraction.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038619/Louis-Bernard-Guyton-de-Morveau
2. ^ "Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038619/Louis-Bernard-Guyton-de-Morveau
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp211-212. (1772) (1772)

MORE INFO
[1] "Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Bernard_Guyton_de_Morveau
[2] http://www.answers.com/Guyton+De+Morveau+?cat=technology
Dijon, France2   
228 YBN
[1772 AD] 5 		2285) Nitrogen gas is isolated.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p238.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p238.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p238.
4. ^ "Daniel
Rutherford". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press,
1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Daniel+Rutherford?cat=technology
5. ^ "nitrogen". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055947/nitrogen (1772)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[2] "Nitrogen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen
Edinburgh, Scotland4   
226 YBN
[08/01/1774 AD] 6 7 		2139) Oxygen gas is isolated by collecting the gas emitted by heating mercury
oxide.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Gale
Group, Inc, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Joseph%20Priestley
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
pp204-206.
3. ^ Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Vol.2. London,
1775, p34. books.google.com/books?id=gB0UAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA34
4. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Gale
Group, Inc, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Joseph%20Priestley
5. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley
6. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The
Gale Group, Inc, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Joseph%20Priestley
(08/01/1774)
7. ^ Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Vol.2. London,
1775, p34. books.google.com/books?id=gB0UAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA34

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061366/Joseph-Priestley
[2] "oxygen". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057841/oxygen
[3] "Oxygen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen
[4]
http://www.answers.com/oxygen?cat=health
Calne, England5   
226 YBN
[1774 AD] 3 		2111) The first catalog of Messier objects, celestial objects which include
nebulae and star clusters.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Charles Messier". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Charles+Messier+?cat=technology
2. ^ "Charles Messier". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Charles+Messier+?cat=technology
3. ^ "Charles Messier". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Charles+Messier+?cat=technology (1774)

MORE INFO
[1] "Charles Messier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052247/Charles-Messier
[2] "Charles Messier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Messier
Paris, France2 (presumably)  
226 YBN
[1774 AD] 4 5 6 7 		2200) The element chlorine is isolated, as a gas, using hydrochloric acid on
manganese dioxide.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Carl Wilhelm Scheele". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066095/Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele
2. ^ "Carl Wilhelm Scheele". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066095/Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele
3. ^ "Carl Wilhelm Scheele". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066095/Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp218-219. (1774) (1774)
5. ^ "Karl
Wilhelm Scheele". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia
University Press., 2003. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Karl+Wilhelm+Scheele+?cat=technology (1774)
6. ^ "Karl Wilhelm
Scheele". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Karl+Wilhelm+Scheele+?cat=technology (1774)
7. ^ "chlorine".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9082243/chlorine (1774)

MORE INFO
[1] "Karl Wilhelm Scheele". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Scheele
[2] A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times, Ernst von Meyer, 1905,
http://books.google.com/books?id=QUENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA131&dq=Karl+Wilhelm+Scheele#P
PA133,M1
[3] "Chlorine". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine
Uppsala, Sweden3   
226 YBN
[1774 AD] 6 		2216) Combustion is shown to be a reaction with a gas in the air (later named
oxygen).3 Material in the air is shown to combine with metals when heated,
which will end the phlogiston theory of combustion, and demonstrates the
conservation of mass.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp222-226.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp222-226.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp222-226.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp222-226.
5. ^ "Antoine Laurent Lavoisier". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106472/Antoine-Laurent-Lavoisier
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp222-226. (1774) (1774)

MORE INFO
[1] "Antoine Laurent Lavoisier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_Lavoisier
Paris, France5 (presumably)  
226 YBN
[1774 AD] 11 		2664) The earliest telegraph.7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/projects/bluetelephone/html/part4.html
2. ^ Bowers , Brain, "Sir Charles Wheatstone" Science Museum- London Her
Majesty's Stationery Office 1977, Pg109
3. ^ The Worldwide History of
Telecommunications, By Anton A. Huurdeman, 2003, isbn 0471205052, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc, p48.
4. ^
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/projects/bluetelephone/html/part4.html
5. ^ Bowers , Brain, "Sir Charles Wheatstone" Science Museum- London Her
Majesty's Stationery Office 1977, Pg109
6. ^ The Worldwide History of
Telecommunications, By Anton A. Huurdeman, 2003, isbn 0471205052, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc, p48.
7. ^
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/projects/bluetelephone/html/part4.html
8. ^ Bowers , Brain, "Sir Charles Wheatstone" Science Museum- London Her
Majesty's Stationery Office 1977, Pg109
9. ^ The Worldwide History of
Telecommunications, By Anton A. Huurdeman, 2003, isbn 0471205052, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc, p48.
10. ^ The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, By Anton A.
Huurdeman, 2003, isbn 0471205052, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p48-49.
11. ^ The Worldwide
History of Telecommunications, By Anton A. Huurdeman, 2003, isbn 0471205052,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p48-49. (1774)

MORE INFO
[1] "Georges-Louis LeSage". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_LeSage
Switzerland10 (presumably)  
223 YBN
[1777 AD] 7 8 9 10 		2201) Eleven new acids are identified (including citric and lactic),3 in
addition to the identification of casein, aldehyde, and glycerol.4 The effect
of light on silver compounds is also described, which 50 years later will be
used in the development of photography.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp218-219.
2. ^ "Carl Wilhelm Scheele".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066095/Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp218-219.
4. ^ "Carl Wilhelm Scheele".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066095/Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp218-219.
6. ^ "Carl Wilhelm Scheele".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066095/Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele
7. ^ "Carl Wilhelm Scheele". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066095/Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp218-219. (1774) (1774)
9. ^ "Karl
Wilhelm Scheele". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia
University Press., 2003. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Karl+Wilhelm+Scheele+?cat=technology (1774)
10. ^ "Karl Wilhelm
Scheele". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Karl+Wilhelm+Scheele+?cat=technology (1774)

MORE INFO
[1] "Karl Wilhelm Scheele". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Scheele
[2] A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times, Ernst von Meyer, 1905,
http://books.google.com/books?id=QUENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA131&dq=Karl+Wilhelm+Scheele#P
PA133,M1
[3] http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/scheele77.html
(starts phramacy position in 1777 in) Uppsala, Sweden6   
222 YBN
[1778 AD] 3 		1209) A threshing machine: a farm machine that separates seeds from plants.1
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ "Andrew Meikle". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 16 Dec.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/373349/Andrew-Meikle>.
2. ^ "Andrew Meikle". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 16 Dec.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/373349/Andrew-Meikle>.
3. ^ "Andrew Meikle". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 16 Dec.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/373349/Andrew-Meikle>.

MORE INFO
[1] Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to
silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000)
[2] "Lothian". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothian
[3] "Threshing machine". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine (=1796)
[4] "Andrew Meikle". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Meikle (=1786)
[5]
http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/people/famousfirst243.html (=1789)
Houston Mill, near Dunbar, East Lothian, Scotland2   
222 YBN
[1778 AD] 4 		2248) Methane gas is discovered and isolated.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229.
2. ^ "Conte Alessandro Volta".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075699/Conte-Alessandro-Volta
3. ^ "Conte Alessandro Volta". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075699/Conte-Alessandro-Volta
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229. (1778) (1778)

MORE INFO
[1] "Alessandro Volta". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta
[2] "Methane". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane
[3] http://www.answers.com/methane?cat=health
Como, Italy3   
219 YBN
[03/13/1781 AD] 6 7 		2840) Planet Uranus is identified.3

This is the first new planet to be discovered since prehistoric times.4
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215.
4. ^ "Sir William
Herschel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040235/Sir-William-Herschel
5. ^ "Sir William Herschel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040235/Sir-William-Herschel
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. (1781) (1781)
7. ^
"William Herschel". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/William+Herschel?cat=technology (03/13/1781)

MORE INFO
[1] # Full text of The Story of the Herschels (1886) from Project
Gutenberg http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/12340
[2] http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/similar/herschel.html
[3] http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~trw/telescopes.html
Bath, England5   
219 YBN
[1781 AD] 3 		2208) That the shape of crystals implies their chemical composition is
understood.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p221.
2. ^ "ren just ha y". The
Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/ren-just-ha-y?cat=technology
3. ^ "ren just ha y". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ren-just-ha-y?cat=technology (1781)

MORE INFO
[1] "Rene Just Hauy". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039573/Rene-Just-Hauy
[2] "René Just Haüy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Just_Ha%C3%BCy
Paris, France2 (presumably)  
218 YBN
[11/??/1782 AD] 3 4 		2348) Periodic variations in the intensity of the light from variable stars is
explained as the star being eclipsed by a darker companion body.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "John Goodricke". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037383/John-Goodricke
2. ^ "John Goodricke". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goodricke
3. ^ "John Goodricke". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037383/John-Goodricke (11/1782)
4. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p253. (1782) (1782)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.jyi.org/features/ft.php?id=938
York Minster, England2   
218 YBN
[1782 AD] 3 		2220) The theory that respiration is a combustion process that accounts for
animal heat.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Antoine Laurent Lavoisier". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Antoine+Laurent+Lavoisier+?cat=health
2. ^ "Antoine Laurent Lavoisier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106472/Antoine-Laurent-Lavoisier
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp222-226. (1782) (1782)

MORE INFO
[1] "Antoine Laurent Lavoisier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_Lavoisier
Paris, France2 (presumably)  
218 YBN
[1782 AD] 4 		6608) The first sewer (a drain used to carry away surface water or sewage1 ) to
be installed under the streets.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "sewer." Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition.
HarperCollins Publishers. 13 Apr. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sewer>.
2. ^ Massey, H.C. Plumber’s Handbook. Craftsman Book Company, 1998,
p6. http://books.google.com/books?id=JdW_X7OwP-IC&pg=PA6
3. ^ Massey, H.C. Plumber’s Handbook. Craftsman Book Company, 1998,
p6. http://books.google.com/books?id=JdW_X7OwP-IC&pg=PA6
4. ^ Massey, H.C. Plumber’s Handbook. Craftsman Book Company, 1998,
p6. http://books.google.com/books?id=JdW_X7OwP-IC&pg=PA6

MORE INFO
[1] Carter, "Flushed", 2006
New York City, New York, USA3   
217 YBN
[02/01/1783 AD] 7 8 		2183) The motion of the Sun relative to the other stars is recognized;3 the
Sun is found to be moving towards the constellation Hercules.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215.
2. ^ Herschel, William. "On
the Proper Motion of the Sun and Solar System; With an Account of Several
Changes That Have Happened among the Fixed Stars since the Time of Mr.
Flamstead. By William Herschel, Esq. FRS." Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society of London 73 (1783):
247-283. http://archive.org/details/philtrans06614922
AND http://books.google.com/books?id=AE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA247
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215.
5. ^ Herschel, William. "On the Proper Motion of the Sun and
Solar System; With an Account of Several Changes That Have Happened among the
Fixed Stars since the Time of Mr. Flamstead. By William Herschel, Esq. FRS."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 73 (1783):
247-283. http://archive.org/details/philtrans06614922
AND http://books.google.com/books?id=AE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA247
6. ^ "William Herschel". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/William+Herschel?cat=technology
7. ^ Herschel, William. "On the Proper Motion of the Sun and Solar System; With
an Account of Several Changes That Have Happened among the Fixed Stars since
the Time of Mr. Flamstead. By William Herschel, Esq. FRS." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London 73 (1783):
247-283. http://archive.org/details/philtrans06614922
AND http://books.google.com/books?id=AE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA247
8. ^ "William Herschel". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/William+Herschel?cat=technology (1783)

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir William Herschel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040235/Sir-William-Herschel
[2] "William Herschel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel
Datchet, near Winsor, England5 |(Slough, England6 )  
217 YBN
[06/04/1783 AD] 6 7 		2192) The hot air balloon.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp216-217.
2. ^ "Joseph Michel and
Jacques Etienne Montgolfier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053540/Joseph-Michel-and-Jacques-Etienne-M
ontgolfier
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp216-217.
4. ^ "Joseph Michel and
Jacques Etienne Montgolfier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053540/Joseph-Michel-and-Jacques-Etienne-M
ontgolfier
5. ^ "Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier". Encyclopedia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053540/Joseph-Michel-and-Jacques-Etienne-M
ontgolfier
6. ^ "Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier". Encyclopedia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053540/Joseph-Michel-and-Jacques-Etienne-M
ontgolfier (06/04/1783)
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp216-217. (06/05/1783)
(06/05/1783)

MORE INFO
[1] "Montgolfier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgolfier
Annonay, France5   
217 YBN
[07/15/1783 AD] 5 6 7 		2206) A steam engine boat.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Claude Francois Dorothee marquis de Jouffroy dAbbans". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044021/Claude-Francois-Dorothee-marquis-de
-Jouffroy-dAbbans
2. ^ "Claude Francois Dorothee marquis de Jouffroy dAbbans". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044021/Claude-Francois-Dorothee-marquis-de
-Jouffroy-dAbbans
3. ^ "Claude Francois Dorothee marquis de Jouffroy dAbbans". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044021/Claude-Francois-Dorothee-marquis-de
-Jouffroy-dAbbans
4. ^ "Claude Francois Dorothee marquis de Jouffroy dAbbans". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044021/Claude-Francois-Dorothee-marquis-de
-Jouffroy-dAbbans
5. ^ http://www.answers.com/steamship (1783)
6. ^ "Claude Francois Dorothee marquis de
Jouffroy dAbbans". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044021/Claude-Francois-Dorothee-marquis-de
-Jouffroy-dAbbans (1783)
7. ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08526b.htm (07/15/1783)

MORE INFO
[1] "Claude de Jouffroy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_de_Jouffroy
[2] "Steamboat". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat
Saône River, near Lyon, France4   
217 YBN
[11/21/1783 AD] 5 6 		2194) Human flight by balloon.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "balloon flight." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1424455/balloon-flight>.
2. ^ "balloon flight." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1424455/balloon-flight>.
3. ^ "balloon flight." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1424455/balloon-flight>.
4. ^ "Montgolfier". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Montgolfier?cat=technology
5. ^ "balloon flight." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1424455/balloon-flight>.
{11/21/1783}
6. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p40.
{11/21/1783}

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982)
[2] "Joseph Michel and Jacques
Etienne Montgolfier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053540/Joseph-Michel-and-Jacques-Etienne-M
ontgolfier
[3] "Montgolfier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgolfier
[4] "Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Pil%C3%A2tre_de_Rozier
(11/21/1783)
Paris, France4   
217 YBN
[1783 AD] 4 		2114) The density of gases is measured by measuring the weight of particular
volumes of gas.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp200-202.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp200-202.
3. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish
4. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish (1783
(presumably)

MORE INFO
[1] "Henry Cavendish". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendish
[2] http://www.answers.com/Henry+Cavendish?cat=technology
London, England3   
216 YBN
[01/15/1784 AD] 11 12 		2115) Water is shown to be a compound, not an element. The fusion of molecules
using electricity.5 6

Water is produced by burning hydrogen gas in oxygen gas with an electric
spark.7 This shows that water is a combination of two gases, hydrogen and
oxygen, and not an element as was thought for centuries.8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Henry Cavendish." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Feb. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/henry-cavendish
2. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Experiments On Air", Philosophical Transactions, Vol 74,
1784, pp119-153. http://books.google.com/books?id=Dk9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA119 AND
http://books.google.com/books?id=-uEKAAAAIAAJ
3. ^ "Henry Cavendish." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Feb. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/henry-cavendish
4. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Experiments On Air", Philosophical Transactions, Vol 74,
1784, pp119-153. http://books.google.com/books?id=Dk9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA119 AND
http://books.google.com/books?id=-uEKAAAAIAAJ
5. ^ "Henry Cavendish." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Feb. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/henry-cavendish
6. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Experiments On Air", Philosophical Transactions, Vol 74,
1784, pp119-153. http://books.google.com/books?id=Dk9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA119 AND
http://books.google.com/books?id=-uEKAAAAIAAJ
7. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp200-202.
9. ^ Henry Cavendish,
"Experiments On Air", Philosophical Transactions, Vol 74, 1784,
pp119-153. http://books.google.com/books?id=Dk9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA119 AND
http://books.google.com/books?id=-uEKAAAAIAAJ
10. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish
11. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Experiments On Air", Philosophical
Transactions, Vol 74, 1784,
pp119-153. http://books.google.com/books?id=Dk9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA119 AND
http://books.google.com/books?id=-uEKAAAAIAAJ
12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp200-202. (01/15/1784)
(01/15/1784)

MORE INFO
[1] "Henry Cavendish". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendish
[2] "Henry Cavendish". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Henry+Cavendish?cat=technology
London, England10   
216 YBN
[1784 AD] 4 		2180) That some nebulae contain stars is observed, and nebulae are thought to
be very large and distant collections of stars.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Sir William Herschel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040235/Sir-William-Herschel
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215.
3. ^ "Sir William Herschel".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040235/Sir-William-Herschel
4. ^ "Sir William Herschel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040235/Sir-William-Herschel (1784)

MORE INFO
[1] "William Herschel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel
Datchet, England3   
216 YBN
[1784 AD] 11 12 13 		2259) The first gas is liquefied, sulfur dioxide.7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Monge, Gaspard." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 469-478. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 26 Mar. 2013.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp230-231.
3. ^ Ren� Taton,
Gaspard MONGE (Count de P�luse.), "L'�uvre Scientifique de Monge", 1951,
p332-333. {Monge_First_liquefaction_of_gas_Taton_1951.pdf}
4. ^ "Monge, Gaspard." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 469-478. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 26 Mar. 2013.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp230-231.
6. ^ Ren� Taton,
Gaspard MONGE (Count de P�luse.), "L'�uvre Scientifique de Monge", 1951,
p332-333. {Monge_First_liquefaction_of_gas_Taton_1951.pdf}
7. ^ "Monge, Gaspard." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 469-478. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 26 Mar. 2013.
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp230-231.
9. ^ Ren� Taton,
Gaspard MONGE (Count de P�luse.), "L'�uvre Scientifique de Monge", 1951,
p332-333. {Monge_First_liquefaction_of_gas_Taton_1951.pdf}
10. ^ "Monge, Gaspard." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 469-478. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 26 Mar. 2013.
11. ^ "Monge, Gaspard." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 469-478. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Mar. 2013.
12. ^ Ren� Taton, Gaspard MONGE
(Count de P�luse.), "L'�uvre Scientifique de Monge", 1951,
p332-333. {Monge_First_liquefaction_of_gas_Taton_1951.pdf}
13. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp230-231. (1785) (1785)

MORE INFO
[1] "Gaspard Monge". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_Monge
[2]
http://books.google.com/books?id=YrQEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15&dq=intitle:statics&as_brr=
1&hl=en An Elementary Treatise on Statics With a Biographical Notice of the
Author (Biddle, Philadelphia, 1851)
[3]
http://books.google.com/books?id=UjEDAAAAQAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=inauthor:Gas
pard+inauthor:Monge&as_brr=0&hl=en An elementary treatise on descriptive
geometry, with a theory of shadows and of perspective (Weale, London, 1851)
(École du génie) Angers, France10   
215 YBN
[02/17/1785 AD] 6 		3463) The earliest "diffraction" grating;2 constructed using hair.3 4
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ F. Hopkinson and David Rittenhouse, "An Optical Problem, Proposed by Mr.
Hopkinson, and Solved by Mr. Rittenhouse", Transactions of the American
Philosophical Society, Vol. 2, (1786), pp.
201-206. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1005186 {Rittenhouse_David_1785_02_17.pdf
}
2. ^ F. Hopkinson and David Rittenhouse, "An Optical Problem, Proposed by Mr.
Hopkinson, and Solved by Mr. Rittenhouse", Transactions of the American
Philosophical Society, Vol. 2, (1786), pp.
201-206. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1005186 {Rittenhouse_David_1785_02_17.pdf
}
3. ^ F. Hopkinson and David Rittenhouse, "An Optical Problem, Proposed by Mr.
Hopkinson, and Solved by Mr. Rittenhouse", Transactions of the American
Philosophical Society, Vol. 2, (1786), pp.
201-206. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1005186 {Rittenhouse_David_1785_02_17.pdf
}
4. ^ Horace C. Richard, "Some Early American Physicists", Proceedings, American
Philosophical Society, v86, 1943,
pp22-28. http://books.google.com/books?id=o1ULAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22&dq=david+rittenh
ouse+grating&lr=&as_brr=1&sig=ACfU3U0Z2VgHcMQd0GbphTKuQKpcv0ybEw#PPA22,M1
5. ^ F. Hopkinson and David Rittenhouse, "An Optical Problem, Proposed by Mr.
Hopkinson, and Solved by Mr. Rittenhouse", Transactions of the American
Philosophical Society, Vol. 2, (1786), pp.
201-206. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1005186 {Rittenhouse_David_1785_02_17.pdf
}
6. ^ F. Hopkinson and David Rittenhouse, "An Optical Problem, Proposed by Mr.
Hopkinson, and Solved by Mr. Rittenhouse", Transactions of the American
Philosophical Society, Vol. 2, (1786), pp.
201-206. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1005186 {Rittenhouse_David_1785_02_17.pdf
} {02/17/1785}
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA5   
215 YBN
[06/02/1785 AD] 9 10 		2116) Air is shown to be a mixture of gases, and not a single element3 by
showing that nitric acid is produced by sparking air.4 5 6 Air is found to be
made of around 4 parts nitrogen to 1 part oxygen.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Henry Cavendish". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Henry+Cavendish?cat=technology
2. ^ "Henry Cavendish". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Henry+Cavendish?cat=technology
3. ^ "Henry Cavendish". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Henry+Cavendish?cat=technology
4. ^ Lord Rayleigh, William Ramsay, "Argon, a New Constituent of the
Atmosphere.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1895,
p.265-287. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/106766 and
http://books.google.com/books?id=cqYOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:r
oyal+date:1895-1895&as_brr=1&ei=PZN3SdS8JYWekwTLxeyMAw#PPA265,M1 {Strutt_John_R
ayleigh_Lord_Ramsay_William_1894.pdf}
5. ^ "Henry Cavendish". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Henry+Cavendish?cat=technology
6. ^ "Henry Cavendish." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 29 Feb. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/henry-cavendish
7. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Experiments on Air.", Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 75 - 1785, 372-384 Henry
Cavendish, "Experiments On Air", Philosophical Transactions, Vol 74, 1784,
pp119-153. http://books.google.com/books?id=-uEKAAAAIAAJ
8. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish
9. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Experiments on Air.", Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 75 - 1785,
372-384 Henry Cavendish, "Experiments On Air", Philosophical Transactions, Vol
74, 1784, pp119-153. http://books.google.com/books?id=-uEKAAAAIAAJ
10. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish (1785)

MORE INFO
[1] "Henry Cavendish". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendish
London, England8   
215 YBN
[1785 AD] 5 		2107) The first artificial insemination (impregnating an organism by injecting
semen into the vagina1 ).2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ "Lazzaro Spallanzani". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9068983/Lazzaro-Spallanzani
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp197-198.
4. ^ "Lazzaro Spallanzani".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
pp197-198. (1785) (1785)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Lazzaro+Spallanzani?cat=health
Pavia, Italy4 (presumably)  
215 YBN
[1785 AD] 8 		2168) Electric and magnetic attraction and repulsion are proven to be both
proportional to amount of charge and inversely proportional to distance
squared.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Baigrie, B.S. Electricity and Magnetism: a Historical Perspective.
Greenwood Press., p46.
http://books.google.com/books?id=3XEc5xkWxi4C&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=coulomb+1785
+construction+and+usage&source=web&ots=RCp1tlEosB&sig=olOXH2XVdh36x0kmcoBsMtstqT
I#PPA44,M1 Electricity and Magnetism, By Brian Baigrie, 2006
2. ^
http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
3. ^ Baigrie, B.S. Electricity and Magnetism: a Historical Perspective.
Greenwood Press., p46.
http://books.google.com/books?id=3XEc5xkWxi4C&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=coulomb+1785
+construction+and+usage&source=web&ots=RCp1tlEosB&sig=olOXH2XVdh36x0kmcoBsMtstqT
I#PPA44,M1 Electricity and Magnetism, By Brian Baigrie, 2006
4. ^
http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
5. ^ Baigrie, B.S. Electricity and Magnetism: a Historical Perspective.
Greenwood Press., p46.
http://books.google.com/books?id=3XEc5xkWxi4C&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=coulomb+1785
+construction+and+usage&source=web&ots=RCp1tlEosB&sig=olOXH2XVdh36x0kmcoBsMtstqT
I#PPA44,M1 Electricity and Magnetism, By Brian Baigrie, 2006
6. ^
http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), p211.
8. ^ "Charles Augustin Coulomb". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Charles+Augustin+Coulomb+?cat=technology
(1785)

MORE INFO
[1] "Charles Augustin de Coulomb". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9026555/Charles-Augustin-de-Coulomb
[2] "Charles Augustin Coulomb". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Augustin_Coulomb
Paris?, France7 (presumably)  
213 YBN
[07/28/1787 AD] 3 		6595) The earliest iron ship.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Grantham, J. Iron Ship-building: With Practical Illustrations. Virtue &
Company, 1868. Weale�s Rudimentary Series,
p6. http://books.google.com/books?id=3zcEAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA6
2. ^ Grantham, J. Iron Ship-building: With Practical Illustrations. Virtue &
Company, 1868. Weale�s Rudimentary Series,
p6. http://books.google.com/books?id=3zcEAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA6
3. ^ Grantham, J. Iron Ship-building: With Practical Illustrations. Virtue &
Company, 1868. Weale�s Rudimentary Series,
p6. http://books.google.com/books?id=3zcEAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA6
Birmingham, England2   
213 YBN
[08/27/1787 AD] 5 		2265) That volume and temperature of a gas are inversely related is known.2 In
addition, for each degree Centigrade rise in temperature, the volume of a gas
is found to expand by 1/273 parts of its volume at 0˚ Celsius, which implies
that at a temperature of -273˚ Celsius the volume of a gas would reach 0, and
that there can be no lower temperature.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Jacques Charles". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Jacques+Charles?cat=technology
2. ^ "Jacques Charles". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Jacques+Charles?cat=technology
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p232.
4. ^ "Jacques Charles". The
Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Jacques+Charles?cat=technology
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p232. (1787)

MORE INFO
[1] "Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9022590/Jacques-Alexandre-Cesar-Charles
[2] "Jacques Charles". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Charles
Paris, France4 (presumably)  
211 YBN
[1789 AD] 5 		2222) Light is listed as the most simple element on the first list of the known
elements.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ De Lavoisier, A.L. Trait� �l�mentaire De Chimie, Pr�sent� Dans
Un Ordre Nouveau, Et D�apr�s Les D�couvertes Modernes... 1793. Trait�
�l�mentaire De Chimie, Pr�sent� Dans Un Ordre Nouveau, Et D�apr�s
Les D�couvertes Modernes. books.google.com/books?id=CutAsQTSzCcC&pg=PA192
2. ^ "Antoine Laurent Lavoisier". History of Science and
Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Antoine+Laurent+Lavoisier+?cat=health
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp222-226.
4. ^ "Antoine Laurent
Lavoisier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106472/Antoine-Laurent-Lavoisier
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp222-226. (1789) (1789)

MORE INFO
[1] "Antoine Laurent Lavoisier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_Lavoisier
Paris, France4 (presumably)  
210 YBN
[1790 AD] 3 		3271) A sewing machine.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "sewing machine." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002.
Answers.com 14 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/sewing-machine
2. ^ "sewing machine." How Products are Made. The
Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 14 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sewing-machine
3. ^ "sewing machine." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002.
Answers.com 14 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/sewing-machine (1790)
England2   
209 YBN
[04/??/1791 AD] 3 4 5 		2295) That all objects emit heat and that heat always moves from a hot body to
a cold body is known.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp240-241.
2. ^ Prevost, Pierre.
"M�moire sur l��quilibre du feu." Journal de physique 38 (1791):
314-322. books.google.com/books?id=IeQPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA314 English: "Memoire on
the Equilibrium of Fire"
3. ^ Prevost, Pierre. "M�moire sur l��quilibre du
feu." Journal de physique 38 (1791):
314-322. books.google.com/books?id=IeQPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA314 English: "Memoire on
the Equilibrium of Fire"
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp240-241. (1791)
(1791)
5. ^ "Pierre Prévost". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Pierre+Pr%C3%A9vost+?cat=technology (1791)

MORE INFO
[1] "Pierre Prévost". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost
[2] "Abraham Gottlob Werner". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Abraham+Gottlob+Werner?cat=technology
  
209 YBN
[1791 AD] 7 		2175) Remote neuron activation (or remote neuron writing) by Luigi Galvani. A
muscle is contracted remotely by using a remote electric spark while metal is
connected to the nerve.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Luigi Galvani, Elizabeth Licht, Robert Green, "Commentary on the Effect
of Electricity on Muscular Motion", Waverly Press, 1953.
2. ^ Luigi Galvani,
Elizabeth Licht, Robert Green, "Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on
Muscular Motion", Waverly Press, 1953.
3. ^ Luigi Galvani, Elizabeth Licht, Robert
Green, "Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion", Waverly
Press, 1953.
4. ^ Luigi Galvani, Elizabeth Licht, Robert Green, "Commentary on the
Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion", Waverly Press, 1953.
5. ^ Luigi Galvani,
Elizabeth Licht, Robert Green, "Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on
Muscular Motion", Waverly Press, 1953.
6. ^ "Luigi Galvani". Encyclopedia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035937/Luigi-Galvani
7. ^ "Luigi Galvani". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035937/Luigi-Galvani (1791)

MORE INFO
[1] https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/NatureandArtifice/lecture14.html
Bologna, Italy6   
208 YBN
[1792 AD] 3 		2312) Coal gas is used to light a house.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "William Murdock". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054338/William-Murdock
2. ^ "William Murdock". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054338/William-Murdock
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p245. (1792) (1792)

MORE INFO
[1] "William Murdoch". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Murdoch
[2] "Coal gas". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_gas
Redruth, Cornwall, England2   
208 YBN
[1792 AD] 6 7 		2343) That acids and bases neutralize each other in fixed proportions is
shown.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richter, J. B. Anfangsgründe der Stöchyometrie oder Meßkunst
chymischer Elemente. Vol. 1. Korn,
1792. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=NhFQAAAAcAAJ
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p252.
3. ^ "Richter, Jeremias
Benjamin." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 11. Detroit:
Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 434-438. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 18
July
2013. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2830903667&v=2.1&u=univca20&i
t=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
4. ^ "Richter, Jeremias Benjamin." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 11. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 434-438. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 18 July
2013. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2830903667&v=2.1&u=univca20&i
t=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
5. ^ "Silesia." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 18 Jul. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/544097/Silesia>.
6. ^ "Richter, Jeremias Benjamin." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 11. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 434-438. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 18 July
2013. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2830903667&v=2.1&u=univca20&i
t=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
7. ^ Richter, J. B. Anfangsgründe der Stöchyometrie oder Meßkunst chymischer
Elemente. Vol. 1. Korn,
1792. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=NhFQAAAAcAAJ

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.euchems.org/Distinguished/18thCentury/benjamin.asp
[2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p252. (1791) (1791)
Gross-Ober-Tschirnau, near Glogau, in Lower Silesia, Prussia4 5
(presumably)  
207 YBN
[1793 AD] 4 		2372) That the amount of water vapor the air can hold rises with temperature is
shown.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Dalton, J. Meteorological Observations and Essays. Ostell, 1793,
p135. http://books.google.com/books?id=IxsAAAAAQAAJ
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp259-261.
3. ^ "John Dalton".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028616/John-Dalton
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp259-261. (1793) (1793)

MORE INFO
[1] "John Dalton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton
[2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
Manchester, England3   
206 YBN
[1794 AD] 5 6 		2085) The theory of natural selection: that species less adapted are more
likely to die while those better adapted will continue and multiply.3
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ Paul N. Pearson (16 October 2003). In Retrospect (html). Nature V. 425
#6959, p. 665. Comments on Hutton's 3-volume 1794 work, An Investigation of the
Principles of Knowledge and of the Progress of Reason, from Sense to Science
and Philosophy. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6959/index.html
2. ^ Hutton, J. An Investigation of the Principles of Knowledge and of the
Progress of Reason, from Sense to Science and Philosophy... by James Hutton,...
A. Strahan, 1794, Volume 2,
p500. http://books.google.com/books?id=b_MkAQAAIAAJ
{Hutton_Investigation_of_the_Principle_of_Knowledge_1794.pdf}
3. ^ Paul N. Pearson (16 October 2003). In Retrospect (html). Nature V. 425
#6959, p. 665. Comments on Hutton's 3-volume 1794 work, An Investigation of the
Principles of Knowledge and of the Progress of Reason, from Sense to Science
and Philosophy. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6959/index.html
4. ^ "James Hutton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041650/James-Hutton
5. ^ Paul N. Pearson (16 October 2003). In Retrospect (html). Nature
V. 425 #6959, p. 665. Comments on Hutton's 3-volume 1794 work, An Investigation
of the Principles of Knowledge and of the Progress of Reason, from Sense to
Science and
Philosophy. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6959/index.html
6. ^ Hutton, J. An Investigation of the Principles of Knowledge and of the
Progress of Reason, from Sense to Science and Philosophy... by James Hutton,...
A. Strahan, 1794, Volume 2,
p500. http://books.google.com/books?id=b_MkAQAAIAAJ {Hutton_Investigation_of_t
he_Principle_of_Knowledge_1794.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "James Hutton". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/James%20Hutton (1795)
Edinburgh, Scotland4 (presumably)  
204 YBN
[07/01/1796 AD] 5 6 7 		2280) Immunity by vaccination is proven: that having cow pox disease provides
immunity from the more severe small pox disease is confirmed.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp236-237.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp236-237.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp236-237.
4. ^ "Edward
Jenner". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043524/Edward-Jenner
5. ^ "Edward Jenner". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043524/Edward-Jenner (07/01/1796
(injection of small pox)
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp236-237.
(05/14/1796 (injection of cow pox) (05/14/1796 (injection of cow pox)
7. ^ "Edward
Jenner". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043524/Edward-Jenner (05/14/1796
(injection of cow pox)

MORE INFO
[1] "Edward Jenner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jenner
[2] http://www.answers.com/edward+jenner?cat=health
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
Berkeley, England4 (presumably)  
204 YBN
[1796 AD] 4 		2330) That different parts of the brain control different parts of the body is
understood.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p249.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p249.
3. ^ "Franz Joseph Gall". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
"Franz Joseph Gall". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Franz_Joseph_Gall
4. ^ "Franz Joseph Gall (1796)". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Franz Joseph
Gall". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Franz_Joseph_Gall (1796) (1796)

MORE INFO
[1] "Franz Joseph Gall". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_Gall
[2] http://www.answers.com/Franz%20Joseph%20Gall
Vienna, Germany3   
203 YBN
[1797 AD] 6 		2338) Marble is produced by melting and quickly cooling limestone (which is
calcium carbonate3 ).4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp250-251.
2. ^ "Sir James Hall 4th
Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038914/Sir-James-Hall-4th-Baronet
3. ^ "Sir James Hall 4th Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038914/Sir-James-Hall-4th-Baronet ,
-251.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp250-251.
5. ^ "Sir James Hall 4th
Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038914/Sir-James-Hall-4th-Baronet
6. ^ "Wilhelm Olbers". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9056957/Wilhelm-Olbers (1797)

MORE INFO
[1] "James Hall, 4th Baronet". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hall%2C_4th_Baronet
[2] http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/hall_james.htm
[3] http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/people/famousfirst2053.html
  
202 YBN
[1798 AD] 8 		2117) The gravitational constant, the mass, and the density of the Earth are
measured.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp200-202.
2. ^ "Henry Cavendish".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp200-202.
4. ^ "Henry Cavendish".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp200-202.
6. ^ "Henry Cavendish".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish
7. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish
8. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish (1798)

MORE INFO
[1] "Henry Cavendish". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendish
London, England7   
201 YBN
[1799 AD] 4 5 		2283) The metric system.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy.
Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Jean+Baptiste+Joseph+Delambre?cat=technology
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p238.
3. ^ "Jean Baptiste Joseph
Delambre". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9029788/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph-Delambre
4. ^ "Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9029788/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph-Delambre
(1792-1799)
5. ^ "Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,
Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Jean+Baptiste+Joseph+Delambre?cat=technology (1791-1799)

MORE INFO
[1] "Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Joseph_Delambre
France3   
201 YBN
[1799 AD] 5 6 7 8 		2315) Elements are shown to combine in definite proportions.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp245-246.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp245-246.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp245-246.
4. ^ "Joseph Louis
Proust". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061640/Joseph-Louis-Proust
5. ^ "Joseph Louis Proust". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061640/Joseph-Louis-Proust (1793)
6. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp245-246. (1799) (1799)
7. ^ "Joseph Louis Proust". The
Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Joseph+Louis+Proust?cat=technology (1799)
8. ^
http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm (1799)

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph Louis Proust". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Proust
Segovia, Spain4   
200 YBN
[03/20/1800 AD] 12 13 		2250) The electric battery (or voltaic pile) is invented:7 8 stacks of
alternating silver and zinc plates, each separated by a moist pad produce a
large electric force when the opposite ends are connected with a conductor.9

This battery provides a continuous source of electrical current.10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229.
4. ^ Volta, "On
the Electricity excited by the mere Contact of conducting Substances of
different Kinds.", Philosophical Magazine, September 1800,
p288. http://archive.org/download/lepidopterarepor07winc/lepidopterarepor07winc
.pdf
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229.
6. ^ Volta, "On the
Electricity excited by the mere Contact of conducting Substances of different
Kinds.", Philosophical Magazine, September 1800,
p288. http://archive.org/download/lepidopterarepor07winc/lepidopterarepor07winc
.pdf
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229.
8. ^ Volta, "On the
Electricity excited by the mere Contact of conducting Substances of different
Kinds.", Philosophical Magazine, September 1800,
p288. http://archive.org/download/lepidopterarepor07winc/lepidopterarepor07winc
.pdf
9. ^ Bern Dibner, "Alessandro Volta and the Electric Battery", 1964, p64-66.
10. ^
"Conte Alessandro Volta". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075699/Conte-Alessandro-Volta
11. ^ "Conte Alessandro Volta". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075699/Conte-Alessandro-Volta
12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229. (1800) (1800)
13. ^
"alessandro volta". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/alessandro-volta?cat=technology (03/20/1800(sends
letter to Banks secretary of royal society)

MORE INFO
[1] "Alessandro Volta". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta
[2] http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_Alessandro_Volta.htm
Pavia, Italy11   
200 YBN
[03/27/1800 AD] 12 13 		2179) Invisible light is recognized: an invisible portion of the spectrum of
light beyond the color red (later named infrared) is found to heat up a
thermometer more than any other color.9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ William Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours
to Heat and Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different
Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method
of Viewing the Sun Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High
Magnifying Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
, Vol. 90, (1800), pp. 255-283.
books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA255
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215.
3. ^ William Herschel,
"Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours to Heat and Illuminate
Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different Refrangibility of Radiant Heat.
To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method of Viewing the Sun
Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High Magnifying
Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Vol. 90,
(1800), pp. 255-283. books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA255
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215.
5. ^ William
Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours to Heat and
Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different Refrangibility of
Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method of Viewing the Sun
Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High Magnifying
Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Vol. 90,
(1800), pp. 255-283. books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA255
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215.
7. ^ William
Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours to Heat and
Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different Refrangibility of
Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method of Viewing the Sun
Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High Magnifying
Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Vol. 90,
(1800), pp. 255-283. books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA255
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215.
9. ^ William
Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours to Heat and
Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different Refrangibility of
Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method of Viewing the Sun
Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High Magnifying
Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Vol. 90,
(1800), pp. 255-283. books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA255
10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215.
11. ^ "Sir William
Herschel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040235/Sir-William-Herschel
12. ^ William Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours
to Heat and Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different
Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method
of Viewing the Sun Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High
Magnifying Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
, Vol. 90, (1800), pp. 255-283.
books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA255
13. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. (1800) (1800)

MORE INFO
[1] "William Herschel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel
Slough, England11   
200 YBN
[06/27/1800 AD] 3 		3254) The change in temperature caused by compressing and expanding air is
measured.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ John Dalton, "Experiments and Observations on the Heat and Cold produced
by the Mechanical Condensation and Rarefaction of Air", Memoirs of the Literary
and Philosophical Society of Manchester, 1802, 5: 515-526.
http://books.google.com/books?id=3qdJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA515
2. ^ Making of America Project, Eliakim Littell, Robert S. Littell, "The Living
Age", 1845,
p123. http://books.google.com/books?id=2L3mqFyy8w0C&pg=PA123&lpg=PA123&dq=Exper
iments+and+Observations+on+the+Heat+and+Cold+produced+by+the+Mechanical+Condensa
tion+and+Rarefaction+of+Air&source=web&ots=2XlBC3fRdE&sig=iDBlqgzlZyCmRpe0tDK2zo
Ac35c&hl=en (06/27/1800)
3. ^ John Dalton, "Experiments and Observations on the Heat and
Cold produced by the Mechanical Condensation and Rarefaction of Air", Memoirs
of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, 1802, 5: 515-526.
http://books.google.com/books?id=3qdJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA515

MORE INFO
[1] "John Dalton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton
[2] http://www.answers.com/John+Dalton?cat=technology
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[4] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp259-261. (1801) (1801)
[5] Thomas
S. Kuhn, "The Caloric Theory of Adiabatic Compression", Isis, Vol. 49, No. 2
(Jun., 1958), pp.
132-140. http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-1753(195806)49%3A2%3C132%3ATCTOAC%
3E2.0.CO%3B2-7 {Cullen_William_1755_Isis.pdf}
Manchester, England2   
200 YBN
[06/??/1800 AD] 5 6 		3597) That electricity in water mixed with litmus is colored blue around the
silver electrode and red around the zinc electrode is found.1 2 Litmus is a
material obtained from certain lichens that turns blue in in alkaline solution
and red in acid solution.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837",
E. & F. N. Spon,
1884,p196. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=A+History+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA#PPA
196,M1
2. ^ William Cruickshank, "Some Experiments and Observations on Galvanic
Electricity.", "Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts By
William Nicholson", G. G. and J. Robinson, 1801, v.4 (Apr. 1800- March
1801),p187-191. books.google.com/books?id=TggAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA187 {06/1800}
3. ^ "litmus."
Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 31 Mar. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/litmus>.
4. ^ http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/57592?_fromAuth=1
5. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year
1837", E. & F. N. Spon,
1884,p220-227. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcove
r&dq=A+History+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA
 {09/1800} {06/1800}
6. ^ William Cruickshank, "Some Experiments and Observations on
Galvanic Electricity.", "Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts
By William Nicholson", G. G. and J. Robinson, 1801, v.4 (Apr. 1800- March
1801),p187-191. books.google.com/books?id=TggAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA187 {06/1800}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/cruickshank.html
[2] http://www.buchmann.ca/Article3-page3.asp
[3] "William Cruickshank (chemist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cruickshank_(chemist)
[4] William Cruickshank, "Additional Remarks on Galvanic Electricity.",
"Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts By William Nicholson",
G. G. and J. Robinson, 1801, v.4 (Apr. 1800- March
1801),p254-264. http://books.google.com/books?id=TggAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcov
er&dq=editions:0eMW4sl3XZyNHpE6-nh#PPA254,M1
(Royal Military Academy at Woolwich) Woolwich, England4   
200 YBN
[09/17/1800 AD] 5 6 		2436) Hydrogen and oxygen gas are collected separately from the electrolysis of
water.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p278.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p278.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p278.
4. ^ "Johann
Wilhelm Ritter". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063787/Johann-Wilhelm-Ritter
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p244. (Nicholson:
05/02/1800)(by: )09/17/1800) (Nicholson: 05/02/1800)(by: )09/17/1800)
6. ^
http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/RITTER_BIO.html (Nicholson: 05/02/1800)(by:
)09/17/1800) (Nicholson: 05/02/1800)(by: )09/17/1800)

MORE INFO
[1] "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Ritter
[2]
http://www2.uni-jena.de/biologie/ehh/forum/ausstellungen/Physik_als_Kunst/Physik
_als_Kunst.htm
[3]
http://www.sil.si.edu/silpublications/dibner-library-lectures/scientific-discove
ries/text-lecture.htm
Jena, Germany4 (presumably)  
200 YBN
[11/??/1800 AD] 5 6 		2437) Electroplating is discovered: by passing electric current through a
solution of copper sulfate, metallic copper can be made to cover (or plate) a
conductive object that is used as an electrode.2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p278.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p278.
3. ^ "electroplating." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 31
Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/183990/electroplating>.
4. ^ "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063787/Johann-Wilhelm-Ritter
5. ^ http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/RITTER_BIO.html (c11/1800 (just a guess after
id2436)
6. ^ Ted Huntington. (c11/1800 (just a guess after id2436)

MORE INFO
[1] "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Ritter
[2]
http://www2.uni-jena.de/biologie/ehh/forum/ausstellungen/Physik_als_Kunst/Physik
_als_Kunst.htm
[3]
http://www.sil.si.edu/silpublications/dibner-library-lectures/scientific-discove
ries/text-lecture.htm
[4] "Dowsing". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowsing
[5] http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/ritter.htm
Jena, Germany4 (presumably)  
199 YBN
[01/01/1801 AD] 6 		2261) The first known asteroid (and minor planet), Ceres {SErEZ3 }, is
recognized.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "ceres." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 20 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ceres>.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp231-232.
3. ^ "ceres." Dictionary.com
Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 20 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ceres>.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp231-232.
5. ^ "Giuseppe Piazzi". The
Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Giuseppe+Piazzi?cat=technology
6. ^ "Giuseppe Piazzi". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy.
Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Giuseppe+Piazzi?cat=technology (01/01/1801)

MORE INFO
[1] "Giuseppe Piazzi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9059895/Giuseppe-Piazzi
[2] "Giuseppe Piazzi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Piazzi
[3] http://www.lpi.usra.edu/books/AsteroidsIII/pdf/3027.pdf
[4] "Ceres (dwarf planet)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_%28dwarf_planet%29
[5] "olbers s paradox". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/olbers-s-paradox?cat=technology
Palermo, Sicily5   
199 YBN
[02/22/1801 AD] 8 9 		2167) The invisible light, ultra-violet light is discovered: an invisible part
of the spectrum of light beyond the violet part causes a silver chloride
chemical reaction more strongly than any other part of the spectrum.5 6
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p278.
2. ^ Ritter, J. W. "Auffindung
nicht-sichtbarer Sonnenstrahlen an der Seite des Violett." Annalen der Physik 7
(1801): 527. http://books.google.com/books?id=qwU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA527 English:
"Discovery of non-visible solar radiation to the side of violet." {todo:
Determine if there is any English translation of this work}
3. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p278.
4. ^ Ritter, J. W. "Auffindung nicht-sichtbarer
Sonnenstrahlen an der Seite des Violett." Annalen der Physik 7 (1801):
527. http://books.google.com/books?id=qwU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA527 English:
"Discovery of non-visible solar radiation to the side of violet." {todo:
Determine if there is any English translation of this work}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p278.
6. ^ Ritter, J. W. "Auffindung nicht-sichtbarer
Sonnenstrahlen an der Seite des Violett." Annalen der Physik 7 (1801):
527. http://books.google.com/books?id=qwU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA527 English:
"Discovery of non-visible solar radiation to the side of violet." {todo:
Determine if there is any English translation of this work}
7. ^ "Johann Wilhelm
Ritter". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063787/Johann-Wilhelm-Ritter
8. ^ Ritter, J. W. "Auffindung nicht-sichtbarer Sonnenstrahlen an der Seite des
Violett." Annalen der Physik 7 (1801):
527. http://books.google.com/books?id=qwU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA527 English:
"Discovery of non-visible solar radiation to the side of violet." {todo:
Determine if there is any English translation of this work}
9. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p278. (1801) (1801)

MORE INFO
[1] "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Ritter
[2]
http://www2.uni-jena.de/biologie/ehh/forum/ausstellungen/Physik_als_Kunst/Physik
_als_Kunst.htm
[3]
http://www.sil.si.edu/silpublications/dibner-library-lectures/scientific-discove
ries/text-lecture.htm
[4] "Dowsing". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowsing
[5] http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/RITTER_BIO.html
Jena, Germany7 (presumably)  
199 YBN
[11/12/1801 AD] 13 		2405) The frequencies and wavelengths (or particle intervals) of light are
determined and the theory of light interference: that two light waves can add
to each other or cancel each other out, similar to two sound waves. The first
glass diffraction gratings are in use.10 11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George
Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p161.
2. ^ Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the
Theory of Light and Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London (1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802),
pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575ba
e414c9a974a16d595c628d0π=24
AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 {Young_Thomas_1802_
on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours.pdf}
3. ^ "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George
Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p161.
4. ^ Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the
Theory of Light and Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London (1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802),
pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575ba
e414c9a974a16d595c628d0π=24
AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 {Young_Thomas_1802_
on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours.pdf}
5. ^ "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George
Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p161.
6. ^ Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the
Theory of Light and Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London (1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802),
pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575ba
e414c9a974a16d595c628d0π=24
AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 {Young_Thomas_1802_
on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours.pdf}
7. ^ "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George
Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p147.
8. ^ "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young",
Thomas Young, George Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p161.
9. ^ Thomas Young, "The
Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and Colours", Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802),
pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575ba
e414c9a974a16d595c628d0π=24
AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 {Young_Thomas_1802_
on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours.pdf}
10. ^ "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George
Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p161.
11. ^ Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the
Theory of Light and Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London (1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802),
pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575ba
e414c9a974a16d595c628d0π=24
AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 {Young_Thomas_1802_
on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours.pdf}
12. ^ John Charles Drury Brand, Raymond Bonnett, "Lines of Light: The Sources
of Dispersive Spectroscopy, 1800-1930", CRC Press, 1995, p27.
http://books.google.com/books?id=sKx0IBC22p4C&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=joseph+fraun
hofer+measured+wavelengths+lines&source=web&ots=qKuKNGN2kv&sig=ZwvLfbjr0XPa68680
mOZkZhEnUs&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA32,M1 {11/12/1801}
13. ^ Thomas
Young, Philip Kelland, "A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the
Mechanical Arts", Taylor and Walton, 1845. {Contains the lectures which form
vol. I of the 1807 edition.} http://books.google.com/books?id=fGMSAAAAIAAJ
{11/12/1801}

MORE INFO
[1] "Thomas Young (scientist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_%28scientist%29
[2] "etalon." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 17 Jun.
2008. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/etalon>
[3] Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and
Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802), pp12-48.
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575bae414c9a9
74a16d595c628d0π=24
AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140
London, England12   
199 YBN
[12/10/1801 AD] 5 6 		2508) The first oxygen-hydrogen torch and gas torch welding.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p291.
2. ^ Hare, Robert. Memoir on
the Supply and Application of the Blow-pipe: Containing an Account of a New
Method of Supplying the Blowpipe Either with Common Air, Or Oxygen Gas: and
Also of the Effects of the Intense Heat Produced by the Combustion of the
Hydrogen and Oxygen Gases: Illustrated by Engravings. Chemical Society,
1802. also printed in (Ending on "I have now concluded..."): Smith, E.F.
Chemistry in America: Chapters from the History of the Science in the United
States. D. Appleton and company, 1914,
p157-179. http://books.google.com/books?id=SiJDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA157
3. ^ Hare, Robert. "XIV. On the oxi-hydrogen blow-pipe." Philosophical
Magazine, 1817,
p106-114. http://books.google.com/books?id=xRZRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA106
4. ^ Hare, Robert. Memoir on the Supply and Application of the Blow-pipe:
Containing an Account of a New Method of Supplying the Blowpipe Either with
Common Air, Or Oxygen Gas: and Also of the Effects of the Intense Heat Produced
by the Combustion of the Hydrogen and Oxygen Gases: Illustrated by Engravings.
Chemical Society, 1802. also printed in (Ending on "I have now
concluded..."): Smith, E.F. Chemistry in America: Chapters from the History of
the Science in the United States. D. Appleton and company, 1914,
p157-179. http://books.google.com/books?id=SiJDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA157
5. ^ Hare, Robert. Memoir on the Supply and Application of the Blow-pipe:
Containing an Account of a New Method of Supplying the Blowpipe Either with
Common Air, Or Oxygen Gas: and Also of the Effects of the Intense Heat Produced
by the Combustion of the Hydrogen and Oxygen Gases: Illustrated by Engravings.
Chemical Society, 1802. also printed in (Ending on "I have now
concluded..."): Smith, E.F. Chemistry in America: Chapters from the History of
the Science in the United States. D. Appleton and company, 1914,
p157-179. http://books.google.com/books?id=SiJDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA157
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p291. (1801) (1801)

MORE INFO
[1] "Robert Hare (chemist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hare_%28chemist%29
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania4   
199 YBN
[1801 AD] 3 		2374) The law of partial pressures: that each component of a mixture of gases
exerts the same pressure that it would exert if it alone occupied the whole
volume of the mixture, at the same temperature.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp259-261.
2. ^ "John Dalton".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028616/John-Dalton
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp259-261. (1801) (1801)

MORE INFO
[1] "John Dalton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton
[2] http://www.answers.com/John+Dalton?cat=technology
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
Manchester, England2   
198 YBN
[1802 AD] 11 12 		2365) Spectral lines are identified as dark lines in the spectrum of a ray of
light from the Sun.7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "William Hyde Wollaston". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/William+Hyde+Wollaston+?cat=technology
2. ^ William Hyde Wollaston, "A Method of Examining Refractive and Dispersive
Powers, by Prismatic Reflection", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 92, (1802),
pp365-380. http://www.jstor.org/stable/107124
AND http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/k1u515395v15n93p/?p=5f779c071a024f
e5bd90a27e9245eea7π=13 {Wollaston_William_1802_PT.pdf}
3. ^ Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887).
http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1
814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2-HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T
he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf}
4. ^ "William Hyde Wollaston". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/William+Hyde+Wollaston+?cat=technology
5. ^ William Hyde Wollaston, "A Method of Examining Refractive and Dispersive
Powers, by Prismatic Reflection", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 92, (1802),
pp365-380. http://www.jstor.org/stable/107124
AND http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/k1u515395v15n93p/?p=5f779c071a024f
e5bd90a27e9245eea7π=13 {Wollaston_William_1802_PT.pdf}
6. ^ Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887).
http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1
814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2-HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T
he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf}
7. ^ "William Hyde Wollaston". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/William+Hyde+Wollaston+?cat=technology
8. ^ William Hyde Wollaston, "A Method of Examining Refractive and Dispersive
Powers, by Prismatic Reflection", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 92, (1802),
pp365-380. http://www.jstor.org/stable/107124
AND http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/k1u515395v15n93p/?p=5f779c071a024f
e5bd90a27e9245eea7π=13 {Wollaston_William_1802_PT.pdf}
9. ^ Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887).
http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1
814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2-HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T
he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf}
10. ^ "William Hyde Wollaston". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/William+Hyde+Wollaston+?cat=technology
11. ^ "William Hyde Wollaston". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/William+Hyde+Wollaston+?cat=technology (1802)
12. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp257-258. (1802)

MORE INFO
[1] "William Hyde Wollaston". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston
[2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[3] Francis Wollaston, "The secret history of a private man",
1795. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=vCUAAAAAQAAJ&dq=The+Secret+History
+of+a+Private+Man&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=lMwgXnBmu7&sig=JiY5flaqsad7
lmMEp0aw3Smzu-c&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result
[4] "William Hyde Wollaston." Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica
Online. Encyclopdia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 15 May. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/646649/William-Hyde-Wollaston>.
London, England10   
198 YBN
[1802 AD] 4 5 		2439) The first dry electric battery.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063787/Johann-Wilhelm-Ritter
2. ^ "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063787/Johann-Wilhelm-Ritter
3. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/ritter.htm
4. ^ "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063787/Johann-Wilhelm-Ritter (1802)
5. ^
http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/ritter.htm (1802)

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982)
[2] "Johann Wilhelm Ritter".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Ritter
[3]
http://www2.uni-jena.de/biologie/ehh/forum/ausstellungen/Physik_als_Kunst/Physik
_als_Kunst.htm
[4]
http://www.sil.si.edu/silpublications/dibner-library-lectures/scientific-discove
ries/text-lecture.htm
[5] "Dowsing". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowsing
[6] Ritter, Johann Wilhelm. "Neue Versuche über den Galvanismus."
Reichs-Anzeiger (Gotha) 66 (1802): 813-820
Gotha, Germany3   
198 YBN
[1802 AD] 3 		2464) That different gases all expand by equal amounts with rise in temperature
is discovered.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp282-284.
2. ^ "Joseph Louis Gay
Lussac". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036247/Joseph-Louis-Gay-Lussac
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp282-284. (1802) (1802)

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac
[2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
Arcueil, France2 (presumably)  
198 YBN
[1802 AD] 3 		6609) The first water distribution system of a city; Philadelphia.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Baker, L.A. The Water Environment of Cities. Springer Science+Business
Media, LLC, 2009, p6. http://books.google.com/books?id=HjMYxB8aeR8C&pg=PA6
2. ^ Baker, L.A. The Water Environment of Cities. Springer
Science+Business Media, LLC, 2009,
p6. http://books.google.com/books?id=HjMYxB8aeR8C&pg=PA6
3. ^ Baker, L.A. The Water Environment of Cities. Springer Science+Business
Media, LLC, 2009, p6. http://books.google.com/books?id=HjMYxB8aeR8C&pg=PA6

MORE INFO
[1] Carter, "Flushed", 2006
[2]
http://www.phillyh2o.org/backpages/MSB_Water.htm
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA2   
197 YBN
[10/21/1803 AD] 7 8 		2375) That atoms of different elements vary in size and mass is shown, and the
first table of elements by atomic mass3 with Hydrogen assigned a value of 1.4
5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "John Dalton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150287/John-Dalton/217770/Atomic
-theory>.
2. ^ "John Dalton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150287/John-Dalton/217770/Atomic
-theory>.
3. ^ "John Dalton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150287/John-Dalton/217770/Atomic
-theory>.
4. ^ "John Dalton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150287/John-Dalton/217770/Atomic
-theory>.
5. ^ "John Dalton". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/John+Dalton?cat=technology
6. ^ "John Dalton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028616/John-Dalton (10/21/1803
(paper to Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society)
7. ^ "John Dalton".
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150287/John-Dalton/217770/Atomic
-theory>.
8. ^ John Dalton, "On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids."
Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester , Second
Series, 1, 271-87
(1805). http://books.google.com/books?id=LJNIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA259

MORE INFO
[1] "John Dalton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton
[2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[3] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp259-261. (1803) (10/21/1803
(paper to Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society)
[4]
http://www.surveyor.in-berlin.de/himmel/Bios/Goodricke-e.html (1803)
Manchester, England6   
197 YBN
[1803 AD] 4 5 		2400) The steam engine railway train.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Richard Trevithick". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073323/Richard-Trevithick
2. ^ "Richard Trevithick". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073323/Richard-Trevithick
3. ^ "Richard Trevithick". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073323/Richard-Trevithick
4. ^ "Richard Trevithick". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073323/Richard-Trevithick (1803)
5. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p268. (1801) (1801)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Richard%20Trevithick%20
South Wales, England3   
196 YBN
[12/20/1804 AD] 4 		6506) The size of an atom is estimated to be around a nanometer.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Young, Thomas. "An essay on the cohesion of fluids." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London 95 (1805):
65-87. http://books.google.com/books?id=YghGAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA65
2. ^ "Molecule" in Chisholm, H. Encyclopaedia Britannica: a Dictionary of Arts,
Sciences, Literature and General Information. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911.
Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and
General Information,
p656. http://books.google.com/books?id=IycqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA656
3. ^ "thomas young". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/thomas-young?cat=health
4. ^ Young, Thomas. "An essay on the cohesion of fluids." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London 95 (1805):
65-87. http://books.google.com/books?id=YghGAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA65

MORE INFO
[1] "Thomas Young (scientist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_%28scientist%29
[2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[3] "Color". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color
[4] Craig F. Bohren (2006). Fundamentals of Atmospheric Radiation: An
Introduction with 400 Problems. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3527405038
[5] Opticks, Isaac Newton,
Cohen, Dover, 1979
[6]
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575bae414c9a974
a16d595c628d0&pi=24 The Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and
Colours Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886) Issue Volume 92 -
1802 Pages 12-48 DOI 10.1098/rstl.1802.0004 Young_Thomas_1802_on_the_theory_o
f_light_and_colours.pdf
[7] Great Experiments in Physics, Shamos, 1959,1987
[8] The Last Man Who Knew Everything,
Robinson, 2005
[9] Thomas Young, Philip Kelland, "A Course of Lectures on Natural
Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts", Taylor and Walton, 1845. {Contains the
lectures which form vol. I of the 1807
edition.} http://books.google.com/books?id=fGMSAAAAIAAJ
[10] "astigmatism". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online, p161. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9009975/astigmatism
[11] The History and Present State of Discoveries Relating to
Vision, Light and Colours, Joseph Priestley, 1772, kraus reprint 1978, p181
[12]
"Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George Peacock,
1855 John Murray, p179
London, England (presumably)3   
196 YBN
[1804 AD] 7 8 		6519) There are 1 billion humans on Earth.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One
Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
2. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
3. ^
Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million
B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
4. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
5. ^
Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million
B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
6. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
7. ^
Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million
B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
8. ^ http://geography.about.com/od/obtainpopulationdata/a/worldpopulation.htm
  
195 YBN
[1805 AD] 3 		3223) The first percussion ignition gun.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "small arm." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 2 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-57257>.
2. ^ "Forsyth, Alexander John." Encyclopædia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 June 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9034927>.
3. ^ "small arm." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 2 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-57257>. (1805)
Belhelvie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland2 (presumably)  
195 YBN
[1805 AD] 4 		6249) The first refrigeration machine: ether is expanded into a vacuum to lower
the temperature inside a refrigerator, then compressed to raise the temperature
outside the refrigerator, and this process is then repeated.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrefrigerator.htm
2. ^ Oliver Evans, John Stevens, "The abortion of the young steam
engineer's guide", 1805 http://books.google.com/books?id=zlpGAAAAYAA
AND http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/Evans
AND http://www.himedo.net/TheHopkinThomasProject/TimeLine/Wales/Steam/URocheste
rCollection/Evans/Evans%20Combined.htm#ARTICLE9 {Evans_Oliver_1805.pdf}
3. ^
http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2006/4/2006_4_16.shtml
4. ^
http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2006/4/2006_4_16.shtml
{1805}

MORE INFO
[1] "Oliver Evans". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Evans
[2] http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/cph/3g00000/3g02000/3g02700/3g02758v.jpg
Philadelphia, PA, USA3   
194 YBN
[11/20/1806 AD] 4 5 6 		2474) The theory that chemical combination occurs between substances of
opposite charge.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Davy, Humphry. "The Bakerian Lecture: On Some Chemical Agencies of
Electricity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 97
(1807): 1-56. books.google.com/books?id=wE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1
2. ^ "Sir Humphry Davy Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9029535/Sir-Humphry-Davy-Baronet
3. ^ "Humphry Davy". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology
4. ^ Davy, Humphry. "The Bakerian Lecture: On Some Chemical Agencies of
Electricity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 97
(1807): 1-56. books.google.com/books?id=wE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1
5. ^ "Humphry Davy". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology (1806)
6. ^ "Sir
Humphry Davy Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9029535/Sir-Humphry-Davy-Baronet
(1806)

MORE INFO
[1] "Humphry Davy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy
[2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
London, England3   
194 YBN
[1806 AD] 6 		2346) Asparagine {e-SPAR-e-JEN3 }, the first amino acid, is isolated.4
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ "asparagine." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Jan.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/asparagine
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp252-253.
3. ^ "asparagine." The
American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/asparagine
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp252-253.
5. ^ "Nicolas Louis
Vauquelin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074920/Nicolas-Louis-Vauquelin
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp252-253. (1806) (1806)

MORE INFO
[1] "Louis Nicolas Vauquelin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin
[2] http://www.answers.com/Louis+Nicolas+Vauquelin+?cat=technology
Paris, France5   
193 YBN
[1807 AD] 3 		2313) Streets are lit with gas lighting; in London.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p245.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p245.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p245. (1807)
(1807)

MORE INFO
[1] "William Murdock". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054338/William-Murdock
[2] "William Murdock". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Murdock
London, England2   
192 YBN
[1808 AD] 5 		2428) The phenomenon of light "polarization" is observed:2 an image of sun
light reflected from a window that passes through calcite is found to produce
only one image instead of the usual two images from double refraction.3
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ "Étienne Louis Malus". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/%C3%89tienne+Louis+Malus+?cat=technology
2. ^ "Étienne Louis Malus". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/%C3%89tienne+Louis+Malus+?cat=technology
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp275-276.
4. ^ "Étienne Louis Malus".
The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/%C3%89tienne+Louis+Malus+?cat=technology
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp275-276. (1808) (1808)

MORE INFO
[1] "Étienne Louis Malus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Louis_Malus
Paris, France4   
191 YBN
[11/15/1809 AD] 4 		6606) Electric arc welding and an electric arc furnace: a metal (aluminum) is
melted using electricity.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Borchers, W., and H.G. Solomon. Electric Furnaces: The Production of Heat
from Electrical Energy and the Construction of Electric Furnaces. Longmans,
Green, and Co., 1908, p5. books.google.com/books?id=hLpPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA5
2. ^ Humphry Davy, "The Bakerian Lecture for 1809 On some
new Electrochemical Researches on various Objects particularly the metallic
Bodies the Alkalies and Earths and on some Combinations of Hydrogene",
Philosophical Transactions of London, Volume 100, 1810,
p16-74. books.google.com/books?id=nVBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA16
3. ^ "Humphry Davy". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology
4. ^ Humphry Davy, "The Bakerian Lecture for 1809 On some new Electrochemical
Researches on various Objects particularly the metallic Bodies the Alkalies and
Earths and on some Combinations of Hydrogene", Philosophical Transactions of
London, Volume 100, 1810,
p16-74. books.google.com/books?id=nVBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA16

MORE INFO
[1] "Humphry Davy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy
[2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[3] "Sir Humphry Davy Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9029535/Sir-Humphry-Davy-Baronet (1813)
[4] Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286. (1813) (1813)
London, England3   
191 YBN
[1809 AD] 9 10 		2466) Gases are shown to combine in small whole number ratios by volume and not
by mass (as long as temperature and pressure are constant).5 6 For example,
two parts of hydrogen unite with one part nitrogen to form ammonia.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp282-284.
3. ^
http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp282-284.
5. ^
http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp282-284.
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp282-284.
8. ^ "Joseph Louis Gay Lussac". Encyclopedia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036247/Joseph-Louis-Gay-Lussac
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp282-284. (1809) (1809)
10. ^
"Joseph Louis Gay Lussac". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Joseph%20Louis%20Gay-Lussac (1808)

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac
Paris, France8 (presumably)  
191 YBN
[1809 AD] 12 		2481) The first electric light; the arc lamp.9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286.
2. ^ "Humphry Davy". History
of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286.
4. ^ "Humphry Davy". History
of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286.
6. ^ "Humphry Davy". History
of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286.
8. ^ "Humphry Davy". History
of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286.
10. ^ "Humphry Davy". History
of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology
11. ^ "Humphry Davy". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology
12. ^ "Humphry Davy". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology (1809)

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Humphry Davy Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9029535/Sir-Humphry-Davy-Baronet
[2] "Humphry Davy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
London, England11   
190 YBN
[1810 AD] 4 		2480) Chlorine is shown to support combustion like oxygen does, and Hydrogen is
shown to be characteristic of acids.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286.
3. ^ "Humphry Davy". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology
4. ^ "Humphry Davy". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology (1810)

MORE INFO
[1] "Humphry Davy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy
[2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[3] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday
[4] "Sir Humphry Davy Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. "Sir Humphry Davy Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9029535/Sir-Humphry-Davy-Baronet
London, England3   
189 YBN
[1811 AD] 6 7 8 9 10 		2380) "Fourier's theorem": that any periodic oscillation can be reduced to a
sum of simple sinusoidal waves.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Théorie du mouvement de la chaleur dans les corps solides (suite)
p.1-94 Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences de l'Institut de France,
années 1821 et 1822, t. V, p. 153 à 246; 1826. Imprimerie
royale http://books.google.com/books?id=EpfgAAAAMAAJ
AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33707/f6
AND http://math-doc.ujf-grenoble.fr/cgi-bin/oetoc?id=OE_FOURIER__2 {Fourier_18
21.pdf} English translation: Fourier, J.B.J., and A. Freeman. The Analytical
Theory of Heat. At the University Press,
1878. http://books.google.com/books?id=-N8EAAAAYAAJ
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp262-263.
3. ^ Théorie du mouvement de
la chaleur dans les corps solides (suite) p.1-94 Mémoires de l'Académie
royale des sciences de l'Institut de France, années 1821 et 1822, t. V, p. 153
à 246; 1826. Imprimerie royale http://books.google.com/books?id=EpfgAAAAMAAJ
AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33707/f6
AND http://math-doc.ujf-grenoble.fr/cgi-bin/oetoc?id=OE_FOURIER__2 {Fourier_18
21.pdf} English translation: Fourier, J.B.J., and A. Freeman. The Analytical
Theory of Heat. At the University Press,
1878. http://books.google.com/books?id=-N8EAAAAYAAJ
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp262-263.
5. ^ "Joseph Baron Fourier".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035044/Joseph-Baron-Fourier
6. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm (1811)
7. ^ George A. Gibson, "On the
History of the Fourier Series", Edinburgh Mathematical Society. Proceedings of
the Edinburgh Mathematical Society. Scottish Academic Press, (5/12/1893) 1893,
p146. http://books.google.com/books?id=2uoKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA146
8. ^ Carslaw, H.S. Introduction to the Theory of Fourier’s Series and
Integrals and the Mathematical Theory of the Conduction of Heat. Macmillan and
Company, Limited, 1906. Introduction to the Theory of Fourier’s Series and
Integrals and the Mathematical Theory of the Conduction of
Heat. http://books.google.com/books?id=RIs9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp262-263. (1807) (1807)
10. ^
Merriman, M. et al. Higher Mathematics: A Text-book for Classical and
Engineering Colleges. J. Wiley & Sons, 1902.
http://books.google.com/books?id=TS4PT_tpjBYC&pg=PA542

MORE INFO
[1] "Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Joseph_Fourier
[2] "Fourier transform". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035045/Fourier-transform
[3] http://www.answers.com/Fourier+transform?cat=technology
[4] http://www.answers.com/Fourier+integrals?cat=technology
[5] Fourier, J. "Sine and Cosine Series for an Arbitrary
Function in Joseph Fourier 1768-1830 Ed. and annotated by I." Grattan-Guinness
The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1807)
Grenoble, France5   
189 YBN
[1811 AD] 7 		2432) The concept of molecules, and the method to determine correct atomic mass
and molecular formula.3 By presuming that the distance between molecules does
not vary4 , equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure
must contain the same number of molecules.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp277-278.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp277-278.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp277-278.
4. ^ http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/aa111602a.htm
5. ^ "Amedeo Avogadro". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9104090/Amedeo-Avogadro
6. ^ "Amedeo Avogadro". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9104090/Amedeo-Avogadro
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from
ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp277-278. (1811)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
Vercelli, Italy6   
189 YBN
[1811 AD] 3 4 5 		2564) That fats are combinations of glycerol and fatty acids is recognized1 .
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ "Michel Eugéne Chevreul". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Michel+Eug%C3%A9ne+Chevreul+?cat=technology
2. ^ "Michel Eugene Chevreul". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9023910/Michel-Eugene-Chevreul
3. ^ "Michel Eugene Chevreul". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9023910/Michel-Eugene-Chevreul (starts in
1811)
4. ^ "Michel Eugéne Chevreul". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Michel+Eug%C3%A9ne+Chevreul+?cat=technology (starts in
1810)
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp301-302. (1809)

MORE INFO
[1] "Michel Eugène Chevreul". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul
[2] http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/work0003.htm
Paris, France2 (presumably)  
186 YBN
[1814 AD] 15 		2571) The spectroscope. That substances emit specific spectral lines is known.9
10 11 The spectrum of planet Venus is found to have the same absorption lines
as the Sun, and the spectrum of other stars are found to have absorption lines
that are different from those of the Sun.12 13
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Joseph von Fraunhofer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035214/Joseph-von-Fraunhofer
2. ^ Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887).
http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1
814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2-HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T
he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf}
3. ^ Joseph, Fraunhofer, "Bestimmung des Brechungs- und
Farbenzerstreuungs-Vermögens verschiedener Glasarten, in Bezug auf die
Vervollkommnung achromatischer Fernrohre.", Akademie Der Wissenschaften zu
München, (1814), 15 Band v, pp 193-226.
http://books.google.com/books?id=2-AAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA203 This work is
translated from German into English in the "Edinburgh Philosophical Journal",
(1823) vol IX,
pp288-299 http://books.google.com/books?id=Py87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA288 and
"Edinburgh Philosophical Journal" (1824), vol X,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=xS87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26 In addition this
is printed in: Vol. 56, pp. 264-313. Gilberts Annalen der Physik.
(1817) (Apparently the figures are not
included) {Fraunhofer_1817_1814.pdf} Original in German:
{Fraunhofer_Joseph_1814.pdf} Another English translation: Excerpts in
English translation "DETERMINATION OF THE REFRACTIVE AND THE DISPERSIVE POWER
OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF GLASS WITH REFERENCE TO THE PERFECTING OF ACHROMATIC
TELESCOPES.": J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra: Memoirs by
Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp. 1-10.
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Diffracti
on+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von+Fraunhofer&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots
=K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErIWZX5pLtn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=resu
lt#PPA1,M1
4. ^ "Joseph von Fraunhofer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035214/Joseph-von-Fraunhofer
5. ^ Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887).
http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1
814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2-HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T
he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf}
6. ^ Joseph, Fraunhofer, "Bestimmung des Brechungs- und
Farbenzerstreuungs-Vermögens verschiedener Glasarten, in Bezug auf die
Vervollkommnung achromatischer Fernrohre.", Akademie Der Wissenschaften zu
München, (1814), 15 Band v, pp 193-226.
http://books.google.com/books?id=2-AAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA203 This work is
translated from German into English in the "Edinburgh Philosophical Journal",
(1823) vol IX,
pp288-299 http://books.google.com/books?id=Py87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA288 and
"Edinburgh Philosophical Journal" (1824), vol X,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=xS87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26 In addition this
is printed in: Vol. 56, pp. 264-313. Gilberts Annalen der Physik.
(1817) (Apparently the figures are not
included) {Fraunhofer_1817_1814.pdf} Original in German:
{Fraunhofer_Joseph_1814.pdf} Another English translation: Excerpts in
English translation "DETERMINATION OF THE REFRACTIVE AND THE DISPERSIVE POWER
OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF GLASS WITH REFERENCE TO THE PERFECTING OF ACHROMATIC
TELESCOPES.": J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra: Memoirs by
Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp. 1-10.
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Diffracti
on+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von+Fraunhofer&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots
=K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErIWZX5pLtn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=resu
lt#PPA1,M1
7. ^ Joseph, Fraunhofer, "Bestimmung des Brechungs- und
Farbenzerstreuungs-Vermögens verschiedener Glasarten, in Bezug auf die
Vervollkommnung achromatischer Fernrohre.", Akademie Der Wissenschaften zu
München, (1814), 15 Band v, pp 193-226.
http://books.google.com/books?id=2-AAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA203 This work is
translated from German into English in the "Edinburgh Philosophical Journal",
(1823) vol IX,
pp288-299 http://books.google.com/books?id=Py87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA288 and
"Edinburgh Philosophical Journal" (1824), vol X,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=xS87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26 In addition this
is printed in: Vol. 56, pp. 264-313. Gilberts Annalen der Physik.
(1817) (Apparently the figures are not
included) {Fraunhofer_1817_1814.pdf} Original in German:
{Fraunhofer_Joseph_1814.pdf} Another English translation: Excerpts in
English translation "DETERMINATION OF THE REFRACTIVE AND THE DISPERSIVE POWER
OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF GLASS WITH REFERENCE TO THE PERFECTING OF ACHROMATIC
TELESCOPES.": J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra: Memoirs by
Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp. 1-10.
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Diffracti
on+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von+Fraunhofer&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots
=K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErIWZX5pLtn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=resu
lt#PPA1,M1
8. ^ William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the
Fixed Stars", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886), Volume 154, 1864,
p413-435. http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/154/413.full.pdf+html
 {Huggins_William_1864.pdf}
9. ^ "Joseph von Fraunhofer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035214/Joseph-von-Fraunhofer
10. ^ Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887).
http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1
814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2-HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T
he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf}
11. ^ Joseph, Fraunhofer, "Bestimmung des Brechungs- und
Farbenzerstreuungs-Vermögens verschiedener Glasarten, in Bezug auf die
Vervollkommnung achromatischer Fernrohre.", Akademie Der Wissenschaften zu
München, (1814), 15 Band v, pp 193-226.
http://books.google.com/books?id=2-AAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA203 This work is
translated from German into English in the "Edinburgh Philosophical Journal",
(1823) vol IX,
pp288-299 http://books.google.com/books?id=Py87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA288 and
"Edinburgh Philosophical Journal" (1824), vol X,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=xS87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26 In addition this
is printed in: Vol. 56, pp. 264-313. Gilberts Annalen der Physik.
(1817) (Apparently the figures are not
included) {Fraunhofer_1817_1814.pdf} Original in German:
{Fraunhofer_Joseph_1814.pdf} Another English translation: Excerpts in
English translation "DETERMINATION OF THE REFRACTIVE AND THE DISPERSIVE POWER
OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF GLASS WITH REFERENCE TO THE PERFECTING OF ACHROMATIC
TELESCOPES.": J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra: Memoirs by
Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp. 1-10.
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Diffracti
on+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von+Fraunhofer&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots
=K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErIWZX5pLtn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=resu
lt#PPA1,M1
12. ^ Joseph, Fraunhofer, "Bestimmung des Brechungs- und
Farbenzerstreuungs-Vermögens verschiedener Glasarten, in Bezug auf die
Vervollkommnung achromatischer Fernrohre.", Akademie Der Wissenschaften zu
München, (1814), 15 Band v, pp 193-226.
http://books.google.com/books?id=2-AAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA203 This work is
translated from German into English in the "Edinburgh Philosophical Journal",
(1823) vol IX,
pp288-299 http://books.google.com/books?id=Py87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA288 and
"Edinburgh Philosophical Journal" (1824), vol X,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=xS87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26 In addition this
is printed in: Vol. 56, pp. 264-313. Gilberts Annalen der Physik.
(1817) (Apparently the figures are not
included) {Fraunhofer_1817_1814.pdf} Original in German:
{Fraunhofer_Joseph_1814.pdf} Another English translation: Excerpts in
English translation "DETERMINATION OF THE REFRACTIVE AND THE DISPERSIVE POWER
OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF GLASS WITH REFERENCE TO THE PERFECTING OF ACHROMATIC
TELESCOPES.": J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra: Memoirs by
Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp. 1-10.
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Diffracti
on+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von+Fraunhofer&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots
=K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErIWZX5pLtn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=resu
lt#PPA1,M1
13. ^ William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the
Fixed Stars", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886), Volume 154, 1864,
p413-435. http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/154/413.full.pdf+html
 {Huggins_William_1864.pdf}
14. ^ "Joseph von Fraunhofer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035214/Joseph-von-Fraunhofer
15. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp303-304. (1814)

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph von Fraunhofer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer
Benedictbeuern (near Munich), Germany14   
185 YBN
[11/??/1815 AD] 6 7 8 		2544) The theory that all atomic masses are multiples of the atomic mass of
hydrogen.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp297-298.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp297-298.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp297-298.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp297-298.
5. ^ "William Prout". The Oxford Dictionary of
Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/William+Prout?cat=technology
6. ^ William Prout (published anonymously), On the Relation between the
Specific Gravities of Bodies in their Gaseous State and the Weights of their
Atoms. Annals of Philosophy 6, p321-330
(1815). books.google.com/books?id=tDowAAAAYAAJ
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp297-298. (1815) (1815)
8. ^
"William Prout". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061643/William-Prout (1815)

MORE INFO
[1] "William Prout". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Prout
[2]
http://www.chem.yale.edu/~chem125/125/history99/4RadicalsTypes/Analysis/Liebigan
al.html
London, England5 (presumably)  
185 YBN
[1815 AD] 5 6 		2419) Optical isomers are discovered:1 2 chemically identical molecules that
rotate polarized light in different directions because of differences in their
shape.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "enantiomorph." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Apr.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/enantiomorph
2. ^ "optical isomerism." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia
Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 05 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/430441/optical-isomerism>.
3. ^ "Jean Baptiste Biot". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Jean+Baptiste+Biot?cat=technology
4. ^ "Jean Baptiste Biot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9079276/Jean-Baptiste-Biot
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp272-273. (1815) (1815)
6. ^ "Jean
Baptiste Biot". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Jean+Baptiste+Biot?cat=technology
(1815)

MORE INFO
[1] "Jean Baptiste Biot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Biot
[2] "Jean Baptiste Biot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Jean_Baptiste_Biot
[3] J. B. Biot, 'Me'moire sur les rotations que certaines substances
impriment aux axes de polarisation des rayons lumineux', ~ k m o i r e s de
I'Acadeinie des Sciences, Vol. I1 (1818), 41-136
[4] "Jean Baptiste Biot". The
Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press.,
2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Jean+Baptiste+Biot?cat=technology
[5] , p152.
http://www.jstor.org/view/03063127/ap010006/01a00020/11?frame=noframe&userID=80c
3da37@uci.edu/01c0a8346b00501cfaa39&dpi=3&config=jstor Corpuscular Optics and
the Wave Theory of Light: The Science and Politics of a Revolution in Physics,
by Eugene Frankel Social Studies of Science © 1976 Sage Publications,
Ltd. Corpuscular_Wave_Frankel_1976.pdf
Paris, France4 (presumably)  
185 YBN
[1815 AD] 4 		2469) Chemical radicals are recognized: a group of atoms that take part in most
chemical reactions as a single unit1 , usually passing from one compound to
another but incapable of existing freely for a long time2 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "radical." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia
University Press., 2013. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/radical-chemistry
2. ^ "radical." The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/radical-chemistry
3. ^ "Joseph Louis Gay Lussac". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036247/Joseph-Louis-Gay-Lussac
4. ^ "Joseph Louis Gay Lussac". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036247/Joseph-Louis-Gay-Lussac (1815)

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac
[2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
Paris, France3 (presumably)  
184 YBN
[1816 AD] 2 3 		2384) That strata layers can be recognized by the kinds of fossils in them is
understood.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp263-264.
2. ^ "William Smith".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9068306/William-Smith (1815)
3. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp263-264. (1816) (1816)

MORE INFO
[1] "William Smith (geologist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_%28geologist%29
  
183 YBN
[01/12/1817 AD] 10 11 12 		2408) The theory that light is a transverse wave (oscillates at a right angle
to the direction of travel)4 in an aether medium5 .6 This theory is used to
explain light polarization as the alignment of light waves oscillating in the
same plane.7
But polarization can also be explained as "planarization", in
which light is filtered into parallel planes when reflected.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Thomas Young". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078063/Thomas-Young
2. ^ Young, Thomas. "The Bakerian lecture: On the theory of light and
colours." Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London, v92, 1802,
p12-48, p14. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/107113
AND http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575bae414c
9a974a16d595c628d0&pi=24 {Young_Thomas_1802_on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours.
pdf}
3. ^ "Letter from Dr. Young to M. Arago", Jan. 12, 1817, found in: Young, T.,
G. Peacock, and J. Leitch. Miscellaneous Works: Scientific Memoirs. Murray,
1855. http://books.google.com/books?id=-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=380
4. ^ "Thomas Young". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078063/Thomas-Young
5. ^ Young, Thomas. "The Bakerian lecture: On the theory of light and
colours." Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London, v92, 1802,
p12-48, p14. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/107113
AND http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575bae414c
9a974a16d595c628d0&pi=24 {Young_Thomas_1802_on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours.
pdf}
6. ^ "Letter from Dr. Young to M. Arago", Jan. 12, 1817, found in: Young, T.,
G. Peacock, and J. Leitch. Miscellaneous Works: Scientific Memoirs. Murray,
1855. http://books.google.com/books?id=-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=380
7. ^ "Thomas Young". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078063/Thomas-Young
8. ^ Ted Huntington.
9. ^ "thomas young". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,
Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/thomas-young?cat=health
10. ^ "Letter from Dr. Young to M. Arago", Jan. 12, 1817, found in: Young, T.,
G. Peacock, and J. Leitch. Miscellaneous Works: Scientific Memoirs. Murray,
1855. http://books.google.com/books?id=-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=380
11. ^ "Thomas Young". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078063/Thomas-Young {1817}
12. ^
http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm {1809}

MORE INFO
[1] "Thomas Young (scientist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_%28scientist%29
[2] The History and Present State of Discoveries Relating to Vision, Light and
Colours, Joseph Priestley, 1772, kraus reprint 1978
[3] "astigmatism". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9009975/astigmatism
[4] "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George
peacocl, 1855 John Murray
[5] "Color". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color
[6] # ^ Craig F. Bohren (2006). Fundamentals of Atmospheric Radiation: An
Introduction with 400 Problems. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3527405038
[7] Opticks, Isaac Newton,
Cohen, Dover, 1979
[8]
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/r83rgl3147706v03/?p=2c2209e43a82481a8fe
7ab25edbdf256&pi=1 The Bakerian Lecture: Experiments and Calculations Relative
to Physical Optics Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of
London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 94 -
1804 Pages 1-16 DOI 10.1098/rstl.1804.0001 Young_Thomas_1804_Experiments_and_
Calculations.pdf
[9] Great Experiments in Physics, Shamos, 1959,1987
[10] Thomas Young, Philip Kelland, "A
Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts", Taylor and
Walton, 1845. {Contains the lectures which form vol. I of the 1807
edition.} http://books.google.com/books?id=fGMSAAAAIAAJ
London, England9   
183 YBN
[1817 AD] 6 7 8 		2600) The theory that chemicals contain light.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ E. Newton Harvey, "History of Luminescence From the Earliest Times Until
1900", American Philosophical Society, 1957, p213-214.
2. ^ Gmelin, L. Handbuch Der
Theoretischen Chemie. Springer-Verlag, 1817. Handbuch Der Theoretischen
Chemie. http://books.google.com/books?id=ohUoAQAAIAAJ
3. ^ E. Newton Harvey, "History of Luminescence From the Earliest Times Until
1900", American Philosophical Society, 1957, p213-214.
4. ^ Gmelin, L. Handbuch Der
Theoretischen Chemie. Springer-Verlag, 1817. Handbuch Der Theoretischen
Chemie. http://books.google.com/books?id=ohUoAQAAIAAJ
5. ^ "Leopold Gmelin". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Leopold+Gmelin?cat=technology
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp307-308. (1817) (1817)
7. ^
"Leopold Gmelin". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia
University Press., 2003. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Leopold+Gmelin?cat=technology (1817)
8. ^ "Gmelin (1817)".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Gmelin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gmelin (1817) (1817)

MORE INFO
[1] "Leopold Gmelin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Gmelin
Heidelberg, Germany5   
182 YBN
[1818 AD] 4 		2790) That fungi originate from spores is proven.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.springerlink.com/content/y0w6w64010355260/ Gone with the
wind â€" a second blow against spontaneous generation In memoriam, Christian
Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795â€"1876) Journal Aerobiologia Publisher Springer
Netherlands ISSN 0393-5965 (Print) 1573-3025 (Online) Issue Volume 11, Number
3 / September, 1995 Category Historial
Biography DOI 10.1007/BF02450041 Pages 205-211 Subject Collection Earth and
Environmental Science SpringerLink Date Tuesday, August 01,
2006 Ehrenberg.pdf
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p329.
3. ^ "Christian Gottfried
Ehrenberg". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032099/Christian-Gottfried-Ehrenberg
4. ^, p2. http://www.springerlink.com/content/y0w6w64010355260/ Gone with the
wind â€" a second blow against spontaneous generation In memoriam, Christian
Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795â€"1876) Journal Aerobiologia Publisher Springer
Netherlands ISSN 0393-5965 (Print) 1573-3025 (Online) Issue Volume 11, Number
3 / September, 1995 Category Historial
Biography DOI 10.1007/BF02450041 Pages 205-211 Subject Collection Earth and
Environmental Science SpringerLink Date Tuesday, August 01,
2006 Ehrenberg.pdf (1818) (1818)

MORE INFO
[1] "Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Ehrenberg
[2] http://www.answers.com/topic/christian-gottfried-ehrenberg?cat=technology
[3] "Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Christian_Gottfried_Ehrenberg
Berlin, Germany3   
180 YBN
[04/21/1820 AD] 8 9 10 11 12 13 		2454) Electricity is understood to cause magnetism, and the first
electromagnet; electric current running through a wire causes a magnetic
compass needle to move.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Hans Christian Oersted, (title in Latin?), "Experiments on the Effect of
a Current of Electricity on the Magnetic Needle.", Annals of Philosophy, Vol.
16, pp. 274-75, October 1820. Translated from a printed account drawn up in
Latin by the author and transmitted by hum to the Editor of the Annals of
Philosophy. reprint is in: Tricker, R. A. R., "Early Electrodynamics - The
First Law of Circulation", (Pergamon, NY), 1965, p113-117.
2. ^ Hans Christian Oersted,
(title in Latin?), "Experiments on the Effect of a Current of Electricity on
the Magnetic Needle.", Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 16, pp. 274-75, October 1820.
Translated from a printed account drawn up in Latin by the author and
transmitted by hum to the Editor of the Annals of Philosophy. reprint is in:
Tricker, R. A. R., "Early Electrodynamics - The First Law of Circulation",
(Pergamon, NY), 1965, p113-117.
3. ^ Hans Christian Oersted, (title in Latin?),
"Experiments on the Effect of a Current of Electricity on the Magnetic
Needle.", Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 16, pp. 274-75, October 1820. Translated
from a printed account drawn up in Latin by the author and transmitted by hum
to the Editor of the Annals of Philosophy. reprint is in: Tricker, R. A. R.,
"Early Electrodynamics - The First Law of Circulation", (Pergamon, NY), 1965,
p113-117.
4. ^ Hans Christian Oersted, (title in Latin?), "Experiments on the Effect of a
Current of Electricity on the Magnetic Needle.", Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 16,
pp. 274-75, October 1820. Translated from a printed account drawn up in Latin
by the author and transmitted by hum to the Editor of the Annals of
Philosophy. reprint is in: Tricker, R. A. R., "Early Electrodynamics - The
First Law of Circulation", (Pergamon, NY), 1965, p113-117.
5. ^ "Hans Christian Orsted".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057470/Hans-Christian-Orsted
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp281-282.
7. ^ Hans Christian Oersted,
(title in Latin?), "Experiments on the Effect of a Current of Electricity on
the Magnetic Needle.", Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 16, pp. 274-75, October 1820.
Translated from a printed account drawn up in Latin by the author and
transmitted by hum to the Editor of the Annals of Philosophy. reprint is in:
Tricker, R. A. R., "Early Electrodynamics - The First Law of Circulation",
(Pergamon, NY), 1965, p113-117.
8. ^ "Hans Christian Ørsted". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted (04/21/1820)
9. ^ "Hans
Christian Orsted". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057470/Hans-Christian-Orsted
(04/1820)
10. ^ "hans christian rsted". History of Science and Technology. Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-christian-rsted?cat=technology (1820)
11. ^ "hans
christian rsted". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-christian-rsted?cat=technology (1820)
12. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp281-282. (1819) (1819)
13. ^ "hans christian rsted". The
Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press.,
2003. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-christian-rsted?cat=technology (1819)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[2] "electromagnetic radiation". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-11356/electromagnetic-radiation
Copenhagen, Denmark7   
180 YBN
[09/18/1820 AD] 11 12 13 14 15 		2423) The direction of electric current in a wire is related to magnetic
force.5 6 7 8

If the right hand holds a wire with the thumb pointing from positive to
negative, the fingers indicate the direction the north pole of a magnet will be
deflected.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Analyse des Memoires lus par M. Ampere a l'Academie des sciences, dans
les seances des 18 et 25 septembre, des 9 et 30 octobre 1820," Annales
générales des sciences physiques (published only 1819-1821), 1820, 6:238-257
("Analyse"); p241-257. http://books.google.com/books?id=3ugrAQAAMAAJ
2. ^ "Memoire presente a l'Academie royale des Sciences, le 2
octobre 1820, oiu se trouve compris le resume de ce qui avait ete lu a la meme
Academie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des courans
electriques."," Ann. chim. phys., 1820, 15:59-76; "Suite du Mémoire," ibid.,
pp. 170-218. http://books.google.com/books?id=YezNlOSC2pcC&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q
&f=false
3. ^ L. Pearce Williams, "What Were Ampere's Earliest Discoveries in
Electrodynamics?", Isis , Vol. 74, No. 4 (Dec., 1983), pp.
492-508 http://www.jstor.org/stable/232209
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp274-275.
5. ^ "Analyse des Memoires lus
par M. Ampere a l'Academie des sciences, dans les seances des 18 et 25
septembre, des 9 et 30 octobre 1820," Annales générales des sciences
physiques (published only 1819-1821), 1820, 6:238-257 ("Analyse");
p241-257. http://books.google.com/books?id=3ugrAQAAMAAJ
6. ^ "Memoire presente a l'Academie royale des Sciences, le 2 octobre 1820, oiu
se trouve compris le resume de ce qui avait ete lu a la meme Academie les 18 et
25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des courans electriques."," Ann. chim.
phys., 1820, 15:59-76; "Suite du Mémoire," ibid.,
pp. 170-218. http://books.google.com/books?id=YezNlOSC2pcC&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q
&f=false
7. ^ L. Pearce Williams, "What Were Ampere's Earliest Discoveries in
Electrodynamics?", Isis , Vol. 74, No. 4 (Dec., 1983), pp.
492-508 http://www.jstor.org/stable/232209
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp274-275.
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp274-275.
10. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/ampere.htm
11. ^ "Hans Christian Oersted." Biographies. Answers
Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-christian-rsted?cat=technology (within one
week of Oersted's report: 07/21)
12. ^
http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/ampere.htm (but this source has
09/04 in Paris)
13. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (so by: 09/11/1820 according
to this source)
14. ^ "1820)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Marie_Amp%C3%A8re (hears 9/11
reports:)09/18/1820)
15. ^ "1820)". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "1820)". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Andre_Marie_Ampere (hears
9/11 reports:)09/18/1820)

MORE INFO
[1] "André Marie Ampère". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Marie_Amp%C3%A8re
[2] http://www.answers.com/Andr%C3%A9+Marie+Amp%C3%A8re?cat=technology
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[4] http://gallica.bnf.fr/
Paris, France10   
180 YBN
[09/25/1820 AD] 8 9 10 		2424) Magnetism is identified as electricity;3 that electric current runs
through a permanent magnet.4 5 In addition two parallel wires are found to
attract each other when carrying current in the same direction, and repel each
other when carrying current in opposite directions.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ AMPERE, André-Marie. Mémoire présenté é l'Académie royale des
Sciences, le 2 octobre 1820, oé se trouve compris le résumé de ce qui avait
été lu é la méme Académie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des
courans électriques. Annales de chimie et de physique, 1820, vol. 15, p.
59-74,
p.170-218. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&
bdd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&typeofbookId=1 partial translation to
English in: R. A. R. Tricker, "Early Electrodynamics", Pergamum Press, 1965,
p140-154. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&b
dd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&typeofbookId=1
2. ^ AMPERE, André-Marie. Mémoire présenté é l'Académie royale des
Sciences, le 2 octobre 1820, oé se trouve compris le résumé de ce qui avait
été lu é la méme Académie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des
courans électriques. Annales de chimie et de physique, 1820, vol. 15, p.
59-74,
p.170-218. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&
bdd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&typeofbookId=1 partial translation to
English in: R. A. R. Tricker, "Early Electrodynamics", Pergamum Press, 1965,
p140-154. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&b
dd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&typeofbookId=1
3. ^ AMPERE, André-Marie. Mémoire présenté é l'Académie royale des
Sciences, le 2 octobre 1820, oé se trouve compris le résumé de ce qui avait
été lu é la méme Académie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des
courans électriques. Annales de chimie et de physique, 1820, vol. 15, p.
59-74,
p.170-218. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&
bdd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&typeofbookId=1 partial translation to
English in: R. A. R. Tricker, "Early Electrodynamics", Pergamum Press, 1965,
p140-154. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&b
dd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&typeofbookId=1
4. ^ R. A. R. Tricker, "Early Electrodynamics", Pergamum Press, 1965, p140-154.
5. ^
AMPERE, André-Marie. Mémoire présenté é l'Académie royale des Sciences,
le 2 octobre 1820, oé se trouve compris le résumé de ce qui avait été lu
é la méme Académie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des courans
électriques. Annales de chimie et de physique, 1820, vol. 15, p. 59-74,
p.170-218. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&
bdd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&typeofbookId=1 partial translation to
English in: R. A. R. Tricker, "Early Electrodynamics", Pergamum Press, 1965,
p140-154. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&b
dd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&typeofbookId=1
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp274-275.
7. ^
http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/ampere.htm
8. ^ AMPERE, André-Marie. "Mémoire présenté à l'Académie royale des
Sciences, le 2 octobre 1820, où se trouve compris le résumé de ce qui avait
été lu à la même Académie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des
courans électriques.", Annales de chimie et de physique, 1820, vol. 15, p.
59-74,
p.170-218. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&
bdd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&typeofbookId=1 partial translation to
English in: R. A. R. Tricker, "Early Electrodynamics", Pergamum Press, 1965,
p140-154. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&b
dd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&typeofbookId=1 {1820) 10/02/1820}
9. ^ R. A. R.
Tricker, "Early Electrodynamics", Pergamum Press, 1965, p140-154. {10/20/1820
(mistake}
10. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/ampere.htm c09/30/1820)
(before the end of September) c09/30/1820)

MORE INFO
[1] "Andre Marie Ampere". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9007234/Andre-Marie-Ampere
[2] "André Marie Ampère". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Marie_Amp%C3%A8re
[3] http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-christian-rsted?cat=technology
[4]
http://books.google.com/books?id=3XEc5xkWxi4C&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=%22The+mutual+
action+of+two+electric+currents%22&source=web&ots=RDi1vlMrpC&sig=gi8URXRfofk0H64
F6rtiHIYWarw&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA70,M1
[5] L. Pearce Williams, "What Were Ampere's Earliest Discoveries in
Electrodynamics?", Isis , Vol. 74, No. 4 (Dec., 1983), pp.
492-508 http://www.jstor.org/stable/232209
[6] "Analyse des Memoires lus par M. Ampere a l'Academie des sciences, dans les
seances des 18 et 25 septembre, des 9 et 30 octobre 1820," Annales générales
des sciences physiques (published only 1819-1821), 1820, 6:238-257
("Analyse"); p241-257. http://books.google.com/books?id=3ugrAQAAMAAJ
[7] "Memoire presente a l'Academie royale des Sciences, le 2
octobre 1820, oiu se trouve compris le resume de ce qui avait ete lu a la meme
Academie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des courans
electriques."," Ann. chim. phys., 1820, 15:59-76; "Suite du Mémoire," ibid.,
pp. 170-218. http://books.google.com/books?id=YezNlOSC2pcC&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q
&f=false
Paris, France7   
180 YBN
[1820 AD] 5 		2486) The electric current meter: a needle is deflected to measure a current;2
wrapping a wire several turns around the needle is found to increase the
effect3 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p286.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p286.
3. ^ http://siarchives.si.edu/history/jhp/joseph21.htm
4. ^ "Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Salomo_Christoph_Schweigger
5. ^ "Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Salomo_Christoph_Schweigger (1820)

MORE INFO
[1] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/schweigger.html
[2] http://www.answers.com/galvanometer?cat=technology
Halle, Germany4   
180 YBN
[1820 AD] 3 		2505) The continent of Antarctica is discovered.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp289-290.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp289-290.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp289-290. (1820)
(1820)

MORE INFO
[1] "Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen
[2] http://www.answers.com/Fabian%20Gottlieb%20von%20Bellingshausen
Antarctica2   
180 YBN
[1820 AD] 8 		3374) The first gas combustion engine. This engine uses hydrogen gas combustion
to create a vacuum.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine
2. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine
3. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine
4. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine
5. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine
6. ^ Cambridge Philosophical Society, "Transactions of the Cambridge
Philosophical Society", University Press, 1822, p217-239.
http://books.google.com/books?id=hgYFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0iE3HbhCd9wmSagF2t&as_brr=1#PPA217,M1
7. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine
8. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine {1820}

MORE INFO
[1] "history of technology." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1350805/history-of-technology>
(Magdalen College6 ) Cambridge, England7   
179 YBN
[07/05/1821 AD] 3 		2883) Electrical current in air and in a vacuum is moved by a magnet.1
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Humphry Davy, "Farther Researches on the Magnetic Phaenomena Produced by
Electricity; With Some New Experiments on the Properties of Electrified Bodies
in Their Relations to Conducting Powers and Temperature", Philosophical
Transactions, Vol. 111, 1821, p427.
books.google.com/books?id=nYpJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA425 AND http://journals.royalsoc
iety.org/content/cu3223052t214156/?p=a822388f3bd34c1f976f9a6152c9ebcbπ=55 {Dav
y_magnetic_full.pdf}
2. ^ "Humphry Davy". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology
3. ^ Humphry Davy, "Farther Researches on the Magnetic Phaenomena Produced by
Electricity; With Some New Experiments on the Properties of Electrified Bodies
in Their Relations to Conducting Powers and Temperature", Philosophical
Transactions, Vol. 111, 1821, p427.
books.google.com/books?id=nYpJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA425 AND http://journals.royalsoc
iety.org/content/cu3223052t214156/?p=a822388f3bd34c1f976f9a6152c9ebcbπ=55 {Dav
y_magnetic_full.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Humphry Davy Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9029535/Sir-Humphry-Davy-Baronet
[2] "Humphry Davy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[4] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286
London, England2   
179 YBN
[09/11/1821 AD] 9 10 		2701) The dynamic electric motor.5 This electric motor creates sustained
mechanical motion from electricity,6 and is based on the principle that like
poles of a magnet repel one another.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM
2. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM
3. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM
4. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM
5. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
7. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That
Shaped World History", 1993, p50.
8. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday
9. ^ Michael Faraday, "On some new Electro-Magnetical Motions, and on the
Theory of Magnetism", Royal Institution Quarterly Journal of Science and Arts.
Volume XII, (1822), pp74-96.
http://books.google.com/books?id=lCUCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=%22on+some
+new+electro-magnetical+motions%22&source=web&ots=VKIy3FqaNj&sig=YybSGqm9Q6m-Wqj
9LSQTTX8JGDk&hl=en {Faraday_1821_motor.pdf} (09/11/1821)
10. ^
http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM (1821)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+?cat=technology
[2] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_Faraday
[3] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm
[4] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The
Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of
1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
(1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 /
1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.1993.0031
[5] Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_Electricity_1.pdf Experimental
Researches in Electricity Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 122 - 1832 Author Michael
Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006
[6] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calico
[7] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642/Charles-Darwin
[8] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMaterials.html
[9]
http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science
+of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1
[10] Institution of Engineering and Technology, London Archives, Michael
Faraday
(Royal Institution in) London, England8   
179 YBN
[1821 AD] 20 		2397) Thermoelectricity (or the Seebeck (ZABeK10 ) effect) is discovered: that
an electric current flows between different conductive materials that are kept
at different temperatures.11 12 13 14 15
This is the basis of the thermocouple
{tr-mO-KuPL16 } and thermopile {tR-mu-PIL17 }.18
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp267-268.
2. ^ "Thomas Johann Seebeck".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066564/Thomas-Johann-Seebeck
3. ^ T. SEEBECK, "Ueber den Magnetismus der Galvanischen Kette", Abhandlungen
der Koenigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1821, pp.
289-346. http://books.google.com/books?id=G-JYAAAAYAAJ
4. ^ Seebeck, T.J., Magnetische polarisation der metalle und erze durck
temperatur-differenz, Abhandlungen der Koenigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften
zu Berlin, Berlin, 265, 1823. also printed in: Seebeck, T. J. "Ueber die
magnetische Polarisation der Metalle und Erze durch Temperaturdifferenz."
Annalen der Physik 82.3 (1826):
253-286. http://books.google.com/books?id=RWQEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA253
5. ^ http://thermoelectrics.caltech.edu/thermoelectrics/history.html
6. ^ Rev. J. Cummings, "On the Development of Electro-Magnetism by Heat,"
Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (1823), vol. 2, pp.
47-76. books.google.com/books?id=uv8IAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA47
7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thermocouple&submit=Submit
8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thermopile&submit=Submit
9. ^ Meijer, G. Smart Sensor Systems. Wiley, 2008,
p165. http://books.google.com/books?id=Y1ZdqQc4UiUC&pg=PA165
10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp267-268.
11. ^ "Thomas Johann Seebeck".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066564/Thomas-Johann-Seebeck
12. ^ T. SEEBECK, "Ueber den Magnetismus der Galvanischen Kette", Abhandlungen
der Koenigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1821, pp.
289-346. http://books.google.com/books?id=G-JYAAAAYAAJ
13. ^ Seebeck, T.J., Magnetische polarisation der metalle und erze durck
temperatur-differenz, Abhandlungen der Koenigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften
zu Berlin, Berlin, 265, 1823. also printed in: Seebeck, T. J. "Ueber die
magnetische Polarisation der Metalle und Erze durch Temperaturdifferenz."
Annalen der Physik 82.3 (1826):
253-286. http://books.google.com/books?id=RWQEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA253
14. ^ http://thermoelectrics.caltech.edu/thermoelectrics/history.html
15. ^ Rev. J. Cummings, "On the Development of Electro-Magnetism by
Heat," Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (1823), vol. 2, pp.
47-76. books.google.com/books?id=uv8IAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA47
16. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thermocouple&submit=Submit
17. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thermopile&submit=Submit
18. ^ Meijer, G. Smart Sensor Systems. Wiley, 2008,
p165. http://books.google.com/books?id=Y1ZdqQc4UiUC&pg=PA165
19. ^ "Thomas Johann Seebeck". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Thomas+Johann+Seebeck?cat=technology
20. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp267-268. (1821) (1821)

MORE INFO
[1] Magnetic polatization of metals and minerals
[2]
http://www.dea.icai.upco.es/romano/sp4/tpares_all.pdf
Berlin, Germany19   
177 YBN
[06/14/1823 AD] 8 		3297) The grating equation, nλ=Dsinθ is established. This equation equates
wavelength (or particle interval) of light to the grating groove spacing and
the angle between the spectral line and the perpendicular to the grating. This
equation is then used to calculate wavelengths of light from a diffraction
grating for the first time.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Fraunhofer, Jos., "Kurzer Bericht von den Resultaten neurer Versuche
über die Gesetze des Lichtes, und die Theorie derselben", Annalen der Physik,
v74, i8, 1823, pp. 337-378.
http://books.google.com/books?id=OAMAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA337
AND http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.18230740802 Excerpts in English
translation "SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE RESULTS OF NEW EXPERIMENTS ON THE LAWS OF
LIGHT AND THEIR THEORY" : J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra:
Memoirs by Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp.
39-61. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Dif
fraction+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von+Fraunhofer&printsec=frontcover&source=w
eb&ots=K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErIWZX5pLtn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&c
t=result#PPP11,M1 {Fraunhofer_Joseph_von_Prismatic_and_diffraction_spectra_1823
0714.pdf}
2. ^ Howard-Duff, I., "Joseph Fraunhofer (1787-1826)", Journal of the British
Astronomical Association, vol.97, no.6, p.339-347.
http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1987JBAA...97..339H/0000343.000.html
3. ^ https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/astrophysics.html
4. ^ Fraunhofer, "Kurzer Bericht von den Resultaten neurer Versuche über
die Gesetze des Lichtes, und die Theorie derselben", "Annalen der Physik",
LXXIV, 1823, pp. 337-378.
http://books.google.com/books?id=OAMAAAAAMAAJ&pg=337 Excerpts in English
translation "SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE RESULTS OF NEW EXPERIMENTS ON THE LAWS OF
LIGHT AND THEIR THEORY" : J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra:
Memoirs by Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp.
39-61. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Dif
fraction+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von+Fraunhofer&printsec=frontcover&source=w
eb&ots=K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErIWZX5pLtn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&c
t=result#PPP11,M1 {Fraunhofer_Joseph_von_Prismatic_and_diffraction_spectra_1823
0714.pdf}
5. ^ Howard-Duff, I., "Joseph Fraunhofer (1787-1826)", Journal of the British
Astronomical Association, vol.97, no.6, p.339-347.
http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1987JBAA...97..339H/0000343.000.html
6. ^ https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/astrophysics.html
7. ^ Fraunhofer, "Kurzer Bericht von den Resultaten neurer Versuche über
die Gesetze des Lichtes, und die Theorie derselben", "Annalen der Physik",
LXXIV, 1823, pp. 337-378.
http://books.google.com/books?id=OAMAAAAAMAAJ&pg=337 Excerpts in English
translation "SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE RESULTS OF NEW EXPERIMENTS ON THE LAWS OF
LIGHT AND THEIR THEORY" : J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra:
Memoirs by Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp.
39-61. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Dif
fraction+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von+Fraunhofer&printsec=frontcover&source=w
eb&ots=K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErIWZX5pLtn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&c
t=result#PPP11,M1 {Fraunhofer_Joseph_von_Prismatic_and_diffraction_spectra_1823
0714.pdf}
8. ^ Fraunhofer, "Kurzer Bericht von den Resultaten neurer Versuche über die
Gesetze des Lichtes, und die Theorie derselben, "Annalen der Physik", LXXIV,
1823, pp. 337-378.
http://books.google.com/books?id=OAMAAAAAMAAJ&pg=337 Excerpts in English
translation "SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE RESULTS OF NEW EXPERIMENTS ON THE LAWS OF
LIGHT AND THEIR THEORY" : J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra:
Memoirs by Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp.
39-61. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Dif
fraction+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von+Fraunhofer&printsec=frontcover&source=w
eb&ots=K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErIWZX5pLtn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&c
t=result#PPP11,M1 {Fraunhofer_Joseph_von_Prismatic_and_diffraction_spectra_1823
0714.pdf} {06/14/1823}

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph von Fraunhofer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer
[2] "Joseph von Fraunhofer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035214/Joseph-von-Fraunhofer
[3] "josef von fraunhofer". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/josef-von-fraunhofer?cat=technology (1821)
[4] "Joseph
von Fraunhofer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035214/Joseph-von-Fraunhofer
[5] Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887).
http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1
814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2-HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1
Benedictbeuern (near Munich), Germany7 (presumably)  
175 YBN
[1825 AD] 6 7 8 		2526) The first practical electromagnet (also known as an inductor2 ).3 This
electromagnet can support more than it's own weight.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p295.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p295.
4. ^ "William Sturgeon". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070045/William-Sturgeon
5. ^ "William Sturgeon". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070045/William-Sturgeon
6. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/sturgeon.html (1825)
7. ^ "William
Sturgeon". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070045/William-Sturgeon (1825)
8. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p295. (1823) (1823)

MORE INFO
[1] "William Sturgeon". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sturgeon
Surrey, England5 (presumably)  
174 YBN
[03/??/1826 AD] 3 4 		3454) That the spectrum of a flame can be used to detect the presence of
chemical compounds is understood.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ W. H. F. Talbot, "Some Experiments on Coloured Flames," Edinburgh Journal
of Science, 1826,
5:77-81. http://books.google.com/books?id=FCEAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=e
ditions:09ag5pOefph1Cw5vrXy#PPA77,M1
2. ^ W. H. F. Talbot, "Some Experiments on Coloured Flames," Edinburgh Journal
of Science, 1826,
5:77-81. http://books.google.com/books?id=FCEAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=e
ditions:09ag5pOefph1Cw5vrXy#PPA77,M1
3. ^ W. H. F. Talbot, "Some Experiments on Coloured Flames," Edinburgh Journal
of Science, 1826,
5:77-81. http://books.google.com/books?id=FCEAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=e
ditions:09ag5pOefph1Cw5vrXy#PPA77,M1 {03/1826}
4. ^ William Allen Miller, "Elements of
chemistry", s.n., 1863,
p167. http://books.google.com/books?id=OWUDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA165&lpg=PA165&dq=1835+
wheatstone+on+the+prismatic+electric+light&source=web&ots=uNEuKxvNh4&sig=8ctnmGV
BA1QA07Gk8nX14MpIid4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result#PPA167,M1
{1826}

MORE INFO
[1] "William Henry Fox Talbot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Fox_Talbot
[2] "William Henry Fox Talbot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/William_Henry_Fox_Talbot
[3] Philosophical Magazine, series 3, volume 14, number 88, March 1839,
pp196-209. {talbot001.pdf}
[4]
http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/da/ViewObjectMain.jsp;jsessionid=84ae0c5f82409b3e
d94e5f0845e8bb80da92736af390?fileid=0000070503:000006275588&reqid=978
[5] http://www.rleggat.com/photohistory/history/talbot.htm
[6] "William Henry Fox Talbot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9071034/William-Henry-Fox-Talbot (1835)
[7]
"William Henry Fox Talbot". The Oxford Companion to the Photograph. Oxford
University Press, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/William+Henry+Fox+Talbot?cat=entertainment
London, England2   
174 YBN
[07/31/1826 AD] 9 10 		3440) The phenomenon of electrical oscillation is discovered (the basis of
alternating current and radio communication4 ).5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Thomas K. Simpson, "Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of
His Electromagnetic Theory", Isis, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter, 1966), pp.
411-432. http://www.jstor.org/stable/228514?seq=7
{Electrical_Oscillation_1966.pdf}
3. ^ Félix Savary, "Mémoire sur l'alimentation", Annales de Chimie et de
Physique, 1827, V34,
p5-57;p54-56. http://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5 {Savary_182
7.pdf}
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Thomas K. Simpson, "Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of
His Electromagnetic Theory", Isis, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter, 1966), pp.
411-432. http://www.jstor.org/stable/228514?seq=7
{Electrical_Oscillation_1966.pdf}
6. ^ Félix Savary, "Mémoire sur l'alimentation", Annales de Chimie et de
Physique, 1827, V34,
p5-57;p54-56. http://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5 {Savary_182
7.pdf}
7. ^ http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Savary.html
8. ^ Félix Savary, "Mémoire sur l'alimentation", Annales de Chimie et de
Physique, 1827, V34,
p5-57;p54-56. http://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5 {Savary_182
7.pdf}
9. ^ Félix Savary, "Mémoire sur l'alimentation", Annales de Chimie et de
Physique, 1827, V34,
p5-57;p54-56. http://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5 {Savary_182
7.pdf} {07/05/1826}
10. ^ Félix Savary, "Mémoire sur l'alimentation", Annales de Chimie et
de Physique, 1827, V34,
p5-57;p54-56. http://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5 {Savary_182
7.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Savart.html
[2] The Rise of Modern Physics, Henry Crew, Williams & Wilkens
Company, 1928, p271
[3] The Rise of Modern Physics, Henry Crew, Williams & Wilkens
Company, 1935, p270
[4] Tapan K. Sarkar, "History of Wireless",
p12. http://books.google.com/books?id=NBLEAA6QKYkC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=felix+sa
vary+france+academy&source=web&ots=1G-QerT8pr&sig=svebXMDBkxIt9XuFntMm0NDttMU&hl
=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result
(Bureau des Longitudes7 ) Paris, France8 (presumably)  
174 YBN
[1826 AD] 9 10 11 		2355) The first permanent photograph6 and photograph reproduction process. A
pewter plate is coated with asphalt which hardens on exposure to light, the
unhardened areas are removed with oil of lavender mixed with petroleum jelly.
Prints of the image can then be made on a press.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/7.html
2. ^ "Nicephore Niepce". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055791/Nicephore-Niepce
3. ^ http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/7.html
4. ^ http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/7.html
5. ^ "Nicephore Niepce". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055791/Nicephore-Niepce
6. ^ http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/7.html
7. ^ "photoengraving." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia
Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 02 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/457873/photoengraving>.
8. ^ "Nicephore Niepce". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055791/Nicephore-Niepce
9. ^ "Joseph Nicéphore Niepce". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy.
Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Joseph+Nic%C3%A9phore+Niepce?cat=technology (1826)
10. ^
http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/7.html (1826/7)
11. ^ "Nicephore
Niepce". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055791/Nicephore-Niepce (1826/7)

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph Nicéphore Niepce". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Niepce
[2] "lithography". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048518/lithography
Chalon-sur-Saône, France8   
174 YBN
[1826 AD] 5 		3384) A gas combustion vacuum engine car and boat.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Dugald Clerk, "The Gas Engine", Scientific American Supplement (Vol. 19,
#484: April 11,
1885) http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=13939 and
also http://www.a1nethost.com/american/scientific-american/484/00.htm#3
2. ^ Dugald Clerk, "The Gas Engine", Scientific American Supplement (Vol.
19, #484: April 11,
1885) http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=13939 and
also http://www.a1nethost.com/american/scientific-american/484/00.htm#3
3. ^ http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignOffice/projects/cecil/history.html
4. ^ http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50019
5. ^ William Robinson, "Gas and Petroleum Engines: A Practical
Treatise on the Internal Combustion ...",
http://books.google.com/books?id=8e9MAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=%22robert+
street%22+patent+engine&source=web&ots=zXhunpMWQn&sig=OK3zL_tlF9en_5S83tLJ0kuNyV
I&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA102,M1 {1826}

MORE INFO
[1] "Samuel Brown (engineer)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Brown_(engineer)
[2] http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aacarsgasa.htm
[3] "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911
London, England3 4   
173 YBN
[05/01/1827 AD] 4 5 		2606) The concept of electrical resistance, and "Ohm's law": that current is
equal to voltage divided by resistance.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp309-310.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp309-310.
3. ^ Georg Simon Ohm, "Die Galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet von
Dr. G. S. Ohm", Berlin,
1827. http://www.google.com/books?id=yR0AAAAAQAAJ&dq=Die+Galvanische+Kette+math
ematisch+bearbeitet+von+Dr.+G.+S.+Ohm&pg=PP1&ots=RNXZ5VQkE0&source=bn&sig=tUP0wc
3OFtbSTUIaXPvLz1pZbS0 Translated from German by William Frances, Student in
Philosophy in the University of Berlin as: "The Galvanic Circuit investigated
Mathematically.", Scientific Memoirs, v. 2, 1841,
p401-506. {Ohm_Georg_1827.pdf}
4. ^ Georg Simon Ohm, "Die Galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet von Dr. G.
S. Ohm", Berlin,
1827. http://www.google.com/books?id=yR0AAAAAQAAJ&dq=Die+Galvanische+Kette+math
ematisch+bearbeitet+von+Dr.+G.+S.+Ohm&pg=PP1&ots=RNXZ5VQkE0&source=bn&sig=tUP0wc
3OFtbSTUIaXPvLz1pZbS0 Translated from German by William Frances, Student in
Philosophy in the University of Berlin as: "The Galvanic Circuit investigated
Mathematically.", Scientific Memoirs, v. 2, 1841,
p401-506. {Ohm_Georg_1827.pdf} {05/01/1827}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195
great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged",
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp309-310. (1827)

MORE INFO
[1] "Georg Simon Ohm". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Simon_Ohm
Berlin, Germany3 (written in Cologne?)  
173 YBN
[1827 AD] 4 5 		2724) The mammal egg, the ovum, is discovered.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Karl Ernst Ritter von Baer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011720/Karl-Ernst-Ritter-von-Baer
2. ^ "Karl Ernst Ritter von Baer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011720/Karl-Ernst-Ritter-von-Baer
3. ^ "Karl Ernst von Baer". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Karl+Ernst+von+Baer?cat=technology
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp321-322. (1827) (1827)
5. ^
"Karl Ernst Ritter von Baer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011720/Karl-Ernst-Ritter-von-Baer (1827)

MORE INFO
[1] "Karl Ernst von Baer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer
[2] "Karl Ernst Von Baer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Karl_Ernst_Von_Baer
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
(Königsberg now) Kaliningrad, Russia2 3   
173 YBN
[1827 AD] 4 5 		2774) That the wavelength (or particle interval) of light of a given spectral
line can be used as a standard of length is realized.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Jacques Babinet". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Jacques+Babinet?cat=technology
2. ^ "02178b.htm". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02178b.htm
3. ^ "Collège Louis le Grand". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Louis_le_Grand
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p327. (1827) (1827)
5. ^ "Jacques
Babinet". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994,
1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Jacques+Babinet?cat=technology
(1827)

MORE INFO
[1] "Jacques Babinet". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Babinet
Paris, France2 3   
173 YBN
[1827 AD] 5 		3591) The earliest electric printer. A spark is passed through a rotating strip
of litmus paper which, by the formation of nitric acid, leaves a red dot.3
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837",
E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA
2. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837",
E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA
3. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837",
E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA
4. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837",
E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA
5. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837",
E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA {1827}

MORE INFO
[1] John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy: Including Some
Bare-wire Proposals for Subaqueous Telegraphs", Dodd, Mead,
1902. http://books.google.com/books?id=alIXAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=john
+j+fahie&ei=8xfYSLjYNKGutgP_lpXeDg
[2] "Old Time Telegraphic History", Electrical World and Engineer, 01/17/1903,
p113. http://books.google.com/books?id=hbZQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA115
New York City NY4 (presumably)  
173 YBN
[1827 AD] 5 6 7 8 		6599) Roads are paved with asphalt.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ The Roads and Railroads, Vehicles, and Modes of Travelling, of Ancient
and Modern Countries: With Accounts of Bridges, Tunnels, and Canals, in Various
Parts of the World ... Parker, 1839,
p91. http://books.google.com/books?id=PPUHAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA91
2. ^ Gwilt, J. An Encyclop�dia of Architecture: Historical, Theoretical, and
Practical. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1842,
p511. http://books.google.com/books?id=6-1LAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA511
3. ^ Baynes, T.S. The Encyclopaedia Britannica: a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences,
and General Literature. A. and C. Black, 1898. The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A
Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature,
p716. http://books.google.com/books?id=LdxTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA716
4. ^ The Roads and Railroads, Vehicles, and Modes of Travelling, of Ancient and
Modern Countries: With Accounts of Bridges, Tunnels, and Canals, in Various
Parts of the World ... Parker, 1839,
p91. http://books.google.com/books?id=PPUHAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA91
5. ^ Gwilt, J. An Encyclop�dia of Architecture: Historical, Theoretical, and
Practical. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1842,
p511. http://books.google.com/books?id=6-1LAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA511
6. ^ Haydn, J., and B. Vincent. Haydn�s Dictionary of Dates Relating to All
Ages and Nations: For Universal Reference. E. Moxon and Company, 1883,
p50. http://books.google.com/books?id=Kil72tKqDo0C&pg=PA50
7. ^ Baynes, T.S. The Encyclopaedia Britannica: a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences,
and General Literature. A. and C. Black, 1898. The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A
Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature,
p716. http://books.google.com/books?id=LdxTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA716
8. ^ The Roads and Railroads, Vehicles, and Modes of Travelling, of Ancient and
Modern Countries: With Accounts of Bridges, Tunnels, and Canals, in Various
Parts of the World ... Parker, 1839,
p91. http://books.google.com/books?id=PPUHAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA91
(Pont Moraud Bridge) Lyons, France2 |France3 |(A bridge in) Paris, France4
  
172 YBN
[02/??/1828 AD] 8 9 		2857) The first "organic" molecule (urea) is produced from inorganic sources.5
6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Wöhler, Friedrich. "Ueber künstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs" Annalen
der physik und chemie V12 p253 (1828):
1828. http://books.google.com/books?id=n5OZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA253 English
translation: "On the artificial formation of
urea." http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Wohler-article.html
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp342-343.
3. ^ Wöhler, Friedrich.
"Ueber künstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs" Annalen der physik und chemie V12
p253 (1828):
1828. http://books.google.com/books?id=n5OZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA253 English
translation: "On the artificial formation of
urea." http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Wohler-article.html
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp342-343.
5. ^ Wöhler, Friedrich.
"Ueber künstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs" Annalen der physik und chemie V12
p253 (1828):
1828. http://books.google.com/books?id=n5OZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA253 English
translation: "On the artificial formation of
urea." http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Wohler-article.html
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp342-343.
7. ^ "Friedrich Wohler".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9077322/Friedrich-Wohler
8. ^ "Friedrich Wohler". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9077322/Friedrich-Wohler
(02/1828)
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp342-343. (1828) (1828)

MORE INFO
[1] "Friedrich Wöhler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler
[2] http://www.answers.com/Friedrich+W%C3%B6hler?cat=technology
[3] "Friedrich Wohler". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Friedrich_Wohler
[4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
(Berlin Gewerbeschule (trade school)) Berlin, Germany7   
172 YBN
[06/??/1828 AD] 4 5 6 		2805) Insulated electric wire.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Joseph Henry". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040056/Joseph-Henry
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp335-337.
3. ^ "Joseph Henry". The
Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press.,
2003. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Joseph+Henry?cat=technology
4. ^ http://siarchives.si.edu/history/jhp/joseph20.htm
(06/1828)
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp335-337. (1829) (1829)
6. ^
Henry_1831_electromagnet_silk_insulate.pdf APPENDIX.; On the application of
the principle of the galvanic multiplier to electro-magnetic apparatus, and
also to the developement of great magnetic power in soft Iron, with a small
galvanic element; JOSEPH HENRY. American Journal of Science and Arts
(1820-1879). New Haven: Jan 2, 1831. Vol. 19, Iss. 2; p. 400 (9 pages)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=338949441&SrchMode=3&sid=7&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1205045477&clientId=1568&aid=1
(published: 01/1931) (published: 01/1931)

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph Henry". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henry
[2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[3] http://www.150.si.edu/chap2/two.htm
[4] http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bljosephhenry.htm
[5]
http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1963/1/1963_1_24.shtml
[6] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/31245/01454584.pdf The Electric Motor,
the Telegraph, and Joseph Henry‘s Theory of Technological Progress ARTHUR P.
MOLELLA Henry_Motor_Telegraph_01454584.pdf
Albany, NY, USA2 3   
171 YBN
[03/27/1829 AD] 15 		2844) Electric current is produced by moving a wire near a magnet;10 11 12 the
phenomenon of dynamic electrical induction.13
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Biblioteca Italiana, o sia Giornale di letteratura, scienze ed
arti,1829,vol 53,pp398-402 {Zantedeschi_1829.pdf}
2. ^ Stewart, I. In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17
Equations That Changed the World. Basic Books, 2012,
p169. http://books.google.com/books?id=ezzWkITecN8C&pg=PT169
3. ^ Herbermann, C.G. et al. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work
of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the
Catholic Church. Robert Appleton Company, 1912. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An
International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and
History of the Catholic Church,
p750. http://books.google.com/books?id=9sZAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA750
4. ^ Biblioteca Italiana, o sia Giornale di letteratura, scienze ed
arti,1829,vol 53,pp398-402 {Zantedeschi_1829.pdf}
5. ^ Stewart, I. In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17
Equations That Changed the World. Basic Books, 2012,
p169. http://books.google.com/books?id=ezzWkITecN8C&pg=PT169
6. ^ Herbermann, C.G. et al. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work
of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the
Catholic Church. Robert Appleton Company, 1912. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An
International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and
History of the Catholic Church,
p750. http://books.google.com/books?id=9sZAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA750
7. ^ Biblioteca Italiana, o sia Giornale di letteratura, scienze ed
arti,1829,vol 53,pp398-402 {Zantedeschi_1829.pdf}
8. ^ Stewart, I. In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17
Equations That Changed the World. Basic Books, 2012,
p169. http://books.google.com/books?id=ezzWkITecN8C&pg=PT169
9. ^ Herbermann, C.G. et al. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work
of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the
Catholic Church. Robert Appleton Company, 1912. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An
International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and
History of the Catholic Church,
p750. http://books.google.com/books?id=9sZAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA750
10. ^ Biblioteca Italiana, o sia Giornale di letteratura, scienze ed
arti,1829,vol 53,pp398-402 {Zantedeschi_1829.pdf}
11. ^ Stewart, I. In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17
Equations That Changed the World. Basic Books, 2012,
p169. http://books.google.com/books?id=ezzWkITecN8C&pg=PT169
12. ^ Herbermann, C.G. et al. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work
of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the
Catholic Church. Robert Appleton Company, 1912. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An
International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and
History of the Catholic Church,
p750. http://books.google.com/books?id=9sZAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA750
13. ^ Ted Huntington.
14. ^ Biblioteca Italiana, o sia Giornale di letteratura, scienze ed
arti,1829,vol 53,pp398-402, p402. Zantedeschi_1829.pdf
15. ^ Biblioteca Italiana, o sia Giornale di
letteratura, scienze ed arti,1829,vol 53,pp398-402, p402.
Zantedeschi_1829.pdf (03/27/1829)

MORE INFO
[1] The Contribution of Fracesco Zantedeschi at the Development of the
Experimental Laboratory of Physics Faculty of the Padua University, Massimo
Tinazzi,
http://www.brera.unimi.it/SISFA/atti/1999/Tinazzi.pdf Zantedeschi_Tinazzi.pdf
[2] La Electricidad, http://www2.ubu.es/ingelec/ingelect/HistII.pdf
Zantedeschi_HistII.pdf (apparently text identical to
[3]
http://books.google.com/books?id=fngtAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PRA2-PA398,M1
[4] http://books.google.com/books?id=yUYEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA76,M1
[5] http://www.wordreference.com/
Pavia, Italy14   
171 YBN
[1829 AD] 5 		2735) The terms "kinetic energy" (as E=½mv²1 ) and "work" (as W=Fd2 ) are
introduced.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ "Gustave Gaspard Coriolis". Encyclopedia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9026304/Gustave-Gaspard-Coriolis
4. ^ "Gustave Gaspard Coriolis". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9026304/Gustave-Gaspard-Coriolis
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp322-323. (1829) (1829)

MORE INFO
[1] "Coriolis Effect". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_Effect
[2] http://www.answers.com/Gustave+Gaspard+de+Coriolis+?cat=technology
[3] "Coriolis force". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9026305/Coriolis-force
[4] "Coriolis Effect". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_Effect "Gustave Gaspard Coriolis".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "Gustave
Gaspard Coriolis". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9026304/Gustave-Gaspard-Coriolis
Paris, France4   
171 YBN
[1829 AD] 11 12 		2767) The theory that space in the universe might be curved while only
appearing to be straight. The start of "Non-Euclidean" geometry; a geometry
where one or more of Euclid's postulates is supposed to be false.4 5 6 That
angles in a triangle made of curved lines may not add to pi as one of Euclid's
postulates requires7 is demonstrated.8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp325-326.
2. ^ NI Lobachevsky,
(translated from Russian) "On the foundations of geometry", Kazan Messenger,
1829. reprinted in: Kagan V.F.(ed.): N.I.Lobachevsky - Complete Collected
Works, Vols I-IV (Russian), Moscow-Leningrad (GITTL) 1946-51 German
translation: N I Lobachevskii; Friedrich Engel, "Zwei geometrische
Abhandlungen" ,Leipzig,1898-99, 1972.
3. ^ Lobachevski, tr: Halsted "The Theory of
the Parallels", 1914, p3.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp325-326.
5. ^ NI
Lobachevsky, (translated from Russian) "On the foundations of geometry", Kazan
Messenger, 1829. reprinted in: Kagan V.F.(ed.): N.I.Lobachevsky - Complete
Collected Works, Vols I-IV (Russian), Moscow-Leningrad (GITTL) 1946-51 German
translation: N I Lobachevskii; Friedrich Engel, "Zwei geometrische
Abhandlungen" ,Leipzig,1898-99, 1972.
6. ^ Lobachevski, tr: Halsted "The Theory of
the Parallels", 1914, p3.
7. ^ Ted Huntington.
8. ^ Ted Huntington.
9. ^ A History of Non-Euclidean
Geometry, Evolution of the Concept of a Geometric Space, B. A. Rosenfeld, 1988,
p208.
10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp325-326. (1829)
11. ^
http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm (1826 announces) (1829)
12. ^ "Lobachevsky".
The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Lobachevsky+?cat=technology (1826
announces)

MORE INFO
[1] "Lobachevsky". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobachevsky
[2] "Kazan State University". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan_State_University
[3] http://www.answers.com/parallel+postulate?cat=technology
[4] "Euclid's Elements". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements
[5] "Nikolay Ivanovich Lobachevsky". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 06 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/345382/Nikolay-Ivanovich-Lobache
vsky>
[6] Alexander Vucinich, "Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevskii: The Man behind the
First Non-Euclidean Geometry", Isis , Vol. 53, No. 4 (Dec., 1962), pp.
465-481 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History
of Science Society http://www.jstor.org/stable/227721
Kazan, Russia10   
170 YBN
[1830 AD] 3 		2624) The practice of blood-letting is denounced.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Marshall Hall". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038918/Marshall-Hall
2. ^ "Marshall Hall". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038918/Marshall-Hall
3. ^ "Marshall Hall". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038918/Marshall-Hall (1830)

MORE INFO
[1] "Marshall Hall (physiologist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Hall_%28physiologist%29
London, England2 (presumably)  
170 YBN
[1830 AD] 32 33 34 35 		4003) The first sound recordings. Sound vibrations are recorded by a tuning
fork moving an attached whisker onto a sooted glass plate.25 26 27 28 29 30
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Franz Josef Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der
naturwissenschaft und der ...",
1865. http://books.google.com/books?id=fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v
ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false
2. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla
ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false
3. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume
1", 1879,
p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin
g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
4. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A. H.
Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29",
p229-230. http://books.google.com/books?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web
er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
5. ^ Dr. Franz Melde, Lehre von den Schwingungscurven. Leipzig, Barth 1864,
pag. 83, §. 17.
http://books.google.com/books?id=Ymj_c6z3kfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lehre+von
+den+Schwingungscurven+date:1864-1864#v=onepage&q=weber&f=false (in
English:) Dr. Franz Melde, "theory of Vibration-Curves". Leipzig, Barth 1864,
p. 83, §. 17.
6. ^ Schilling musikalisches Lexicon, Stuttgart 1830, I. Band,
Artikel Akustik von Wilhelm Weber. (in English:) Schilling musical lexicon,
Stuttgart, 1830, Volume I, Article Acoustics by William Weber.
7. ^ Franz Josef Pisko,
"Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der naturwissenschaft und der
...",
1865. http://books.google.com/books?id=fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v
ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false
8. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla
ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false
9. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume
1", 1879,
p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin
g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
10. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A.
H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29",
p229-230. http://books.google.com/books?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web
er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
11. ^ Dr. Franz Melde, Lehre von den Schwingungscurven. Leipzig, Barth 1864,
pag. 83, §. 17.
http://books.google.com/books?id=Ymj_c6z3kfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lehre+von
+den+Schwingungscurven+date:1864-1864#v=onepage&q=weber&f=false (in
English:) Dr. Franz Melde, "theory of Vibration-Curves". Leipzig, Barth 1864,
p. 83, §. 17.
12. ^ Schilling musikalisches Lexicon, Stuttgart 1830, I. Band,
Artikel Akustik von Wilhelm Weber. (in English:) Schilling musical lexicon,
Stuttgart, 1830, Volume I, Article Acoustics by William Weber.
13. ^ Franz Josef
Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der naturwissenschaft
und der ...",
1865. http://books.google.com/books?id=fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v
ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false
14. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla
ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false
15. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume
1", 1879,
p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin
g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
16. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A.
H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29",
p229-230. http://books.google.com/books?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web
er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
17. ^ Dr. Franz Melde, Lehre von den Schwingungscurven. Leipzig, Barth 1864,
pag. 83, §. 17.
http://books.google.com/books?id=Ymj_c6z3kfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lehre+von
+den+Schwingungscurven+date:1864-1864#v=onepage&q=weber&f=false (in
English:) Dr. Franz Melde, "theory of Vibration-Curves". Leipzig, Barth 1864,
p. 83, §. 17.
18. ^ Schilling musikalisches Lexicon, Stuttgart 1830, I. Band,
Artikel Akustik von Wilhelm Weber. (in English:) Schilling musical lexicon,
Stuttgart, 1830, Volume I, Article Acoustics by William Weber.
19. ^ Franz Josef
Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der naturwissenschaft
und der ...",
1865. http://books.google.com/books?id=fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v
ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false
20. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla
ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false
21. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume
1", 1879,
p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin
g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
22. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A.
H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29",
p229-230. http://books.google.com/books?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web
er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
23. ^ Dr. Franz Melde, Lehre von den Schwingungscurven. Leipzig, Barth 1864,
pag. 83, §. 17.
http://books.google.com/books?id=Ymj_c6z3kfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lehre+von
+den+Schwingungscurven+date:1864-1864#v=onepage&q=weber&f=false (in
English:) Dr. Franz Melde, "theory of Vibration-Curves". Leipzig, Barth 1864,
p. 83, §. 17.
24. ^ Schilling musikalisches Lexicon, Stuttgart 1830, I. Band,
Artikel Akustik von Wilhelm Weber. (in English:) Schilling musical lexicon,
Stuttgart, 1830, Volume I, Article Acoustics by William Weber.
25. ^ Franz Josef
Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der naturwissenschaft
und der ...",
1865. http://books.google.com/books?id=fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v
ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false
26. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla
ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false
27. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume
1", 1879,
p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin
g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
28. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A.
H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29",
p229-230. http://books.google.com/books?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web
er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
29. ^ Dr. Franz Melde, Lehre von den Schwingungscurven. Leipzig, Barth 1864,
pag. 83, §. 17.
http://books.google.com/books?id=Ymj_c6z3kfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lehre+von
+den+Schwingungscurven+date:1864-1864#v=onepage&q=weber&f=false (in
English:) Dr. Franz Melde, "theory of Vibration-Curves". Leipzig, Barth 1864,
p. 83, §. 17.
30. ^ Schilling musikalisches Lexicon, Stuttgart 1830, I. Band,
Artikel Akustik von Wilhelm Weber. (in English:) Schilling musical lexicon,
Stuttgart, 1830, Volume I, Article Acoustics by William Weber.
31. ^ Friedrich A.
Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla
ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false
32. ^ Franz Josef Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der
naturwissenschaft und der ...",
1865. http://books.google.com/books?id=fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v
ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false {1830}
33. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film,
typewriter", 1999,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla
ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false {1830}
34. ^ edited
by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume 1", 1879,
p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin
g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
35. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A.
H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29",
p229-230. http://books.google.com/books?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web
er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false

MORE INFO
[1] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber
[2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[3] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076390/Wilhelm-Eduard-Weber (1837)
(University of) Göttingen, Germany31   
169 YBN
[02/17/1831 AD] 9 		2702) The electrical transformer5 : a device used to transfer electricity from
one circuit to another, in particular a pair of wire coils that can be used to
transfer electricity with a change in voltage, current, or phase6 .

A primary coil is found to cause current in an unconnected secondary coil, but
only when the primary current is switched on or off, and not during a constant
current.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday
2. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday
3. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday
4. ^ "transformer." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/transformer
5. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday
6. ^ "transformer." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/transformer
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp315-320.
8. ^
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=338986411&SrchMode=3&sid=7&Fmt=10&VI
nst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1204938559&clientId=48051&aid=1 Henry_J
oseph_1832_ajs.pdf American Journal of Science and Arts (1820-1879); Jan 3,
1832; 22, 2; APS Online pg. 403 On the Production of Current and Sparks of
Electricity from Magnetism (02/17/1831 {more full account published:}
08/29/1831)
9. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday
(02/17/1831 {more full account published:} 08/29/1831) {02/17/1831 (more full
account published:) 08/29/1831}

MORE INFO
[1] "Michael Faraday". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday
[2] http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+?cat=technology
[3] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_Faraday
[4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[5] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMaterials.html
[6]
http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science
+of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1
[7] http://www.rigb.org/heritage/faradaypage.jsp
[8] http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15750b.htm
[9] The Contribution of Fracesco Zantedeschi at the Development of the
Experimental Laboratory of Physics Faculty of the Padua University, Massimo
Tinazzi,
http://www.brera.unimi.it/SISFA/atti/1999/Tinazzi.pdf Zantadeschi_Tinazzi.pdf
[10] La Electricidad, http://www2.ubu.es/ingelec/ingelect/HistII.pdf
Zantadeschi_HistII.pdf (apparently text identical to
[11]
http://books.google.com/books?id=fngtAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PRA2-PA398,M1
[12]
http://books.google.com/books?id=fxsAAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA6-PA44&lpg=RA6-PA44&dq=lebail
lif+scope&source=web&ots=36wpS-5ksg&sig=A7KVLfh8fg1hdDtoB5Kr81UzNAw&hl=en#PRA6-P
A43,M1 (for a description of a sideroscope of M Lebaillid)
[13] "Faradays law of
induction". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9033718/Faradays-law-of-induction
[14] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf, p243.
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The
Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of
1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
(1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 /
1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.1993.0031
[15] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "calico".
Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calico
[16] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642/Charles-Darwin
[17]
http://books.google.com/books?id=yUYEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA76,M1
(Royal Institution in) London, England8   
169 YBN
[09/??/1831 AD] 13 		2705) The (dynamic) electric generator (or "dynamo"). By mechanically moving a
conductor near a magnet, a constant electric current is produced.9 10

Now a steam engine or water power can be used to produce electricity. The
generator creates a large and low cost supply of electric current.11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Michael Faraday, "Experimental Researches in Electricity", Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 122, (1832),
p146. DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006.
{Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_Electricity_1.pdf}
2. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm
3. ^ Michael Faraday, "Experimental Researches in Electricity",
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume
122, (1832), p146. DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006.
{Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_Electricity_1.pdf}
4. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm
5. ^ Michael Faraday, "Experimental Researches in Electricity",
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume
122, (1832), p146. DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006.
{Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_Electricity_1.pdf}
6. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm
7. ^ Michael Faraday, "Experimental Researches in Electricity",
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume
122, (1832), p146. DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006.
{Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_Electricity_1.pdf}
8. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm
9. ^ Michael Faraday, "Experimental Researches in Electricity",
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume
122, (1832), p146. DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006.
{Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_Electricity_1.pdf}
10. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm
11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp315-320.
12. ^ "Michael Faraday".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday
13. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm (09/??/1831)

MORE INFO
[1] "Michael Faraday". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday
[2] http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+?cat=technology
[3] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_Faraday
[4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[5] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The
Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of
1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
(1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 /
1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.1993.0031
[6] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calico
[7] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642/Charles-Darwin
[8] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMaterials.html
[9]
http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science
+of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1
(Royal Institution in) London, England12   
169 YBN
[10/??/1831 AD] 6 		6601) A heat sensor that can detect heat from a person 25 feet (or 7 meters)
away.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "New instruments for measuring heat", American Journal of Science and
Arts, Volume 22, 1832, p370- books.google.com/books?id=i-zRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA370
2. ^ The American Journal of Science and Arts. S.
Converse, Volume 23, 1833,
p185. http://books.google.com/books?id=nDYPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA185
3. ^ Forbes, J.D. A Review of the Progress of Mathematical and Physical Science
in More Recent Times: And Particulary Between the Years 1775 and 1850 ; Being
One of the Dissertations to the Eighth Edition of the Encyclopeadia Britannica.
Adam and Black, 1858,
p157. http://books.google.com/books?id=iiJRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA157
4. ^ Nobili, Leopoldo. "Description d'un thermo-multiplicateur ou thermoscope
electrique." Biblioth�que Universelle. Science et Arts 30 (1830):
225-230. books.google.com/books?id=yIZCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA225
5. ^
http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Thermodynamics/Differential_Thermopile/
Differential_Thermopile.html
6. ^ The American Journal of Science and Arts. S. Converse, Volume 23, 1833,
p185. http://books.google.com/books?id=nDYPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA185

MORE INFO
[1] "Macedonio Melloni". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonio_Melloni
[2] http://www.answers.com/topic/macedonio-melloni?cat=technology
[3]
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V70-4HF5KMF-4&_user=4
422&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVe
rsion=0&_userid=4422&md5=1658db485facb9e3bce968dbdb29340e
[4] Cornell, 1938 E.S. Cornell, The radiant heat spectrum from herschel to
Melloni-I. The Work of Herschel and his contemporaries, Annals of Science 3
(1938), pp. 119-137. Full Text via
CrossRef http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content?content=10.1080/0003379380020
0801 Infrared_Herschel_Melloni.pdf
[5] Melloni, 1848 Melloni, M. (1848). Researches on the radiations of
incandescent bodies, and on the elementary colours of the solar spectrum.
Philosophical Magazine, 3rd series, 32, 262-276. (First published as Ricerche
sulle irradiazioni de" corpi roventi, e sui colori elementari dello spettro
solare, Museo di Napoli, 12 1847, 17-38; also reprinted in Rendiconto R.
Accademia di Napoli, 6, 1847, 83-106)
[6] Melloni, 1994 Melloni, M. (1994). Carteggio
(1819-1854), (E. Schettino, Ed.). Firenze: Olschki
[7] Philosophical magazine, 1848,
series 3, vol 32 Melloni_1848_philosophical_magazine_series_3_vol32.pdf
[8] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp337-338. (1850) (1850)
Naples, Italy5   
169 YBN
[1831 AD] 4 		2496) The occurrence of different compounds with the same chemical composition
is named "isomerism" {I-SoM-e-riZM1 }.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "isomerism." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/isomerism
2. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
3. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/berzelius.htm
4. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm (1831)

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982)
[2] "Jons Jacob Berzelius".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078919/Jons-Jacob-Berzelius
[3] "Jöns Jakob Berzelius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius
[4] http://www.answers.com/J%C3%B6ns+Jakob+Berzelius+?cat=technology
[5] "Karolinska Institute". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolinska_Institute
[6] Jöns Jacob Berzelius A Guide to the Perplexed Chemist Journal The
Chemical Educator Publisher Springer Berlin /
Heidelberg ISSN 1430-4171 Issue Volume 5, Number 6 / December,
2000 Category Chemistry and
History DOI 10.1007/s00897000430a Pages 343-350 Subject Collection Chemistry
and Materials Science SpringerLink Date Monday, April 04,
2005 berzelius_2000_chem_educator.pdf
[7] "article 9072236". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072236
[8] "Thorium". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium
[9] http://www.answers.com/thorium?cat=health
Stokholm, Sweden3 (presumably)  
168 YBN
[1832 AD] 17 		2514) The first plastic materials, made of nitrocellulose, are created by
treating starch, sawdust, and cotton with nitric acid.12 13 14 15
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm
2. ^ "major industrial polymers". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-76471/major-industrial-polymers
3. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm
4. ^ "major industrial polymers". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-76471/major-industrial-polymers
5. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm
6. ^ "major industrial polymers". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-76471/major-industrial-polymers
7. ^ "Henri Braconnot", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition
2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p130.
8. ^
http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm
9. ^ "major industrial polymers". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-76471/major-industrial-polymers
10. ^ "Henri Braconnot", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition
2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p130.
11. ^ "nitrocellulose." Encyclop�dia
Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc.,
2013. Web. 18 Jan. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic//>.
12. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm
13. ^ "major industrial polymers". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-76471/major-industrial-polymers
14. ^ "Henri Braconnot", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition
2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p130.
15. ^ "nitrocellulose." Encyclop�dia
Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc.,
2013. Web. 18 Jan. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic//>.
16. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm
17. ^
http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm (1832)

MORE INFO
[1] "Henri Braconnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Braconnot
[2] http://www.answers.com/saponification?cat=health
Nancy, France16   
168 YBN
[1832 AD] 4 		2717) The alternating electric current (or AC) generator.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Hellemans and Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", 1988, p299.
2. ^ Hellemans
and Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", 1988, p299.
3. ^
http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/pixii.html
4. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/pixii.html (1832)

MORE INFO
[1] "Hippolyte Pixii". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Pixii
Paris, France3   
166 YBN
[01/01/1834 AD] 		1247) A mechanical reaper; a machine that cuts grain.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "reaper." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/493183/reaper>.
2. ^ "reaper." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/493183/reaper>.
3. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p47.
4. ^
"reaper." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic
Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/493183/reaper>.
5. ^ "Robert Hall McCormick". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hall_McCormick

MORE INFO
[1] "Cyrus McCormick". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_McCormick
Rockbridge County, Virginia, USA5   
166 YBN
[01/09/1834 AD] 6 7 8 9 		2704) The laws of electrolysis: the mass of a substance deposited on an
electrode is in proportion to the quantity of electricity, and to the atomic
mass of the element liberated.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Faraday, Michael. "Experimental Researches in Electricity.--Seventh
Series." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 124 (1834):
77-122. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZG5KAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA127
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/108055
2. ^ "Michael Faraday." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica
Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 08 May. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/201705/Michael-Faraday>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp315-320.
4. ^ Ehl, Rosemary Gene, and
Aaron J. Ihde. �Faraday�s Electrochemical Laws and the Determination of
Equivalent Weights.� Journal of Chemical Education 31.5 (1954): 226. Web. 8
May 2013. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed031p226
5. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday
6. ^ Faraday, Michael. "Experimental Researches in Electricity.--Seventh
Series." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 124 (1834):
77-122. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZG5KAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA127
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/108055
7. ^ Ehl, Rosemary Gene, and Aaron J. Ihde. �Faraday�s Electrochemical Laws
and the Determination of Equivalent Weights.� Journal of Chemical Education
31.5 (1954): 226. Web. 8 May
2013. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed031p226
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp315-320. (1832)
9. ^
http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm (1834 {in seventh series})

MORE INFO
[1] "Michael Faraday". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday
[2] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_Faraday
[3] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm
[4] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The
Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of
1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
(1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 /
1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.1993.0031
[5] Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_Electricity_1.pdf Experimental
Researches in Electricity Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 122 - 1832 Author Michael
Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006
[6] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calico
[7] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642/Charles-Darwin
[8] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMaterials.html
[9]
http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science
+of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1
[10] http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM
[11] Faraday_e7_electrolysis.pdf Experimental Researches in Electricity.
Seventh Series Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of
London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 124 - 1834 Author Michael
Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1834.0008 http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/52
6145013443q040/?p=8083e5a3390d443eb3a9fe1efa3140ab&pi=1
(Royal Institution in) London, England5   
166 YBN
[06/19/1834 AD] 8 9 		2899) The speed of electricity in wire is measured using a rotating mirror.5 6

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Sir Charles Wheatstone". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076748/Sir-Charles-Wheatstone
2. ^ Charles Wheatstone, "An Account of Some Experiments to Measure the
Velocity of Electricity and the Duration of Electric Light", Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 124, (1834), pp.
583-591. http://books.google.com/books?id=G09FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA583 AND http://ww
w.jstor.org/stable/108080 {Wheatstone_velocity.pdf}
3. ^ "Sir Charles Wheatstone". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076748/Sir-Charles-Wheatstone
4. ^ Charles Wheatstone, "An Account of Some Experiments to Measure the
Velocity of Electricity and the Duration of Electric Light", Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 124, (1834), pp.
583-591. http://books.google.com/books?id=G09FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA583 AND http://ww
w.jstor.org/stable/108080 {Wheatstone_velocity.pdf}
5. ^ "Sir Charles Wheatstone". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076748/Sir-Charles-Wheatstone
6. ^ Charles Wheatstone, "An Account of Some Experiments to Measure the
Velocity of Electricity and the Duration of Electric Light", Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 124, (1834), pp.
583-591. http://books.google.com/books?id=G09FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA583 AND http://ww
w.jstor.org/stable/108080 {Wheatstone_velocity.pdf}
7. ^ "Sir Charles Wheatstone". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076748/Sir-Charles-Wheatstone
8. ^ Charles Wheatstone, "An Account of Some Experiments to Measure the
Velocity of Electricity and the Duration of Electric Light", Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 124, (1834), pp.
583-591. http://books.google.com/books?id=G09FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA583 AND http://ww
w.jstor.org/stable/108080 {Wheatstone_velocity.pdf}
9. ^ "Sir Charles Wheatstone". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076748/Sir-Charles-Wheatstone (1834)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Charles+Wheatstone?cat=entertainment
[2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[3] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/wheatstone.html
[4]
http://books.google.com/books?id=5iw5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=faraday+velo
city+of+electricity&source=web&ots=5NZWUd1EhA&sig=NK0D0pm5FFvHZpV7lB3JamIKhoo&hl
=en#PPA311,M1
[5]
http://books.google.com/books?id=0qSDQldRTFMC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=velocity+of+
electricity&source=web&ots=HZUnerxDqB&sig=XJ1gYT3wGhkgfzjTLNa99vSFNrQ&hl=en#PPA1
32,M1
(King's College) London, England7   
166 YBN
[1834 AD] 3 		2741) A programmable mechanical calculating machine that uses punch card
programs, with looping, iteration, and conditional branching is designed.1
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ Norman, J.M. From Gutenberg to the Internet: A Sourcebook on the History
of Information Technology: With an Introductory Essay Comparing and Contrasting
the Impact of Gutenberg�s Introduction of Printing with the Impact of the
Internet and an Annotated Timeline on the History of Information Technology.
Historyofscience.com, 2005. From Gutenberg to the Internet: A Sourcebook on the
History of Information Technology,
p52. http://books.google.com/books?id=emmitTbOoFgC&pg=PA52
2. ^ "Charles Babbage". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011590/Charles-Babbage
3. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm (1834)

MORE INFO
[1] "Charles Babbage". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Charles_Babbage
Cambridge, England2 (presumably)  
166 YBN
[1834 AD] 4 		2758) The first computer program.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Norman, J.M. From Gutenberg to the Internet: A Sourcebook on the History
of Information Technology: With an Introductory Essay Comparing and Contrasting
the Impact of Gutenberg�s Introduction of Printing with the Impact of the
Internet and an Annotated Timeline on the History of Information Technology.
Historyofscience.com, 2005. From Gutenberg to the Internet: A Sourcebook on the
History of Information Technology, p.
244. http://books.google.com/books?id=emmitTbOoFgC&pg=PA244
2. ^ "Ada King countess of Lovelace". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9049130/Ada-King-countess-of-Lovelace
3. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm (1834)
4. ^ Ted Huntington. (1834)

MORE INFO
[1] "Charles Babbage". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage
[2] "Charles Babbage". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Charles_Babbage
Cambridge, England3 (presumably)  
166 YBN
[1834 AD] 4 		2851) Methyl alcohol (methanol)1 is discovered by distilling wood2 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Jean Baptiste André Dumas". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Jean+Baptiste+Andr%C3%A9+Dumas?cat=technology
2. ^ "Jean Baptiste Andre Dumas". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9031426/Jean-Baptiste-Andre-Dumas
3. ^ "Jean Baptiste André Dumas". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Jean+Baptiste+Andr%C3%A9+Dumas?cat=technology
4. ^ "Jean Baptiste André Dumas". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Jean+Baptiste+Andr%C3%A9+Dumas?cat=technology (1834)

MORE INFO
[1] "Jean Baptiste André Dumas". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Andr%C3%A9_Dumas
[2] "Jean Baptiste Andre Dumas". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Jean_Baptiste_Andre_Dumas
[3] "Methanol". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol
(Ecole Polytechnique) Paris, France3 (presumably)  
165 YBN
[01/19/1835 AD] 7 8 9 		3459) That infrared light (or "heat rays") can be reflected and polarized is
proven.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Records of General Science, "Abstract of a Paper on the Refraction and
Polarization of Heat. By Professor Forbes.".
p.394. http://books.google.com/books?id=RVcEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA478&lpg=PA478&dq=%22O
n+the+Refraction+and+Polarization+of+Heat%22&source=web&ots=Ssxgizc13b&sig=aStch
RDJCXwSmEk_7OHFpBm9hF8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA394,M1
2. ^ Daniel M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: Two
Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law', Isis, Vol. 67, No. 4
(Dec., 1976), pp.
565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/230562?&Search=yes&term=kirchhoff&term=gus
tav&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dgustav%2Bkirchhoff%2
6x%3D0%26y%3D0&item=1&ttl=378&returnArticleService=showArticle {Kirchhoff_Siega
l_Isis_1976_230562.pdf}
3. ^ Forbes, James D. "XI. On the Refraction and Polarization of Heat."
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 13.01 (1835):
131-168. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&a
id=8363661
4. ^ Forbes, James D. "XXII. On the refraction and polarization of heat." The
London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 6.32 (1835):
134-142. books.google.com/books?id=c2vkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA134
AND books.google.com/books?id=c2vkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA205
AND books.google.com/books?id=c2vkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA284 AND
books.google.com/books?id=c2vkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA366
5. ^ Daniel M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: Two
Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law', Isis, Vol. 67, No. 4
(Dec., 1976), pp.
565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/230562?&Search=yes&term=kirchhoff&term=gus
tav&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dgustav%2Bkirchhoff%2
6x%3D0%26y%3D0&item=1&ttl=378&returnArticleService=showArticle {Kirchhoff_Siega
l_Isis_1976_230562.pdf}
6. ^ Records of General Science, "Abstract of a Paper on the Refraction and
Polarization of Heat. By Professor Forbes.".
p.394. http://books.google.com/books?id=RVcEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA478&lpg=PA478&dq=%22O
n+the+Refraction+and+Polarization+of+Heat%22&source=web&ots=Ssxgizc13b&sig=aStch
RDJCXwSmEk_7OHFpBm9hF8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA394,M1
7. ^ Forbes, James D. "XI. On the Refraction and Polarization of Heat."
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 13.01 (1835):
131-168. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&a
id=8363661
8. ^ Forbes, James D. "XXII. On the refraction and polarization of heat." The
London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 6.32 (1835):
134-142. books.google.com/books?id=c2vkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA134
AND books.google.com/books?id=c2vkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA205
AND books.google.com/books?id=c2vkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA284 AND
books.google.com/books?id=c2vkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA366
9. ^ Records of General Science, "Abstract of a Paper on the Refraction and
Polarization of Heat. By Professor Forbes.".
p.394. http://books.google.com/books?id=RVcEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA478&lpg=PA478&dq=%22O
n+the+Refraction+and+Polarization+of+Heat%22&source=web&ots=Ssxgizc13b&sig=aStch
RDJCXwSmEk_7OHFpBm9hF8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA394,M1
{01/29/1835}
(University of Edinburgh5 ) Edinburgh, Scotland6   
165 YBN
[02/06/1835 AD] 5 6 		2810) The electrical relay, a device that allows the electric current of
telegraph signals to be carried over long distances.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp335-337.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp335-337.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp335-337.
4. ^ "Joseph
Henry". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia
University Press., 2003. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Joseph+Henry?cat=technology
5. ^, p1.
http://www.jstor.org/view/00659746/ap030013/03a00120/0 "Contributions to
Electricity and Magnetism. By Joseph Henry, Professor of Natural Philosophy in
the College of New Jersey, Princeton, Late of the Albany Academy. No. II. On
the Influence of a Spiral Conductor in Increasing the Intensity of Electricity
from a Galvanic Arrangement of a Single Pair, &c." Joseph Henry
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Ser., Vol. 5. (1837),
pp. 223-231. Henry_1835_relay.pdf (02/06/1835) (02/06/1835)
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp335-337. (1835) (1835)

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph Henry". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040056/Joseph-Henry
[2] "Joseph Henry". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henry
[3] "Joseph Henry". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Joseph_Henry
[4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[5] http://www.150.si.edu/chap2/two.htm
[6] http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bljosephhenry.htm
[7] http://siarchives.si.edu/history/jhp/joseph21.htm
[8]
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=338986411&SrchMode=3&sid=7&Fmt=10&VI
nst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1204938559&clientId=48051&aid=1 Henry_J
oseph_1832_ajs.pdf American Journal of Science and Arts (1820-1879); Jan 3,
1832; 22, 2; APS Online pg. 403 On the Production of Current and Sparks of
Electricity from Magnetism
[9] Henry_1831_electromagnet_silk_insulate.pdf APPENDIX.; On
the application of the principle of the galvanic multiplier to electro-magnetic
apparatus, and also to the developement of great magnetic power in soft Iron,
with a small galvanic element; JOSEPH HENRY. American Journal of Science and
Arts (1820-1879). New Haven: Jan 2, 1831. Vol. 19, Iss. 2; p. 400 (9 pages)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=338949441&SrchMode=3&sid=7&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1205045477&clientId=1568&aid=1
[10] "armature". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/armature
Princeton, NJ, USA3 4   
165 YBN
[1835 AD] 4 5 		3300) The process of silvering objects (like mirrors) by chemical reduction of
a silver nitrate solution with an aldehyde.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ William Tobin, "The life and science of Léon Foucault: the man who
proved the earth rotates", Cambridge University Press, 2003, p201,325.
2. ^ Leibig, J.,
(1835) Annalem der Pharmacie, 14, 131-67.
3. ^ "Liebig, Justus Von", Concise Dictionary
of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p543-544.
4. ^
William Tobin, "The life and science of Léon Foucault: the man who proved the
earth rotates", Cambridge University Press, 2003, p201,325. {1835}
5. ^ Leibig, J.,
(1835) Annalem der Pharmacie, 14, 131-67.

MORE INFO
[1] "Justus von Liebig". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig
[2] "Baron Justus Von Liebig". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Baron_Justus_Von_Liebig
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[4] "University of Giessen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Giessen
(University of Giessen), Giessen, Germany3   
164 YBN
[02/09/1836 AD] 5 6 		6602) The nerve cell, or neuron, is first identified.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeremy D. Schmahmann, M.D., and M.D. Deepak N. Pandya. Fiber Pathways of
the Brain. OUP USA, 2009,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=QIZ668QEH0wC&pg=PA26
2. ^ Valentin, G. G. "�ber den Verlauf und die letzten Enden der Nerven.",
Nova Acta Phys. Med. Acad. Nat. Curios 18.51,541
(1836). books.google.com/books?id=--IxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA51
3. ^ "VALENTIN, GABRIEL GUSTAV", JewishEncyclopedia.com, (2002).
http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=6&letter=V
4. ^ "Wroclaw." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia
University Press., 2003. Answers.com 06 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/wroclaw
5. ^ Valentin, G. G. "�ber den Verlauf und die letzten Enden der Nerven.",
Nova Acta Phys. Med. Acad. Nat. Curios 18.51,541
(1836). books.google.com/books?id=--IxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA51
6. ^ Jeremy D. Schmahmann, M.D., and M.D. Deepak N. Pandya. Fiber Pathways of
the Brain. OUP USA, 2009,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=QIZ668QEH0wC&pg=PA26

MORE INFO
[1] "Gabriel Gustav Valentin", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp896-897
[2] Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp304-305
[3] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp370-371. (1834)
(Breslau now:) Wrocław, Poland3 4 (presumably)  
164 YBN
[1836 AD] 7 		2813) A high voltage induction coil2 that can reach 600,000 volts3 , far above
any voltage that can be generated with a voltaic pile4 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/callan.html
2. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/callan.html
3. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/callan.html
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^
http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/callan.html
6. ^ "Maynooth". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynooth
7. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/callan.html (1836)

MORE INFO
[1] "Nicholas Callan". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Callan
[2]
http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Electricity/Induction_Coil/Induction_Co
il.html
[3] http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/page.html
Maynooth5 , Ireland6   
164 YBN
[1836 AD] 3 4 		2926) A screw propeller that replaces the paddle wheel.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp352-353.
2. ^ "John Ericsson".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032896/John-Ericsson
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp352-353. (1836) (1836)
4. ^ "John
Ericsson". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032896/John-Ericsson (1836)

MORE INFO
[1] "John Ericsson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ericsson
[2] "John Ericsson". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/John_Ericsson
London, England2 (presumably)  
163 YBN
[07/??/1837 AD] 6 7 8 		3995) The principle of the electric speaker;1 that an iron bar emits sounds
that correspond to the number of currents that rapidly magnetize and
demagnetize it.2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ "The Production of Galvanic Music", The American journal of
science and arts, Volume 32, Number 2, July, 1837, p396-397.
http://books.google.com/books?id=gT0PAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA396&dq=%22galvanic+music%22
#v=onepage&q=%22galvanic%20music%22&f=false
3. ^ Théodore Achille L. Du Moncel, "The telephone, the microphone, and the
phonograph",
1879,p3,11. http://books.google.com/books?id=Do4DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR7&dq=history+mic
rophone#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false
and http://books.google.com/books?id=seQOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7&dq=history+microphone&
as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false
4. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and
other novelties", 1878,
p110. http://books.google.com/books?id=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=%22ga
lvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE-YQX1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl=en&e
i=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q=%22g
alvanic%20music%22&f=false
5. ^ Dr. Charles G. Page, "Experiments in Electro-Magnetism", American Journal
of Science and Arts, Vol 33,
p118. http://books.google.com/books?id=xj0PAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+
American+journal+of+science+and+arts+date:1838-1838#v=onepage&q=page&f=false
6. ^ "The Production of Galvanic Music", The American journal of science and
arts, Volume 32, Number 2, July, 1837, p396-397.
http://books.google.com/books?id=gT0PAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA396&dq=%22galvanic+music%22
#v=onepage&q=%22galvanic%20music%22&f=false {07/1837}
7. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The
speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878,
p110. http://books.google.com/books?id=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=%22ga
lvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE-YQX1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl=en&e
i=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q=%22g
alvanic%20music%22&f=false {07/1837}
8. ^ Théodore Achille L. Du Moncel, "The
telephone, the microphone, and the phonograph",
1879,p3,11. http://books.google.com/books?id=Do4DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR7&dq=history+mic
rophone#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false
and http://books.google.com/books?id=seQOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7&dq=history+microphone&
as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false {1837}

MORE INFO
[1] Charles Grafton Page, "Psychomancy: Spirit-rappings and
table-tippings exposed",
1853. http://books.google.com/books?id=kQFTqlVjfhUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=char
les+grafton+page&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[2] "Charles Grafton Page". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page
[3] http://www.americanartifacts.com/smma/page/page.htm
[4] http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/page.html
[5] http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/291.html
[6] Charles Grafton Page, "History of induction: The American claim
to the induction coil and its ...",
1867. http://books.google.com/books?id=lrzn9ZX79jAC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=charles
+grafton+page+1837+electromagnet&source=bl&ots=ZLXiJtW6Fe&sig=hAiExWZPt8GnGhnTGy
xCOCIDnhc&hl=en&ei=M8aeSp61L43atgO0gfEs&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v
=onepage&q=&f=false
Salem, Massachusetts, USA5   
162 YBN
[12/??/1838 AD] 4 5 6 7 		3103) The basis of the fuel-cell battery: the chemical union of hydrogen and
oxygen gas in acidified water caused by platinum that generates electricity.1 2

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/grove.htm
2. ^ C. F. Shoenbein, "On the Voltaic Properties of certain Solid and
Fluid Substances", "Philosophical Magazine", ser3, vol14, (1839).
books.google.com/books?id=dF1KiX7MbSMC&pg=PA43 {schoenbein004.pdf}
3. ^ "Christian Friedrich Schonbein". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066197/Christian-Friedrich-Schonbein
4. ^ C. F. Shoenbein, "On the Voltaic Properties of certain Solid and Fluid
Substances", "Philosophical Magazine", ser3, vol14, (1839).
books.google.com/books?id=dF1KiX7MbSMC&pg=PA43 {schoenbein004.pdf}
5. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/grove.htm (01/1839)
6. ^ William Robert
Grove, "On Voltaic Series and the Combination of Gases by Platinum.",
Philosophical Magazine, Series 3, Volume 14, Number 86, Feb 1839, pp127-129.
http://books.google.com/books?id=dF1KiX7MbSMC&pg=PA127 {Grove_PM_1839.pdf}
7. ^ C. F. Shoenbein, "On the Voltaic Properties of certain Solid and Fluid
Substances", "Philosophical Magazine", ser3, vol14, (1839).
{schoenbein004.pdf} (01/1839)

MORE INFO
[1] "Christian Friedrich Schönbein". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Sch%C3%B6nbein
[2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[3] "Nitrocellulose". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrocellulose
[4] "nitrocellulose". The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/nitrocellulose?cat=technology
[5]
http://www.answers.com/topic/esterification?cat=technology&method=26&initiator=W
ANS
[6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp339-340. (1840) (1840)
(University of Basel) Basel, Switzerland3   
162 YBN
[1838 AD] 4 		2500) The occurrence of different forms of the same element is named
"allotropy" {u-lo-Tro-PE1 }.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "allotropy." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 15 Jun. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/allotropy>.
2. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
3. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/berzelius.htm
4. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm (1838)

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982)
[2] "Jons Jacob Berzelius".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078919/Jons-Jacob-Berzelius
[3] "Jöns Jakob Berzelius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius
[4] http://www.answers.com/J%C3%B6ns+Jakob+Berzelius+?cat=technology
[5] "Karolinska Institute". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolinska_Institute
[6] Jöns Jacob Berzelius A Guide to the Perplexed Chemist Journal The
Chemical Educator Publisher Springer Berlin /
Heidelberg ISSN 1430-4171 Issue Volume 5, Number 6 / December,
2000 Category Chemistry and
History DOI 10.1007/s00897000430a Pages 343-350 Subject Collection Chemistry
and Materials Science SpringerLink Date Monday, April 04,
2005 berzelius_2000_chem_educator.pdf
Stokholm, Sweden3 (presumably)  
162 YBN
[1838 AD] 9 		2540) The parallax of a different star is measured, by comparing the position
of 61 Cygni {SiG-nI6 }, to two other more distant stars during the course of a
year. After correcting for the proper motion, the star appears to move in an
ellipse every year which is due to parallax.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp296-297.
2. ^ "parallax." Britannica
Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 18
Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/parallax
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp296-297.
4. ^ "cygni."
Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 15 Jun. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cygni>.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp296-297.
6. ^ "cygni." Dictionary.com
Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 15 Jun. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cygni>.
7. ^ "Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-8233/Friedrich-Wilhelm-Bessel
8. ^ "Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-8233/Friedrich-Wilhelm-Bessel
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp296-297. (1838) (1838)

MORE INFO
[1] "popup?va=parallax". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/mwu/popup?va=parallax
Königsberg, (Prussia now:) Germany8   
162 YBN
[1838 AD] 7 		2934) The first cell theory: that all plants are made of cells.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp354-355.
2. ^ "Cell theory."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 18 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cell-theory-1
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp354-355.
4. ^ "Cell theory."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 18 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cell-theory-1
5. ^ "Cell theory." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 18 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cell-theory-1
6. ^ "Mathias Jacob Schleiden". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066147/Mathias-Jacob-Schleiden
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp354-355. (1838)

MORE INFO
[1] "Matthias Jakob Schleiden". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Matthias_Jakob_Schleiden
[2] Trisha Creekmore. The Science Channel :: 100 Greatest Discoveries: Biology.
Discovery Communications.
http://science.discovery.com/convergence/100discoveries/big100/biology.html
[3] "University of Jena". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Jena
(University of Jena) Jena, Germany6   
162 YBN
[1838 AD] 5 6 7 		3386) The direct-acting gas combustion engine; a cylinder is directly moved by
the explosion.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Donkin, B. A Text-book on Gas, Oil and Air Engines: Or, Internal
Combustion Motors Without Boiler. C. Griffin and company, limited, 1896,
p23. http://books.google.com/books?id=8d03AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA23
2. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine
3. ^ Donkin, B. A Text-book on Gas, Oil and Air Engines: Or, Internal
Combustion Motors Without Boiler. C. Griffin and company, limited, 1896,
p23. http://books.google.com/books?id=8d03AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA23
4. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine
5. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine {1838}
6. ^ Dugald Clerk, "The Gas Engine",
Scientific American Supplement (Vol. 19, #484: April 11,
1885) http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=13939 and
also http://www.a1nethost.com/american/scientific-american/484/00.htm#3
{1838}
7. ^ William Robinson, "Gas and Petroleum Engines: A Practical Treatise on the
Internal Combustion ...",
http://books.google.com/books?id=8e9MAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=%22robert+
street%22+patent+engine&source=web&ots=zXhunpMWQn&sig=OK3zL_tlF9en_5S83tLJ0kuNyV
I&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA102,M1 {1838}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignOffice/projects/cecil/history.html
?, England  
161 YBN
[07/29/1839 AD] 25 		3308) Light is converted into electricity (the photoelectric or photovoltaic
effect).16 17 18 This is the first photovoltaic (or "solar") cell.19 20 21
Sunlight contacting metal electrodes that are immersed in a liquid electrolyte
(such as ferric chloride mixed with ether) produces a very small electric
current.22 23
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation
chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants �lectriques." CR
Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the effect of actinitic
radiation of sunlight by means of electric
currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145
2. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous
l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839,
p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence
of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561
3. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552875/solar-cell>.
4. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation
chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants �lectriques." CR
Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the effect of actinitic
radiation of sunlight by means of electric
currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145
5. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous
l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839,
p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence
of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561
6. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552875/solar-cell>.
7. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation
chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants �lectriques." CR
Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the effect of actinitic
radiation of sunlight by means of electric
currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145
8. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous
l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839,
p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence
of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561
9. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552875/solar-cell>.
10. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation
chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants �lectriques." CR
Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the effect of actinitic
radiation of sunlight by means of electric
currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145
11. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous
l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839,
p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence
of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561
12. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552875/solar-cell>.
13. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la
radiation chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants
�lectriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the
effect of actinitic radiation of sunlight by means of electric
currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145
14. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous
l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839,
p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence
of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561
15. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552875/solar-cell>.
16. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la
radiation chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants
�lectriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the
effect of actinitic radiation of sunlight by means of electric
currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145
17. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous
l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839,
p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence
of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561
18. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552875/solar-cell>.
19. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la
radiation chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants
�lectriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the
effect of actinitic radiation of sunlight by means of electric
currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145
20. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous
l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839,
p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence
of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561
21. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552875/solar-cell>.
22. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la
radiation chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants
�lectriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the
effect of actinitic radiation of sunlight by means of electric
currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145
23. ^ Knopfel, T., and E.S. Boyden. Optogenetics: Tools for Controlling and
Monitoring Neuronal Activity. Elsevier Science, 2012. Progress in Brain
Research, p226. http://books.google.com/books?id=WokkW1YSGKUC&pg=PA226
24. ^ "Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p72.
25. ^ Becquerel,
Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la
lumière solaire, au moyen des courants électriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839):
145-149; 561. also Annalen der Physick und Chemie, Vol. 54, pp. 18-34,
1841. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-2968&M=chemindefer
English: "Research on the effects of the chemical radiation of solar light by
means of the electric currents" {Becquerel_Edmond_1839.pdf} {07/29/1839}

MORE INFO
[1] "thermionic power converter." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 June 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106050>
[2] "A. E. Becquerel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Becquerel
[3] "Becquerel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Becquerel
[4] Edmond Becquerel, "Des effets chimiques et électriques produits sous
l'influence de la lumière solaire",
1840. http://jubil.upmc.fr/sdx/pl/doc-tdm.xsp?id=TH_000231_001_page1&fmt=upmc&b
ase=fa&root=&n=&qid=&ss=&as=&ai=#page1
[5] "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 19 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45872>
[6]
http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/BecquerelEdmond.html
[7] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Isd9IEnR4bw {video of liquid oxygen
paramagnetism}
(University of Paris) Paris, France24   
161 YBN
[1839 AD] 3 4 		3072) Cell theory is extended to all animals and plants.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp372-373.
2. ^ "Schwann, Theodor."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 May 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066255>.
3. ^ "Schwann, Theodor." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 6 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066255>.
(1839)
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp372-373. (1839)

MORE INFO
[1] "cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 6 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106125>
[2] Schwann, Theodor and Schleyden, M. J. 1847.
"Microscopical researches into the accordance in the structure and growth of
animals and plants". London: Printed for the Sydenham Society.
http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/library/data/lit28715?
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Schwann
[4] http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/people/data?id=per136
(University of Louvain) Louvain, Belgium2   
161 YBN
[1839 AD] 8 9 10 11 12 13 		3137) The plastic polystyrene {Po-lE-STI-rEN1 } is discovered;2 the first
recorded polymerization {Pu-liMR-u-ZA-suN3 }.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "polystyrene." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 15 Jun.
2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/polystyrene>.
2. ^ "Polystyrene and Styrofoam", Mary Bellis, About.com.
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blpolystyrene.htm
3. ^ "polymerization." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 15 Jun.
2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/polymerization>.
4. ^ Simon, E. "Ueber den flussingen Storax (Styrax liquidus)." Annalen
der Pharmacie, Volume 31, 1839,
p265-277. http://books.google.com/books?id=7Bc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA265
5. ^ Boundy, R.H., R.F. Boyer, and S.M. Stoesser. Styrene: Its Polymers,
Copolymers, and Derivatives. Hafner Pub. Co., 1952. Monograph Series, Volume 1,
p1. http://books.google.com/books?ei=S-LAUaL9FoWSiAKIq4DAAw {Styrene_1970.pdf}

6. ^ John Scheirs, Duane Priddy, Inc NetLibrary, "Modern Styrenic Polymers:
Polystyrenes and Styrenic Copolymers", John Wiley & Sons, 2003,
p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=FRGoFxKels4C&pg=PA3&dq=Eduard+Simon+polyst
yrene&sig=vqLFWFTDE9icvea19zFUn87yesY
7. ^ "Polystyrene". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene
8. ^ "industrial polymers, major." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 May 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-76437>, p4. (1839)
9. ^ "Polystyrene and
Styrofoam", Mary Bellis, About.com.
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blpolystyrene.htm (1839)
10. ^ Simon,
E. "Ueber den flussingen Storax (Styrax liquidus)." Annalen der Pharmacie,
Volume 31, 1839,
p265-277. http://books.google.com/books?id=7Bc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA265
11. ^ Boundy, R.H., R.F. Boyer, and S.M. Stoesser. Styrene: Its Polymers,
Copolymers, and Derivatives. Hafner Pub. Co., 1952. Monograph Series, Volume 1,
p1. http://books.google.com/books?ei=S-LAUaL9FoWSiAKIq4DAAw {Styrene_1970.pdf}

12. ^ Boundy, R.H., R.F. Boyer, and S.M. Stoesser. Styrene: Its Polymers,
Copolymers, and Derivatives. Hafner Pub. Co., 1952. Monograph Series, Volume 1,
p2-3. http://books.google.com/books?ei=S-LAUaL9FoWSiAKIq4DAAw {Styrene_1970.pd
f}
13. ^ Neumann, C., and C.H. Kessel. Chymia Medica Dogmatico-experimentalis...
Oder Die Gr�ndliche Und Mit Experimenten Erwiesene Medicinische Chymie: In
Sich Fassend Die Lehre Von Nassen Chymischen Arzneyen, Wie Solche Aufs
Ordentlichste Und Vorz�glichste Zu Verfertigen Seyn. Dendeler, 1749. Chymia
Medica Dogmatico-experimentalis... Oder Die Gr�ndliche Und Mit Experimenten
Erwiesene Medicinische Chymie: In Sich Fassend Die Lehre Von Nassen Chymischen
Arzneyen, Wie Solche Aufs Ordentlichste Und Vorz�glichste Zu Verfertigen
Seyn, p373. http://books.google.com/books?id=hhVAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA373
Berlin, Germany7   
160 YBN
[03/12/1840 AD] 3 		3875) Infrared spectral lines are identified.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ John F. W. Herschel, "On the Chemical Action of the Rays of the Solar
Spectrum on Preparations of Silver and Other Substances, Both Metallic and
Non-Metallic, and on Some Photographic Processes", Philosophical Transactions,
v130, 1840,
p1-59. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/j3401r3x2g4r02h8/?p=684dc9788b8
f4fdba45c07657d6560dfπ=11 {Herschel_John_infrared_1840.pdf}
2. ^ "Sir John Herschel 1st Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040234/Sir-John-Herschel-1st-Baronet
3. ^ John F. W. Herschel, "On the Chemical Action of the Rays of the Solar
Spectrum on Preparations of Silver and Other Substances, Both Metallic and
Non-Metallic, and on Some Photographic Processes", Philosophical Transactions,
v130, 1840,
p1-59. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/j3401r3x2g4r02h8/?p=684dc9788b8
f4fdba45c07657d6560dfπ=11 {Herschel_John_infrared_1840.pdf} {03/12/1840}

MORE INFO
[1] "John Herschel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Herschel
[2] "Sir John Frederick William, Bart Herschel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_John_Frederick_William,_Bart_Herschel
[3] "Herschel, John Frederick William", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p416-417
[4] "John Herschel".
Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/John+Herschel?cat=technology
[5] "Sir John Herschel 1st Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040234/Sir-John-Herschel-1st-Baronet
(1839)
London, England2 (presumably)  
160 YBN
[12/17/1840 AD] 3 4 5 		3238) The heat created by electrical current is found to equal the square of
the current multiplied by the resistance.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp398-400.
2. ^ James Prescott Joule,
William Scoresby, Lyon Playfair Playfair, William Thomson, "The Scientific
Papers of James Prescott Joule: (2 vol.)", The Society, 1884,
pp59-60. http://books.google.com/books?id=UR5WAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA59&dq=%22On+the+Pro
duction+of+Heat+by+Voltaic+Electricity%22
3. ^ James Prescott Joule, William Scoresby, Lyon Playfair Playfair, William
Thomson, "The Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule: (2 vol.)", The
Society, 1884,
pp59-60. http://books.google.com/books?id=UR5WAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA59&dq=%22On+the+Pro
duction+of+Heat+by+Voltaic+Electricity%22 (12/17/1840)
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp398-400. (1840)
5. ^ "James Prescott Joule." Biographies. Answers
Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/james-prescott-joule (1840)

MORE INFO
[1] "James Prescott Joule." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/james-prescott-joule
[2] "James Prescott Joule." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/james-prescott-joule
[3] "James Joule". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joule
[4] "James Prescott Joule". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/James_Prescott_Joule
[5] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[6] "Joule, James Prescott." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 3 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044024>
Broom Hill (near Manchester), England2   
160 YBN
[1840 AD] 4 		2921) The first chemical fertilizers. That loss of soil fertility is caused by
the consumption by plants of the minerals necessary for life such as sodium,
potassium, calcium, and phosphorus is recognized.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp351-352.
2. ^ "Justus baron von
Liebig". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048177/Justus-baron-von-Liebig
3. ^ "University of Giessen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Giessen
4. ^ "Justus baron von Liebig". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048177/Justus-baron-von-Liebig (1840)

MORE INFO
[1] "Justus von Liebig". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig
[2] "Baron Justus Von Liebig". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Baron_Justus_Von_Liebig
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
(University of Giessen), Giessen, Germany2 3   
159 YBN
[01/11/1841 AD] 3 		3600) An electric clock.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ John Munro, Heroes of the Telegraph, "The Religious tract society",
1891. http://books.google.com/books?id=lM4LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA277&dq=Alexander+Bain+
telegraph&as_brr=1&ei=OFTYSM_PEajitQOKwOGrAQ
2. ^ John Munro, Heroes of the Telegraph, "The Religious tract society",
1891. http://books.google.com/books?id=lM4LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA277&dq=Alexander+Bain+
telegraph&as_brr=1&ei=OFTYSM_PEajitQOKwOGrAQ
3. ^ John Munro, Heroes of the Telegraph, "The Religious tract society",
1891. http://books.google.com/books?id=lM4LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA277&dq=Alexander+Bain+
telegraph&as_brr=1&ei=OFTYSM_PEajitQOKwOGrAQ {01/11/1841}

MORE INFO
[1] http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/bain.html
[2] "telephone and telephone system." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585993/telephone>
[3] "Alexander Bain" (obituary), Nature, Jan 11, 1877,
218. http://books.google.com/books?id=v38CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA218&dq=Alexander+Bain+t
elegraph&as_brr=1&ei=OFTYSM_PEajitQOKwOGrAQ
[4] Iconographic Encyclopaedia of the Arts and Sciences, Iconographic
publishing co., 1890,
p376. http://books.google.com/books?id=JkcoAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA376&dq=Alexander+B
ain+telegraph&as_brr=1&ei=OFTYSM_PEajitQOKwOGrAQ
London, England2   
159 YBN
[1841 AD] 7 		3158) Cell division is described.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Robert Remak." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-remak
2. ^ (presumably this is the paper) Remak, "Teilung roter Blutzellen beim
Embryo." Medizinische Vereinszeitung (1841). English: Remak, Robert "Division
of red blood cells in the embryo"
3. ^ "Robert Remak." A Dictionary of Scientists.
Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-remak
4. ^ (presumably this is the paper) Remak, "Teilung roter Blutzellen beim
Embryo." Medizinische Vereinszeitung (1841). English: Remak, Robert "Division
of red blood cells in the embryo"
5. ^ "Robert Remak." A Dictionary of Scientists.
Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-remak
6. ^ Record ID2886. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington.
7. ^ "Robert Remak." A
Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 23 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-remak (1841)

MORE INFO
[1] "Remak, Robert", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition
2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p740
[2] "Remak, Robert." Encyclopædia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 23 May 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063146>
[3] http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Adrenergic+fibers
(University of Berlin) Berlin, Germany5 6 (presumably)  
159 YBN
[1841 AD] 3 		3190) The theory that the nucleus transmits inherited characteristics1 .
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ "Koelliker, Rudolf Albert Von", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p495.
2. ^ "Koelliker, Rudolf
Albert Von", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles
Scribner's Sons, (2000), p495.
3. ^ "Koelliker, Rudolf Albert Von", Concise
Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000),
p495. (1841)

MORE INFO
[1] "Albert von Kölliker." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-von-kolliker
[2] "Albert von Kölliker." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 27 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-von-kolliker
[3] "Rudolf Albert von Kölliker". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker
[4] "Rudolph Albert Von Kolliker". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Rudolph_Albert_Von_Kolliker
(University of Zurich) Zurich, Switzerland2   
158 YBN
[03/30/1842 AD] 7 		3171) The first use of an anesthetic for surgery;3 a person is made to lose
consciousness by inhaling ether before surgery in which a neck tumor is
removed.4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "anesthesia." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1507634/anesthesia>.
2. ^ "anesthesia." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1507634/anesthesia>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p389.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p389.
5. ^ "Crawford Long." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/crawford-long
6. ^ "Long, Crawford Williamson." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 25 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048846>.
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
p389. (03/30/1842)
Jefferson, Georgia6   
158 YBN
[07/04/1842 AD] 3 		5837) The "light fountain"; the basis of fiber optic communication.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Daniel Colladon, "Sur les réflexions d'un rayon de lumière à
l'intérieur d'une veine liquide parabolique", Comptes Rendus, 15, p800-802,
(1842). http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2974q/f800.image {Colladon_Danie
l_18420704.pdf} English: "On the reflections of a ray of light inside a
parabolic liquid stream"
2. ^ Daniel Colladon, "Sur les réflexions d'un rayon de
lumière à l'intérieur d'une veine liquide parabolique", Comptes Rendus, 15,
p800-802,
(1842). http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2974q/f800.image {Colladon_Danie
l_18420704.pdf} English: "On the reflections of a ray of light inside a
parabolic liquid stream"
3. ^ Daniel Colladon, "Sur les réflexions d'un rayon de
lumière à l'intérieur d'une veine liquide parabolique", Comptes Rendus, 15,
p800-802,
(1842). http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2974q/f800.image {Colladon_Danie
l_18420704.pdf} English: "On the reflections of a ray of light inside a
parabolic liquid stream" {07/04/1842}

MORE INFO
[1] "Fiberoptic". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberoptic
Paris, France2 (presumably)  
158 YBN
[1842 AD] 6 7 8 		2929) The Doppler effect: that frequency of light and sound is affected by the
relative motion of the source and observer.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Doppler, "Ueber das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer
Gestirne des Himmels," Böhm. Gesell. Abbandlungen ii. 1841-42 s.
465. http://books.google.com/books?id=zl5RAAAAcAAJ
2. ^ "Christian Doppler". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030954/Christian-Doppler
3. ^ Doppler, "Ueber das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer
Gestirne des Himmels," Böhm. Gesell. Abbandlungen ii. 1841-42 s.
465. http://books.google.com/books?id=zl5RAAAAcAAJ
4. ^ "Christian Doppler". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030954/Christian-Doppler
5. ^ http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Doppler.html
6. ^ Doppler, "Ueber das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger
anderer Gestirne des Himmels," Böhm. Gesell. Abbandlungen ii. 1841-42 s.
465. http://books.google.com/books?id=zl5RAAAAcAAJ
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p353. (1842) (1842)
8. ^ "Christian
Doppler". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030954/Christian-Doppler (1842)

MORE INFO
[1] "Christian Johann Doppler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Johann_Doppler
[2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
(Prague Polytechnic, now Czech Technical University)Prague, Czech Republic5
  
157 YBN
[1843 AD] 6 		6240) The first remote controlled wired explosive.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Samuel Colt." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/126860/Samuel-Colt>.
2. ^ Colby, F.M., and T. Williams. The New International Encyclopaedia. Dodd,
Mead and company, 1918. The New International Encyclopaedia,
p352. http://books.google.com/books?id=WnANAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA352
3. ^ "Samuel Colt." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/126860/Samuel-Colt>.
4. ^ Colby, F.M., and T. Williams. The New International Encyclopaedia. Dodd,
Mead and company, 1918. The New International Encyclopaedia,
p352. http://books.google.com/books?id=WnANAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA352
5. ^ "Samuel Colt." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/126860/Samuel-Colt>.
6. ^ "Samuel Colt." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/126860/Samuel-Colt>. {1843}
Paterson, New Jersey, USA5 (presumably)  
156 YBN
[1844 AD] 4 		3093) The first photographs from a microscope.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "John Draper." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 10 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-draper
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
pp403-405.
3. ^ "John William Draper". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/John_William_Draper
4. ^ http://photography.si.edu/SearchImage.aspx?t=3&ex=STC_26&id=691# (1844)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/arch/175/pages/draper.htm
[2] "John Draper." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 10 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-draper
[3] "John William Draper". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Draper
[4] http://www.rleggat.com/photohistory/history/draper.htm (1840)
[5] "John Draper."
Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 10 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-draper (1840)
(New York University) New York City, New York, USA3   
155 YBN
[01/04/1845 AD] 5 6 		2811) Sunspots are shown to be cooler than the rest of the Sun.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ American Philosophical Society. Proceedings of the American Philosophical
Society Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge. American
Philosophical Society., 1847. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge.
p174. books.google.com/books?id=X8AAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA174
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp335-337.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp335-337.
4. ^ "Joseph Henry". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,
Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Joseph+Henry?cat=technology
5. ^ American Philosophical Society. Proceedings of the American Philosophical
Society Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge. American
Philosophical Society., 1847. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge.
p174. books.google.com/books?id=X8AAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA174
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp335-337. (1848) (1848)

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph Henry". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henry
[2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[3] http://www.150.si.edu/chap2/two.htm
[4] http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bljosephhenry.htm
[5] http://siarchives.si.edu/history/jhp/joseph21.htm
[6]
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=338986411&SrchMode=3&sid=7&Fmt=10&VI
nst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1204938559&clientId=48051&aid=1 Henry_J
oseph_1832_ajs.pdf American Journal of Science and Arts (1820-1879); Jan 3,
1832; 22, 2; APS Online pg. 403 On the Production of Current and Sparks of
Electricity from Magnetism
[7] Henry_1831_electromagnet_silk_insulate.pdf APPENDIX.; On
the application of the principle of the galvanic multiplier to electro-magnetic
apparatus, and also to the developement of great magnetic power in soft Iron,
with a small galvanic element; JOSEPH HENRY. American Journal of Science and
Arts (1820-1879). New Haven: Jan 2, 1831. Vol. 19, Iss. 2; p. 400 (9 pages)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=338949441&SrchMode=3&sid=7&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1205045477&clientId=1568&aid=1
[8] "armature". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/armature
Princeton, NJ, USA3 4   
155 YBN
[04/??/1845 AD] 13 14 15 		2839) The spiral shape of other galaxies is recognized.9 10 11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ The Earl of Rosse. "Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1850):
499-514. http://books.google.com/books?id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108449
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342.
3. ^ The Earl of Rosse.
"Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London (1850):
499-514. http://books.google.com/books?id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108449
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342.
5. ^ The Earl of Rosse.
"Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London (1850):
499-514. http://books.google.com/books?id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108449
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342.
7. ^ The Earl of Rosse.
"Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London (1850):
499-514. http://books.google.com/books?id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108449
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342.
9. ^ The Earl of Rosse.
"Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London (1850):
499-514. http://books.google.com/books?id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108449
10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342.
11. ^ "William Parsons 3rd
earl of Rosse". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064148/William-Parsons-3rd-earl-of-Rosse
12. ^ http://casswww.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/Galaxies.html
13. ^ The Earl of Rosse. "Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1850):
499-514. http://books.google.com/books?id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108449
14. ^ http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/Artikel/birr/birr_e.htm (04/1845)
15. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342. (1845) (1845)

MORE INFO
[1] "William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parsons%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse
[2] "William Parsons Rosse". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/William_Parsons_Rosse
[3] http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~trw/telescopes.html
[4] http://seds.org/MESSIER/more/m-rosse.html
[5]
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/universe/scientists/william_parsons_3rd_earl_
of_rosse#default
[6] Rosse, Earl of. "Observations on Some of the Nebulae." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London 134 (1844):
321-324. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108366
(Birr Castle) Parsonstown, Ireland12   
155 YBN
[09/18/1845 AD] 3 4 		2713) Plane polarized light is found to rotate when passing through glass
subjected to an electromagnetic field.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Michael Faraday".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_Faraday
2. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday
3. ^ "1845 )". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_Faraday (09/18/1845
(received 11/06/1845 ) (09/18/1845 (received 11/06/1845)
4. ^ Faraday_e19_polarization.pdf,
1.
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/?k=michael+faraday+ninetenth+series
Experimental Researches in Electricity. Nineteenth
Series Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886) Issue Volume 136 - 1846 Author Michael
Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1846.0001 (09/18/1845 (received 11/06/1845)
(09/18/1845 (received 11/06/1845 )

MORE INFO
[1] "Michael Faraday". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday
[2] http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+?cat=technology
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[4] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm
[5] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The
Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of
1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
(1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 /
1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.1993.0031
[6] Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_Electricity_1.pdf Experimental
Researches in Electricity Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 122 - 1832 Author Michael
Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006
[7] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calico
[8] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642/Charles-Darwin
[9] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMaterials.html
[10]
http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science
+of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1
[11] http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM
[12] The Bakerian Lecture: On the Manufacture of Glass for Optical
Purposes Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886) Issue Volume 120 -
1830 Pages 1-57 DOI 10.1098/rstl.1830.0002 http://journals.royalsociety.org/c
ontent/f155428w87055468/?p=2f7f52c8e0d341ab877621b12a9cbd1b&pi=1
(Royal Institution in) London, England2   
155 YBN
[1845 AD] 3 4 		3401) The air filled tire.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "tire." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
11 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596799/tire>.
2. ^
http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Scotland-History/RobertWilliamThomson.htm
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p417. {1845}
4. ^ "tire."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 11 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596799/tire>. {1845}

MORE INFO
[1] "Robert William Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Thomson
London, England2 (presumably)  
154 YBN
[09/23/1846 AD] 23 24 25 		3073) Planet Neptune is first observed.16 17 18 19 20
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp373-374.
2. ^ Galle, J. G., "Account of
the discovery of Le Verrier's planet Neptune, at Berlin, Sept. 23, 1846",
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 7,
p.153. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1846MNRAS.
..7..153G&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf
3. ^ "Obituary Notices : Associates : Galle, Johann Gottfried". Monthly Notices
of the Royal Astronomical Society 71: 275. 1911.
Bibcode:1911MNRAS..71R.275. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1911MNRAS..71R.275.
4. ^ Encke, M. "XXXII. On the newly discovered planet." The London, Edinburgh,
and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 30.200 (1847):
181-185. http://books.google.com/books?id=iB9DAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA181
5. ^ Bericht �ber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der
K�nigl. preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Oct 22 1846,
p279 http://books.google.com/books?id=Hq0EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA279
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp373-374.
7. ^ Galle, J. G., "Account of
the discovery of Le Verrier's planet Neptune, at Berlin, Sept. 23, 1846",
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 7,
p.153. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1846MNRAS.
..7..153G&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf
8. ^ "Obituary Notices : Associates : Galle, Johann Gottfried". Monthly Notices
of the Royal Astronomical Society 71: 275. 1911.
Bibcode:1911MNRAS..71R.275. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1911MNRAS..71R.275.
9. ^ Encke, M. "XXXII. On the newly discovered planet." The London, Edinburgh,
and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 30.200 (1847):
181-185. http://books.google.com/books?id=iB9DAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA181
10. ^ Bericht �ber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der
K�nigl. preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Oct 22 1846,
p279 http://books.google.com/books?id=Hq0EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA279
11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp373-374.
12. ^ Galle, J. G., "Account
of the discovery of Le Verrier's planet Neptune, at Berlin, Sept. 23, 1846",
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 7,
p.153. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1846MNRAS.
..7..153G&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf
13. ^ "Obituary Notices : Associates : Galle, Johann Gottfried". Monthly
Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 71: 275. 1911.
Bibcode:1911MNRAS..71R.275. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1911MNRAS..71R.275.
14. ^ Encke, M. "XXXII. On the newly discovered planet." The London, Edinburgh,
and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 30.200 (1847):
181-185. http://books.google.com/books?id=iB9DAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA181
15. ^ Bericht �ber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der
K�nigl. preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Oct 22 1846,
p279 http://books.google.com/books?id=Hq0EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA279
16. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp378-379.
17. ^ Galle, J. G., "Account
of the discovery of Le Verrier's planet Neptune, at Berlin, Sept. 23, 1846",
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 7,
p.153. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1846MNRAS.
..7..153G&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf
18. ^ "Obituary Notices : Associates : Galle, Johann Gottfried". Monthly
Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 71: 275. 1911.
Bibcode:1911MNRAS..71R.275. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1911MNRAS..71R.275.
19. ^ Encke, M. "XXXII. On the newly discovered planet." The London, Edinburgh,
and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 30.200 (1847):
181-185. http://books.google.com/books?id=iB9DAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA181
20. ^ Bericht �ber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der
K�nigl. preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Oct 22 1846,
p279 http://books.google.com/books?id=Hq0EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA279
21. ^ "Urbain Jean Joseph Leverrier." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/urbain-jean-joseph-leverrier
22. ^ "Le Verrier, Urbain-Jean-Joseph." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 May 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047487>.
23. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp373-374. (09/23/1846)
24. ^ "Le Verrier,
Urbain-Jean-Joseph." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 7 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047487>. (09/23/1846)
25. ^
"Obituary Notices : Associates : Galle, Johann Gottfried". Monthly Notices of
the Royal Astronomical Society 71: 275. 1911.
Bibcode:1911MNRAS..71R.275. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1911MNRAS..71R.275.

MORE INFO
[1] "Urbain-Jean-Joseph Le Verrier", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p538
[2] "celestial
mechanics." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8
May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-77432>
Berlin, Germany21 (and Paris, France22 )  
154 YBN
[10/??/1846 AD] 3 		3022) Mathematical equations are used to represent logical statements.1
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p361.
2. ^ "Augustus De Morgan".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Augustus_De_Morgan
3. ^ "Augustus De Morgan". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Augustus_De_Morgan (10/1846)

MORE INFO
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_De_Morgan#External_links (for a
list of De Morgan's works)
(University College) London, England2   
154 YBN
[1846 AD] 3 		2716) The theory that gravity propagates with a finite velocity.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Darrel T. Emerson ,"The Stage Is Set: Developments before 1900 Leading to
Practical Wireless Communication", p.
http://www.tuc.nrao.edu/~demerson/ssetq.pdf
2. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday
3. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday (1846)

MORE INFO
[1] "Michael Faraday". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday
[2] http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+?cat=technology
[3] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_Faraday
[4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[5] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm
[6] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The
Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of
1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
(1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 /
1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.1993.0031
[7] Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_Electricity_1.pdf Experimental
Researches in Electricity Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 122 - 1832 Author Michael
Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006
[8] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calico
[9] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642/Charles-Darwin
[10] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMaterials.html
[11]
http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science
+of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1
[12] http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM
[13] The Bakerian Lecture: On the Manufacture of Glass for Optical
Purposes Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886) Issue Volume 120 -
1830 Pages 1-57 DOI 10.1098/rstl.1830.0002 http://journals.royalsociety.org/c
ontent/f155428w87055468/?p=2f7f52c8e0d341ab877621b12a9cbd1bπ=1
[14]
Faraday_e19_polarization.pdf http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/?k=michae
l+faraday+ninetenth+series Experimental Researches in Electricity. Nineteenth
Series Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886) Issue Volume 136 - 1846 Author Michael
Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1846.0001
[15] Faraday_e21_Diamagnetism.pdf Experimental Researches in Electricity.
Twenty-First Series Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of
London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 136 - 1846 Author Michael
Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1846.0004 http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q1
m6r722146m4t00/?p=fb8be4dd0be44bb78e3d9670c7c2bea0π=0
[16] Faraday_e20_diamagnetism.pdf
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/75x2r22450097812/?p=c9cf323da7564bdd8
c3412936085483bπ=0 Experimental Researches in Electricity. And Twentieth
Series. Section 26th. On New Magnetic Actions; and on the Magnetic Condition of
All Matter. Journal Abstracts of the Papers Communicated to the Royal Society
of London (1843-1854) Issue Volume 5 - 1843/1850 Author Michael
Faraday DOI 10.1098/rspl.1843.0066
[17] http://www.padrak.com/ine/FARADAY1.html
(Royal Institution in) London, England2   
154 YBN
[1846 AD] 4 5 6 		2828) The liquid explosive nitroglycerine is created by slowly adding glycerine
to a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp379.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp379.
3. ^ Icilio Guareschi (1913). "Ascanio Sobrero nel centenario
della sua nascita". Isis 1 (3):
351-358. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-1753%281913%291%3A3%3C351%3AASNC
DS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U {Sobrero_Ascanio_224137.pdf}
4. ^ "explosive." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 15 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-82367>. (1846)
5. ^ "Ascanio
Sobrero." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999,
2003. Answers.com 16 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/ascanio-sobrero
(1846)
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp379. (1847)

MORE INFO
[1] "Ascanio Sobrero". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero
[2] Ascanio Sobrero, "Memorie scelte di Ascanio Sobrero pubblicate
dall'Associazione chimica industriale di Torino con discorso storico-critico
ed annotazioni di I. Guareschi", pp42-53.
http://www.liberliber.it/biblioteca/s/sobrero/memorie_scelte_di_ascanio_sobrer
o_pubblicate_dall_associ_etc/pdf/memori_p.pdf "Sopra alcuni nuovi composti
fulminanti ottenuti col mezzo dell'azione dell'acido nitrico sulle sostanze
organiche vegetali" in "Memorie della Reale accademia delle scienze di Torino",
series 2, volume 10,
02/21/1847 http://www.liberliber.it/biblioteca/s/sobrero/memorie_scelte_di_asca
nio_sobrero_pubblicate_dall_associ_etc/pdf/memori_p.pdf {Sobrero_1847_memori_p.
pdf}
Torino, Italy3 (presumably)  
153 YBN
[1847 AD] 3 		3094) That all substances become incandescent (start to glow red) at the same
temperature (around 525ºC or 977ºF) is recognized.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "John William Draper", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (1981), p211.
2. ^ "John William Draper".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/John_William_Draper
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp376-377. (1847)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.rleggat.com/photohistory/history/draper.htm
[2]
http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/arch/175/pages/draper.htm
[3] "John Draper." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 10 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-draper
[4] "John Draper." Biographies. Answers
Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 10 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-draper
[5] "John Draper." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 10 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-draper
[6] "John William Draper". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Draper
(New York University) New York City, New York, USA2   
153 YBN
[1847 AD] 5 		3213) Antisepsis {aNTi-SeP-SiS1 } (washing hands in strong chemicals2 ) is
introduced into the health practice.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "antisepsis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/antisepsis
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp395-396.
3. ^ "Semmelweis, Ignaz
Philipp." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28
May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066723>.
4. ^ "Semmelweis, Ignaz Phillipp", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p796.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp395-396. (1847)

MORE INFO
[1] "Ignaz Semmelweis." History of Science and Technology. Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ignaz-semmelweis
[2] "Ignaz Semmelweis." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 28 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ignaz-semmelweis
[3] "Ignaz Philipp Semmelweiss". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_Philipp_Semmelweiss
[4] "Ignatz Philipp Semmelweiss". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Ignatz_Philipp_Semmelweiss
(Vienna General Hospital) Vienna, (Austria now:) Germany4   
153 YBN
[1847 AD] 6 		3225) The percussion gun cartridge, a casing containing an explosive charge and
a bullet or shot3 .4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "cartridge." The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military. Oxford
University Press, 2001, 2002. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cartridge
2. ^ "cartridge." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 2 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020562>.
3. ^ "cartridge." The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the
U.S. Military. Oxford University Press, 2001, 2002. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cartridge
4. ^ "cartridge." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 2 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020562>.
5. ^ "cartridge." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 June 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020562>.
6. ^ "cartridge." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 2 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020562>. (1847)

MORE INFO
[1] "Cartridge (firearms)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartridge_%28firearms%29
[2] "Bullet". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet
Paris, France5   
152 YBN
[06/05/1848 AD] 6 7 		3477) The absolute temperature scale is created, with -273°C as absolute 0,
where all molecules stop moving.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp431-433.
2. ^ Thomson, William. "On an
absolute thermometric scale founded on Carnot's theory of the motive power of
heat and calculated from Regnaut's observations.", Cambridge Philosophical
Society Proceedings for June 5, 1848. also in: THOMSON, W. MATHEMATICAL AND
PHYSICAL PAPERS. 1882,
p100. http://www.google.com/books?id=NGGOnRx4aakC&pg=PA100
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp431-433.
4. ^ Thomson, William. "On an
absolute thermometric scale founded on Carnot's theory of the motive power of
heat and calculated from Regnaut's observations.", Cambridge Philosophical
Society Proceedings for June 5, 1848. also in: THOMSON, W. MATHEMATICAL AND
PHYSICAL PAPERS. 1882,
p100. http://www.google.com/books?id=NGGOnRx4aakC&pg=PA100
5. ^ "William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin." Biographies. Answers Corporation,
2006. Answers.com 14 Aug. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-thomson-1st-baron-kelvin
6. ^ Thomson, William. "On an absolute thermometric scale founded on Carnot's
theory of the motive power of heat and calculated from Regnaut's
observations.", Cambridge Philosophical Society Proceedings for June 5,
1848. also in: THOMSON, W. MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL PAPERS. 1882,
p100. http://www.google.com/books?id=NGGOnRx4aakC&pg=PA100
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp431-433. {1848}

MORE INFO
[1] "William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin." History of Science and
Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 14 Aug. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-thomson-1st-baron-kelvin
[2] "William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,
Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 14 Aug. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-thomson-1st-baron-kelvin
[3] "William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson%2C_1st_Baron_Kelvin
[4] "William Thomson, Baron Kelvin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/William_Thomson,_Baron_Kelvin
[5] "Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p873-874
[6] "William Thomson, Baron
Kelvin." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14
Aug. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/314541/William-Thomson-Baron-Kelvin>.
{1842}
[7] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p315
[8]
http://www.physics.gla.ac.uk/Physics3/Kelvin_online/introduction.htm
[9] Andrew Gray, "Lord Kelvin", E. P. Dutton & co.,
1908. http://books.google.com/books?id=Hc6ipW7Vkk0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Life
+of+Lord+Kelvin#PPA1,M1
[10] Magnus Maclean, "Lord Kelvin" (obituary), Proceedings of the Royal
Philosophical Society of Glasgow,
1908. http://books.google.com/books?id=TwkVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Life+of+Lord+Kel
vin&lr=&as_brr=1#PPA60,M1
(University of Glasgow) Glasgow, Scotland5   
152 YBN
[08/10/1848 AD] 6 7 		2880) A constant high voltage from an induction coil is applied through
evacuated tubes filled with various gases3 .4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on Voltaic
Ignition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London V139,
1849,
p49-59. http://books.google.com/books?id=WVBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49 Grove_W_R_1849.p
df
2. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on Voltaic
Ignition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London V139,
1849,
p49-59. http://books.google.com/books?id=WVBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49 Grove_W_R_1849.p
df
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp376-377.
4. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on
Voltaic Ignition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
V139, 1849,
p49-59. http://books.google.com/books?id=WVBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49 Grove_W_R_1849.p
df
5. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on Voltaic
Ignition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London V139,
1849,
p49-59. http://books.google.com/books?id=WVBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49 Grove_W_R_1849.p
df
6. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on Voltaic
Ignition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London V139,
1849,
p49-59. http://books.google.com/books?id=WVBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49 Grove_W_R_1849.p
df
7. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852):
87-101;87. http://books.google.com/books?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96 {Groves_W_R_1
852_polarity.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on Voltaic Ignition",
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/rt1ug6668r7331x0/?p=8799fd4b7cc14bfd8
785b2ebc7cf84b9&pi=5 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886)
[2] "antithetic". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/antithetic
[3] Harrison, W. J. (2004) "Gassiot, John Peter (1797-1877)", rev. Iwan Rhys
Morus, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press,
accessed 5 August 2007 (subscription
required) http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10439
[4] Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852):
87-101. http://books.google.com/books?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96
[5] Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852): 87-101;
89-90. http://books.google.com/books?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96
[6]
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1440-1622.2000.01745.x?cookie
Set=1
[7] Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852):
87-101;95. http://books.google.com/books?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96
[8] Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852):
87-101;97. http://books.google.com/books?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96
[9] "Sir William Robert Grove". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038234/Sir-William-Robert-Grove
[10] "William Robert Grove". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robert_Grove
[11] "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on Voltaic Ignition",
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/rt1ug6668r7331x0/?p=8799fd4b7cc14bfd8
785b2ebc7cf84b9&pi=5 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886) Issue Volume 139 -
1849 Pages 49-59 DOI 10.1098/rstl.1849.0005 Grove_W_R_1849.pdf
London, England5 (presumably)  
151 YBN
[01/20/1849 AD] 3 		3280) That two yellow lines missing in the spectrum of sunlight are emitted
from and also absorbed by an electric arc between coal electrodes is observed.1

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ L'Institut Feb 7 1849. Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules
Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878,
pp170-171. http://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA170 Translated
by Professor Stokes in Phil Mag vol xix (1860) p194.
{stokes_foucault_kirchhoff.pdf}
2. ^ "Jean Bernard Leon Foucault". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Jean_Bernard_Leon_Foucault
3. ^ L'Institut Feb 7 1849. Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules
Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878,
pp170-171. http://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de
s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Foucault&as_brr=1#PPA170,M1 Translated by
Professor Stokes in Phil Mag vol xix (1860) p194.
{stokes_foucault_kirchhoff.pdf} (01/20/1849)

MORE INFO
[1] "Foucault, Jean." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 14 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9035012>
[2] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." History of
Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun.
2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucault
[3] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." Biographies. Answers Corporation,
2006. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucault
[4] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." The
Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press.,
2003. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucault
[5] "Jean Bernard Léon Foucault". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bernard_L%C3%A9on_Foucault
[6] "Foucault, Jean-Bernard-Léon", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (1981), p259
[7] Collected Works Volume One -
Recueil des travaux scientifiques de Léon Foucault 1878.
http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/513/
[8] Collected Works Volume Two - Recueil des travaux scientifiques de Léon
Foucault 1878. http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/527/
[9] Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous,
"Recueil des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars,
1878. http://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+des+tra
vaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Foucault&as_brr=1#PPP13,M1
[10] Fox, William. "Jean-Bertrand-Léon Foucault." The Catholic Encyclopedia.
Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 14 Jun. 2008
<http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06156c.htm>
[11] http://ams.astro.univie.ac.at/~nendwich/Science/SoFi/portrait.html
[12]
http://books.google.com/books?id=Q7oAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA23&dq=foucault+sun+daguerreot
ype+features&as_brr=1
Paris, France2 (presumably)  
151 YBN
[07/23/1849 AD] 5 6 		3290) The speed of light is measured using a terrestrial method. Light passes
between the teeth of a rapidly turning toothed disc on one hilltop, and
reflects off a mirror on another, 8 km2 (or 5 miles) away. If the disc turns
fast enough the reflected light passes through the next gap.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p405.
2. ^ Fizeau, Hippolyte 1849a:
"Sur une expérience relative à la vitesse de propagation de la lumière",
Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences de
l’Institut de France 29,
90–92. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-2986&M=chemindef
er {Fizeau_1849.pdf}
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p405.
4. ^ William Tobin, "The Life
and Science of Léon Foucault", Cambridge University Press, 2003, p122-124.
5. ^ William
Tobin, "The Life and Science of Léon Foucault", Cambridge University Press,
2003, p122-124. {07/23/1849}
6. ^ "Hippolyte Fizeau." Biographies. Answers Corporation,
2006. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/hippolyte-fizeau
(09/1849)

MORE INFO
[1] "Hippolyte Fizeau." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hippolyte-fizeau
[2] "Hippolyte Fizeau." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hippolyte-fizeau
[3] "Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Hippolyte_Louis_Fizeau
[4] "Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Armand_Hippolyte_Louis_Fizeau
[5] "Fizeau, Armand-Hippolyte-Louis", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (1981), p254
[6] "Fizeau,
Armand-Hippolyte-Louis." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 15 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9034454>
Paris, France4   
151 YBN
[11/05/1849 AD] 7 8 		3488) The first "organo-metallic" (or hydrocarbon-metallic1 ) compounds. This
is the first time a metal atom is added to a hydrocarbon molecule: the new
compound zincmethyl is created when zinc and methyl are joined.2 3 4 5
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ E. Frankland, "On a New Series of Organic Bodies Containing
Metals", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886),
Volume 142, 1852,
p417-444. books.google.com/books?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=pa417 http://journals.roya
lsociety.org/content/e8816n27r1047213/?p=55e3df04be284120b8404167191430abπ=19
and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/frankland.html
3. ^ "Sir Edward Frankland". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Edward_Frankland
4. ^ Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, Bd. LXXI, s. 213, and Frankland, E.
"XXIX.—On a new series of organic bodies containing metals and phosphorus."
Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London 2.4 (1850):
297-299. books.google.com/books?id=oKAwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA297
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p434.
6. ^ "Sir Edward Frankland".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Edward_Frankland
7. ^ Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, Bd. LXXI, s. 213, and Frankland, E.
"XXIX.—On a new series of organic bodies containing metals and phosphorus."
Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London 2.4 (1850):
297-299. books.google.com/books?id=oKAwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA297
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p434. {1850}

MORE INFO
[1] "Edward Frankland." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-frankland
[2] "Edward Frankland." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-frankland
[3] "Edward Frankland". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Frankland
[4] http://members.cox.net/ggtext/edwardfrankland1825_obit.html
(Queenwood school) Hampshire, England6   
150 YBN
[05/06/1850 AD] 5 		3281) Light is shown to move more slowly in water than in air, and the speed of
light is shown to be inversely proportional to the index of refraction of the
medium.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil
des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878,
pp173-184. http://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de
s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Foucault&as_brr=1#PPP13,M1
2. ^ Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil
des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878,
pp173-184. http://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de
s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Foucault&as_brr=1#PPP13,M1
3. ^ Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil
des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878,
pp173-184. http://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de
s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Foucault&as_brr=1#PPP13,M1
4. ^ "Jean Bernard Leon Foucault". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Jean_Bernard_Leon_Foucault
5. ^ Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil
des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878,
pp173-184. http://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de
s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Foucault&as_brr=1#PPP13,M1 (05/06/1850)

MORE INFO
[1] "Foucault, Jean." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 14 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9035012>
[2] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." History of
Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun.
2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucault
[3] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." Biographies. Answers Corporation,
2006. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucault
[4] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." The
Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press.,
2003. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucault
[5] "Jean Bernard Léon Foucault". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bernard_L%C3%A9on_Foucault
[6] "Foucault, Jean-Bertrand-Léon", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (1981), p259
[7] L'Institut Feb 7
1849. Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil
des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878,
pp170-171. http://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de
s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Foucault&as_brr=1#PPA170,M1 Translated by
Professor Stokes in Phil Mag vol xix (1860) p194.
{stokes_foucault_kirchhoff.pdf}
[8] Collected Works Volume One - Recueil des travaux scientifiques de Léon
Foucault 1878. http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/513/
[9] Collected Works Volume Two - Recueil des travaux
scientifiques de Léon Foucault
1878. http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/527/
[10] Fox, William. "Jean-Bertrand-Léon Foucault." The Catholic Encyclopedia.
Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 14 Jun. 2008
<http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06156c.htm>
[11] http://ams.astro.univie.ac.at/~nendwich/Science/SoFi/portrait.html
[12]
http://books.google.com/books?id=Q7oAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA23&dq=foucault+sun+daguerreot
ype+features&as_brr=1
Paris, France4 (presumably)  
150 YBN
[1850 AD] 3 		3019) Ocean depths are mapped and the Atlantic ridge is discovered.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Atlantic Ocean." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 2006. Answers.com 28 Apr. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/atlantic-ocean
2. ^ "Matthew Fontaine Maury". A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Apr. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/matthew-fontaine-maury
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp360-361. (1850)

MORE INFO
[1] "Maury, Matthew Fontaine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 28 Apr. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051517>. (1848)
Washington, DC, USA2   
150 YBN
[1850 AD] 6 7 		3332) The speed of electricity in nerves is measured as 27 meters (or 90 feet)
per second.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Helmholtz, Hermann von." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 23 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106281>.
2. ^ Helmholtz, Hermann von. "Messungen über
den zeitlichen Verlauf der Zuckung animalischer Muskeln und die
Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Reizung in den Nerven.", Archiv für
Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin, 1850,
p276-364. http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/library/data/lit1862? {Helmholtz_Herm
ann_1850_lit1862_Lo.pdf} "Of the methods of measuring very small intervals of
time and their application to physiological purposes", Phil. Mag., 6, 1853,
313-325. {Helmholtz_Herman_Measuring_1850.pdf}
3. ^ "Helmholtz, Hermann von." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 23 June 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106281>.
4. ^ Helmholtz, Hermann von. "Messungen über den zeitlichen Verlauf der
Zuckung animalischer Muskeln und die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Reizung
in den Nerven.", Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche
Medicin, 1850,
p276-364. http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/library/data/lit1862? {Helmholtz_Herm
ann_1850_lit1862_Lo.pdf} "Of the methods of measuring very small intervals of
time and their application to physiological purposes", Phil. Mag., 6, 1853,
313-325. {Helmholtz_Herman_Measuring_1850.pdf}
5. ^ "Helmholtz, Hermann Von", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p408-410.
6. ^ "Helmholtz, Hermann
von." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 23 June
2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106281>. {1850}
7. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p411-413. {1852}

MORE INFO
[1] "Hermann von Helmholtz." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-von-helmholtz
[2] "Hermann von Helmholtz." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 23 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-von-helmholtz
[3] "Hermann von Helmholtz." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 23
Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-von-helmholtz
[4] "Helmholtz". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz
[5] "Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand Von Helmholtz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Hermann_Ludwig_Ferdinand_Von_Helmholtz
[6] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[7] "body heat." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 23 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9080373>
[8] "hermann helmholtz". The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hermann-helmholtz/
[9] Leo Koenigsberger, Frances Alice Welby, "Hermann Von Helmholtz", Clarendon
Press,
1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=u-0HAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=%22Of+t
he+methods+of+measuring+very+small+intervals+of+time+and+their+application+to+ph
ysiological+purposes%22&source=web&ots=7g1i7bepqW&sig=MpMdlYaKd32Fcv9d_Md2RJpxXE
U&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPR1,M1 {includes photos}
(University of Königsberg) Königsberg, Germany5   
149 YBN
[02/03/1851 AD] 5 6 		3282) The rotation of the Earth around its own axis is proven experimentally
with a pendulum.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Foucault, Jean." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 14 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9035012>.
2. ^ "Foucault, Jean." Encyclopædia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 June 2008
<http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9035012>.
3. ^ "Foucault, Jean." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 14 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9035012>.
4. ^ "Jean Bernard Leon Foucault". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Jean_Bernard_Leon_Foucault
5. ^ Léon Foucault, "Demonstration physique du mouvement
de rotation de la terre au moyen du pendule", Comptes Rendus de l'Acad. de
Sciences de Paris. tome XXXII, 3 Fevrier, 1851, p435. English translation:
"Physical Demonstration of the Rotation of the Earth by Means of the Pendulum"
http://www.fi.edu/time/journey/Pendulum/foucault_paper_page_one.html Léon
Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil des travaux
scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878,
pp378-384. http://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de
s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Foucault&as_brr=1#PPP13,M1 {Foucault_Recue
il_des_travaux_scientifiques.pdf} (02/03/1851)
6. ^ "Foucault, Jean." Encyclopædia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 June 2008
<http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9035012>. (1851)

MORE INFO
[1] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." History of Science and Technology.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucault
[2] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucault
[3] "Jean Bernard Léon Foucault". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bernard_L%C3%A9on_Foucault
[4] "Foucault, Jean-Bertrand-Léon", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (1981), p259
[5] L'Institut Feb 7
1849. Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil
des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878,
pp170-171. http://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de
s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Foucault&as_brr=1#PPA170,M1 Translated by
Professor Stokes in Phil Mag vol xix (1860) p194.
{stokes_foucault_kirchhoff.pdf}
[6] Collected Works Volume One - Recueil des travaux scientifiques de Léon
Foucault 1878. http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/513/
[7] Collected Works Volume Two - Recueil des travaux
scientifiques de Léon Foucault
1878. http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/527/
[8] Fox, William. "Jean-Bertrand-Léon Foucault." The Catholic Encyclopedia.
Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 14 Jun. 2008
<http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06156c.htm>
[9] http://ams.astro.univie.ac.at/~nendwich/Science/SoFi/portrait.html
[10]
http://books.google.com/books?id=Q7oAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA23&dq=foucault+sun+daguerreot
ype+features&as_brr=1
[11] "Foucault pendulum." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 15 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9035014>
[12] "Foucault pendulum". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault_pendulum
Paris, France4 (presumably)  
149 YBN
[09/29/1851 AD] 4 5 		3292) The speed of light in water is shown to change depending on the motion of
the water.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ H. Fizeau, "Sur les hypothèses relatives à l'éther lumineux et sur une
expérience qui parait démontrer que le mouvement des corps change la vitesse
avec laquelle la lumière se propage dans leur intérieur", Comptes Rendus
hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie, vol 33, 1851, p349-355. Ann. de
Chim. et de Phys. 57 385-404
(1859). http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k347981/f381.table (09/29/1851)
{Fizeau_Comptes_Rendus_1851.pdf} English: M. H. Fizeau, "On the Hypotheses
Relating to the Luminous Aether, and an Experiment which Appears to Demonstrate
that the Motion of Bodies Alters the Velocity with which Light Propagates
Itself in their Interior.", Philosophical Magazine, Series 4, number 14,
Supplement Volume 2,
p568-573. http://books.google.com/books?id=JbwdWbbM1KgC&pg=RA1-PA568 {fizeau_a
ether001.pdf}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p405.
3. ^ "Hippolyte Fizeau."
Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hippolyte-fizeau
4. ^ H. Fizeau, "Sur les hypothèses relatives à l'éther lumineux et sur une
expérience qui parait démontrer que le mouvement des corps change la vitesse
avec laquelle la lumière se propage dans leur intérieur", Comptes Rendus
hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie, vol 33, 1851, p349-355. Ann. de
Chim. et de Phys. 57 385-404
(1859). http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k347981/f381.table (09/29/1851)
English: M. H. Fizeau, "On the Hypotheses Relating to the Luminous Aether,
and an Experiment which Appears to Demonstrate that the Motion of Bodies Alters
the Velocity with which Light Propagates Itself in their Interior.",
Philosophical Magazine, Series 4, number 14, Supplement Volume 2,
p568-573. http://books.google.com/books?id=JbwdWbbM1KgC&pg=RA1-PA568 {fizeau_a
ether001.pdf}
5. ^ "Fizeau, Armand-Hippolyte-Louis." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 June 2008
<http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9034454>. (1851)

MORE INFO
[1] "Hippolyte Fizeau." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hippolyte-fizeau
[2] "Hippolyte Fizeau." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hippolyte-fizeau
[3] "Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Hippolyte_Louis_Fizeau
[4] "Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Armand_Hippolyte_Louis_Fizeau
[5] "Fizeau, Armand-Hippolyte-Louis", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p317
[6] A. A. Michelson and
E.W. Morley, "Influence of motion of the medium on the motion of light" Am. J.
Science 31 377-386 (1886)
[7] Pieter Zeeman, "Fresnel's coefficient for light of
different colours. (First part)" Proc. Kon. Acad. van Weten. 17 445-451 (1914)
[8]
Pieter Zeeman, "Fresnel's coefficient for light of different colours. (Second
part)" Proc. Kon. Acad. van Weten. 18 398-408 (1915)
[9]
http://translate.google.com/translate_t
Paris, France3 (presumably)  
148 YBN
[01/07/1852 AD] 3 		6505) Electrolysis is performed on gases.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852):
87-101. http://books.google.com/books?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96 {Groves_W_R_1852
_polarity.pdf}
2. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852):
87-101;87. http://books.google.com/books?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96 {Groves_W_R_1
852_polarity.pdf}
3. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852):
87-101;87. http://books.google.com/books?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96 {Groves_W_R_1
852_polarity.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on Voltaic Ignition",
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/rt1ug6668r7331x0/?p=8799fd4b7cc14bfd8
785b2ebc7cf84b9&pi=5 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886)
[2] "antithetic". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/antithetic
[3] Harrison, W. J. (2004) "Gassiot, John Peter (1797-1877)", rev. Iwan Rhys
Morus, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press,
accessed 5 August 2007 (subscription
required) http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10439
[4] "Sir William Robert Grove". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038234/Sir-William-Robert-Grove
[5] "William Robert Grove". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robert_Grove
London, England2 (presumably)  
148 YBN
[05/10/1852 AD] 6 		3489) The theory of "valence": that each type of atom has a fixed capacity for
combining with other atoms is created.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p434.
2. ^ E. Frankland, "On a New
Series of Organic Bodies Containing Metals", Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 142, 1852,
p417-444. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/e8816n27r1047213/?p=38cdc316
b887400e8b6f958d2d4a2d27π=1 {Frankland_Edward_1852.pdf} and
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/frankland.html
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p434.
4. ^ E. Frankland, "On a New
Series of Organic Bodies Containing Metals", Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 142, 1852,
p417-444. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/e8816n27r1047213/?p=38cdc316
b887400e8b6f958d2d4a2d27π=1 {Frankland_Edward_1852.pdf} and
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/frankland.html
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p434. {05/10/1852}
6. ^ {05/10/1852}

MORE INFO
[1] "Frankland, Edward", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p327
[2] "Sir Edward Frankland."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Aug. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/217311/Sir-Edward-Frankland>
[3] "Edward Frankland." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-frankland
[4] "Edward Frankland". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Frankland
[5] http://members.cox.net/ggtext/edwardfrankland1825_obit.html
[6] "cacodyl." WordNet 1.7.1. Princeton University, 2001. Answers.com 26
Aug. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/cacodyl
[7] "Sir Edward Frankland". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Edward_Frankland
(Queenwood school) Hampshire, England5   
148 YBN
[1852 AD] 4 5 		3104) A practical passenger elevator with a safety device is invented.2
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ "elevator." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 13 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032371>.
2. ^ "elevator." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 May 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032371>.
3. ^ "Otis, Elisha Graves." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 13 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057648>.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
pp377. (1852)
5. ^ "elevator." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 13 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032371>.
(1853)
Yonkers, NY, USA3   
147 YBN
[02/16/1853 AD] 6 7 		3143) The theory that a gas absorbs and emits light of the same frequencies.1 2
3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Anders Jonas Angstrom". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Anders_Jonas_Angstrom
2. ^ Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co.,
(1887). http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=Optis
ka+Unders%C3%B6kning&source=web&ots=-3MJK404gq&sig=olTzkNwJOvCyEr6WNZ7qUXFW9XM&h
l=en {The_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf}
3. ^ "Optiska Undersökningar", Trans Royal Aitukmy of Stockholm 1853.
Translated in Phil Mag Fourth Series vol ix, 1857, p327.
4. ^ Anders Jonas
Ångström, Annalen der Physik, v94, 1855,
p141-165 http://gallica2.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15179x.image.r=angstrom.f161.la
ngEN English version: A. J. Angström, "Optical Researches", Philosophical
Transactions, v9, 1857, p327-342. {Angstrom_English_1857.pdf}
5. ^ "Ångström, Anders Jonas." Encyclopædia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 22 May 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9007607>.
6. ^ Anders Jonas Ångström, Annalen der Physik, v94, 1855,
p141-165 http://gallica2.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15179x.image.r=angstrom.f161.la
ngEN English version: A. J. Angström, "Optical Researches", Philosophical
Transactions, v9, 1857, p327-342. {Angstrom_English_1857.pdf} {02/16/1853}
7. ^ "Anders
Jonas Angstrom". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Anders_Jonas_Angstrom (1853)

MORE INFO
[1] "Anders Jonas Angström". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Jonas_Angstr%C3%B6m
[2] "Ångström, Anders Jonas", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp22-23
(University of Uppsala) Uppsala, Sweden5   
147 YBN
[1853 AD] 3 		3312) The concept of energy is distinguished into "actual" and "potential"
energy.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Rankine, William John Macquorn", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p736.
2. ^
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0067&type=P
3. ^ "Rankine, William John Macquorn", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p736. {1853}

MORE INFO
[1] "Rankine, William John Macquorn." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 June 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9062685>
[2] "William John Macquorn Rankine." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,
Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 20 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-john-macquorn-rankine
[3] "William John Macquorn Rankine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/William_John_Macquorn_Rankine
[4] "Rankine cycle." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 20 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9062686>
(University of Glasgow) Glasgow, Scotland, UK2   
146 YBN
[1854 AD] 4 5 		2945) The theory that an electrical mass will not be influenced by the
electrical force if moving with a velocity at least the speed of light.2
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ R. Kohlrausch, Wilhelm Weber, "Elektrodynamische Maassbestimmungen
insbesondere Zurückführung der Stromintensitäts-messungen auf mechanisches
Maass.", Abhandlungen der Konigl Sachsischen Gesellschasft der Wissenschaften
zu Leipzig, S. Hirzel, 1856. in: Wilhelm Weber's Werke By Wilhelm Eduard
Weber, Ernst Heinrich Weber, Eduard Weber, Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Weber,
Woldemar Voigt, Eduard Riecke, Friedrich Siegmund Merkel, Otto Fischer,
Königliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Königliche
Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen Published by J. Springer,
1893 Bund 3,
p609-676. http://books.google.com/books?id=l9AEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA25&vq=Maassbestimm
ungen&dq=Ueber+die+Elektricit%C3%A4tsmenge,+welche+bei+galvanische+Str%C3%B6men+
durch+den+Querschnitt+der+Kette+fliesst&as_brr=1&source=gbs_search_s#PPA609,M1
There is an English translation of this full work but it is unpublished (see
below) a summary is given as: Wilhelm Weber, H. R. Kohlrausch, "Ueber die
Elektricitätsmenge, welche bei galvanischen Strömen durch den Querschnitt der
Kette fliesst", Annalen der Physik, Volume 175, Issue 9, (1856), p 10-25.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/search/allsearch?mode=viewselected&product=
journal&ID=112497888&view_selected.x=56&view_selected.y=12&view_selected=view_se
lected English translation of summary: Wilhelm Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch,
translated by Susan P. Johnson and edited by Laurence Hecht, "On the Amount of
Electricity which Flows through the Cross-Section of the Circuit in Galvanic
Currents", (1856),
1996. http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~assis/Weber-Kohlrausch(2003).pdf {Weber-Kohlr
ausch_2003_1854.pdf} {selectable text: Weber_Kohlrausch_1854.pdf}
2. ^ R. Kohlrausch, Wilhelm Weber,
"Elektrodynamische Maassbestimmungen insbesondere Zurückführung der
Stromintensitäts-messungen auf mechanisches Maass.", Abhandlungen der Konigl
Sachsischen Gesellschasft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, S. Hirzel,
1856. in: Wilhelm Weber's Werke By Wilhelm Eduard Weber, Ernst Heinrich
Weber, Eduard Weber, Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Weber, Woldemar Voigt, Eduard
Riecke, Friedrich Siegmund Merkel, Otto Fischer, Königliche Gesellschaft der
Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Königliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu
Göttingen Published by J. Springer, 1893 Bund 3,
p609-676. http://books.google.com/books?id=l9AEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA25&vq=Maassbestimm
ungen&dq=Ueber+die+Elektricit%C3%A4tsmenge,+welche+bei+galvanische+Str%C3%B6men+
durch+den+Querschnitt+der+Kette+fliesst&as_brr=1&source=gbs_search_s#PPA609,M1
There is an English translation of this full work but it is unpublished (see
below) a summary is given as: Wilhelm Weber, H. R. Kohlrausch, "Ueber die
Elektricitätsmenge, welche bei galvanischen Strömen durch den Querschnitt der
Kette fliesst", Annalen der Physik, Volume 175, Issue 9, (1856), p 10-25.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/search/allsearch?mode=viewselected&product=
journal&ID=112497888&view_selected.x=56&view_selected.y=12&view_selected=view_se
lected English translation of summary: Wilhelm Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch,
translated by Susan P. Johnson and edited by Laurence Hecht, "On the Amount of
Electricity which Flows through the Cross-Section of the Circuit in Galvanic
Currents", (1856),
1996. http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~assis/Weber-Kohlrausch(2003).pdf {Weber-Kohlr
ausch_2003_1854.pdf} {selectable text: Weber_Kohlrausch_1854.pdf}
3. ^
http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/weber.html
4. ^ R. Kohlrausch, Wilhelm Weber, "Elektrodynamische Maassbestimmungen
insbesondere Zurückführung der Stromintensitäts-messungen auf mechanisches
Maass.", Abhandlungen der Konigl Sachsischen Gesellschasft der Wissenschaften
zu Leipzig, S. Hirzel, 1856. in: Wilhelm Weber's Werke By Wilhelm Eduard
Weber, Ernst Heinrich Weber, Eduard Weber, Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Weber,
Woldemar Voigt, Eduard Riecke, Friedrich Siegmund Merkel, Otto Fischer,
Königliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Königliche
Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen Published by J. Springer,
1893 Bund 3,
p609-676. http://books.google.com/books?id=l9AEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA25&vq=Maassbestimm
ungen&dq=Ueber+die+Elektricit%C3%A4tsmenge,+welche+bei+galvanische+Str%C3%B6men+
durch+den+Querschnitt+der+Kette+fliesst&as_brr=1&source=gbs_search_s#PPA609,M1
There is an English translation of this full work but it is unpublished (see
below) a summary is given as: Wilhelm Weber, H. R. Kohlrausch, "Ueber die
Elektricitätsmenge, welche bei galvanischen Strömen durch den Querschnitt der
Kette fliesst", Annalen der Physik, Volume 175, Issue 9, (1856), p 10-25.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/search/allsearch?mode=viewselected&product=
journal&ID=112497888&view_selected.x=56&view_selected.y=12&view_selected=view_se
lected English translation of summary: Wilhelm Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch,
translated by Susan P. Johnson and edited by Laurence Hecht, "On the Amount of
Electricity which Flows through the Cross-Section of the Circuit in Galvanic
Currents", (1856),
1996. http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~assis/Weber-Kohlrausch(2003).pdf {Weber-Kohlr
ausch_2003_1854.pdf} {selectable text: Weber_Kohlrausch_1854.pdf}
5. ^
http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/weber.html {1854}

MORE INFO
[1] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber
[2] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[4] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076390/Wilhelm-Eduard-Weber
[5] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Wilhelm+Eduard+Weber+?cat=technology (1849)
[6] Wilhelm Eduard
Weber (obituary), Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
v.27 (1891-92),
p449-450. http://books.google.com/books?id=oLcAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA449&dq=wilhelm+web
er&ei=3aP_SNOrKJH2sQPRr9S3DA#PPA449,M1
(University of) Göttingen, Germany3   
146 YBN
[1854 AD] 3 		3111) That an epidemic of cholera is due to a transmittable agent in drinking
water is understood.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "John Snow." Encyclopedia of Public Health. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002.
Answers.com 17 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-snow
2. ^ "John Snow." Encyclopedia of Public Health. The
Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 17 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-snow
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp380-381. (1854)

MORE INFO
[1] "John Snow (physician)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Snow_%28physician%29
[2] http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html
London, England2   
146 YBN
[1854 AD] 3 		3551) The first naturally occurring and artificial fats are synthesized by
combining glycerol and fatty acids.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p443-444.
2. ^ "Marcellin Pierre Eugene
Berthelot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Marcellin_Pierre_Eugene_Berthelot
3. ^ "Pierre-Eugène-Marcellin Berthelot." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/62792/Pierre-Eugene-Marcellin-Berthelo
t>. {1854}

MORE INFO
[1] "Marcellin Berthelot." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/marcellin-berthelot
[2] "Pierre Eugène Marcelin Berthelot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Eug%C3%A8ne_Marcelin_Berthelot
[3] "Berthelot, Pierre Eugène Marcellin", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p90-91
[4] "Marcellin
Berthelot." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999,
2003. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/marcellin-berthelot
(Collège de France) Paris, France2   
144 YBN
[04/21/1856 AD] 5 6 		3457) The bright D spectral lines in flames of hydrocarbons are shown to be
attributed to sodium, and the widespread occurrence of the D lines due to the
contamination of small amounts of sodium.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ William Swan (1857). XXIX.�On the Prismatic Spectra of the Flames of
Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen. Transactions of the Royal Society of
Edinburgh, 21, pp 411-429. doi:10.1017/S0080456800032233.
http://books.google.com/books?id=QyxFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA411
AND http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=84
19263 German: Swan, William. "Ueber die prismatischen Spectra der Flammen von
Kohlenwasserstoffverbindungen." Annalen der Physik 176.2 (1857):
306-335. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.18571760212/abstract
2. ^ Daniel M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: Two
Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law', Isis, Vol. 67, No. 4
(Dec., 1976), pp.
565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/230562?&Search=yes&term=kirchhoff&term=gus
tav&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dgustav%2Bkirchhoff%2
6x%3D0%26y%3D0&item=1&ttl=378&returnArticleService=showArticle {Kirchhoff_Siega
l_Isis_1976_230562.pdf}
3. ^ Swan, "Prismatic Spectra", pp. 413-414, 419-420; McGucken, Spectroscopy,
pp. 24-27.
4. ^ John Charles Drury Brand, Raymond Bonnett, "Lines of Light",
p60. http://books.google.com/books?id=1O2U8OMfLVEC&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=%22Willi
am+Swan%22+spectrum+1894&source=web&ots=PeMo6WX9e_&sig=oTOacnc_bPqGzxEF7DcQ81kv5
UI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result
5. ^ William Swan (1857). XXIX.�On the Prismatic Spectra of the Flames of
Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen. Transactions of the Royal Society of
Edinburgh, 21, pp 411-429. doi:10.1017/S0080456800032233.
http://books.google.com/books?id=QyxFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA411
AND http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=84
19263 German: Swan, William. "Ueber die prismatischen Spectra der Flammen von
Kohlenwasserstoffverbindungen." Annalen der Physik 176.2 (1857):
306-335. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.18571760212/abstract
6. ^ Daniel M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: Two
Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law', Isis, Vol. 67, No. 4
(Dec., 1976), pp.
565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/230562?&Search=yes&term=kirchhoff&term=gus
tav&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dgustav%2Bkirchhoff%2
6x%3D0%26y%3D0&item=1&ttl=378&returnArticleService=showArticle {Kirchhoff_Siega
l_Isis_1976_230562.pdf} {1856}
Edinburgh, Scotland4   
144 YBN
[1856 AD] 3 		3774) The first synthetic dyes are produced.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Sir William Henry Perkin." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-perkin
2. ^ "Sir William Henry Perkin." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-perkin
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p480-482. {1856}

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir William Henry Perkin." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,
Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-perkin
[2] "William Henry Perkin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Perkin
[3] "William Henry Perkin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/William_Henry_Perkin
[4] "Perkin, William Henry", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p694-695
(Royal College of Chemistry) London, England2   
143 YBN
[03/24/1857 AD] 4 5 6 7 		3999) The earliest extant sound recording.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Herbert Treadwell Wade, "Phonograph", The New international
encyclopaedia, Volume
18. http://books.google.com/books?id=VDJXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA542&dq=scott+1855+phonau
tograph&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=scott%201855%20phonautograph&f=false
2. ^ Herbert Treadwell Wade, "Phonograph", The New international encyclopaedia,
Volume
18. http://books.google.com/books?id=VDJXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA542&dq=scott+1855+phonau
tograph&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=scott%201855%20phonautograph&f=false
3. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/arts/27soun.html
4. ^ Scott's March 24, 1857 patent - as far as I know the first publically
known rotating cylinder sound recorder - the
telautograph http://www.firstsounds.org/public/First-Sounds-Working-Paper-02.pd
f {Scott_Leon_patent_1857.pdf} {03/24/1857}
5. ^ Herbert Treadwell Wade, "Phonograph", The
New international encyclopaedia, Volume
18. http://books.google.com/books?id=VDJXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA542&dq=scott+1855+phonau
tograph&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=scott%201855%20phonautograph&f=false
6. ^ Théodore Achille L. Du Moncel, "The telephone, the microphone, and the
phonograph",
1879. http://books.google.com/books?id=Do4DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR7&dq=history+microphon
e#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false {1855}
7. ^ Proceedings of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh, Volume 22, 1900,
p78. http://books.google.com/books?id=P4Ms_U3Y6T8C&pg=PA78&dq=leon+scott&as_brr
=1#v=onepage&q=leon%20scott&f=false {1856}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.usnews.com/articles/science/2009/06/01/earliest-known-sound-recording
s-revealed.html
[2] http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/scott.html
[3] "Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard-L%C3%A9on_Scott_de_Martinville
[4] "acoustics." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 2 Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-64050>
[5] edited by Clarence John Blake, The American journal
of otology, Volume 1, 1879,p4.
http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=duhamel+vibrograph&lr=
&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=duhamel%20vibrograph&f=false
[6]
http://www.archive.org/stream/talkingmachinein00mitcuoft/talkingmachinein00mitcu
oft_djvu.txt
[7]
http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=duhamel+vibrograph&lr=&a
s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=duhamel%20vibrograph&f=false
[8]
https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/899/Archivist_4_4_graf.
pdf?sequence=1
[9] Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville, "Principes de Phonautographie",
1957 http://www.firstsounds.org/public/First-Sounds-Working-Paper-01.pdf
Paris, France3   
143 YBN
[12/27/1857 AD] 4 		2974) The luminescence of various gases in vacuum tubes under a high voltage is
observed, determined to be from the gases (not the electrodes), and the
spectrum of the light found to be specific to each gas.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Pl�cker, J. "Ueber die Einwirkung des Magneten auf die elektrischen
Entladungen in verd�nnten Gasen." Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie
103 (1858): 88-106. books.google.com/books?id=ihM4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA88 English
translation: "On the Action of the Magnet upon the Electrical Discharge in
Rarefied Gases.", Philosophical Magazine, Series 4, Volume 16, num 105, August
1858, p119 http://books.google.com/books?id=aVEwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA119
AND http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53789#page/133/mode/1up {plucker_1
858_english.pdf} AND followed by: Pl�cker, M. "XLVI. Observations on the
electrical discharge through rarefied gases." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 16.109 (1858):
408-418. http://books.google.com/books?id=vFAEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA408
2. ^ "Julius Plucker". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. "Julius Plucker".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Julius_Plucker
3. ^ Pl�cker, J. "Ueber die Einwirkung des
Magneten auf die elektrischen Entladungen in verd�nnten Gasen." Poggendorffs
Annalen der Physik und Chemie 103 (1858):
88-106. books.google.com/books?id=ihM4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA88 English translation:
"On the Action of the Magnet upon the Electrical Discharge in Rarefied
Gases.", Philosophical Magazine, Series 4, Volume 16, num 105, August 1858,
p119 http://books.google.com/books?id=aVEwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA119
AND http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53789#page/133/mode/1up {plucker_1
858_english.pdf} AND followed by: Pl�cker, M. "XLVI. Observations on the
electrical discharge through rarefied gases." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 16.109 (1858):
408-418. http://books.google.com/books?id=vFAEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA408
4. ^ Pl�cker, J. "Ueber die Einwirkung des Magneten auf die elektrischen
Entladungen in verd�nnten Gasen." Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie
103 (1858): 88-106. books.google.com/books?id=ihM4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA88 English
translation: "On the Action of the Magnet upon the Electrical Discharge in
Rarefied Gases.", Philosophical Magazine, Series 4, Volume 16, num 105, August
1858, p119 http://books.google.com/books?id=aVEwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA119
AND http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53789#page/133/mode/1up {plucker_1
858_english.pdf} AND followed by: Pl�cker, M. "XLVI. Observations on the
electrical discharge through rarefied gases." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 16.109 (1858):
408-418. http://books.google.com/books?id=vFAEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA408

MORE INFO
[1] "Julius Plucker". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9060443/Julius-Plucker
[2] "Julius Plücker". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker
[3] http://www.answers.com/Julius%20Pl%C3%BCcker%20
[4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[5] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15188w pp88-106 Annalen der
Physik (Leipzig). 1799. 1858 (Bd. 179 = F. 2 / Bd. 103)
[6]
http://www.google.com/translate_t?langpair=deen
[7] The Discovery of X-Rays W. C. Rontgen; George Sarton Isis, Vol.
26, No. 2. (Mar., 1937), pp. 349-369.
http://www.jstor.org/view/00211753/ap010040/01a00110/0 XRays_Rontgen_Sarton.p
df
[8] "John Peter Gassiot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peter_Gassiot
[9]
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/u247483p64245816/?p=5586690922f1445d80f
82675725be8d2&pi=5 Abstract of a Series of Papers and Notes Concerning the
Electric Discharge through Rarefied Gases and Vapours. Journal Proceedings of
the Royal Society of London (1854-1905) Issue Volume 10 -
1859/1860 Pages 256-269 DOI 10.1098/rspl.1859.0051 Plucker_1859_PT_abstract.p
df
[10] "On the Action of the Magnet upon the Electrical Discharge in Rarefied
Gases.", Philosophical Magazine, Volume 16, plucker_1858_english.pdf
[11]
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k151897/f140.table
[12] E. Newton Harvey, "A History of Luminescence", The American Philosophical
Society, 1957, 353-354
(University of Bonn) Bonn, Germany2 3   
143 YBN
[1857 AD] 4 		3628) That mountain ranges are created by horizontal movements of the Earth's
crust is realized.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Eduard Suess." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 01 Oct. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/571632/Eduard-Suess>.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ "Suess, Eduard", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p848.
4. ^ "Eduard Suess." Encyclopædia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Oct. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/571632/Eduard-Suess>. {1857}

MORE INFO
[1] "Eduard Suess." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 01 Oct. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/eduard-suess
[2] "Eduard Suess." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 01 Oct. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/eduard-suess
[3] "Eduard Suess". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Suess
[4] "Eduard Suess". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Eduard_Suess
(University of Vienna) Vienna, Austria (now Germany2 )3   
142 YBN
[07/01/1858 AD] 17 18 		3033) The theory of evolution is popularized: the theory that life descends
from a single common ancestor10 , that many more organisms than can survive are
born, each with individual differences, and through a process of natural
selection, only the best adapted can survive to reproduce and pass on their
successful traits, while the less adapted die out11 .12 13

Many religious people are shocked that humans and apes might have a common
ancestor.14
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form
varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of
selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London.
Zoology V3 N9 (1858):
45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45
2. ^ Currently I am presuming Darwin and or Wallace identified the idea of a
single common ancestor for all of life on Earth-Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Darwin, Charles, and
Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the
perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection." Journal
of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858):
45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45
4. ^ Currently I am presuming Darwin and or Wallace identified the idea of a
single common ancestor for all of life on Earth-Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Darwin, Charles, and
Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the
perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection." Journal
of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858):
45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45
6. ^ Currently I am presuming Darwin and or Wallace identified the idea of a
single common ancestor for all of life on Earth-Ted Huntington.
7. ^ "natural
selection."Answers.com 23 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/natural-selection
8. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form
varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of
selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London.
Zoology V3 N9 (1858):
45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45
9. ^ Darwin, C. R. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural
selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.
London: John Murray. {1st edition}
http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_OntheOriginofSpecie
s.html http://darwin-online.org.uk/converted/pdf/1859_Origin_F373.pdf
10. ^ Currently I am presuming Darwin and or Wallace identified the idea of a
single common ancestor for all of life on Earth-Ted Huntington.
11. ^ "natural
selection."Answers.com 23 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/natural-selection
12. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form
varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of
selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London.
Zoology V3 N9 (1858):
45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45
13. ^ Darwin, C. R. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural
selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.
London: John Murray. {1st edition}
http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_OntheOriginofSpecie
s.html http://darwin-online.org.uk/converted/pdf/1859_Origin_F373.pdf
14. ^ "Charles Robert Darwin", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp230-231
15. ^ "Darwin, Charles."
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 30 Apr. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642>.
16. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form
varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of
selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London.
Zoology V3 N9 (1858):
45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45
17. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form
varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of
selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London.
Zoology V3 N9 (1858):
45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45
18. ^ "Darwin, Charles." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. 30 Apr. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642>.
(07/01/1858)

MORE INFO
[1] The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online.
http://darwin-online.org.uk/
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Robert_Darwin
(Linnean Society), London, England15 16   
142 YBN
[08/16/1858 AD] 4 		3305) The first transatlantic cable.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Cyrus West Field." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 19 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cyrus-west-field
2. ^ "Telegraph". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Telegraph
3. ^ "Field, Cyrus W." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 18 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9034195>.
4. ^ "Cyrus West Field." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 19
Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyrus-west-field {08/16/1858}

MORE INFO
[1] "Cyrus West Field". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_West_Field
[2] "Cyrus West Field". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Cyrus_West_Field
(Newfoundland to Ireland2 ) Atlantic Ocean3   
141 YBN
[08/27/1859 AD] 4 5 		3264) The first modern oil well.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Drake, Edwin Laurentine." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 13 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9031134>.
2. ^ Tate, A.N. Petroleum and Its Products: An
Account of the History, Origin, Composition, Properties, Uses, and Commercial
Value &c., of Petroleum, the Methods Employed in Refining It and the
Properties, Uses, Etc., of Its Products. John W. Davies, 1863,
4. http://books.google.com/books?id=PCxIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4
3. ^ "Edwin Drake." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 13 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/edwin-drake
4. ^ "Edwin Drake." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 13 Jun.
2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/edwin-drake (08/27/1859)
5. ^ "Edwin Drake." The Columbia
Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003.
Answers.com 13 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/edwin-drake (08/27/1859)

MORE INFO
[1] "Edwin Laurentine Drake". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Laurentine_Drake
(near) Titusville, Pennsylvania, USA3   
141 YBN
[10/20/1859 AD] 12 13 14 15 		3087) The spectral lines emitted when a substance is burned are used to
determine the atomic composition of the substance. That each element emits and
absorbs light at the same specific frequencies is recognized.7

The first element in the atmosphere of the Sun, sodium, is identified from the
two dark "D" lines in the Sun's spectrum, and the finding that a spectral
emission line can only be reversed to an absorption line when the absorber is
colder than the emitter.8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der
Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665
(presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in
George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of
the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper
by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical
Magazine, 1860,
19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou
cault_kirchhoff.pdf}
2. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der
Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665
(presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in
George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of
the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper
by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical
Magazine, 1860,
19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou
cault_kirchhoff.pdf}
3. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der
Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665
(presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in
George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of
the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper
by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical
Magazine, 1860,
19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou
cault_kirchhoff.pdf}
4. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der
Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665
(presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in
George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of
the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper
by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical
Magazine, 1860,
19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou
cault_kirchhoff.pdf}
5. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der
Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665
(presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in
George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of
the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper
by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical
Magazine, 1860,
19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou
cault_kirchhoff.pdf}
6. ^ Norman Lockyer, "The Chemistry of the Sun", Macmillan and co., 1887,
p54-56. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54
7. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der
Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665
(presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in
George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of
the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper
by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical
Magazine, 1860,
19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou
cault_kirchhoff.pdf}
8. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der
Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665
(presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in
George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of
the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper
by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical
Magazine, 1860,
19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou
cault_kirchhoff.pdf}
9. ^ Norman Lockyer, "The Chemistry of the Sun", Macmillan and co., 1887,
p54-56. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54
10. ^ "Robert Bunsen." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-bunsen
11. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der
Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665
(presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in
George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of
the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper
by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical
Magazine, 1860,
19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou
cault_kirchhoff.pdf}
12. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der
Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665
(presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in
George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of
the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper
by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical
Magazine, 1860,
19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou
cault_kirchhoff.pdf} {10/20/1859}
13. ^ Daniel M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert
Kirchhoff: Two Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law"', Isis,
Vol. 67, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp.
565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/230562?seq=2
{Kirchhoff_Siegal_Isis_1976_230562.pdf} {10/20/1859}
14. ^
http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/bunsen.html (1859)
15. ^ "Bunsen, Robert
Wilhelm." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8
May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9018091>. (1859)

MORE INFO
[1] "Robert Bunsen." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
08 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-bunsen
[2] "Robert Bunsen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bunsen
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[4] "Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp153-154
[5]
http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/bunsen-kirchhoff.html
[6] Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887).
http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1
814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2-HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T
he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf}
[7] (English translation of 1860 paper) Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen,
"Chemical Analysis by Observation of Spectra", Annalen der Physik und der
Chemie (Poggendorff), Vol. 110 (1860),
pp161-189. http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Kirchhoff-Bunsen-18
60.html {Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html}
[8] "Gustav Robert Kirchhoff", Obituary Notice. Proc. Roy, Soc. vol. 46, p.
vi. (1889).
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/cg61418590l307t2/?p=b6c499a7daa34dfb9
4680da0469118ebπ=1 {Kirchhoff_obituary_PRS.pdf}
(University of Heidelberg), Heidelberg, Germany10 11   
141 YBN
[1859 AD] 3 		3714) The first rechargeable battery; which is based on lead plates immersed in
sulfuric acid.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p468.
2. ^ "Planté, Gaston."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Dec. 2008
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9060320>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p468. {1859}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Gaston%20Plant%C3%A9
[2] "Gaston Planté". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Plant%C3%A9
[3] "Lead-acid battery". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_battery
(Conservatory of Arts and Crafts) Paris, France2   
140 YBN
[04/16/1860 AD] 6 7 8 9 		3088) The element cesium is identified, the first element to be discovered
spectroscopically3 .4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "cesium." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 8 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9022171>.
2. ^ G. Kirchhoff, R. Bunsen (1861). "Chemische Analyse
durch Spectralbeobachtungen". Annalen der Physik und Chemie 189 (7): 337–381.
doi:10.1002/andp.18611890702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18611890702 htt
p://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112489837/PDFSTART and
free: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k151986 {Bunsen_Kirchhoff_1861_cesi
um.pdf} translated in English as "Chemical Analysis by
spectrum-observations", Phil. Mag. 22, 329-49, 498-510 (1861).
3. ^ "cesium."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 May 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9022171>.
4. ^ G. Kirchhoff, R. Bunsen (1861). "Chemische Analyse durch
Spectralbeobachtungen". Annalen der Physik und Chemie 189 (7): 337–381.
doi:10.1002/andp.18611890702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18611890702 htt
p://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112489837/PDFSTART and
free: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k151986 {Bunsen_Kirchhoff_1861_cesi
um.pdf} translated in English as "Chemical Analysis by
spectrum-observations", Phil. Mag. 22, 329-49, 498-510 (1861).
5. ^ "Robert Bunsen." A
Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 08 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-bunsen
6. ^ James, Frank A. J. L. (1983) "The establishment
of spectro-chemical analysis as a practical method of qualitative analysis,
1854-1861", Ambix, v30, pp30-53. {Ambix_1983.pdf} {04/16/1860}
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p428-429. {05/10/1860}
8. ^ Klaus Hentschel, Mapping the Spectrum,
p483. http://books.google.com/books?id=WceRw3sr-rQC&pg=PA483&lpg=PA483&dq=bunse
n++ueber+ein+neues+dem+kalium&source=web&ots=MyI0GGw5c3&sig=uUJ6C2djUKdMeVVp3eWm
wEjwe1g&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result {05/10/1860}
9. ^ "cesium."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 May 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9022171>. (1861)

MORE INFO
[1] "Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 May 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9018091>
[2] "Robert Bunsen." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 08
May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-bunsen
[3] "Robert Bunsen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bunsen
[4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[5] "Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp153-154
[6] G. Kirchhoff, R.
Bunsen, "Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen", Annalen der Physik,
Volume 186, Issue 6, (1860), pp
161-189. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112489676/issue and
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k151955 {Bunsen_Kirchhuff_1860.pdf}
[7] "Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 8 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045597>
(University of Heidelberg), Heidelberg, Germany5   
140 YBN
[04/??/1860 AD] 5 		3458) The position of the spectral emission lines are found to be the same for
a variety of metals, independent of the molecular compound the metal is in, and
the heat source used.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ G. Kirchhoff, R. Bunsen, "Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen",
Annalen der Physik, Volume 186, Issue 6, (1860), pp
161-189. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112489676/issue and
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k151955 {Bunsen_Kirchhuff_1860.pdf}
(Full English translation) Pierre Prevost, Balfour Stewart, Gustav
Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen, De Witt Bristol Brace, "The Laws of Radiation and
Absorption: Memoirs", American Book Company, 1901,
pp101-125. http://books.google.com/books?id=AfGOZ4Icu6wC&printsec=frontcover&dq
=brace+%22laws+of+radiation+and+absorption%22#PPA101,M1 (partial English
translation)
http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html {
Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html}
2. ^ "Robert Bunsen." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-bunsen
3. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der
Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665
(presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, Kirchhoff's. ^ Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in
George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of
the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper
by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical
Magazine, 1860, 19:196-197. {stokes_foucault_kirchhoff.pdf}
4. ^ G. Kirchhoff, R. Bunsen, "Chemische Analyse durch
Spectralbeobachtungen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 186, Issue 6, (1860), pp
161-189. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112489676/issue and
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k151955 {Bunsen_Kirchhuff_1860.pdf}
(Full English translation) Pierre Prevost, Balfour Stewart, Gustav
Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen, De Witt Bristol Brace, "The Laws of Radiation and
Absorption: Memoirs", American Book Company, 1901,
pp101-125. http://books.google.com/books?id=AfGOZ4Icu6wC&printsec=frontcover&dq
=brace+%22laws+of+radiation+and+absorption%22#PPA101,M1 (partial English
translation)
http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html {
Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html}
5. ^ G. Kirchhoff, R. Bunsen, "Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen",
Annalen der Physik, Volume 186, Issue 6, (1860), pp
161-189. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112489676/issue and
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k151955 {Bunsen_Kirchhuff_1860.pdf}
(Full English translation) Pierre Prevost, Balfour Stewart, Gustav
Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen, De Witt Bristol Brace, "The Laws of Radiation and
Absorption: Memoirs", American Book Company, 1901,
pp101-125. http://books.google.com/books?id=AfGOZ4Icu6wC&printsec=frontcover&dq
=brace+%22laws+of+radiation+and+absorption%22#PPA101,M1 (partial English
translation)
http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html {
Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html} {04/1860}

MORE INFO
[1] "Robert Bunsen." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
08 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-bunsen
[2] "Robert Bunsen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bunsen
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[4] "Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp153-154
[5]
http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/bunsen-kirchhoff.html
[6] Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887).
http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1
814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2-HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T
he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf}
[7] "spectroscopy." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 9 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80589>
[8] "Robert Wilhelm Von Bunsen". Encyclopedia Britannica.
1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Robert_Wilhelm_Von_Bunsen
[9] http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/bunsen.html (1859)
[10]
"Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 8 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9018091>.
(1859)
[11] Daniel M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: Two
Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law"', Isis, Vol. 67, No. 4
(Dec., 1976), pp. 565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/230562?seq=2
{Kirchhoff_Siegal_Isis_1976_230562.pdf}
[12] William Tobin, "The life and science of Léon Foucault: the man who proved
the earth rotates", Cambridge University Press, 2003, p109-112
[13] "Gustav Robert
Kirchhoff", Obituary Notice. Proc. Roy, Soc. vol. 46, p. vi. (1889).
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/cg61418590l307t2/?p=b6c499a7daa34dfb9
4680da0469118ebπ=1 {Kirchhoff_obituary_PRS.pdf}
[14] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/kirchhoff.htm
[15] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp374-375
[16] Daniel M. Siegel,
"Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: Two Independent Approaches to
'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law', Isis, Vol. 67, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp.
565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/230562?&Search=yes&term=kirchhoff&term=gus
tav&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dgustav%2Bkirchhoff%2
6x%3D0%26y%3D0&item=1&ttl=378&returnArticleService=showArticle {Kirchhoff_Siega
l_Isis_1976_230562.pdf}
(University of Heidelberg), Heidelberg, Germany2 3 4   
140 YBN
[1860 AD] 3 		3124) The atomic masses of some elements are found to be far from integral
values, which casts doubt on the theory that all elements are made of multiples
of hydrogen.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p383.
2. ^ "Jean Baptiste André
Dumas". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994,
1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Jean+Baptiste+Andr%C3%A9+Dumas?cat=technology
3. ^ "Researches on the Mutual Relations of Atomic Weights", in the Bulletin de
l'Académie Royale de Belgique v10, 1860,
pp208-336. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/stas.html

MORE INFO
[1] "Jean-Servais Stas", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p830
[2] "Jean Stas." A Dictionary of
Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 19 May.
2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/jean-stas
[3] "Jean Stas." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 19 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/jean-stas
[4] "Jean Servais Stas". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Jean_Servais_Stas
[5] "Jean Servais Stas". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Servais_Stas
[6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p342
[7]
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/S/Stas/1.html
[8] "Aaron J. Ihde", The Development of Modern Chemistry, Courier Dover
Publications, 1984, p155 (1840)
(Ecole Polytechnique) Paris, France2 (presumably)  
139 YBN
[06/??/1861 AD] 4 		3462) By matching solar dark lines to the bright lines emitted by elements,
various metals are found to be in the atmosphere of the Sun, and others are
ruled out.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ G. Kirchhoff, "Untersuchungen über das Sonnenspektrum und Spektren der
chemischen Elemente", Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der
Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861, 63–95 1862, 227–240; 1863, 225–240
English translation: tr. by Henry E. Roscoe, "Researches on the solar
spectrum, and the spectra of the chemical elements",
1862 http://books.google.com/books?id=l4MDAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover {Kirchh
off_Researches_on_the_solar_spectrum_1861.pdf}
2. ^
http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0038-5670/2/6/R08/PHU_2_6_R08.pdf?request-id=8f1
884a6-fd47-447b-a653-fe3cb7086b72
3. ^ G. Kirchhoff, "Untersuchungen über das Sonnenspektrum und Spektren der
chemischen Elemente", Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der
Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861, 63–95 1862, 227–240; 1863, 225–240
English translation: tr. by Henry E. Roscoe, "Researches on the solar
spectrum, and the spectra of the chemical elements",
1862 http://books.google.com/books?id=l4MDAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover {Kirchh
off_Researches_on_the_solar_spectrum_1861.pdf}
4. ^ G. Kirchhoff, "Untersuchungen über das Sonnenspektrum und Spektren der
chemischen Elemente", Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der
Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861, 63–95 1862, 227–240; 1863, 225–240
English translation: tr. by Henry E. Roscoe, "Researches on the solar
spectrum, and the spectra of the chemical elements",
1862 http://books.google.com/books?id=l4MDAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover {Kirchh
off_Researches_on_the_solar_spectrum_1861.pdf} {06/1861}

MORE INFO
[1] "Robert Bunsen." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
08 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-bunsen
[2] "Robert Bunsen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bunsen
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[4] "Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp153-154
[5]
http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/bunsen-kirchhoff.html
[6] Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887).
http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1
814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2-HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T
he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf}
[7] "spectroscopy." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 9 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80589>
[8] ULSF id 2571
[9] "Robert Wilhelm Von Bunsen". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Robert_Wilhelm_Von_Bunsen
[10] G. Kirchhoff, R. Bunsen, "Chemische Analyse durch
Spectralbeobachtungen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 186, Issue 6, (1860), pp
161-189. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112489676/issue and
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k151955 {Bunsen_Kirchhuff_1860.pdf}
[11] (English translation of 1860 paper) Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen,
"Chemical Analysis by Observation of Spectra", Annalen der Physik und der
Chemie (Poggendorff), Vol. 110 (1860),
pp161-189. http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Kirchhoff-Bunsen-18
60.html {Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html}
[12] http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/bunsen.html (1859)
[13] "Bunsen,
Robert Wilhelm." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 8 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9018091>. (1859)
[14] Daniel
M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: Two Independent
Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law"', Isis, Vol. 67, No. 4 (Dec., 1976),
pp. 565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/230562?seq=2
{Kirchhoff_Siegal_Isis_1976_230562.pdf}
[15] William Tobin, "The life and science of Léon Foucault: the man who proved
the earth rotates", Cambridge University Press, 2003, p109-112
[16]
http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/kirchhoff.htm
[17] James, Frank A. J. L. (1983) "The establishment of spectro-chemical
analysis as a practical method of qualitative analysis, 1854-1861", Ambix, v30,
pp30-53, p51. {Ambix_1983.pdf}
[18] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp374-375
[19] "Gustav Kirchhoff."
History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
07 Aug. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/gustav-kirchhoff
[20] "Robert Bunsen." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-bunsen
[21] Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der
Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665
(presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, [Kirchhoff's] Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in
George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of
the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper
by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical
Magazine, 1860, 19:196-197. {stokes_foucault_kirchhoff.pdf}
[22] Daniel M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert
Kirchhoff: Two Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law', Isis,
Vol. 67, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp.
565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/230562?&Search=yes&term=kirchhoff&term=gus
tav&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dgustav%2Bkirchhoff%2
6x%3D0%26y%3D0&item=1&ttl=378&returnArticleService=showArticle {Kirchhoff_Siega
l_Isis_1976_230562.pdf} {12/11/1859}
[23] Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber den Zusammenhang zwischen
Emission und Absorption von Licht und Warme," Monatsber. Kon. Preuss. Akad.
Wiss. Berlin, 1859, pp. 783-787 (presented Dec. 11, 1859). Reprinted in
Abhandlungen, pp. 566-571, as well as in Kangro, [Kirchhoff'sl Untersuchungen,
pp.
7-13. http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit
ions:0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA783,M1 English translation: Pierre Prevost,
Balfour Stewart, Gustav Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen, De Witt Bristol Brace, "The
Laws of Radiation and Absorption: Memoirs", American Book Company, 1901,
p73- http://books.google.com/books?id=AfGOZ4Icu6wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=brace
+laws+of+radiation#PPA73,M1 {12/11/1859}
[24] G. R. Kirchhoff, "Ueber das Verhältnis
zwischen dem Emissionsvermögen und dem. Absorptionsvermögen der Körper für
Wärme und Licht,” Annalen der Physik, 109, 1860, pp275-301.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112489606/issue {Kirchhoff_black_b
ody_1860_01.pdf} Translated into English as "On the relation between the
radiating and absorbing powers of different bodies for light and heat", Phil.
Mag. 20 (1860), 1-21. {01/1860}
[25] Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan
and co, 1887,
p74. http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=chemi
stry+of+the+sun#PPA74,M1
(University of Heidelberg), Heidelberg, Germany3   
139 YBN
[10/26/1861 AD] 16 17 		3997) The first microphone, speaker, and telephone is invented. Sound is
converted to electricity and back to sound again.11 12

A microphone converts variations in sound (air pressure) into variations in
electric current, which can be carried over long distances in metal wire, and
then converted back into the air vibrations of sound using a speaker.13

Sound can be sent farther as electric current in a wire than mechanically in
air and travels silently.14
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A
biographical sketch, with ...",
1883. http://books.google.com/books?id=YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil
ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false
{Philipp_Reis__inventor_of_the_telephone.pdf}
2. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and
other novelties",
1878,p147. http://books.google.com/books?id=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=
%22galvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE-YQX1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl
=en&ei=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q
=%22galvanic%20music%22&f=false
3. ^ Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A
biographical sketch, with ...",
1883. http://books.google.com/books?id=YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil
ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false
{Philipp_Reis__inventor_of_the_telephone.pdf}
4. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and
other novelties",
1878,p147. http://books.google.com/books?id=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=
%22galvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE-YQX1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl
=en&ei=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q
=%22galvanic%20music%22&f=false
5. ^ Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A
biographical sketch, with ...",
1883. http://books.google.com/books?id=YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil
ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false
{Philipp_Reis__inventor_of_the_telephone.pdf}
6. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and
other novelties",
1878,p147. http://books.google.com/books?id=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=
%22galvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE-YQX1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl
=en&ei=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q
=%22galvanic%20music%22&f=false
7. ^ Ted Huntington.
8. ^ Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the
telephone: A biographical sketch, with ...",
1883. http://books.google.com/books?id=YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil
ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false
{Philipp_Reis__inventor_of_the_telephone.pdf}
9. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and
other novelties",
1878,p147. http://books.google.com/books?id=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=
%22galvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE-YQX1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl
=en&ei=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q
=%22galvanic%20music%22&f=false
10. ^ Ted Huntington.
11. ^ Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the
telephone: A biographical sketch, with ...",
1883. http://books.google.com/books?id=YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil
ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false
{Philipp_Reis__inventor_of_the_telephone.pdf}
12. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph,
and other novelties",
1878,p147. http://books.google.com/books?id=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=
%22galvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE-YQX1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl
=en&ei=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q
=%22galvanic%20music%22&f=false
13. ^ Ted Huntington.
14. ^ Ted Huntington.
15. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone,
talking phonograph, and other novelties",
1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t
he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false
16. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph,
and other novelties",
1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t
he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false {10/26/1861}
17. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The
speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties",
1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t
he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false {1861}

MORE INFO
[1] Herbert Newton Casson, "The history of the telephone",
1910. http://books.google.com/books?id=4iU1AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+
History+of+the+Telephone&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[2] Théodore Achille L. Du Moncel, "The telephone, the microphone, and the
phonograph",
1879. http://books.google.com/books?id=Do4DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR7&dq=history+microphon
e#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false
and http://books.google.com/books?id=seQOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7&dq=history+microphone&
as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false
[3] W. F. Barrett, "The Telephone, Its History and Its Recent Improvements",
Nature, vol19, 11/07/1878,
p12-14. http://books.google.com/books?id=oC0CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA12&dq=history+microp
hone&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false
[4] The Talking Machine
Industry http://www.archive.org/stream/talkingmachinein00mitcuoft/talkingmachin
ein00mitcuoft_djvu.txt
(built in workshop behind Reis's house and cabinet in Garnier's Institute,
Friedrichsdorf, demonstrated before Physical Society) Frankfort, Germany15
  
139 YBN
[11/07/1861 AD] 3 		3493) That the spectrum of an element may change with change in temperature is
proven by showing that at high temperatures a blue line appears for lithium.1
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ Edward Frankland, (obituary) Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of
Civil Engineers, Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain),
p343-349. http://books.google.com/books?id=4Q8AAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA343&dq=Edward+Fran
kland+obituary&as_brr=1
2. ^ Edward Frankland, (obituary) Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of
Civil Engineers, Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain),
p343-349. http://books.google.com/books?id=4Q8AAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA343&dq=Edward+Fran
kland+obituary&as_brr=1
3. ^ Dictionary of National Biography (1901) entry for Edward
Frankland http://books.google.com/books?id=TCYJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA237&dq=edward+fran
kland&as_brr=1#PPA238,M1 {11/07/1861}

MORE INFO
[1] "Frankland, Edward", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p327
[2] "Sir Edward Frankland."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Aug. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/217311/Sir-Edward-Frankland>
[3] "Edward Frankland." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-frankland
[4] "Edward Frankland". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Frankland
[5] http://members.cox.net/ggtext/edwardfrankland1825_obit.html
[6] "Edward Frankland." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-frankland
[7] "Sir Edward Frankland". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Edward_Frankland
(St. Bartholomew's Hospital) London, England2   
139 YBN
[1861 AD] 3 		2651) The first transcontinental telegraph line, connecting San Francisco to
the East Coast of the USA.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "telegraph". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-76404/telegraph
2. ^ "telegraph". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-76404/telegraph
3. ^ "telegraph". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-76404/telegraph (1861)

MORE INFO
[1] "Western Union Corporation". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076670/Western-Union-Corporation
USA2   
139 YBN
[1861 AD] 3 		3015) The process of dialysis to separate different substances is invented.1
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp359-360.
2. ^ "Thomas Graham".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Thomas_Graham
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
pp359-360. (1861)

MORE INFO
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham_%28chemist%29
[2]
http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/chemistry/institutes/1992/Graham.html (1833)
[3]
http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/chemistry/institutes/1992/Graham.html
[4] "Graham, Thomas". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 28 Apr. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037612>. (1829)
[5] Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp359-360. (1833)
(Mint) London, England2   
139 YBN
[1861 AD] 4 		3417) That some microorganisms are anaerobic (do not need oxygen) and others
are aerobic (need oxygen) is established.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ René Vallery-Radot, R. L. Devonshire, "The Life of Pasteur", Doubleday,
Page & Co., 1916, p
99. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZOwIAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Louis+
Pasteur&as_brr=1#PPA99,M1
2. ^ Pasteur, L. "Animalcules infusoires vivant sans gaz oxygene libre et
determinant des fermentations." Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 52:344-347,
1861
3. ^ "Louis Pasteur." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 13 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/445964/Louis-Pasteur>.
4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p334. {1863} {1861}

MORE INFO
[1] "Louis Pasteur". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur
[2] "Louis Pasteur". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Louis_Pasteur
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[4] "Louis Pasteur." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 14
Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/louis-pasteur
[5] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p421-425. {1856}
[6] "Pasteur,
Louis", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles
Scribner's Sons, (2000), p681-684
[7] Pasteur, Louis. "Influence de l'oxyg�ne sur le
d�veloppement de la levure et la fermentation alcoolique."
(1861). http://books.google.com/books?id=o4M5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA79
(École Normale Supérieure) Paris, France3   
139 YBN
[1861 AD] 3 		3582) Organic chemistry is defined as merely the chemistry of carbon compounds
with no mention of living organisms.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p446-448.
2. ^ "August Kekule von
Stradonitz." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
16 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/314308/August-Kekule-von-Stradonitz>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p446-448. {1861}

MORE INFO
[1] "Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz." History of Science and
Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Sep. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/friedrich-august-kekul-von-stradonitz
[2] "Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz." Biographies. Answers
Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 16 Sep. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/friedrich-august-kekul-von-stradonitz
[3] "Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 16
Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/friedrich-august-kekul-von-stradonitz
[4] "Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz." A Dictionary of
Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 16 Sep.
2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/friedrich-august-kekul-von-stradonitz-german-chemis
t
[5] "Kekule Von Stradonitz (Kekulé), (Friedrich) August", Concise Dictionary
of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p480-481
[6] Ernst
von Meyer, translated by George McGowan, "A History of Chemistry from Earliest
Times to the Present Day", Macmillan and co., 1898,
p328-329. http://books.google.com/books?id=0mJDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA328&dq=Ueber+die+C
onstitution+und+die+Metamorphosen+der+chemischen+Verbindungen+und+%C3%BCber+die+
chemische+Natur+des+Kohlenstoffs&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=VTTQSOOYDoPWsgO7w90z#PPA328,M1
[7] Aug. Kekulé (1857). "Ueber die s. g. gepaarten Verbindungen und die
Theorie der mehratomigen Radicale". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie 104 (2):
129–150.
doi:10.1002/jlac.18571040202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.18571040202
[8] Aug. Kekulé (1858). "Ueber die Constitution und die Metamorphosen der
chemischen Verbindungen und über die chemische Natur des Kohlenstoffs".
Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie 106 (2): 129–159.
doi:10.1002/jlac.18581060202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.18581060202
[9] "Kekulé Memorial Lecture", Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical
Society (Great Britain), Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain), v.73,
1898,
p97-138. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tus4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA97&dq=Friedrich+Aug
ust+Kekule+obituary&ei=oj3QSNmcGoH-sQPwlOHbAw#PPA97,M1
(University of Ghent) Ghent, Belgium2   
139 YBN
[1861 AD] 4 		3645) The first color image is projected.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ C. E. Kenneth Mees, "The Codachrome Process of Color Photography",
Bulletin of Photography: The Weekly Magazine for the Professional Photographer,
F.V. Chambers, (18, 439-464), 1916,
p101. http://books.google.com/books?id=YB0oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA101&dq=maxwell+color+p
rojection+glass+plate&as_brr=1&ei=GIzuSMaoJ4PytQO1zpD2Bg
2. ^ C. E. Kenneth Mees, "The Codachrome Process of Color Photography",
Bulletin of Photography: The Weekly Magazine for the Professional Photographer,
F.V. Chambers, (18, 439-464), 1916,
p101. http://books.google.com/books?id=YB0oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA101&dq=maxwell+color+p
rojection+glass+plate&as_brr=1&ei=GIzuSMaoJ4PytQO1zpD2Bg
3. ^ "James Clerk Maxwell." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 03 Oct. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/370621/James-Clerk-Maxwell>.
4. ^ "Maxwell, James Clerk", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p586-588. {1861}

MORE INFO
[1] "James Clerk Maxwell." History of Science and Technology. Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Oct. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/james-clerk-maxwell
[2] "James Clerk Maxwell." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 03 Oct. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/james-clerk-maxwell
[3] "James Clerk Maxwell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell
[4] "James Clerk Maxwell". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/James_Clerk_Maxwell
[5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p331
[6] Lewis Campbell, William Garnett, "The
Life of James Clerk Maxwell: With Selections from His Correspondence and
Occasional Writings", Macmillan and co.,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=B7gEAAAAYAAJ&dq=The+Life+of+James+Clerk+
Maxwell&pg=PP1&ots=K2dcaxBEwW&sig=A5FFti3pAlN9BLehmaOFNBQtrAc&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book
_result&resnum=4&ct=result
[7] Richard Glazebrook, "James Clerk Maxwell and Modern Physics", Macmillan,
1896. http://books.google.com/books?id=hbcEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage
[8] http://www.clerkmaxwellfoundation.org/index.html
[9] James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D. Niven., "The Scientific Papers of
James Clerk Maxwell", C.J. Clay,
1890. http://books.google.com/books?id=d_6fGwAACAAJ&dq=The+Scientific+intitle:P
apers+of+James+Clerk+intitle:Maxwell&as_brr=0&ei=b3XqSJumMpK6tQOy_MXRBg
[10] http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Maxwell.html
[11] "Daniel Bernoulli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078863/Daniel-Bernoulli
[12] J. Clerk Maxwell, "On Faraday's Lines of Force.", Teansactions of the
Cambridge philosophical Society,
p27-83. http://books.google.com/books?id=HTY8AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ed
itions:0Dde3miu3aQ74y2y#PPA27,M1
[13]
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Projects/Johnson/Chapters/Ch4_2.html

[14] J.C. Maxwell, On the theory of three primary colours, Proc R Inst G B 3
(1861), pp. 370–374. From James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D. Niven., "The
Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell", C.J. Clay, 1890, p445-450
[15] Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p454-456
(King's College, exhibit at the Royal Institution) London, England3   
138 YBN
[02/??/1862 AD] 6 7 		3743) The spectra of metallic compounds are found to be different than the
spectra of the metals themselves.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Lockyer, N. Studies in Spectrum Analysis. D. Appleton and Co., 1878,
p181-185. http://books.google.com/books?id=aDsn9AKUQ5YC&pg=PA181
2. ^ Alexander Mitscherlich, "Beiträge zur Spectral-Analyse", Annalen Der
Physik, Volume 192, Issue 7, p
499-507. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112489887/issue In his PT
article Lockyer cites which I cannot find: Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. 1862, p.
175.
3. ^ J. Norman Lockyer, "Researches in Spectrum-Analysis in Connexion with the
Spectrum of the Sun. No. II", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London (1776-1886), Volume 163, 1873,
p639-658. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/3705445864711085/?p=7ebcdcbd
06ee478f9a5a3c9bdb0a7b90π=18 {Lockyer_Norman_2_1873.pdf}
4. ^ Mitscherlich, A. "ber die Spektren der Verbindungen und der einfachen
Krper. Pogg." Ann 121 (1864): 1864,
p459. http://books.google.com/books?id=iik4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA459
AND http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.18641970308/abstract {Mits
cherlich_186402xx.pdf} English: Mitscherlich, Alexander. "XX. On the spectra
of compounds and of simple substances." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 28.188 (1864):
169-189. http://books.google.com/books?id=eZEOAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA169
AND http://booksnow2.scholarsportal.info/ebooks/oca3/42/s4philosophicalm28lond/
s4philosophicalm28lond.pdf
5. ^ Alexander Mitcherlich, (Poggendorf's) Annalen Der Physik, No. 3, 1864,
translated by Dr. E. Atkinson: "On the Spectra of Compounds and of Simple
Substances.", Philosophical Magazine, September 1864,
p169-189 http://books.google.com/books?id=eZEOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA57&dq=intitle:philo
sophical+intitle:magazine+date:1864-1864&lr=&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ei=iDFYScnO
F4_2lATkntjSCA#PRA2-PA169,M1
6. ^ J. Norman Lockyer, "Researches in Spectrum-Analysis in Connexion with the
Spectrum of the Sun. No. II", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London (1776-1886), Volume 163, 1873,
p639-658. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/3705445864711085/?p=7ebcdcbd
06ee478f9a5a3c9bdb0a7b90π=18 {Lockyer_Norman_2_1873.pdf} {1862}
7. ^ Alexander
Mitscherlich, "Beiträge zur Spectral-Analyse", Annalen Der Physik, Volume 192,
Issue 7, p
499-507. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112489887/issue In his PT
article Lockyer cites which I cannot find: Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. 1862, p.
175.

MORE INFO
[1] Norman Lockyer, "The Chemistry of the Sun", Macmillan and co.,
1887. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&dq=The+Chemistry+of+t
he+Sun&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=-3OHN4Z9fm&sig=YGqMa1zIo4q2SDXDzlnbs_i
Vyds
(University of Berlin?) Berlin, Germany5   
138 YBN
[11/04/1862 AD] 5 6 7 		3219) The machine gun (or Gatling gun) is invented2 and can fire 200 bullets
per minute (around 3 bullets a second).3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p396.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p396.
3. ^ Paul F. Wahl and Donald R. Toppel, "The Gatling
Gun",Arco Publishing Company, New York, NY, 1965. {According to
http://tri.army.mil/lc/CS/csa/aagatlin.htm "The Gatling Gun" is the best and
possibly only definitive work that has ever been written on the Gatling gun.}
4. ^
"Richard Jordan Gatling". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jordan_Gatling
5. ^ "Richard Jordan Gatling". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jordan_Gatling (11/04/1862)
6. ^
http://tri.army.mil/lc/CS/csa/aagatlin.htm (11/04/1862)
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p396. (11/1862)

MORE INFO
[1] "Gatling, Richard Jordan." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 1 June 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036194>
[2] "Richard Jordan Gatling." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/richard-jordan-gatling
[3] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7J2rbUFyJ8 {modern Gatling guns on
helicopters}
[4] "Machine-Gun". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Machine-Gun
Indianapolis, Indiana4 (presumably)  
138 YBN
[1862 AD] 3 		3306) A periodic table of elements.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
2. ^ "Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre-Emile_B%C3%A9guyer_de_Chancourtois
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p406. {1862}

MORE INFO
[1] "periodic law." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 19 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110603>
[2] "Element". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Element
[3] "History of the periodic table". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table
[4] "Béguyer de Chancourtois, Alexandre-Émile", Concise Dictionary of
Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p74
(École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris) Paris, France2   
138 YBN
[1862 AD] 7 8 		3375) The first direct-acting internal combustion gas engine car.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p415-416.
2. ^ "Étienne Lenoir."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/336021/Etienne-Lenoir>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p415-416.
4. ^ "Étienne Lenoir."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/336021/Etienne-Lenoir>.
5. ^ William Robinson, "Gas and Petroleum Engines: A Practical Treatise on the
Internal Combustion ...",
http://books.google.com/books?id=8e9MAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=%22robert+
street%22+patent+engine&source=web&ots=zXhunpMWQn&sig=OK3zL_tlF9en_5S83tLJ0kuNyV
I&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA102,M1
6. ^ http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignOffice/projects/cecil/history.html
7. ^ "Étienne Lenoir." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 01 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/336021/Etienne-Lenoir>. {1862}
8. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p415-416. {1860}

MORE INFO
[1] "history of technology." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1350805/history-of-technology>
[2] "Étienne Lenoir". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Lenoir
[3] "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine
[4] http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignOffice/projects/cecil/engine.html
Paris5 , France6 (presumably)  
138 YBN
[1862 AD] 4 		3521) The absorption spectrum of a protein is described.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Fielding Hudson Garrison, "An introduction to the history of medicine",
Saunders, 1921,
p610. http://books.google.com/books?id=LOwAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT485&dq=lecithin+discov
ered&as_brr=1
2. ^ Rosenfeld, L. Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry. Gordon & Breach
Science, 1999. http://books.google.com/books?id=KPX6Yvax9jkC&pg=PA190
3. ^ "Hoppe-Seyler, (Ernst) Felix (Immanuel)", Concise Dictionary of
Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p437.
4. ^ Fielding
Hudson Garrison, "An introduction to the history of medicine", Saunders, 1921,
p610. http://books.google.com/books?id=LOwAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT485&dq=lecithin+discov
ered&as_brr=1 {1862}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ernst Felix Hoppe-Seyler." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 02 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/271586/Ernst-Felix-Immanuel-Hoppe-Seyl
er>
[2] "Hoppe-Seyler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoppe-Seyler
[3] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p332
(University of Tübingen) Tübingen, Germany3   
137 YBN
[02/19/1863 AD] 6 7 		3427) Spectral lines from elements are matched to spectral lines from other
stars.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "William Huggins." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-huggins
2. ^ William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "Note on the Lines in the Spectra
of Some of the Fixed Stars", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
(1854-1905), Volume 12 - 1862/1863,
p444-445. http://books.google.com/books?id=TzQyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA444 {Huggins_Will
iam_1863.pdf} see also {Huggins_William_1863_11.pdf}
3. ^ "William Huggins." A Dictionary of Scientists.
Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-huggins
4. ^ William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "Note on the Lines in the Spectra
of Some of the Fixed Stars", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
(1854-1905), Volume 12 - 1862/1863,
p444-445. http://books.google.com/books?id=TzQyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA444 {Huggins_Will
iam_1863.pdf} see also {Huggins_William_1863_11.pdf}
5. ^ "Sir William Huggins." Encyclopædia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/274848/Sir-William-Huggins>.
6. ^ William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "Note on the Lines in the Spectra
of Some of the Fixed Stars", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
(1854-1905), Volume 12 - 1862/1863,
p444-445. http://books.google.com/books?id=TzQyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA444 {Huggins_Will
iam_1863.pdf} see also {Huggins_William_1863_11.pdf} {02/18/1863}
7. ^ "Sir William
Huggins." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15
Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/274848/Sir-William-Huggins>. {1863}

MORE INFO
[1] "William Huggins." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-huggins
[2] "William Huggins." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 15
Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-huggins
[3] "William Huggins". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Huggins
[4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[5] "Huggins, William", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition
2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p441
[6]
https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/ExploringtheCosmos/lecture15.html
[7] William Huggins, edited by Sir William Huggins and Lady Huggins, "The
scientific papers of Sir William Huggins", W. Wesley and Son, 1909
(Tulse Hill) London, England5   
137 YBN
[1863 AD] 3 		3414) The process of pasteurization: heating to kill microscopic organisms is
shown to stop fermented substances like wine and beer from going sour1 .
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p421-425.
2. ^ "Louis Pasteur."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/445964/Louis-Pasteur>.
3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p334. {1863}

MORE INFO
[1] "Louis Pasteur". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur
[2] "Louis Pasteur". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Louis_Pasteur
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[4] "Louis Pasteur." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 14
Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/louis-pasteur
[5] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p421-425. {1856}
[6] "Pasteur,
Louis", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles
Scribner's Sons, (2000), p681-684
(École Normale Supérieure) Paris, France2   
136 YBN
[02/23/1864 AD] 4 		3466) Some substances are found to emit different spectra, depending on how
they are excited; by flame or electricity.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Henry Crew, The Rise of Modern Physics, William and Wilkins Company,
1935, p350.
2. ^ Plucker and Hittorf, "On the Spectra of Ignited Gases and Vapours,
with Especial Regard to the Different Spectra of the Same Elementary Gaseous
Substance", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886), Volume 155, 1865, pp1-29. {Plucker_Hittorf_1865.pdf}
3. ^ Plucker and Hittorf, "On the Spectra of
Ignited Gases and Vapours, with Especial Regard to the Different Spectra of the
Same Elementary Gaseous Substance", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 155, 1865,
pp1-29. {Plucker_Hittorf_1865.pdf}
4. ^ Plucker and Hittorf, "On the Spectra of Ignited Gases and Vapours, with
Especial Regard to the Different Spectra of the Same Elementary Gaseous
Substance", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886), Volume 155, 1865, pp1-29. {Plucker_Hittorf_1865.pdf} {02/23/1864}

MORE INFO
[1] "Julius Plücker". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker
[2] http://www.answers.com/Julius%20Pl%C3%BCcker%20
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[4] http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15188w pp88-106 Annalen der
Physik (Leipzig). 1799. 1858 (Bd. 179 = F. 2 / Bd. 103)
[5]
http://www.google.com/translate_t?langpair=deen
[6] The Discovery of X-Rays W. C. Rontgen; George Sarton Isis, Vol.
26, No. 2. (Mar., 1937), pp. 349-369.
http://www.jstor.org/view/00211753/ap010040/01a00110/0 XRays_Rontgen_Sarton.p
df
[7] "John Peter Gassiot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peter_Gassiot
[8]
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/u247483p64245816/?p=5586690922f1445d80f
82675725be8d2π=5 Abstract of a Series of Papers and Notes Concerning the
Electric Discharge through Rarefied Gases and Vapours. Journal Proceedings of
the Royal Society of London (1854-1905) Issue Volume 10 -
1859/1860 Pages 256-269 DOI 10.1098/rspl.1859.0051 Plucker_1859_PT_abstract.p
df
[9] "On the Action of the Magnet upon the Electrical Discharge in Rarefied
Gases.", Philosophical Magazine, Volume 16, plucker_1858_english.pdf
[10] "Julius Plucker". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9060443/Julius-Plucker (1862)
(University of Bonn) Bonn (and Münster), Germany3   
136 YBN
[08/05/1864 AD] 6 		3178) The spectrum of a comet is first described.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Donati, Giovanni Battista." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 May 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030903>.
2. ^ Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, V25, 1865,
p114 books.google.com/books?id=KcsRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA114
3. ^ Huggins, "On the Spectrum of Comet 1, 1866", Proceedings of the Royal
Society, V15, 1867, p5. http://books.google.com/books?id=w1BJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA5
4. ^ G. B. Donati, Annali dell'Istituto e Museo di Storia
della Scienza di Firenze per il 1865, Firenze (I think this is the comet
spectra paper)
5. ^ Royal Astronomical Society, "Monthly Notices of the Royal
Astronomical Society", Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1863,
pp100-107. (translated to English from Giovan Battista Donati, "Memorie
Astronomiche", Annals of the Museum at Florence, 1860)
http://books.google.com/books?id=1AsAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA100&lpg=PA100&dq=Donati+Flo
rence+1860+spectra&source=web&ots=P-e2QhLbo9&sig=bK8ckOIpAkXlBWVp2j-mcNFocn0&hl=
en#PPA103,M1
6. ^ "Donati, Giovanni Battista." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 26 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030903>.
(08/05/1864)

MORE INFO
[1] "Donati, Giovan Battista", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (1981), p209
[2] "Giovanni Battista
Donati". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Donati
[3] "Giovanni Battista Donati". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Giovanni_Battista_Donati
[4] http://sait.oat.ts.astro.it/MSAIt740303/PDF/2003MmSAI..74..556R.pdf
Florence, Italy5   
136 YBN
[09/08/1864 AD] 7 8 		3428) The spectra of nebulae and galaxies are seen. Unlike stars, nebulae are
shown to have no spectrum except for a few emission lines, and therefore to be
composed of gas by using spectral comparison.3 4

The spectrum of the Andromeda galaxy and a globular cluster are both found to
have a continuous spectrum with absorption lines, similar to that of a star.5
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the
Nebulae. By William Huggins, F.R.A.S. A Supplement to the Paper 'On the Spectra
of Some of the Fixed Stars William Huggins F.R.A.S., and W. A. Miller, M.D.,
LL.D., Treas. and V.P.P.S."', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London (1776-1886), Volume 154, 1864, p437-444 (and plate
10). http://books.google.com/books?id=YVNFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA437
AND http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/154/437.full.pdf+html {Hugg
ins_Williams_Nebulae_1864.pdf}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p426-427.
3. ^ William Huggins, William
Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the Nebulae. By William Huggins,
F.R.A.S. A Supplement to the Paper 'On the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars
William Huggins F.R.A.S., and W. A. Miller, M.D., LL.D., Treas. and V.P.P.S."',
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume
154, 1864, p437-444 (and plate
10). http://books.google.com/books?id=YVNFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA437
AND http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/154/437.full.pdf+html {Hugg
ins_Williams_Nebulae_1864.pdf}
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p426-427.
5. ^ William Huggins, William
Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the Nebulae. By William Huggins,
F.R.A.S. A Supplement to the Paper 'On the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars
William Huggins F.R.A.S., and W. A. Miller, M.D., LL.D., Treas. and V.P.P.S."',
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume
154, 1864,
p437-444. http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/154/437.full.pdf+html
 {Huggins_Williams_Nebulae_1864.pdf}
6. ^ "Sir William Huggins." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 15 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/274848/Sir-William-Huggins>.
7. ^ William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the
Nebulae. By William Huggins, F.R.A.S. A Supplement to the Paper 'On the Spectra
of Some of the Fixed Stars William Huggins F.R.A.S., and W. A. Miller, M.D.,
LL.D., Treas. and V.P.P.S."', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London (1776-1886), Volume 154, 1864,
p437-444. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/4474550153k52t21/?p=a944c063
26554c88a8b57d5550e80b7dπ=0 {Huggins_Williams_Nebulae_1864.pdf} {09/08/1864}
8. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p426-427. {1864}

MORE INFO
[1] "William Huggins." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-huggins
[2] "William Huggins." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 15
Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-huggins
[3] "William Huggins." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-huggins
[4] "William Huggins". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Huggins
[5] "Sir William Huggins". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_William_Huggins
[6] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[7] "Huggins, William", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition
2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p441
[8]
https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/ExploringtheCosmos/lecture15.html
[9] https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/ExploringtheCosmos/lecture16.html
[10] William Huggins, edited by Sir William Huggins and Lady Huggins, "The
scientific papers of Sir William Huggins", W. Wesley and Son, 1909
[11] William
Huggins, William Allen Miller, "Note on the Lines in the Spectra of Some of the
Fixed Stars", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 12
- 1862/1863,
p444-445. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/025553r323116j26/?p=0fd9a491
65954b07bbb2f540f21f4853π=38 {Huggins_William_1863.pdf} see also
{Huggins_William_1863_11.pdf}
[12] William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the
Fixed Stars", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886), Volume 154, 1864,
p413-435. {Huggins_William_1864.pdf} http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/
c60873v443483764/?p=e7dddbba8ca6456481b5de51469415a3π=54
(Tulse Hill) London, England6   
136 YBN
[10/27/1864 AD] 4 		3657) The theory that light is an electromagnetic transverse wave in a
surrounding aether medium is created.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ James Clerk Maxwell, "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field",
Royal Society Transactions, Vol. 155, 1865, p.
459-512. http://books.google.com/books?id=xVNFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA459
AND http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/yw7lx230g0h64637/?p=0677f1423d9744
10b4e2e6e25d052266π=8 {Maxwell_James_Clerk_dynamical_theory_of_em_field_1864.p
df} also in James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D. Niven., "The Scientific Papers
of James Clerk Maxwell", C.J. Clay, 1890, vol1, p526-597. and with selectable
text: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Dynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_F
ield/Part_I
2. ^ James Clerk Maxwell, "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field",
Royal Society Transactions, Vol. 155, 1865, p.
459-512. http://books.google.com/books?id=xVNFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA459
AND http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/yw7lx230g0h64637/?p=0677f1423d9744
10b4e2e6e25d052266π=8 {Maxwell_James_Clerk_dynamical_theory_of_em_field_1864.p
df} also in James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D. Niven., "The Scientific Papers
of James Clerk Maxwell", C.J. Clay, 1890, vol1, p526-597. and with selectable
text: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Dynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_F
ield/Part_I
3. ^ "James Clerk Maxwell." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
03 Oct. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-clerk-maxwell
4. ^ James Clerk Maxwell, "A Dynamical Theory of the
Electromagnetic Field", Royal Society Transactions, Vol. 155, 1865, p.
459-512. http://books.google.com/books?id=xVNFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA459
AND http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/yw7lx230g0h64637/?p=0677f1423d9744
10b4e2e6e25d052266π=8 {Maxwell_James_Clerk_dynamical_theory_of_em_field_1864.p
df} also in James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D. Niven., "The Scientific Papers
of James Clerk Maxwell", C.J. Clay, 1890, vol1, p526-597. and with selectable
text: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Dynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_F
ield/Part_I {10/27/1864}

MORE INFO
[1] "James Clerk Maxwell." History of Science and Technology. Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Oct. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/james-clerk-maxwell
[2] "James Clerk Maxwell." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 03 Oct. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/james-clerk-maxwell
[3] "James Clerk Maxwell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell
[4] "James Clerk Maxwell". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/James_Clerk_Maxwell
[5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p331
[6] Lewis Campbell, William Garnett, "The
Life of James Clerk Maxwell: With Selections from His Correspondence and
Occasional Writings", Macmillan and co.,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=B7gEAAAAYAAJ&dq=The+Life+of+James+Clerk+
Maxwell&pg=PP1&ots=K2dcaxBEwW&sig=A5FFti3pAlN9BLehmaOFNBQtrAc&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book
_result&resnum=4&ct=result
[7] Richard Glazebrook, "James Clerk Maxwell and Modern Physics", Macmillan,
1896. http://books.google.com/books?id=hbcEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage
[8] http://www.clerkmaxwellfoundation.org/index.html
[9] James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D. Niven., "The Scientific Papers of
James Clerk Maxwell", C.J. Clay,
1890. http://books.google.com/books?id=d_6fGwAACAAJ&dq=The+Scientific+intitle:P
apers+of+James+Clerk+intitle:Maxwell&as_brr=0&ei=b3XqSJumMpK6tQOy_MXRBg
[10] http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Maxwell.html
[11] "Daniel Bernoulli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078863/Daniel-Bernoulli
[12] J. Clerk Maxwell, "On Faraday's Lines of Force.", Teansactions of the
Cambridge philosophical Society,
p27-83. http://books.google.com/books?id=HTY8AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ed
itions:0Dde3miu3aQ74y2y#PPA27,M1
[13] "James Clerk Maxwell." The Oxford Companion to the Photograph. Oxford
University Press, 2005. Answers.com 09 Oct. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/james-clerk-maxwell
[14] C. E. Kenneth Mees, "The Codachrome Process of Color Photography",
Bulletin of Photography: The Weekly Magazine for the Professional Photographer,
F.V. Chambers, (18, 439-464), 1916,
p101. http://books.google.com/books?id=YB0oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA101&dq=maxwell+color+p
rojection+glass+plate&as_brr=1&ei=GIzuSMaoJ4PytQO1zpD2Bg
[15] "photography, history of." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 09 Oct. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/457919/photography>
[16] "Louis Ducos du Hauron." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 10 Oct. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172961/Louis-Ducos-du-Hauron>
[17] J. C. Maxwell, "On the Theory of Colours in relation to Colour-Blindness",
A Letter to Dr. G. Wilson., From the "Transactions of the Royal Scottish
Society of Arts", Vol IV, Part III. From James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D.
Niven., "The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell", C.J. Clay, 1890,
p119-125. http://books.google.com/books?id=d_6fGwAACAAJ&dq=The+Scientific+intit
le:Papers+of+James+Clerk+intitle:Maxwell&as_brr=0&ei=b3XqSJumMpK6tQOy_MXRBg
[18] J.C. Maxwell, Experiments on colour as perceived by the eye, with remarks
on colour-blindness, Trans R Soc Edinburgh 21 (1857) (2), pp. 275–298.
From James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D. Niven., "The Scientific Papers of
James Clerk Maxwell", C.J. Clay, 1890,
p126-155. http://books.google.com/books?id=d_6fGwAACAAJ&dq=The+Scientific+intit
le:Papers+of+James+Clerk+intitle:Maxwell&as_brr=0&ei=b3XqSJumMpK6tQOy_MXRBg
[19] Richard C. Dougal, Clive A. Greated, Alan E. Marson, Then and now: James
Clerk Maxwell and colour, Optics & Laser TechnologyVolume 38, Issues 4-6, ,
Colour and Design in the natural and man-made worlds, June-September 2006,
Pages
210-218. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V4H-4GTVWX8-2/2/81ffa7
348827c54afe28f6131e8cd2c3)
[20] J.C. Maxwell, "On the theory of compound colours and the relations of the
colours of the spectrum", Philos Trans R Soc London 150 (1860), pp. 57–84.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=RedirectURL&_method=outwardLink&_part
nerName=3&_targetURL=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1860.0005&_acct=C0
00059600&_version=1&_userid=4422&md5=9b70a06143558daa16d2734319ed2f85
From James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D. Niven., "The Scientific Papers of
James Clerk Maxwell", C.J. Clay, 1890,
p410-447. http://books.google.com/books?id=d_6fGwAACAAJ&dq=The+Scientific+intit
le:Papers+of+James+Clerk+intitle:Maxwell&as_brr=0&ei=b3XqSJumMpK6tQOy_MXRBg
[21] H. Helmholtz, "Ueber die Theorie der zusammengesetzten Farben", Ann Phys
87 (1852), pp. 45–66. Full Text via CrossRef:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=RedirectURL&_method=outwardLink&_partne
rName=3&_targetURL=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18521630904&_acct=C0
00059600&_version=1&_userid=4422&md5=2d0a056b4714d1dc1edfe6f70b4039cd H.
Helmholtz, Translation (On the theory of compound colours), Philos Mag 4 (1852)
(4), pp.
519–534. http://books.google.com/books?id=gVQEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15&dq=intitle:Phi
losophical+intitle:Magazine+date:1852-1852&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=Cu_vSO24CJqktAOL99Fy#
PPA519,M1
[22] "color." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 13 Oct. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/color
[23] "Tetrachromacy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachromacy
[24] Robinson, J., Schmitt, E.A., Harosi, F.I., Reece, R.J., Dowling, J.E.
1993. Zebrafish ultraviolet visual pigment: absorption spectrum, sequence, and
localization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 6009–6012
[25] J. Challis, "On Theories
of Magnetism and other Forces, in reply to Remakrs by Professor Maxwell.",
Philosophical Magazine, vol 21, 1861,
p250-254. http://books.google.com/books?id=IFQwAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=
editions:0kf07AScqJgldbXXuiSHICi&lr=&as_brr=1#PPA250,M1
[26] "dielectric." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 16
Oct. 2008. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dielectric>
[27] "elasticity." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House,
Inc. 16 Oct. 2008. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/elasticity>
[28] Andre Assis, "Weber's electrodynamics", Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 1994, p54
[29] J. C. Maxwell, "On Physical Lines of Force",
Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 21 (Part 1 and 2 ),1861
http://books.google.com/books?id=IFQwAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0kf07AScqJgldbXXuiSHICi&lr=&as_brr=1#PPA161-IA4,M1 http://books.google.com/book
s?id=IFQwAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0kf07AScqJgldbXXuiSHICi&lr=&as
_brr=1#PPA281,M1 and Vol. 22 (Part 3 and 4 ) Vol
23 http://books.google.com/books?id=XZQOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12&dq=%22On+Physical+Line
s+of+Force%22&as_brr=1&ei=6Q31SPv2BZjMMPzvnd4I#PPA12,M1 http://books.google.com
/books?id=XZQOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12&dq=%22On+Physical+Lines+of+Force%22&as_brr=1&ei=6
Q31SPv2BZjMMPzvnd4I#PPA85,M1 Also in: James Clerk Maxwell, Ed. by W.D.
Niven., "The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell", C.J. Clay, 1890,
p451-513
[30] "James Clerk Maxwell." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 03 Oct. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/370621/James-Clerk-Maxwell>
[31] Edmund Taylor Whittaker, "A History of the Theories of Aether and
Electricity from the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century:
from the age of Descartes to the close of the nineteenth century", Longmans,
Green and co., 1910.
http://books.google.com/books?id=CGJDAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=a+history
+of+the+theories+of+aether+and+electricity&ei=drw5SajbLoKGkASt0fDJBw
[32] Edmund Taylor Whittaker, "A History of the Theories of Aether and
Electricity from the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century:
from the age of Descartes to the close of the nineteenth century", Longmans,
Green and co., 1910,
p284-285. http://books.google.com/books?id=CGJDAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA2
74,M1
[33] Electrodynamische Maassbestimmungen. Leipzic Trans. vol. i. 1849, and
Taylor's Scientific Memoirs, vol. v. art. xiv
[34] "Explicare tentatur quomodo fiat
ut lucis planum polarizationis per vires electricas vel magneticas declinatur"
— Halis Saxonum, 1858
[35] "On the Possible Density of the Luminiferous Medium,
and on the Mechanical Value of a Cubic Mile of Sunlight", Transactions of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh (1854), p.57
[36] Experimental Researches, Series 19
[37]
Comptes Rendus (1856, second half year, p. 529, and 1857, first half year,
p.1209)
[38] Faraday, Exp. Res. Series XI.; Mossotti, Mem. della Soc. Italiana
(Modena), vol. XXIV. part II. p. 49
[39] As, for instance, the composition of
glue, treacle, etc., of which small plastic figures are made, which after being
distorted gradually recover their shape
[40] James Clerk Maxwell, "A treatise on
electricity and magnetism.", 2 vol., 1st ed, Oxford, 1881, p27. Vol 1:
http://books.google.com/books?id=92QSAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0w
8AGC9HxP35YR6Uk9&lr=&as_brr=1 Vol 2:
http://books.google.com/books?id=gmQSAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0w
8AGC9HxP35YR6Uk9&lr=&as_brr=1 2nd edition, 1881: vol 1:
http://books.google.com/books?id=FjwXAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0w
8AGC9HxP35YR6Uk9&as_brr=1 vol 2:
http://books.google.com/books?id=e_UEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0w
8AGC9HxP35YR6Uk9&lr=&as_brr=1
[41] "Maxwell's equations". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations
[42] (original footnote:) Leipzig Transactions, Vol. v. (1857), p. 260, or
Poggendorff's Annalen, Aug. 1856, p. 10
[43] (original footnote:) Comptes Rendus,
Vol. XXIX. (1849), p. 90
[44] (original footnote:) Ibid. Vol. LV. (1862), pp. 501,
792
[45] (original footnote:) Philosophical Magazine, 1852
[46] (original footnote:)
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1854 ("Mechanical Energies of
the Solar System")
[47] (original footnote:) The horizontal magnetic force at Kew is
about 1.76 in metrical units
[48] Maxwell, article "Ether" for the Encyclopedia
Britannica (9th ed., Vol. 8, 1878); Scientific Papers, Vol. 2, p. 772
[49] "light."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 04 Nov. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/340440/light>
[50] Cyril Domb, "Book Review: The Scientific Letters and Papers of James Clerk
Maxwell", Journal of Statistical Physics, Vol. 67, Nos. 3/4, 1992,
p.837. http://www.springerlink.com/content/m2735011t646864x/fulltext.pdf
[51] James C. Maxwell, "On a method of making a direct comparison of
electrostatic with electromagnetic force; with a note on the electromagnetic
theory of light.", Phil. Trans 158, 1868, pp643-658; Royal Soc. Proc. 16, 1868,
pp449-450; Phil. Mag 36, 1868, pp. 316-317; Brit. Assoc. Rep. 39, 1869,
pp436-438. Scientific Papers Vol. 2. pp 125-143
[52] James Clerk Maxwell, "A treatise
on electricity and magnetism.", 2 vol., 1st ed, Oxford, 1881. Vol 1:
http://books.google.com/books?id=92QSAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0w
8AGC9HxP35YR6Uk9&lr=&as_brr=1 Vol 2:
http://books.google.com/books?id=gmQSAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0w
8AGC9HxP35YR6Uk9&lr=&as_brr=1 2nd edition, 1881: vol 1:
http://books.google.com/books?id=FjwXAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0w
8AGC9HxP35YR6Uk9&as_brr=1 vol 2:
http://books.google.com/books?id=e_UEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0w
8AGC9HxP35YR6Uk9&lr=&as_brr=1
[53] P. M. Heimann, "Maxwell, Hertz, and the Nature of Electricity", Isis, v62,
1971, p149-157
[54] Duhem, Les theories electriques, p. 223
[55] "The Mechanical Universe"
(Video), Episode 39 "Maxwell's Equations", California Institute of Technology
and Intelecom, 1985,
10:00. http://www.learner.org/resources/series42.html also: http://video.goog
le.com/videoplay?docid=1691222471449734099&ei=TZw4SYTMAoTyqAPn8fDKCA&q=james+cle
rk+maxwell&hl=en
[56] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, Second
Edition, 1935, p279-281
[57] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and
Wilkens, Second Edition, 1935, p271
[58] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics",
Williams and Wilkens, First Edition, 1928, p147-148
[59] Herbert Dingle, "Science At The
Crossroads", 1972, p130-133
[60] Augusto Righi, tr: Augustus Trowbridge, "Modern Theory
of Physical Phenomena", 1909, p12
(King's College) London, England3   
135 YBN
[04/24/1865 AD] 4 		3370) The theory of "entropy": the quantity of a body's energy that is
unavailable for work.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Clausius, R. (1865), "Ueber verschiedene für die Anwendung bequeme
Formen der Hauptgleichungen der mechanischen Wärmetheorie", Annalen der Physik
125:
353-400. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k152107/f369.table English: Rud
olf Clausius, Thomas Archer Hirst, John Tyndall, "The Mechanical Theory of
Heat: With Its Applications to the Steam-engine and...", J. Van Voorst,
1867. http://books.google.com/books?id=8LIEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA327&lpg=PA327&dq=On+Se
veral+Convenient+Forms+of+the+Fundamental+Equations+of+the+Mechanical+Theory+of+
Heat&source=web&ots=3bCIaMfz8P&sig=kWc0A-YS1UWhLHRKN7na4fA5zN8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=boo
k_result&resnum=1&ct=result
2. ^ "entropy." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclop�dia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 08 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/entropy
3. ^ "Clausius, Rudolf", Concise
Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000),
p195-196.
4. ^ "Rudolf Clausius." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 30
Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/rudolf-clausius {04/24/1865}

MORE INFO
[1] "Rudolf Clausius." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 30 Jun. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/120559/Rudolf-Julius-Emanuel-Clausius>

[2] "Rudolf Clausius." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 30 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/rudolf-clausius
[3] "Rudolf Clausius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius
[4] "Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Rudolf_Julius_Emmanuel_Clausius
[5] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[6] Clausius, R. (1850), “Über die bewegende Kraft der Wärme, Part I,
Part II”, Annalen der Physik 79: 368–397, 500–524 . See English
Translation: On the Moving Force of Heat, and the Laws regarding the Nature of
Heat itself which are deducible therefrom. Phil. Mag. (1851), 2, 1–21,
102–119. German: Part 1:
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15164w/f384.table Part 2:
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15164w/f518.table English: http://www.ar
chive.org/details/londonedinburghd02lond
[7] "entropy." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
30 Jun. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/189035/entropy>
(New Polytechnicum) Zurich, Germany3   
135 YBN
[1865 AD] 8 9 		3403) The Mendelian {meN-DElE-eN2 } law of genetic inheritance (the 1:2:1 ratio
of inheritance of a trait) is described.3

The first time specific characteristics are followed through generations,4 and
that characteristics are inherited in an all or none fashion is shown.5
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ "Gregor Mendel." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Jul. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gregor-mendel
2. ^ "Mendelian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 22 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mendelian
3. ^ "Gregor Mendel." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Jul. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gregor-mendel
4. ^ "Gregor Mendel." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 11 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/374739/Gregor-Mendel>.
5. ^ "Mendel, Johann Gregor", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p594-596.
6. ^ "Gregor Mendel." Encyclopædia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 11 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/374739/Gregor-Mendel>.
7. ^ "Gregor Mendel." Who2? Biographies. Who2?, 2008. Answers.com 11 Jul. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gregor-mendel
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p418-419. {1865}
9. ^ "Gregor
Mendel." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 11
Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/374739/Gregor-Mendel>.
{1865}

MORE INFO
[1] "Gregor Mendel." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 11 Jul. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gregor-mendel
(Natural Science Society) Brünn6 , Austria7 (now: Brno, the Czech
Republic)  
134 YBN
[05/17/1866 AD] 4 5 		3430) A nova (an exploded star1 ) is found to be surrounded by hydrogen gas;
from its spectrum.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p426-427.
3. ^ "Sir William Huggins."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/274848/Sir-William-Huggins>.
4. ^ William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectrum of a New Star in
Corona Borealis", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905),
Volume 15,1866/1867, p146-149 {Huggins_nova_1866.pdf} {05/17/1866}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p426-427. {1866}

MORE INFO
[1] "William Huggins." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-huggins
[2] "William Huggins." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 15
Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-huggins
[3] "William Huggins." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-huggins
[4] "William Huggins". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Huggins
[5] "Sir William Huggins". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_William_Huggins
[6] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[7] "Huggins, William", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition
2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p441
[8]
https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/ExploringtheCosmos/lecture15.html
[9] https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/ExploringtheCosmos/lecture16.html
[10] William Huggins, edited by Sir William Huggins and Lady Huggins, "The
scientific papers of Sir William Huggins", W. Wesley and Son, 1909
[11] William
Huggins, William Allen Miller, "Note on the Lines in the Spectra of Some of the
Fixed Stars", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 12
- 1862/1863,
p444-445. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/025553r323116j26/?p=0fd9a491
65954b07bbb2f540f21f4853π=38 {Huggins_William_1863.pdf} see also
{Huggins_William_1863_11.pdf}
[12] William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the
Fixed Stars", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886), Volume 154, 1864,
p413-435. {Huggins_William_1864.pdf} http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/
c60873v443483764/?p=e7dddbba8ca6456481b5de51469415a3π=54
[13] William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the
Nebulae. By William Huggins, F.R.A.S. A Supplement to the Paper 'On the Spectra
of Some of the Fixed Stars William Huggins F.R.A.S., and W. A. Miller, M.D.,
LL.D., Treas. and V.P.P.S."', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London (1776-1886), Volume 154, 1864,
p437-444. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/4474550153k52t21/?p=a944c063
26554c88a8b57d5550e80b7dπ=0 {Huggins_Williams_Nebulae_1864.pdf}
[14] Richard F. Hirsh, "The Riddle of the Gaseous Nebulae", Isis, Vol. 70, No.
2 (Jun., 1979), pp.
197-212. http://www.jstor.org/stable/230787?seq=3 {Huggins_Isis_1979_230787.pd
f}
[15] William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectrum of the Great
Nebula in the Sword-Handle of Orion", Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London (1854-1905), Volume 14,
1865,p39-42. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/41x0375851104382/?p=1e2a4
7ba864a490082ae3d43a06b356eπ=28 {Huggins_William_1865_Orion.pdf}
(Tulse Hill) London, England3   
134 YBN
[1866 AD] 3 		3267) A meteor swarm is shown to have a comet-like orbit.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp400-401.
2. ^ "Adams, John Couch."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 June 2008
<http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9003668>.
3. ^ "Adams, John Couch." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 13 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9003668>.
(1866)

MORE INFO
[1] "John Couch Adams." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 13 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-couch-adams
[2] "John Couch Adams." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 13
Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-couch-adams
[3] "John Couch Adams." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 13 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-couch-adams
[4] "John Couch Adams". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Couch_Adams
[5] "John Couch Adams". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/John_Couch_Adams
(Cambridge Observatory) Cambridge, England2   
134 YBN
[1866 AD] 6 7 		3679) Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) is prepared and recognized as a phosphor (a substance
that exhibits phosphorescence1 , a luminescence that persists after removal of
the exciting source2 ).3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "phosphor." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 08 Apr. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/phosphor
2. ^ "phosphorescence." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 08 Apr. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/phosphorescence
3. ^ Raymond Kane, Raymond Kane and Heinz Sell, "Revolution in Lamps: A
Chronicle of 50 Years of Progress", The Fairmont Press, Inc., 2001,
p96. http://books.google.com/books?id=klE5qGAltjAC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=theodore
+sidot&source=web&ots=yaXfXcsJ0T&sig=ktjD5WA5O73ht6WpAg0rZajYv4I
4. ^ http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0000302/abrams_b.pdf
5. ^ William M. Yen, Shigeo Shionoya, Hajime Yamamoto, "Fundamentals of
Phosphors", CRC Press, 2006,
p238. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZgJS52jG04YC&pg=PA238&dq=theodore+sidot&
as_brr=0&ei=jbpBSYCcJ4askAS5_63LDg#PPA238,M1
6. ^ Raymond Kane, Raymond Kane and Heinz Sell, "Revolution in Lamps: A
Chronicle of 50 Years of Progress", The Fairmont Press, Inc., 2001,
p96. http://books.google.com/books?id=klE5qGAltjAC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=theodore
+sidot&source=web&ots=yaXfXcsJ0T&sig=ktjD5WA5O73ht6WpAg0rZajYv4I {1866}
7. ^ William
M. Yen, Shigeo Shionoya, Hajime Yamamoto, "Fundamentals of Phosphors", CRC
Press, 2006,
p238. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZgJS52jG04YC&pg=PA238&dq=theodore+sidot&
as_brr=0&ei=jbpBSYCcJ4askAS5_63LDg#PPA238,M1 {1866}

MORE INFO
[1] "Phosphorescence". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Phosphorescence
[2] "luminescence." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 11 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-68942>
[3] "Phosphorus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus
[4] "luminescence." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 12 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/luminescence
[5] "phosphor." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/phosphor
[6] "Barium sulfide". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_sulfide
[7] F. Licetus, Litheosphorus, sive de lapide Bononiensi lucem in se conceptam
ab ambiente claro mox in tenebris mire conservante, Utini, ex typ. N.
Schiratti, 1640. See
http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/delights/texts/Demonstration_21.htm
[8] "Zinc sulfide". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_sulfide
(Sorbonne laboratory4 ) Paris, France5   
134 YBN
[1866 AD] 4 5 6 7 		3695) Dynamite is invented.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p462-463.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p462-463.
3. ^ http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/alfred-nobel/
4. ^ "Nobel, Alfred Bernhard." Encyclopædia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 Dec. 2008
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9056007>. {1867}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p462-463. {1866}
6. ^ "Nobel, Alfred Bernhard", Concise Dictionary
of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p650.
{patent)1867}
7. ^ Henry De Mosenthal, "The Life-Work of Alfred Nobel", Journal of the
Society of Chemical Industry, v. 18 (Jan.-June 1899),
p443-451. http://books.google.com/books?id=WyEAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA443&dq=alfred+nobe
l&as_brr=1&ei=px1TSbHgOpLOlQSCzM3bCQ {1866}

MORE INFO
[1] "Alfred Nobel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/alfred-nobel
[2] "Alfred Nobel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 25 Dec.
2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/alfred-nobel
[3] "Alfred Nobel." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/alfred-nobel
[4] "Alfred Bernhard Nobel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Bernhard_Nobel
[5] "Alfred Bernhard Nobel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Alfred_Bernhard_Nobel
[6] http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/industrial/articles/lundstrom/index.html
[7] Nobel's US patent with description of dynamite, US#78,317 (1868-05-26)
Alfred Nobel, Improved explosive
compound. http://www.pat2pdf.org/pat2pdf/foo.pl?number=78317
Paris, France3 (guess)  
132 YBN
[04/23/1868 AD] 5 		3435) The Doppler effect is used to estimate the relative radial (or line of
sight) velocity of celestial objects by comparing the position of spectral
lines from the celestial object to those of a terrestrial light source.2
Sirius is estimated to be moving away from the Earth.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Huggins, William. "Further Observations on the Spectra of Some of the
Stars and Nebulae, with an Attempt to Determine Therefrom Whether These Bodies
are Moving towards or from the Earth, Also Observations on the Spectra of the
Sun and of Comet II., 1868." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of
London 158 (1868): 529-564. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108925
2. ^ Huggins, William. "Further Observations on the Spectra
of Some of the Stars and Nebulae, with an Attempt to Determine Therefrom
Whether These Bodies are Moving towards or from the Earth, Also Observations on
the Spectra of the Sun and of Comet II., 1868." Philosophical Transactions of
the Royal Society of London 158 (1868):
529-564. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108925
3. ^ William Huggins, "On the Spectrum of the Great Nebula in Orion, and on the
Motions of Some Stars towards or from the Earth", Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 20,
1871/1872,p379-394. http://books.google.com/books?id=ffhKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA379 {Hu
ggins_Doppler_1868.pdf} {04/23/1868}
4. ^ "Sir William Huggins." Encyclopædia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/274848/Sir-William-Huggins>.
5. ^ Huggins, William. "Further Observations on the Spectra of Some of the
Stars and Nebulae, with an Attempt to Determine Therefrom Whether These Bodies
are Moving towards or from the Earth, Also Observations on the Spectra of the
Sun and of Comet II., 1868." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of
London 158 (1868): 529-564. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108925

MORE INFO
[1] "William Huggins." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-huggins
[2] "William Huggins." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 15
Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-huggins
[3] "William Huggins." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-huggins
[4] "William Huggins". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Huggins
[5] "Sir William Huggins". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_William_Huggins
[6] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[7] "Huggins, William", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition
2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p441
[8]
https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/ExploringtheCosmos/lecture15.html
[9] https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/ExploringtheCosmos/lecture16.html
[10] William Huggins, edited by Sir William Huggins and Lady Huggins, "The
scientific papers of Sir William Huggins", W. Wesley and Son, 1909
[11] William
Huggins, William Allen Miller, "Note on the Lines in the Spectra of Some of the
Fixed Stars", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 12
- 1862/1863,
p444-445. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/025553r323116j26/?p=0fd9a491
65954b07bbb2f540f21f4853π=38 {Huggins_William_1863.pdf} see also
{Huggins_William_1863_11.pdf}
[12] William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the
Fixed Stars", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886), Volume 154, 1864,
p413-435. {Huggins_William_1864.pdf} http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/
c60873v443483764/?p=e7dddbba8ca6456481b5de51469415a3π=54
[13] William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectra of Some of the
Nebulae. By William Huggins, F.R.A.S. A Supplement to the Paper 'On the Spectra
of Some of the Fixed Stars William Huggins F.R.A.S., and W. A. Miller, M.D.,
LL.D., Treas. and V.P.P.S."', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London (1776-1886), Volume 154, 1864,
p437-444. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/4474550153k52t21/?p=a944c063
26554c88a8b57d5550e80b7dπ=0 {Huggins_Williams_Nebulae_1864.pdf}
[14] Richard F. Hirsh, "The Riddle of the Gaseous Nebulae", Isis, Vol. 70, No.
2 (Jun., 1979), pp.
197-212. http://www.jstor.org/stable/230787?seq=3 {Huggins_Isis_1979_230787.pd
f}
[15] William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectrum of the Great
Nebula in the Sword-Handle of Orion", Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London (1854-1905), Volume 14,
1865,p39-42. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/41x0375851104382/?p=1e2a4
7ba864a490082ae3d43a06b356eπ=28 {Huggins_William_1865_Orion.pdf}
[16] William Huggins, William Allen Miller, "On the Spectrum of a New Star in
Corona Borealis", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905),
Volume 15,1866/1867, p146-149 {Huggins_nova_1866.pdf}
[17] William Huggins, "On the Spectrum of Comet 1, 1866",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 15,
1866/1867,p5-7. {Huggins_comet_1866.pdf}
[18] William Huggins, "On the Spectrum of Comet II., 1868.", Proceedings of the
Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 16, 1867/1868,
p481-482. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/2h060vq702k86930/?p=2cd9532a
7227424881f3bc89e302b09cπ=53 {Huggins_comet2_1868.pdf}
[19] William Huggins,"Note on the Spectrum of Uranus and the Spectrum of Comet
I., 1871", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 19,
1870/1871,
p488-491. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/0w632525127q705p/?p=2cd9532a
7227424881f3bc89e302b09cπ=54 {Huggins_Uranus_1871.pdf}
(Tulse Hill) London, England4   
132 YBN
[06/23/1868 AD] 3 4 		6252) The first practical typewriter.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p57.
2. ^
Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p57.
3. ^
Sholes, Glidden & Soule, "Type Writing Machine", Patent
79265 http://www.google.com/patents?id=t7YAAAAAEBAJ {06/23/1868}
4. ^ Yenne and Grosser,
"100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p57. {1867}
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA2   
132 YBN
[11/23/1868 AD] 5 		3648) The first permanent color photograph is created by superimposing (and
fastening together2 ) three different colored transparent images.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Louis Ducos du Hauron." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 10 Oct. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172961/Louis-Ducos-du-Hauron>.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ "Louis Ducos du Hauron." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 10 Oct. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172961/Louis-Ducos-du-Hauron>.
4. ^ "Louis Ducos du Hauron." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 10 Oct. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172961/Louis-Ducos-du-Hauron>.
5. ^ "Louis Ducos du Hauron." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 10 Oct. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172961/Louis-Ducos-du-Hauron>.
{11/23/1868}
?, France4   
132 YBN
[1868 AD] 3 		3418) Bacteria are isolated from distinct diseases.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Louis Pasteur." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 13 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/445964/Louis-Pasteur>.
2. ^ "Louis Pasteur." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 13 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/445964/Louis-Pasteur>.
3. ^ "Louis Pasteur." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 13 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/445964/Louis-Pasteur>. {1868}

MORE INFO
[1] "Louis Pasteur". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur
[2] "Louis Pasteur". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Louis_Pasteur
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[4] "Louis Pasteur." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 14
Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/louis-pasteur
[5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science",
Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p334
[6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p421-425. {1856}
[7] René Vallery-Radot, Elizabeth Emma Proby
Hamilton, "Louis Pasteur His Life and Labours", Longmans, Green, & co., 1885,
p44. http://books.google.com/books?id=hdQ9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Louis
+Pasteur&as_brr=1#PPA44,M1
[8] René Vallery-Radot, R. L. Devonshire, "The Life of Pasteur", Doubleday,
Page & Co., 1916, p
99. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZOwIAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Louis+
Pasteur&as_brr=1#PPA99,M1
(École Normale Supérieure) Paris, France2   
132 YBN
[1868 AD] 3 4 		3447) The new element helium is named from an unrecognized yellow spectral line
in the light of the Sun's atmosphere.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Lockyer, Sir Joseph Norman" (Obituary Notice), Monthly Notices of the
Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 81, p.261 (MNRAS Homepage),
02/1921 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921MNRAS..81R.261.
2. ^ "Pierre Jules César Janssen." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 29 Jul. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pierre-jules-c-sar-janssen
3. ^ "Pierre Jules César Janssen." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 29 Jul. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pierre-jules-c-sar-janssen {1868}
4. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p427-428. {1868}

MORE INFO
[1] "Pierre Janssen." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 29 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300476/Pierre-Jules-Cesar
[2] "Pierre Jules César Janssen." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 29 Jul. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pierre-jules-c-sar-janssen
[3] "Pierre Jules Cesar Janssen". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Pierre_Jules_Cesar_Janssen
[4] "Janssen, Pierre Jules César", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p459
[5] "Pierre Janssen". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Janssen
[6] "Joseph Norman Lockyer." A Dictionary of Scientists.
Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/joseph-norman-lockyer
[7] "Joseph Norman Lockyer." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/joseph-norman-lockyer
[8] "Joseph Norman Lockyer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Norman_Lockyer
[9] "Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Joseph_Norman_Lockyer
[10] "Lockyer, Joseph Norman", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p551
[11] Cortie, A. L., "Sir Norman
Lockyer, 1836-1920", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 53, p.233 (ApJ Homepage),
05/1921. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921ApJ....53..233C and
http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1921ApJ....53..2
33C&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf
[12] http://library.exeter.ac.uk/special/guides/archives/101-110/110_01.html
(?), India2   
131 YBN
[01/30/1869 AD] 6 		4839) The theory that waves radiating from the electricity in the brain might
allow images of thought to be captured on a photograph.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "The Twentieth century", Volume 11, p900,
06/1832. http://books.google.com/books?id=noQPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA900&dq=brain+waves&
hl=en&ei=hNvDTMfEDoygsQPa88CPDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEwQ
6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=brain%20waves&f=false
2. ^ J.T.K., "Brain Waves: A theory", The Spectator, 01/30/1869.
http://books.google.com/books?id=Yr0-AQAAIAAJ&pg=135 {Knowles_James_18690130.
pdf}
3. ^ James Knowles, "The Twentieth Century", Volume 45, 1899,
p858. http://books.google.com/books?id=VAADAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA858&lpg=PA858&dq=%22A+
collection+of+authenticated+ghost+stories+relating%22&source=bl&ots=vckDukC9Jc&s
ig=utc3VF95O58EuOt0gOa7rm7ItUU&hl=en&ei=Lk3kTKXYGpLUtQPT7-xm&sa=X&oi=book_result
&ct=result&resnum=4&sqi=2&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22A%20collection%20of%20a
uthenticated%20ghost%20stories%20relating%22&f=false
4. ^ "Sir James Knowles". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_James_Knowles
5. ^ "The Twentieth century", Volume 11, p900,
06/1832. http://books.google.com/books?id=noQPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA900&dq=brain+waves&
hl=en&ei=hNvDTMfEDoygsQPa88CPDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEwQ
6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=brain%20waves&f=false
6. ^ J.T.K., "Brain Waves: A theory", The Spectator,
01/30/1869. http://books.google.com/books?id=Yr0-AQAAIAAJ&pg=135 {Brain-Waves_
The_Spectator_18690130.pdf} and {Knowles_James_18690130.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "James Knowles (architect)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knowles_(architect)
London, England5 (presumably)  
131 YBN
[03/17/1869 AD] 4 5 6 		3495) That a spectral emission line becomes thicker because of increased
pressure is observed.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. N. Lockyer. "Spectroscopic Observations of the Sun - No. III." Royal
Society of London Proceedings Series I 17 (1868): 350-356;
p.355. books.google.com/books?id=glFJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA350
2. ^ "Sir Edward Frankland". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Edward_Frankland
3. ^ Edward Frankland, (obituary) Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of
Civil Engineers, Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain),
p343-349. http://books.google.com/books?id=4Q8AAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA343&dq=Edward+Fran
kland+obituary&as_brr=1
4. ^ J. N. Lockyer. "Spectroscopic Observations of the Sun - No. III." Royal
Society of London Proceedings Series I 17 (1868): 350-356;
p.355. books.google.com/books?id=glFJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA350
5. ^ Frankland, Lockyer, "Preliminary Note of Researches on Gaseous Spectra in
Relation to the Physical Constitution of the Sun", Journal Proceedings of the
Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 17, 1868/1869,
p288-291. books.google.com/books?id=glFJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA288
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/112396
AND http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/714t46272233x081/?p=4b4f4d0d6db641
6cb6955c3f69062267π=63 {Frankland_Lockyer_Helium_1868.pdf} {02/11/1869}
6. ^ "Sir Edward
Frankland". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Edward_Frankland {1868}

MORE INFO
[1] "Frankland, Edward", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p327
[2] "Sir Edward Frankland."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Aug. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/217311/Sir-Edward-Frankland>
[3] "Edward Frankland." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-frankland
[4] "Edward Frankland". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Frankland
[5] http://members.cox.net/ggtext/edwardfrankland1825_obit.html
[6] "Edward Frankland." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-frankland
[7] Dictionary of National Biography (1901) entry for Edward
Frankland http://books.google.com/books?id=TCYJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA237&dq=edward+fran
kland&as_brr=1#PPA238,M1
[8] Frankland, E., and J. N. Lockyer. "Researches on Gaseous Spectra in
Relation to the Physical Constitution of the Sun, Stars, and Nebulae.--Second
Note." Royal Society of London Proceedings Series I 17 (1868):
453-454. books.google.com/books?id=glFJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA453
(Royal College) London, England3   
131 YBN
[05/??/1869 AD] 6 7 		3147) The spectrum of the Aurora Borealis is examined and found to have mainly
one bright line not belonging to any known simple or compound gases.1 2 3 4
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ J. A. Angstrom, "Spectrum of the Aurora Borealis", Philosophical
Magazine, 1869, 246-247. books.google.com/books?id=n18EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA246
2. ^ Poggendorf's Annalen, May 1869
3. ^ A. S. Davis, "On a possible
Cause of the Bright Line observed by M. Angstrom in the Spectrum of Aurora
Borealis", Philosophical Magazine, July 1870, 33.
http://books.google.com/books?id=aZuzm3GnhnIC&pg=RA1-PA33
4. ^ "Anders Jonas Angstrom". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Anders_Jonas_Angstrom
5. ^ "Ångström, Anders Jonas." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 22 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9007607>.
6. ^ J. A. Angstrom, "Spectrum of the Aurora
Borealis", Philosophical Magazine, 1869,
246-247. books.google.com/books?id=n18EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA246
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp385-386. (1867)

MORE INFO
[1] "Anders Jonas Ångstrom." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/anders-jonas-ngstrom
[2] "Anders Jonas Angström". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Jonas_Angstr%C3%B6m
[3] "Ångström, Anders Jonas", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp22-23
(University of Uppsala) Uppsala, Sweden5   
131 YBN
[1869 AD] 6 7 8 		3761) The first practical artificial plastic, Celluloid:1 a transparent
plastic2 created by heating a mixture of nitrocellulose, camphor, and alcohol
under pressure until the mold3 .4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "John Wesley Hyatt." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica
Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 08 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/277989/John-Wesley-Hyatt>.
2. ^ "John Wesley Hyatt." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hyatt-john-wesley
3. ^ "Hyatt, John Wesley." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 30 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9041686>.
4. ^ JOHN W. HYATT, IMPROVEMENT IN TREATING
AND MOLDING PYROXYLINE, Patent number: 105338, Issue date: Jul 12,
1870. http://www.google.com/patents/US105338
5. ^ http://www.plastiquarian.com/hyatt.htm
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p477. {1869}
7. ^ Alexander
Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and
Schuster, 1991, p343. {1869}
8. ^ JOHN W. HYATT, IMPROVEMENT IN TREATING AND MOLDING
PYROXYLINE, Patent number: 105338, Issue date: Jul 12,
1870. http://www.google.com/patents/US105338

MORE INFO
[1] "John Wesley Hyatt". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesley_Hyatt
[2] "Celluloid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celluloid
Albany, NY, USA5   
130 YBN
[04/21/1870 AD] 5 6 		3571) Multiple bonds between two atoms are described.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Aleksandr Butlerov." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 12 Sep. 2008 .
2. ^
http://chemistry.about.com/od/famouschemists/p/alexandr-butlerov-bio.htm
3. ^ Butlerov, A.M. Sur La Structure Chimique De Quelques Hydrocarbures
Non-saturés. Eggers, 1870. Mémoires De l’Académie Impériale Des Sciences
De St.-Pétersbourg /
7. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=iZZFAAAAcAAJ
4. ^ Leicester, Henry M. (1940). "Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov". Journal of
Chemical Education 17 (May): 203 –
209. http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/Journal/Issues/1940/May/index.html {Butlerov
_Aleksandr_JCE1940.pdf}
5. ^ Butlerov, A.M. Sur La Structure Chimique De Quelques Hydrocarbures
Non-saturés. Eggers, 1870. Mémoires De l’Académie Impériale Des Sciences
De St.-Pétersbourg /
7. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=iZZFAAAAcAAJ
6. ^ "Aleksandr Butlerov." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 12 Sep. 2008 . {1868}

MORE INFO
[1] "Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 12
Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/aleksandr-mikhailovich-butlerov
[2] "Butlerov". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butlerov
[3] "Butlerov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p158
[4] Arbuzov, B. A.
(1978). "150th Anniversary of the birth of A. M. Butlerov". Russian Chemical
Bulletin 27 (9): 1791–1794. doi:10.1007/BF00929226.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/l048253337nx80h0/
[5] Rocke, Alan J. "Kekulé, Butlerov, and the historiography of the theory of
chemical structure." The British Journal for the History of Science 14.01
(1981): 27-57. http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0007087400018276
(Kazan University) Kazan, Russia4   
130 YBN
[04/28/1870 AD] 6 7 		3766) That specific parts of the cerebrum can contract certain muscles is shown
by direct electrical stimulation of the cerebrum of dogs,1 2 3 and the first
map of the brain that connects brain location to function.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Pietro Corsi, "The Enchanted Loom: Chapters in the History of
Neuroscience", Oxford University Press, 1990,
p211. http://books.google.com/books?id=A9RqAAAAMAAJ&q=Julius+Eduard+Hitzig+frit
sch&dq=Julius+Eduard+Hitzig+fritsch&lr=&ei=Ni1bSc6WF4r8lQTb9d3sCA&pgis=1
2. ^ Fritsch, G. and Hitzig, E., "Ueber die elektrische Erregbarkeit des
Grosshirns", Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin,
1870, p300-332.
http://books.google.com/books?id=_qkEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR5&dq=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Anatom
ie+Physiologie+und+wissenschaftliche&as_brr=1&ei=05ZnSYqzC4TMlQSk9PjLCg#PPA300,M
1 English translation: Fritsch, G. and Hitzig, E., "On the Electrical
Excitability of the Cerebrum", 1870. in: G. von Bonin, "Some Papers on the
Cerebral Cortex", Springfield, Charles C. Thomas, 1960.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p478-479.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Fritsch, G. and Hitzig, E., "Ueber die
elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns", Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und
wissenschaftliche Medicin, 1870, p300-332.
http://books.google.com/books?id=_qkEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR5&dq=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Anatom
ie+Physiologie+und+wissenschaftliche&as_brr=1&ei=05ZnSYqzC4TMlQSk9PjLCg#PPA300,M
1 English translation: Fritsch, G. and Hitzig, E., "On the Electrical
Excitability of the Cerebrum", 1870. in: G. von Bonin, "Some Papers on the
Cerebral Cortex", Springfield, Charles C. Thomas, 1960.
6. ^ Fritsch, G. and Hitzig,
E., "Ueber die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns", Archiv für Anatomie,
Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin, 1870, p300-332.
http://books.google.com/books?id=_qkEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR5&dq=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Anatom
ie+Physiologie+und+wissenschaftliche&as_brr=1&ei=05ZnSYqzC4TMlQSk9PjLCg#PPA300,M
1 English translation: Fritsch, G. and Hitzig, E., "On the Electrical
Excitability of the Cerebrum", 1870. in: G. von Bonin, "Some Papers on the
Cerebral Cortex", Springfield, Charles C. Thomas, 1960. {04/28/1870}
7. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p478-479. {1870}
(University of Berlin?) Berlin, Germany5   
130 YBN
[1870 AD] 3 		2687) A communication cable connects Asia and Australia.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, By Anton A. Huurdeman, 2003,
isbn 0471205052, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p119.
2. ^ The Worldwide History of
Telecommunications, By Anton A. Huurdeman, 2003, isbn 0471205052, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc, p119.
3. ^ The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, By Anton A.
Huurdeman, 2003, isbn 0471205052, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p119. (1870)
2   
130 YBN
[1870 AD] 3 		3778) The first synthetic perfume.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Perkin, Sir William Henry." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 31 Dec. 2008
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9059280>.
2. ^ "Sir William Henry Perkin." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 31 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-perkin
3. ^ "Perkin, Sir William Henry." Encyclopædia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 31 Dec. 2008
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9059280>. {1870}

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir William Henry Perkin." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-perkin
[2] "Sir William Henry Perkin." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-perkin
[3] "William Henry Perkin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Perkin
[4] "William Henry Perkin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/William_Henry_Perkin
[5] "Perkin, William Henry", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p694-695
[6] "unsaturated." The American
Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002.
Answers.com 31 Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/unsaturated
[7] "Coumarin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coumarin
(Perkin factory) Greenford Green, England2 (presumably)  
129 YBN
[01/07/1871 AD] 5 		3704) A periodic table with spaces that represent elements not found yet.1 2
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p464-466.
2. ^ Журнал
Русского физико-химического общества при
Ленинградеском, Volume 3, 1871, p25-56. Mendeleev, Journal of
the Russian Chemical Society, 3: 25-56 (1871) also: "Collected Works", vol.
2, pp140-163. A German version of this paper appeared in : Mendelejeff, "Die
periodische Gesetzmassigkeit der chemischen Elemente.", Annalen der Chemie Und
Pharmazie, VIII. Supplementband, Leipzig and Heidelberg, 1872, pp.
133–229 English translation: http://www.rod.beavon.clara.net/neweleme.htm
3. ^ "Mendeleev, Dmitry Ivanovich", Concise Dictionary of
Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p596-597.
4. ^
"Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 25 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9051977>.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
p464-466. {01/07/1871}

MORE INFO
[1] "Dmitri Mendeleev." History of Science and Technology. Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/dmitri-mendeleev
[2] "Dmitri Mendeleev." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/dmitri-mendeleev
[3] "Dmitri Mendeleev". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev
[4] http://starina.library.tver.ru/us-35-1.htm
[5] Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev, George Kamensky, Thomas Atkinson Lawson,
Translated by George Kamensky, Contributor Thomas Atkinson Lawson, "The
Principles of Chemistry", Longmans, Green and co.,
1897. http://books.google.com/books?id=OqKMCLnvcdEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+
Principles+of+Chemistry&as_brr=1&ei=_W9USfWmO4PAlQTOw7SEBA#PPP7,M1 1901
edition: http://www.archive.org/details/principlesofchem00menduoft
[6] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p342
[7] D. I. Mendeleev, "Sootnoshenie svoistv s
atomnym vesom elementov" (The Relation of the Properties to the Atomic Weights
of the Elements), Zhurnal Russkoe Fiziko-Khimicheskoe Obshchestvo 1, 60-77
(1869) (Journal of the Russian Chemical Society); abstracted as "Uber die
Beziehungen der Eigenschaften zu den Atomgewichten der Elemente," in
Zeitschrift für Chemie 12, 405-406 (1869); Note: I know of no translation to
English of the original Mendeleev paper. abstract translated and annotated
here: http://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/ea/MENDELEEVann.HTML
[8] Stephen G. Brush, "The Reception of Mendeleev's Periodic Law in America and
Britain", Isis, Vol. 87, No. 4 (Dec., 1996), pp.
595-628. http://www.jstor.org/stable/235195?&Search=yes&term=mendeleev&list=hid
e&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dmendeleev%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3D
on%26Search.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Search%3DSearch&item=5&ttl=136&returnArticleS
ervice=showArticle
[9] Heinz Cassebaum, George B. Kauffman, "The Periodic System of the Chemical
Elements: The Search for Its Discoverer", Isis, Vol. 62, No. 3 (Autumn, 1971),
pp.
314-327. http://www.jstor.org/stable/229945?&Search=yes&term=mendeleev&list=hid
e&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dmendeleev%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3D
on%26Search.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Search%3DSearch&item=7&ttl=136&returnArticleS
ervice=showArticle
[10] W. Odling, "On the Natural Groupings of Elements," Phil. Mag., 1857,
13:423-439, 480-497
[11] W. Odling, "On the Proportional Numbers of the Elements,"
Quarterly Journal of Science, 1864,1: 642-648
(University of St. Petersburg) St. Petersburg, Russia3 4   
129 YBN
[09/11/1871 AD] 4 		6607) The spectrum of lightning is found to include spectral emission lines
found in air.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ H. Vogel, "Ueber die Spectra der Blitze", Annalen der Physik, vol. 219,
Issue 8, 1871,
pp.653-654. http://books.google.com/books?id=6QU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA653
AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112494935/PDFSTART
English translation H. Vogel, "On the Spectra of Lightning"
2. ^ "Vogel, Hermann Karl."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 Jan. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9075639>.
3. ^ H. Vogel, "Ueber die Spectra der Blitze", Annalen der Physik, vol. 219,
Issue 8, 1871,
pp.653-654. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.18712190810/abstr
act AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112494935/PDFSTART
English translation H. Vogel, "On the Spectra of Lightning"
4. ^ H. Vogel, "Ueber die
Spectra der Blitze", Annalen der Physik, vol. 219, Issue 8, 1871,
pp.653-654. http://books.google.com/books?id=6QU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA653
AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112494935/PDFSTART
English translation H. Vogel, "On the Spectra of Lightning"

MORE INFO
[1] "Hermann Carl Vogel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Carl_Vogel
[2] "Vogel, Hermann Carl", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition
2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p910
[3] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The
Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p358
[4]
"Untersuchungen uber die Spectra der Planeten", Gekronte Preisschrift von der
K. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. in Kopenhagen, Leipzig, 1874. Later 1876
paper?: Vogel, H.C. "Untersuchungen uber die Spectra der Planeten", Pogg.
Ann., 158, 1876,
p461-472. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112504372/PDFSTAR
T English translation: H. C. Vogel, "Recent Research on the Spectra of
Planets", The Astrophysical Journal,
1895. http://books.google.com/books?id=CWUsAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA196&dq=Recent+Rese
arches+on+the+Spectra+of+the+Planets+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=P7ZjSd7uM5byMu_91f8I
[5] Review in 1895
"Science": http://books.google.com/books?id=73oCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA474&dq=Spectra+of
+the+planets+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=47VjSfq7K4zKM7HN-KwG
[6] "Vogel on the Spectra of the Planets", Harper's Magazine,
1872. http://books.google.com/books?id=OnkCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA783&dq=Spectra+of+the+
planets+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=47VjSfq7K4zKM7HN-KwG#PPA783,M1
[7] Edwin Frost, "Hermann Carl Vogel" (obituary), The Astrophysical Journal,
v.27, Jan. 1908,
p1. http://books.google.com/books?id=6JcsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=The+Astrophysical+J
ournal+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=-rpjSdW8I4rONcKPzZQI
[8] http://www.math.uni-hamburg.de/spag/ign/events/pdf/wf-doppl.pdf
[9] http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Vogel/VogelBio.pdf
[10] http://phys-astro.sonoma.edu/brucemedalists/vogel/
[11]
Resultate%20spectralanalytischer%20Beobachtungen%2C%20angestellt%20auf%20der%20S
ternwarte%20zu%20Bothkamp
[12] Hector Macpherson, "A century's progress in astronomy", Blackwood and
sons,
1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=4ftCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=cent
ury%27s+progress&ei=as5jScbVK4WcMuarpf8I#PPA175,M1
[13] http://translate.google.com/translate_t#de
[14] "Hermann Karl Vogel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 06 Jan. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-karl-vogel
[15]
http://books.google.com/books?id=OZ4RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA56&dq=vogel+doppler&lr=&as_br
r=1&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ei=rshjSdvxC5icMpizoYgM
(private observatory) Bothkamp, Germany2 3   
129 YBN
[1871 AD] 5 6 		2661) The start of binary digital communication: communication using only a
series of on or off values; the Baudot {BxDO1 } code.2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Baudot code." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 09 Apr. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/baudot-code
2. ^ "Jean Maurice Emile Baudot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9013803/Jean-Maurice-Emile-Baudot
3. ^ "Jean Maurice Emile Baudot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9013803/Jean-Maurice-Emile-Baudot
4. ^ "Jean Maurice Emile Baudot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9013803/Jean-Maurice-Emile-Baudot
5. ^ "telegraph". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-76404/telegraph
6. ^ "Jean Maurice Emile Baudot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9013803/Jean-Maurice-Emile-Baudot (1874)

MORE INFO
[1] "Julius Wilhelm Gintl". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Wilhelm_Gintl
[2] "Émile Baudot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Baudot
France4   
128 YBN
[06/07/1872 AD] 6 		6624) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is produced;1 2 a synthetic resin, second only
to polyethylene in production, made from the polymerization {Pu-liMR-u-ZA-suN3
} of vinyl chloride.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Baumann, Eugen, "Ueber einige Vinylverbindungen"Ann. Chem. Pharm. 1872,
V163, p308-322. books.google.com/books?id=HNXyAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA308 English: "On
some vinyl compounds"
2. ^ Gottesman, Roy T., and Donald Goodman. "Poly (vinyl chloride)."
TESS, RW.; POEHLEIN, GW Applied polymer science 2 (1985):
383-440. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-1985-0285.ch018 {Gottesman_198
50925.pdf}
3. ^ "polymerization." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 15 Jun.
2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/polymerization>.
4. ^ "polyvinyl chloride (PVC)." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469242/polyvinyl-chloride>.
5. ^ Professor Eugen Baumann (obituary), Science, Volume 5,
p51-53. http://books.google.com/books?id=mXwCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA51&dq=Eugen+Baumann&
as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Eugen%20Baumann&f=false
6. ^ Baumann, Eugen, "Ueber einige Vinylverbindungen"Ann. Chem. Pharm. 1872,
V163, p308-322. books.google.com/books?id=HNXyAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA308 English: "On
some vinyl compounds"
(for doctorate at University of Tübingen) Tübingen, Germany5   
128 YBN
[1872 AD] 3 4 		1249) The first "binder", a machine that automatically binds grain with wire,
into bundles.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Charles B. Withington", Industrial World. National Iron and Steel
Publishing Company, 1909,
p1480. http://books.google.com/books?id=stkcAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1480
2. ^ Iles, G. Leading American Inventors. H. Holt and company, 1912.
Biographies of Leading Americans,
p309. http://books.google.com/books?id=Hn0_AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA309
3. ^ "Charles B. Withington", Industrial World. National Iron and Steel
Publishing Company, 1909,
p1480. http://books.google.com/books?id=stkcAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1480
4. ^ Iles, G. Leading American Inventors. H. Holt and company, 1912.
Biographies of Leading Americans,
p309. http://books.google.com/books?id=Hn0_AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA309

MORE INFO
[1] Hounshell, D. From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932:
The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States. Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1985. Studies in Industry and Society,
p176. http://books.google.com/books?id=9H3tHKUFcfsC&pg=PA176
Janesville, Wisconsin, USA2   
128 YBN
[1872 AD] 3 		3317) Dust in the air is shown to contain microorganisms.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp408-409.
2. ^ "Tyndall, John", Concise
Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000),
pp891-892.
3. ^ http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27948?_fromAuth=1 {1872}

MORE INFO
[1] "Tyndall, John." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 20 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073992>
[2] "Tyndall, John." A Dictionary of
Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 20 Jun.
2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-tyndall
[3] "Tyndall, John." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
20 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-tyndall
[4] "Tyndall, John." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 20 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-tyndall
[5] "John Tyndall". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall
[6] "John Tyndall". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/John_Tyndall
[7] John Tyndale, "Faraday as a Discoverer", D. Appleton,
1868. http://books.google.com/books?id=wskKAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=John
+Tyndall&as_brr=1
[8] John Tyndall, "Heat a Mode of Motion", D. Appleton and Company,
1915. http://books.google.com/books?id=3DUJAAAAIAAJ&dq=John+Tyndall&as_brr=1
(Royal Institution) London, England2   
128 YBN
[1872 AD] 6 7 		3909) Bacteria are grown (or cultured) outside of the body.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.asm.org/membership/index.asp?bid=16731
2. ^ Schroeter, Julius. "Ueber einige durch Bacterien gebildete
Pigmente." Beitrge zur Biologie der Pflanzen. Ern's Verlag, Breslau (1872):
109-126. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27353#page/269/mode/1up
{beitrgezurbiolog01berl.pdf}
3. ^ Kango, N. Textbook Of Microbiology. I.K. International Publishing House
Pvt. Limited, 2010, p15. http://books.google.com/books?id=e1t6CF1OhhIC&pg=PA15
4. ^ Easter, M.C. Rapid Microbiological Methods in the
Pharmaceutical Industry. Taylor & Francis, 2003.
p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=Us7VfXfea80C&pg=PA7
5. ^ "Joseph Schröter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schr%C3%B6ter
6. ^ Schroeter, Julius. "Ueber einige durch Bacterien gebildete Pigmente."
Beigrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen. Ern's Verlag, Breslau (1872):
109-126. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27353#page/269/mode/1up {beit
rgezurbiolog01berl.pdf}
7. ^ Schroeter, Julius. "Ueber einige durch Bacterien gebildete Pigmente."
Beitrge zur Biologie der Pflanzen. Ern's Verlag, Breslau (1872):
109-126. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27353#page/269/mode/1up
{beitrgezurbiolog01berl.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] Schroeter, J. "Ueber einige durch Bacterien gebildete
Pigmente."Beitr. Z. Biol. D. Pflanzen1:2, 1872,
109-126 http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27353#page/269/mode/1up
(University of Breslau) Breslau, Lower Silesia (now Wroclaw, Poland)5   
127 YBN
[02/12/1873 AD] 4 		3336) Selenium is found to convert light into electricity.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Willoughby Smith, "Effect of Light on Selenium During the Passage of An
Electric Current", Nature, Volume 7, Number 173, p303. (Communicated to the
Society of Telegraph Engineers, February 12, by Mr. Latimer Clark, from Mr.
Willoughby Smith, Electrician to the Telegraph Construction
Company.) {Smith_Willoughby_1873_selenium_007303e0.pdf}
2. ^ http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/se.html
3. ^ http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/SMITH_BIO.html
4. ^ Willoughby Smith, "Effect of Light on Selenium During the
Passage of An Electric Current", Nature, Volume 7, Number 173, p303.
(Communicated to the Society of Telegraph Engineers, February 12, by Mr.
Latimer Clark, from Mr. Willoughby Smith, Electrician to the Telegraph
Construction Company.) {Smith_Willoughby_1873_selenium_007303e0.pdf}
{02/12/1873}

MORE INFO
[1] "Willoughby Smith". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith
[2] "Telegraph". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Telegraph
Valentia, Ireland3   
126 YBN
[11/23/1874 AD] 6 7 8 9 		4087) The crystal diode (or rectifier) is invented. Metal sulfide crystals are
found to transmit electricity more easily in one direction than in the other,
and this will later be used to convert an alternating current into a direct
current.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Braun, F. "Ueber die Stromleitung durch Schwefelmetalle", Ann. Phys.
Chem 153 (1874):
556. http://books.google.com/books?id=Lg04AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA556 English: "On the
conduction of current through metal sulfides."
2. ^ P. Russer, "Ferdinand Braun – A
Pioneer in Wireless Technology and Electronics", Proceedings of the 39th
European Microwave Conference, Rome , Italy, October 2009, pp.
547-554. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/230874467_Ferdinand_Braun_-_A_
Pioneer_in_Wireless_Technology_and_Electronics/file/d912f50b8696d3e42d.pdf {rus
ser_braun_2012.pdf}
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p523-524.
4. ^ "Karl Ferdinand Braun." A
Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 02 Oct. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/karl-ferdinand-braun
5. ^
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/braun-bio.html
6. ^ Braun, F. "Ueber die Stromleitung durch Schwefelmetalle", Ann. Phys. Chem
153 (1874):
556. http://books.google.com/books?id=Lg04AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA556 English: "On the
conduction of current through metal sulfides."
7. ^ P. Russer, "Ferdinand Braun – A
Pioneer in Wireless Technology and Electronics", Proceedings of the 39th
European Microwave Conference, Rome , Italy, October 2009, pp.
547-554. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/230874467_Ferdinand_Braun_-_A_
Pioneer_in_Wireless_Technology_and_Electronics/file/d912f50b8696d3e42d.pdf {rus
ser_braun_2012.pdf}
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p523-524. {1874}
9. ^ "Karl Ferdinand
Braun." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 02 Oct. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/karl-ferdinand-braun {1874}

MORE INFO
[1] "Braun, Ferdinand." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 2 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9016270>
[2] "Karl Ferdinand Braun." The Columbia
Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003.
Answers.com 02 Oct. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/karl-ferdinand-braun
[3] "Karl Ferdinand Braun". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun
[4] "Braun, Ferdinand", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp135
[5] Ferdinand Braun, "Ueber die
galvanische Leitungsfähigkeit geschmolzener Salze.", Berlin, Chem. Ges. Ber.,
7,1874, pp. 958-962; Annal. Phys. Chem., Volume 230 Issue 2, Pages 161 -
196. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1875AnP...230..161B
and http://books.google.com/books?id=4w04AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=Ueber+d
ie+galvanische+Leitungsf%C3%A4higkeit+geschmolzener+Salze&source=bl&ots=BVk7avlu
2b&sig=zfGwwqpObGC92VZqX_DEfd2ExDQ&hl=en&ei=TYPKStaNNYv-tQPe2oSiBQ&sa=X&oi=book_
result&ct=result&resnum=2#v=onepage&q=Ueber%20die%20galvanische%20Leitungsf%C3%A
4higkeit%20geschmolzener%20Salze&f=false
(Würzburg University) Würzburg, Germany5   
126 YBN
[12/12/1874 AD] 4 5 		3872) The basis of color photography: putting dye in a photographic emulsion
allows specific colors of light (including infrared) to be photographed,
because the dyes allow only those specific colors to reach the light sensitive
silver compound.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Captain J. Waterhouse, "On Reversed Photographs of the Solar Spectrum
beyond the Red, obtained on a Collodion Plate", Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 24, 1875/1876,
p186-189. http://books.google.com/books?id=MRVa8_iNs_sC&pg=PA186&dq=%22On+Rever
sed+Photographs+of+the+Solar+Spectrum%22&as_brr=1&ei=zNaMSYu2LZbskgTy76zIBQ htt
p://journals.royalsociety.org/content/a2n6133392374462/?p=6969f2b4703f403bbbaa6a
92fdf2f324π=23
2. ^ Richter, J. Inventing the Camera. Crabtree Publishing Company, 2006.
Breakthrough Inventions
Series. http://books.google.com/books?id=jRC1nQ2mKW8C&pg=PT16
3. ^ "Vogel, Hermann Karl." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 6 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9075639>.
4. ^ Photographic News, Jan. 1, 1875.
http://books.google.com/books?id=2hVnl5U6scEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0c7yAhzKPFNeGUL-ML#PPA6,M1 {12/1874}
5. ^ "On the Photographic Method of Mapping the
Least Refrangible End of the Solar Spectrum", Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 171, 1880,
p653-667. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/148420u840671470/?p=12743c5b
25164e94b61dc12adaa314eeπ=45 {12/12/1874}

MORE INFO
[1] "Hermann Karl Vogel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 06 Jan. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-karl-vogel
[2] "Hermann Carl Vogel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Carl_Vogel
[3] "Vogel, Hermann Carl", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition
2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p910
[4] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The
Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p358
[5]
"Untersuchungen uber die Spectra der Planeten", Gekronte Preisschrift von der
K. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. in Kopenhagen, Leipzig, 1874. Later 1876
paper?: Vogel, H.C. "Untersuchungen uber die Spectra der Planeten", Pogg.
Ann., 158, 1876,
p461-472. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112504372/PDFSTAR
T English translation: H. C. Vogel, "Recent Research on the Spectra of
Planets", The Astrophysical Journal,
1895. http://books.google.com/books?id=CWUsAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA196&dq=Recent+Rese
arches+on+the+Spectra+of+the+Planets+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=P7ZjSd7uM5byMu_91f8I
[6] Review in 1895
"Science": http://books.google.com/books?id=73oCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA474&dq=Spectra+of
+the+planets+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=47VjSfq7K4zKM7HN-KwG
[7] Edwin Frost, "Hermann Carl Vogel" (obituary), The Astrophysical Journal,
v.27, Jan. 1908,
p1. http://books.google.com/books?id=6JcsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=The+Astrophysical+J
ournal+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=-rpjSdW8I4rONcKPzZQI
[8] "Vogel on the Spectra of the Planets", Harper's Magazine,
1872. http://books.google.com/books?id=OnkCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA783&dq=Spectra+of+the+
planets+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=47VjSfq7K4zKM7HN-KwG#PPA783,M1
[9] Hector Macpherson, "A century's progress in astronomy", Blackwood and sons,
1906,
p173-175. http://books.google.com/books?id=4ftCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=
century%27s+progress&ei=as5jScbVK4WcMuarpf8I#PPA175,M1
[10] "Color photography". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_photography
(Astrophysical observatory) Potsdam, Germany3   
125 YBN
[04/27/1875 AD] 5 		3851) Electrical stimulation and physical destruction of various portions of
the brain of living monkeys1 is shown to cause blindness, deafness, the loss
of sense of touch, smell, and taste, and the need to scratch.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ David Ferrier, "Experiments on the Brains of Monkeys", Proceedings of the
Royal Society, 1875, p409-432.
2. ^ David Ferrier, "Experiments on the Brains of
Monkeys", Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1875, p409-432.
3. ^ David Ferrier,
"Experiments on the Brains of Monkeys", Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1875,
p409-432.
4. ^ "Ferrier, David", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2,
Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p312.
5. ^ David Ferrier, "Experiments on the Brains
of Monkeys", Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1875, p409-432. {04/27/1875}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n18/history/ferrier_i.htm
[2] David Ferrier, "The Functions of the Brain", G. P. Putnum's Sons,
1876. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=4FLdeC-35MgC&dq=%22The+Functions+o
f+the+Brain%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=KMqCRFDN0G&sig=Jctw2lT7onr2yNa
-ZM5zHybSWLQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPR3,M1
[3] David Ferrier, "Experimental Researches in Cerebral Physiology and
Pathology", West Riding Lunatic Asylum Medical Reports, Vol. III. 1873. London,
Smith, Elder and Co. 15, Waterloo Place. Reprinted in J Anat Physiol. 1873
November; 8(Pt 1): 152–155.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1319018 http://www.
pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1319018&blobtype=pdf
[4] David Ferrier, "The Localization of Function in the Brain", Proceedings of
the Royal Society of London, 1874,
p229-232. http://books.google.com/books?id=b5YsMcImObAC&pg=PA229&dq=david+ferri
er+date:1874-1874&lr=&ei=AwCBSdegMYbokASyqPXUBg#PPA229,M1
(King's College Hospital and Medical School) London, England3 4   
125 YBN
[08/28/1875 AD] 8 		5575) The first direct neuron reading:5 changes in electric currents on the
brains of rabbits and monkeys are measured during chewing, and in response to
light shown in the eyes.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical
Journal, 1875, V2,
p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508
28.pdf}
2. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical
Journal, 1875, V2,
p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508
28.pdf}
3. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical
Journal, 1875, V2,
p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508
28.pdf}
4. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical
Journal, 1875, V2,
p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508
28.pdf}
5. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical
Journal, 1875, V2,
p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508
28.pdf}
6. ^ Emmanuel Donchin, "Average Evoked Potentials Methods, Results and
Evaluations", NASA, 1969. {evoked001.pdf}
7. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain",
British Medical Journal, 1875, V2,
p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508
28.pdf}
8. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical
Journal, 1875, V2,
p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508
28.pdf} {08/28/1875}
Liverpool, England7   
124 YBN
[02/15/1876 AD] 4 		4065) Rapidly rotating static electricity is shown to act like an electric
current; producing a magnetic field.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p518-519.
2. ^ "Rowland, Henry
Augustus." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25
Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9064251>.
3. ^ Henry Rowland, "On the Magnetic Effect of Electric
Convection", American Journal of Science, 15, 1878,
p30-38. http://books.google.com/books?id=P0adAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA30&dq=%22On+the+Magn
etic+Effect+of+Electric+Convection%22,#v=onepage&q=%22On%20the%20Magnetic%20Effe
ct%20of%20Electric%20Convection%22%2C&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=
180EAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=fa
lse
4. ^ "Rowland, Henry Augustus." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 25 Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9064251>.
{1876}

MORE INFO
[1] "Henry Augustus Rowland." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 25 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/henry-augustus-rowland
[2] "Henry Augustus Rowland." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 25
Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/henry-augustus-rowland
[3] "Henry Augustus Rowland". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Rowland
[4] "Henry Augustus Rowland". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Henry_Augustus_Rowland
[5] "Rowland, Henry Augustus", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p756
[6] Henry Augustus Rowland, "The
physical papers of Henry Augustus Rowland, Johns Hopkins university ...",
1902. http://books.google.com/books?id=180EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=henry+rowland+pap
ers&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
(working for Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore) (University of Berlin)
Berlin, Germany3   
124 YBN
[05/01/1876 AD] 4 		3656) The theory that electric current conduction in water is not due to
conduction by the water, but by dissolved particles, such as sodium ions, and
that the high conductivity of acids is because hydrogen is one of their
migrating components.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Friedrich Kohlrausch, "Ueber das Leitungsvermögen der in Wasser
gelösten Elektrolyte im Zusammenhang mit der Wanderung ihrer Bestandtheile.",
Nachrichten von der Königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der
Georg-Augusts-Universität zu Göttingenaus dem
Jahre. http://www.digizeitschriften.de/index.php?id=loader&tx_jkDigiTools_pi1ID
DOC. ^=467615 English translation: From Harry Manley Goodwin, Michael
Faraday, Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch, "The
Fundamental Laws of Electrolytic Conduction: Memoirs by Faraday, Hittorf and F.
Kohlrausch", Harper & brothers, 1899, p85-92. "On the conductivity of
Electrolytes dissolved in Water in relation to the Migration of their
Components."
http://books.google.com/books?id=7AYNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=On+the+condu
ctivity+of+electrolytes+dissolved+in+water+kohlrausch&source=web&ots=AA37IwYcNR&
sig=4QmWXY2nO_cBcb9CMhY-YCPCIQU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result
2. ^ Friedrich Kohlrausch, "Ueber das Leitungsvermögen der in Wasser gelösten
Elektrolyte im Zusammenhang mit der Wanderung ihrer Bestandtheile.",
Nachrichten von der Königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der
Georg-Augusts-Universität zu Göttingenaus dem
Jahre. http://www.digizeitschriften.de/index.php?id=loader&tx_jkDigiTools_pi1ID
DOC. ^=467615 English translation: From Harry Manley Goodwin, Michael
Faraday, Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch, "The
Fundamental Laws of Electrolytic Conduction: Memoirs by Faraday, Hittorf and F.
Kohlrausch", Harper & brothers, 1899, p85-92. "On the conductivity of
Electrolytes dissolved in Water in relation to the Migration of their
Components."
http://books.google.com/books?id=7AYNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=On+the+condu
ctivity+of+electrolytes+dissolved+in+water+kohlrausch&source=web&ots=AA37IwYcNR&
sig=4QmWXY2nO_cBcb9CMhY-YCPCIQU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result
3. ^ "Kohlrausch, Friedrich Wilhelm Georg", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p496.
4. ^ Friedrich
Kohlrausch, "Ueber das Leitungsvermögen der in Wasser gelösten Elektrolyte im
Zusammenhang mit der Wanderung ihrer Bestandtheile.", Nachrichten von der
Königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der Georg-Augusts-Universität zu
Göttingenaus dem
Jahre. http://www.digizeitschriften.de/index.php?id=loader&tx_jkDigiTools_pi1ID
DOC. ^=467615 English translation: From Harry Manley Goodwin, Michael
Faraday, Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch, "The
Fundamental Laws of Electrolytic Conduction: Memoirs by Faraday, Hittorf and F.
Kohlrausch", Harper & brothers, 1899, p85-92. "On the conductivity of
Electrolytes dissolved in Water in relation to the Migration of their
Components."
http://books.google.com/books?id=7AYNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=On+the+condu
ctivity+of+electrolytes+dissolved+in+water+kohlrausch&source=web&ots=AA37IwYcNR&
sig=4QmWXY2nO_cBcb9CMhY-YCPCIQU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result
{05/01/1876}

MORE INFO
[1] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/kohlrausch.htm
(University of Würzburg) Würzburg, Germany2 3   
124 YBN
[1876 AD] 5 6 		3819) The first practical refrigerator is built using liquid ammonia as a
coolant.2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p493.
3. ^ "Linde, Carl von." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9048354>.
4. ^ "Linde, Carl von." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9048354>.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
p493. {1876}
6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science",
Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p351. {1876}

MORE INFO
[1] "Karl Paul Gottfried von Linde". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Paul_Gottfried_von_Linde
[2] "Refrigerating". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Refrigerating
[3] "Linde, Carl Von", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2,
Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p545
[4] "Karl Paul Von Linde", Journal of the
Franklin Institute, Pergamon Press, 1914, v.178, (1914),
p113-114. http://books.google.com/books?id=y-QGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113&dq=Carl+Paul+G
ottfried+von+Linde&as_brr=1&ei=Du9kSfCMGJOIkAT1v7TWDQ#PPA113,M1
(Technische Hochschule) Munich, Germany4   
124 YBN
[1876 AD] 6 7 8 		4094) The luminescence produced at the cathode in an evacuated tube (under high
electric potential1 ) is named "Cathode-rays"2 , shown to be emitted
perpendicularly to the cathode surface, and to cast sharp shadows.3 4
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p525.
3. ^ "Goldstein, Eugen."
Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles
Scribner's Sons, 2008. 458-459. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale.
University of California - Irvine. 9 Oct. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
4. ^ Monatsberichte der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
(1876), 284.
5. ^ "Goldstein, Eugen." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 458-459. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 9 Oct. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p525. {1876}
7. ^ "Goldstein, Eugen."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 9 Oct. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9037282>. {1876}
8. ^ "Goldstein, Eugen." Complete
Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons,
2008. 458-459. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California -
Irvine. 9 Oct. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
{1876}

MORE INFO
[1] "Eugen Goldstein." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 09 Oct. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/eugen-goldstein
[2] "Eugen Goldstein". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Goldstein
(University of Berlin) Berlin, Germany5   
123 YBN
[03/05/1877 AD] 3 4 5 6 		3756) The purple pigment (rhodopsin) in the retina is shown to turn a yellowish
color when exposed to light. Using this effect, a rabbit retina is removed, the
changed dyes fixed with chemicals, and a permanent picture (an "optogram") is
made showing the last image the rabbit saw (in this case, a barred window).1
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ "Wilhelm Kühne." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-k-hne
2. ^ "Willy Kuhne". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Willy_Kuhne
3. ^ Kuehne W , "Ueber den Sehpurpur" (pp.193-195), Zentralblatt fuer die
medizinischen wissenschaften, 15/11. - Berlin, August Hirschwald, 1877, 8°,
pp.193-208 books.google.com/books?id=nqgvAAAAIAAJ&pg=pa193
4. ^ "Wilhelm Kühne." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-k-hne {1877}
5. ^ Kuehne W , "Ueber den
Sehpurpur" (pp.193-195), Zbl. med. Wiss., 15/11. - Berlin, August Hirschwald,
1877, 8°, pp.193-208 books.google.com/books?id=nqgvAAAAIAAJ&pg=pa193
6. ^
http://www.medicusbooks.com/shop/USER_ARTIKEL_HANDLING_AUFRUF.php?darstellen=1&K
ategorie_ID=23709〈=de&update_user_lang=true&Ziel_ID=7806&javascript_enabled=tr
ue&PEPPERSESS=eb2b859175ce4ee19d9633f9c31fb318 {1877}

MORE INFO
[1] "Wilhelm Friedrich Kühne". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedrich_K%C3%BChne
[2] "Kühne, Wilhelm Friedrich", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p504
[3]
http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/people/data?id=per103
[4] Kuehne W (1859) Untersuchungen über Bewegungen und Veränderungen der
contractilen Substanzen. Archiv für Anatomie. Physiologie und
wissenschaftliche Medicin Jahrgang 1859:748–835
http://books.google.com/books?id=dwUBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA748&dq=Untersuchungen+%C3%B
Cber+Bewegungen+und+Ver%C3%A4nderungen+der+contractilen+Substanzen+date:1859-185
9&lr=&as_brr=1&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ei=NMlYSb61FoyEkQT39_E0
[5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p351
[6] "Franz Christian Boll". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Christian_Boll
(University of Heidelberg) Heidelberg, Germany2   
123 YBN
[12/24/1877 AD] 8 9 		4002) A sound recording is played back out loud.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Herbert Treadwell Wade, "Phonograph", The New international
encyclopaedia, Volume
18. http://books.google.com/books?id=VDJXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA542&dq=scott+1855+phonau
tograph&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=scott%201855%20phonautograph&f=false
2. ^ Edison "improvements to phonograph..." patent
#200521 http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=SWg_AAAAEBAJ
3. ^ Herbert Treadwell Wade, "Phonograph", The New international
encyclopaedia, Volume
18. http://books.google.com/books?id=VDJXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA542&dq=scott+1855+phonau
tograph&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=scott%201855%20phonautograph&f=false
4. ^ Edison "improvements to phonograph..." patent
#200521 http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=SWg_AAAAEBAJ
5. ^ Herbert Treadwell Wade, "Phonograph", The New international
encyclopaedia, Volume
18. http://books.google.com/books?id=VDJXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA542&dq=scott+1855+phonau
tograph&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=scott%201855%20phonautograph&f=false
6. ^ Edison "improvements to phonograph..." patent
#200521 http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=SWg_AAAAEBAJ
7. ^ Edison "improvements to phonograph..." patent
#200521 http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=SWg_AAAAEBAJ
8. ^ Edison "improvements to phonograph..." patent
#200521 http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=SWg_AAAAEBAJ {12/24/1877}
9. ^ Francis
Arthur Jones, "Thomas Alva Edison: sixty years of an inventor's life", 1907,
p138. http://books.google.com/books?id=29HAPQBd-JsC&pg=PA5&dq=thomas+alva+ediso
n&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false {12/24/1877}

MORE INFO
[1] "Thomas Edison." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 01 Sep. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/thomas-edison
[2] "Thomas Alva Edison". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison
[3] "Thomas Alva Edison". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Thomas_Alva_Edison
[4] "Edison, Thomas Alva", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition
2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p274
[5] Video of Thomas Edison on
youtube.com: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7RQ5sKHR5E
[6] Video: A day with Thomas A. Edison / General Electric Co. ; producer, Bray
Studios. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/papr:@filreq(@field(NUMBER
+@band(edmp+4057s6))+@field(COLLID+edison))
[7] http://www.atheists.org/Thomas_Alva_Edison:_1911_Columbian_Interview
[8] http://www.atheistempire.com/greatminds/quotes.php?author=11
[9] Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison",
1915. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[10] Edith C. Kenyon, "Thomas Alva Edison: the telegraph-boy who became a great
inventor",
1896. http://books.google.com/books?id=24UVAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[11] http://users.belgacom.net/gc391665/microphone_history.htm
[12] Frank Lewis Dyer, Thomas Commerford Martin, "Edison: his life and
inventions",
1910. http://books.google.com/books?id=qN83AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA200&dq=%22carbon+relay
%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22carbon%20relay%22&f=false
[13] George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and
other novelties",
1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t
he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[14] Théodore Achille L. Du Moncel, "The telephone, the microphone, and the
phonograph",
1879. http://books.google.com/books?id=Do4DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR7&dq=history+microphon
e#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false
and http://books.google.com/books?id=seQOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7&dq=history+microphone&
as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false
[15] Theodore Du Moncel (comte), "Exposé des applications de l'électricité",
http://books.google.com/books?q=editions:0WEbvzifraAvqv&lr=&id=jdYnAAAAYAAJ&sa
=N&start=0 Volume 5
(1862): http://books.google.com/books?id=jdYnAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ed
itions:0WEbvzifraAvqv&lr=#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[16] Chemical news and journal of industrial science, Volume 38, 1878,
p241. http://books.google.com/books?id=ugYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA241&dq=%22carbon+r
elay%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22carbon%20relay%22&f=false
[17] Silvanus P. Thompson, "On the Electric Resistance of Carbon under
Pressure.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, Vol 13, Num 81, April 1882,
p262-265. http://books.google.com/books?id=B1IwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA265&dq=%22carbon+r
elay%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22carbon%20relay%22&f=false
[18] "Under Pressure", The Electrician, Volume 82, 03/11/1882,
p264. http://books.google.com/books?id=IOYTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA264&dq=%22carbon+relay
%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22carbon%20relay%22&f=false
[19] "plumbago>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"plumbago." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 02 Sep. 2009.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/plumbago>
[20] Edison, 12/13/1887
patent http://www.google.com/patents?id=Gr9BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v
=onepage&q=&f=false
[21] "rheostat>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"rheostat." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 02 Sep. 2009.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rheostat>
[22] "rheostat>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"rheostat." Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, Historian. 02 Sep.
2009. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rheostat>
[23] http://atheism.about.com/library/quotes/bl_q_TAEdison.htm
[24] Edison patent 203,014, April 30, 1878, filed
07/20/1877 http://www.google.com/patents?id=Fr9BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom
=4#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[25] "Edison, Thomas Alva." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 1 Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9106218>
[26] Edison's Patent on the pressure relay,
203015. http://www.google.com/patents?id=F79BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=drawing&zoom=4#v
=onepage&q=&f=false
[27] The Iron age, Volume 94, Issues
14-27 http://books.google.com/books?id=Na0vAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT22&dq=edison+phonograp
h+uses+recording+phone+calls&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[28] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edtime.html
(private lab) Menlo Park, New Jersey, USA7   
123 YBN
[1877 AD] 3 		3928) That certain diseases are transmitted by insects is proven (a mosquito is
shown to transmit a parasite that causes elephantiasis).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Patrick Manson." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/manson-patrick
2. ^ "Manson, Sir Patrick." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 20 Mar. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9050623>.
3. ^ "Patrick Manson." A Dictionary of
Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar.
2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/manson-patrick {1877}

MORE INFO
[1] "Patrick Manson." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/manson-patrick
[2] "Manson, Patrick", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2,
Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p573
Hong Kong2 (presumably)  
123 YBN
[1877 AD] 3 		4039) Telephone wires are connected to individual homes.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Alexander Graham Bell." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 22 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexander-graham-bell
2. ^ "Alexander Graham Bell." Biographies. Answers
Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 22 Sep. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/alexander-graham-bell
3. ^ "Alexander Graham Bell." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 22 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexander-graham-bell
{1877}

MORE INFO
[1] "Alexander Graham Bell." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 22 Sep. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/alexander-graham-bell
[2] "Alexander Graham Bell". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Alexander_Graham_Bell
[3] "Bell, Alexander Graham", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp76-77
[4] "Bell, Alexander Graham."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 22 Sept. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9015220>
[5] Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A
biographical sketch, with ...",
1883. http://books.google.com/books?id=YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil
ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[6] "Alexander Graham Bell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
[7] U.S. Patent 174,465 Improvement in Telegraphy, filed 14 February 1876,
issued March 7, 1876 (Bell's first telephone
patent) http://www.google.com/patents?vid=174465
Boston and New York, USA2   
122 YBN
[10/10/1878 AD] 3 		3878) The ultra-violet spectra of various substances are photographed.1
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ W. N. Hartley, A. K. Huntington, "Researches on the Action of Organic
Substances on the Ultra-Violet Rays of the Spectrum", Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 170, 1879,
p257-274. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/m5x231r091n48288/?p=17c6ba33
3abb4267ac77d5f672a6e695π=3 {Hartley_Huntington_1879.pdf}
2. ^ W. N. Hartley, A. K. Huntington, "Researches on the Action of Organic
Substances on the Ultra-Violet Rays of the Spectrum", Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 170, 1879,
p257-274. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/m5x231r091n48288/?p=17c6ba33
3abb4267ac77d5f672a6e695π=3 {Hartley_Huntington_1879.pdf}
3. ^ W. N. Hartley, A. K. Huntington, "Researches on the Action of Organic
Substances on the Ultra-Violet Rays of the Spectrum", Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 170, 1879,
p257-274. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/m5x231r091n48288/?p=17c6ba33
3abb4267ac77d5f672a6e695π=3 {Hartley_Huntington_1879.pdf} {10/10/1878}
(King's College and Institute of Chemistry) London, England2   
122 YBN
[1878 AD] 4 		3576) A practical electric light bulb.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "incandescent lamp." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 14 Sep. 2008 .
2. ^ "incandescent lamp." Encyclopædia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 Sep. 2008 .
3. ^ "Sir
Joseph Wilson Swan". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Joseph_Wilson_Swan
4. ^ "incandescent lamp." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 14 Sep. 2008 . {1878}

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Joseph Wilson Swan." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 Sep. 2008
[2] "Joseph Swan." A Dictionary
of British History. Oxford University Press, 2001, 2004. Answers.com 15 Sep.
2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/joseph-swan
[3] "Joseph Swan." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 15 Sep. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/joseph-swan
[4] "Joseph Wilson Swan". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wilson_Swan
Newcastle, England3 (presumably)  
122 YBN
[1878 AD] 9 10 		3790) Synthetic fabric. The first synthetic silk (rayon).5 6

Fibers are produced by forcing (extruding) solutions of cellulose nitrate
through very tiny holes in glass, and allowing the solvent to evaporate.7
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p487.
2. ^ "Chardonnet,
Louis-Marie-Hilaire Bernigaud, Comte De", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p183-184.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p487.
4. ^ "Chardonnet, Louis-Marie-Hilaire Bernigaud, Comte
De", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's
Sons, (2000), p183-184.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p487.
6. ^ "Chardonnet,
Louis-Marie-Hilaire Bernigaud, Comte De", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p183-184.
7. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p487.
8. ^ "Hilaire Bernigaud, count de Chardonnet".
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 23 Dec.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/106367/Hilaire-Bernigaud-count-d
e-Chardonnet>.
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p487. {1878}
10. ^ "Hilaire
Bernigaud, count de Chardonnet". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 23 Dec.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/106367/Hilaire-Bernigaud-count-d
e-Chardonnet>.

MORE INFO
[1] "rayon." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002.
Answers.com 01 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/rayon
[2] "Hilaire de Chardonnet". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilaire_de_Chardonnet
[3] http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blfabric.htm
[4]
http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ce-Co/Chardonnet-Hilaire.html
Paris, France (presumably)8   
121 YBN
[04/05/1879 AD] 8 9 10 11 		4059) Molecules of bromine and iodine are shown to be diatomic; breaking into
single atoms on heating as shown by the density of their vapors being reduced
by two-thirds of their normal values.1 2 3 4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Victor Meyer und Carl Meyer, "Bestimmung der dampfdichte einiger
unorganischer k�rper", Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, Volume
12 Issue 1, p609 English: "Determination of the vapor-pressures of some
inorganic bodies" books.google.com/books?id=CBjzAAAAMAAJ&pg=pa609 , 1195,
1282.
2. ^ Victor Meyer und Carl Meyer, "Bestimmung der Dampfdichte einiger
Chlormetalle", Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, Volume 12 Issue
1, p1195 English: "Determination of the vapour-pressures of some
Chlorides" books.google.com/books?id=CBjzAAAAMAAJ&pg=pa1195
3. ^ Victor Meyer und Carl Meyer, "Bestimmung der Dampfdichte einiger
unorganischer Verbindungen", Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft,
Volume 12 Issue 1, p1282 English: "Determination of the vapour-pressures of
some Inorganic
Compounds" http://books.google.com/books?id=CBjzAAAAMAAJ&pg=pa1282
4. ^ "Vapour density", Watts, H. A Dictionary of Chemistry and the Allied
Branches of Other Sciences. Longmans, Green, and co., 1881. A Dictionary of
Chemistry and the Allied Branches of Other Sciences, p2096.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p517.
6. ^ "Meyer, Viktor." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 Sept. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052400>.
7. ^ OBITUARY., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1897, 19 (11), pp 918–921 DOI:
10.1021/ja02085a010 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja02085a010
8. ^ Victor Meyer und Carl Meyer, "Bestimmung der dampfdichte einiger
unorganischer k�rper", Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, Volume
12 Issue 1, p609 English: "Determination of the vapor-pressures of some
inorganic bodies" books.google.com/books?id=CBjzAAAAMAAJ&pg=pa609 , 1195,
1282.
9. ^ "Vapour density", Watts, H. A Dictionary of Chemistry and the Allied
Branches of Other Sciences. Longmans, Green, and co., 1881. A Dictionary of
Chemistry and the Allied Branches of Other Sciences, p2096.
10. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p517. {1871}
11. ^ "Meyer, Viktor." Encyclopædia Britannica.
2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 Sept. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052400>. {1871}

MORE INFO
[1] "Viktor Meyer." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press,
2008. Answers.com 24 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/viktor-meyer-1
[2] "Viktor Meyer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Meyer
[3] "Victor Meyer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Victor_Meyer
[4] "Victor Meyer", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2,
Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p603
[5] American chemical journal, Volume 19,
p812. http://books.google.com/books?id=caEwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA812&dq=Victor+Mayer+da
te:1897-1897&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Victor%20Mayer%20date%3A1897-1897&f=false
[6] Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, Volume 16,
p786. http://books.google.com/books?id=pOnNAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA786&dq=Victor+Maye
r+date:1897-1897&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
(University of Stuttgart), Stuttgart, Germany7 (presumably)  
121 YBN
[05/15/1879 AD] 5 6 		3847) That ultraviolet light is absorbed inside the atmosphere of Earth is
understood.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ A. Cornu, "Sur la limite ultra-violette du spectre solaire", Comptes
Rendus, Paris, 88, 1879: 1101-8.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/113734?origin=ads
and http://gallica2.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30457.image.r=cornu.langEN.f1095.tab
leDesMatieres
2. ^ Götz Hoeppe, John Stewart, "Why the Sky is Blue" ("Blau: Die Farbe des
Himmels",1999), Princeton University Press,
2007. http://books.google.com/books?id=-7inyeQbBjQC&pg=RA1-PA250&dq=chappuis+oz
one&ei=P6t_SZ3xLo3qkQTx9KXRBg#PRA1-PA250,M1 {1878}
3. ^ W. N. Hartley, "On the Limit
of the Solar Spectrum, the Blue of the Sky, and the Fluorescence of Ozone.",
Nature, v39, 1889, p474-477.
http://books.google.com/books?id=wzYCAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:n
ature+date:1889-1889&as_brr=1&ei=B1d-SdyFOJOmkQTouqTUBg#PPA476,M1
4. ^ A. Cornu, "Sur la limite ultra-violette du spectre solaire", Comptes
Rendus, Paris, 88, 1879: 1101-8.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/113734?origin=ads
and http://gallica2.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30457.image.r=cornu.langEN.f1095.tab
leDesMatieres
5. ^ A. Cornu, "Sur la limite ultra-violette du spectre solaire", Comptes
Rendus, Paris, 88, 1879: 1101-8.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/113734?origin=ads
and http://gallica2.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30457.image.r=cornu.langEN.f1095.tab
leDesMatieres {05/15/1879}
6. ^ Götz Hoeppe, John Stewart, "Why the Sky is Blue" ("Blau: Die Farbe des
Himmels",1999), Princeton University Press,
2007. http://books.google.com/books?id=-7inyeQbBjQC&pg=RA1-PA250&dq=chappuis+oz
one&ei=P6t_SZ3xLo3qkQTx9KXRBg#PRA1-PA250,M1 {1878}

MORE INFO
[1] "Marie Alfred Cornu". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Alfred_Cornu
[2] A. Cornu, "Sur l'absorption par l'atmosphere des radiations
ultra-violettes", Comptes Rendus, Paris, 91, 1879: 1285-90
[3] "Marie Alfred Cornu".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Marie_Alfred_Cornu
Paris, France4   
121 YBN
[1879 AD] 3 		3853) Chromosomes are identified in the nucleus of cells using dyes.1
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ "Flemming, Walther." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 29 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9034551>.
2. ^ "Flemming, Walther", Concise Dictionary
of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p319.5. ^
3.
^ "Flemming, Walther." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 29 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9034551>. {1879}

MORE INFO
[1] "Walther Flemming". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Flemming
(University of Kiel) Kiel, Germany2   
121 YBN
[1879 AD] 3 4 5 		3958) Saccharin, the first commercially available artificial sweetener.1
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ "saccharin." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 21 Aug. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9064643>.
2. ^ http://www.jhu.edu/gazette/1994/aug2294/remsen.html
3. ^ "saccharin." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 21 Aug. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9064643>. {1879}
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p507. {1879}
5. ^ Ira Remsen, C. Fahlberg, "On the Oxidation of
substitution products of aromatic hydrocarbons, On the oxidation of
orthotoluenesulphamide " American chemical journal, 1880, p426-438. {01/1880}

MORE INFO
[1] "Remsen, Ira." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 21 Aug. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9063160>
[2] "Constantin Fahlberg". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Fahlberg
[3] "Remsen, Ira", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p740
[4]
http://hubpages.com/hub/Artificial-Sweeteners-A-History
[5] http://www.jhu.edu/gazette/2000/sep1100/11remsen.html
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA2   
121 YBN
[1879 AD] 4 		4183) Nucleic acids are identified.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Albrecht Kossel." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica
Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 11 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic//>.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p546.
3. ^ "Albrecht Kossel." A
Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 03 Dec. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/albrecht-kossel
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
p546. {1879}

MORE INFO
[1] "Kossel, Albrecht." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009. Web. 2 Dec. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9046115>
[2] "Albrecht Kossel." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 03 Dec. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/albrecht-kossel
[3] "Albrecht Kossel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel
[4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1910/kossel-bio.html
(University of Strasbourg) Strasbourg , Germany3   
120 YBN
[02/09/1880 AD] 3 		3420) A successful vaccine is created by growing the agent of disease on an
artificial media to create a milder form1 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Henry Smith Williams, Edward Huntington Williams, "A History of Science",
Harper, 1904,
p232. http://books.google.com/books?id=jms3-iWQDeYC&pg=RA2-PA218&dq=Louis+Paste
ur&as_brr=1#PRA2-PA232,M1
2. ^ "Louis Pasteur." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 13 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/445964/Louis-Pasteur>.
3. ^ Henry Smith Williams, Edward Huntington Williams, "A History of Science",
Harper, 1904,
p232. http://books.google.com/books?id=jms3-iWQDeYC&pg=RA2-PA218&dq=Louis+Paste
ur&as_brr=1#PRA2-PA232,M1 {02/09/1880}

MORE INFO
[1] "Louis Pasteur". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur
[2] "Louis Pasteur". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Louis_Pasteur
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[4] "Louis Pasteur." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 14
Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/louis-pasteur
[5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science",
Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p334
[6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p421-425. {1856}
[7] René Vallery-Radot, Elizabeth Emma Proby
Hamilton, "Louis Pasteur His Life and Labours", Longmans, Green, & co., 1885,
p44. http://books.google.com/books?id=hdQ9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Louis
+Pasteur&as_brr=1#PPA44,M1
[8] René Vallery-Radot, R. L. Devonshire, "The Life of Pasteur", Doubleday,
Page & Co., 1916, p
99. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZOwIAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Louis+
Pasteur&as_brr=1#PPA99,M1
[9] http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/history/articles/pasteur.htm#paperII
[10] "Pasteur, Louis", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition
1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (1981), p532-535
(École Normale Supérieure) Paris, France2   
120 YBN
[06/03/1880 AD] 7 		4038) Sound is sent and received using light particles:3 4 a mirror vibrating
from sound sends reflected sunlight to a receiver to be transformed back into
sound.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alexander Graham Bell, "On the Production and Reproduction of Sound by
Light", The American Journal of Science, series 3, vol 20, Num 118, October,
1880,
p305-324. http://books.google.com/books?id=br0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA305&lpg=PA305&dq=%
22On+the+Production+and+Reproduction+of+Sound+by+Light%22,&source=bl&ots=Nd7hl7O
dtE&sig=FPHn3JeAfBWEntvH5ROq0yv2gRc&hl=en&ei=LBm5Sum2N4j-tAPH-ZQf&sa=X&oi=book_r
esult&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=%22On%20the%20Production%20and%20Reproducti
on%20of%20Sound%20by%20Light%22%2C&f=false
2. ^ U.S. Patent 235,199 Apparatus for Signalling and Communicating, called
Photophone, filed August 1880, issued December
1880 http://www.google.com/patents?vid=235199
3. ^ Alexander Graham Bell, "On the Production and Reproduction of Sound by
Light", The American Journal of Science, series 3, vol 20, Num 118, October,
1880,
p305-324. http://books.google.com/books?id=br0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA305&lpg=PA305&dq=%
22On+the+Production+and+Reproduction+of+Sound+by+Light%22,&source=bl&ots=Nd7hl7O
dtE&sig=FPHn3JeAfBWEntvH5ROq0yv2gRc&hl=en&ei=LBm5Sum2N4j-tAPH-ZQf&sa=X&oi=book_r
esult&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=%22On%20the%20Production%20and%20Reproducti
on%20of%20Sound%20by%20Light%22%2C&f=false
4. ^ U.S. Patent 235,199 Apparatus for Signalling and Communicating, called
Photophone, filed August 1880, issued December
1880 http://www.google.com/patents?vid=235199
5. ^ http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jun03.html
6. ^ http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jun03.html
7. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/photophone.htm
{06/03/1880}

MORE INFO
[1] "Alexander Graham Bell." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 22 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexander-graham-bell
[2] "Alexander Graham Bell." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 22
Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexander-graham-bell
[3] "Alexander Graham Bell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
[4] "Alexander Graham Bell". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Alexander_Graham_Bell
[5] "Bell, Alexander Graham", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp76-77
[6] Silvanus Phillips Thompson,
"Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A biographical sketch, with ...",
1883. http://books.google.com/books?id=YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil
ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[7] U.S. Patent 174,465 Improvement in Telegraphy, filed 14 February 1876,
issued March 7, 1876 (Bell's first telephone
patent) http://www.google.com/patents?vid=174465
[8] "Photophone". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophone
[9] "Charles Sumner Tainter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter
(top of Franklin School) Washington, D. C., USA6   
120 YBN
[11/23/1880 AD] 3 4 		3948) The cause of malaria is found to be a protist, which shows that disease
can be caused by a protist and not only by a bacterium.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p505.
2. ^ "Charles Louis Alphonse
Laveran." Encyclopedia of Public Health. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com
06 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-louis-alphonse-laveran
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p505. {11/23/1880}
4. ^ "Charles Louis
Alphonse Laveran." Encyclopedia of Public Health. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002.
Answers.com 06 Aug. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-louis-alphonse-laveran {11/23/1880}

MORE INFO
[1] "Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 06
Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-louis-alphonse-laveran
[2] "Metchnikoff, Elie", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p524
(Académie de Médecine) Paris, France2   
120 YBN
[1880 AD] 4 		4095) That cathode rays can be bent by magnetic fields is shown.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Goldstein, Eugen." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 458-459. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 9 Oct. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
2. ^ Wiedemann’s Annalen der Physik, 11 (1880), 850.
3. ^ "Goldstein, Eugen."
Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles
Scribner's Sons, 2008. 458-459. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale.
University of California - Irvine. 9 Oct. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
4. ^ "Goldstein, Eugen." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 458-459. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 9 Oct. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>. {1880}

MORE INFO
[1] "Goldstein, Eugen." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 9 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9037282>
[2] "Eugen Goldstein." A Dictionary of
Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 09 Oct.
2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/eugen-goldstein
[3] "Eugen Goldstein". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Goldstein
[4] Monatsberichte der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
(1876), 284
(University of Berlin) Berlin, Germany3   
120 YBN
[1880 AD] 10 11 		4348) Piezoelectricity {PIEZOeleKTriSiTE or PEZO- or PEAZO-5 6 7 } is
discovered: when pressure is applied to certain crystals, an electric potential
is created.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Piezoelectricity." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 21 Jan.
2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Piezoelectricity>.
2. ^ "piezoelectricity." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
21 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/piezoelectricity
3. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=piezoelectricity&submit=Submit
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p580-581.
5. ^ "Piezoelectricity."
Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 21 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Piezoelectricity>.
6. ^ "piezoelectricity." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Jan.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/piezoelectricity
7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=piezoelectricity&submit=Submit
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p580-581.
9. ^ "Pierre Curie."
Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 20 May. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pierre-curie-scientist
10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p580-581. {1880}
11. ^ Pierre
Curie,Jacques Curie, "Développement, par pression, de l’électricité
polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées", Comptes rendus
hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 91 (1880),
294. http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-3048&M=tdm Need English
translation: First paragraph quoted in:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/g988721517372297/ {Curie_Jacques_and_Pier
re_N0003048_PDF_296_395_1880.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "Pierre Curie". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie
[2] "pyroelectricity." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 20 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9062057>
[3] Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Sur l’électricité polaire dans les
cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des
séances de l’Académie des sciences, 383
[4] Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Lois
du dégagement de l’électricité par pression dans la tourmaline", Comptes
rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 92 (1881), 186
[5]
Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Sur les phénomènes électriques de la tourmaline
et des cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires
des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 350
[6] Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie,
"Les cristaux héemièdres à faces inclinées, comme sources constantes
d’électricitè", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie
des sciences, 93 (1881), 204
[7] Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Contractions et
dilatations produites par des tensions électriques dan les cristaux
hémièdres à faces inclinées", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de
l’Académie des sciences, 1137
[8] Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Déformations
électriques du quartz", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de
l’Académie des sciences, 95 (1882), 914
(Sorbonne) Paris, France9   
120 YBN
[1880 AD] 9 		5839) An artificial muscle: the physical contraction of rubber under electric
potential is measured.6

Practical artificial muscles will not be used in consumer products for over 130
years.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
4. ^ W. C.
Röntgen, "Ueber die durch Electricität bewirkten Form- und Volumenänderungen
von dielectrischen Körpern", Annalen der Physik, Volume 247, Issue 13, pages
771–786,
1880. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract {Ro
ntgen_Wilhelm_Conrad_188009xx.pdf} English: "About the changes in shape and
volume of dielectrics caused by electricity"
5. ^
http://electrochem.cwru.edu/encycl/art-p02-elact-pol.htm
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
7. ^ Ted Huntington.
8. ^ W. C. Röntgen,
"Ueber die durch Electricität bewirkten Form- und Volumenänderungen von
dielectrischen Körpern", Annalen der Physik, Volume 247, Issue 13, pages
771–786,
1880. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract {Ro
ntgen_Wilhelm_Conrad_188009xx.pdf} English: "About the changes in shape and
volume of dielectrics caused by electricity"
9. ^ W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch
Electricität bewirkten Form- und Volumenänderungen von dielectrischen
Körpern", Annalen der Physik, Volume 247, Issue 13, pages 771–786,
1880. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract {Ro
ntgen_Wilhelm_Conrad_188009xx.pdf} English: "About the changes in shape and
volume of dielectrics caused by electricity" {09/1880}

MORE INFO
[1] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen
[2] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen
[3] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." The Columbia
Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003.
Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen
[4] "Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Konrad_R%C3%B6ntgen
[5] "Rontgen rays". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Rontgen_rays
[6] W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch Bewegung eines im homogenen electrischen
Felde befindlichen Dielectricums hervorgerufene electrodynamische Kraft", Ann.
Phys. Chem. 35, 264-270
(1888). http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488000/PDFSTART
[7] W. C. Röntgen, "Beschreibung des Apparates, mit welchem die Versuche über
die electrodynamische Wirkung bewegter Dielectrica ausgeführt wurden", Annalen
der Physik und Chemie, Volume 276, Issue 5, Date: 1890, Pages:
93-108. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112506815/PDFSTART
[8] "Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 20 Mar. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9083885>
[9] "Röntgen (Roentgen), Wilhelm Conrad",
Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons,
(2000), p751-752
(University of Giessen) Giessen, Germany8   
120 YBN
[1880 AD] 		6577) Slavery is outlawed in most major nations.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "slavery". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Feb.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24160/Ways-of-end
ing-slavery>.
2. ^ "slavery". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Feb.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24160/Ways-of-end
ing-slavery>.
3. ^ "slavery". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Feb.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24160/Ways-of-end
ing-slavery>.
  
119 YBN
[01/05/1881 AD] 5 6 		3608) The electronic camera and electronic image. An image is captured and sent
electronically.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Shelford Bidwell, "Tele-Photography", Nature, Volume 23, Number 589, 10
February 1881,
pp333-356. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v23/n589/index.html {Bidwell_S
helford_1881_023344a0.pdf}
2. ^ Shelford Bidwell, "Tele-Photography", Nature, Volume 23, Number 589, 10
February 1881,
pp333-356. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v23/n589/index.html {Bidwell_S
helford_1881_023344a0.pdf}
3. ^ Shelford Bidwell, "Tele-Photography", Nature, Volume 23, Number 589, 10
February 1881,
pp333-356. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v23/n589/index.html {Bidwell_S
helford_1881_023344a0.pdf}
4. ^
http://www.ingenious.org.uk/See/?target=SeeMedium&ObjectID={362EAEAA-D808-2BE4-8
8E7-CAB0D5B92C95}&s=S1&SearchString=bidwell&source=Search&viewby=images&
5. ^ Shelford Bidwell, "Tele-Photography", Nature, Volume 23, Number 589, 10
February 1881,
pp333-356. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v23/n589/index.html {Bidwell_S
helford_1881_023344a0.pdf} {01/05/1881}
6. ^
http://www.hffax.de/html/hauptteil_faxhistory.htm {1881}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://books.google.com/books?id=wNURAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA546&dq=Shelford+Bidwell+photo
telegraphy&as_brr=1&ei=aHrZSMyOLpGgswOOuuTeDg#PPA546,M1
[2] Marcus J. Martin, "The Electrical Transmission of Photographs", Sir I.
Pitman & sons, ltd.,
1921. http://books.google.com/books?id=Aw9IAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12&dq=Shelford+Bidwell
+phototelegraphy&as_brr=1&ei=aHrZSMyOLpGgswOOuuTeDg#PPA12,M1
[3] "Electricity". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electricity
[4] "Telegraph". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Telegraph
[5] "Shelford Bidwell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelford_Bidwell
[6] Shelford Bidwell, "Telegraphic Photography and Electric Vision", Nature,
Volume 78 Number 2014 pp97-120, (04 June 1908),
p105. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v78/n2014/index.html http://www.nat
ure.com/nature/journal/v78/n2014/pdf/078105a0.pdf
London, England4 (presumably)  
119 YBN
[02/??/1881 AD] 3 4 		3421) A successful vaccine for anthrax is created by gently heating the anthrax
causing bacteria.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Louis Pasteur." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 13 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/445964/Louis-Pasteur>.
2. ^ "Louis Pasteur." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 13 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/445964/Louis-Pasteur>.
3. ^ Henry Smith Williams, Edward Huntington Williams, "A History of Science",
Harper, 1904,
p232. http://books.google.com/books?id=jms3-iWQDeYC&pg=RA2-PA218&dq=Louis+Paste
ur&as_brr=1#PRA2-PA232,M1 {02/1881}
4. ^ "Louis Pasteur." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/445964/Louis-Pasteur>. {1881}

MORE INFO
[1] "Louis Pasteur". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur
[2] "Louis Pasteur". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Louis_Pasteur
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[4] "Louis Pasteur." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 14
Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/louis-pasteur
[5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science",
Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p334
[6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p421-425. {1856}
[7] "Pasteur, Louis", Concise Dictionary of
Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p681-684
[8] René
Vallery-Radot, Elizabeth Emma Proby Hamilton, "Louis Pasteur His Life and
Labours", Longmans, Green, & co., 1885,
p44. http://books.google.com/books?id=hdQ9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Louis
+Pasteur&as_brr=1#PPA44,M1
[9] René Vallery-Radot, R. L. Devonshire, "The Life of Pasteur", Doubleday,
Page & Co., 1916, p
99. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZOwIAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Louis+
Pasteur&as_brr=1#PPA99,M1
[10] http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/history/articles/pasteur.htm#paperII
(École Normale Supérieure) Paris, France2   
119 YBN
[12/15/1881 AD] 3 4 		3738) Certain spectrum lines are found to become broader when an element is
heated.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p472-473.
2. ^ Cortie, A. L., "Sir
Norman Lockyer, 1836-1920", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 53, p.233 (ApJ
Homepage), 05/1921. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921ApJ....53..233C and
http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1921ApJ....53..2
33C&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf
3. ^ Norman Lockyer, "On the Most Widened Lines in Sun-Spot Spectra. First and
Second Series, from November 12, 1879, to October 15, 1881.", Proceedings of
the Royal Society of London, 1883 vol:36 iss:1 pg:443.
http://ucelinks.cdlib.org:8888/sfx_local?sid=google&auinit=JN&aulast=Lockyer&a
title=On+the+Most+Widened+Lines+in+Sun-Spot+Spectra.+First+and+Second+Series,+fr
om+November+12,+1879,+to+October+15,+1881.&id=doi:10.1098/rspl.1883.0128 {Locky
er_Norman_1881_11.pdf} {12/15/1881}
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia
of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p472-473.
{1881}

MORE INFO
[1] "Lockyer, Sir Joseph Norman." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2008
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9048704>
[2] "Joseph Norman Lockyer." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/joseph-norman-lockyer
[3] "Joseph Norman Lockyer." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/joseph-norman-lockyer
[4] "Joseph Norman Lockyer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Norman_Lockyer
[5] "Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Joseph_Norman_Lockyer
[6] "Lockyer, Joseph Norman", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p551
[7] "Lockyer, Sir Joseph Norman"
(Obituary Notice), Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 81,
p.261 (MNRAS Homepage),
02/1921 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921MNRAS..81R.261
[8] http://library.exeter.ac.uk/special/guides/archives/101-110/110_01.html
(Solar Physics Observatory) South Kensington, England2   
119 YBN
[1881 AD] 3 		4040) A metal detector.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp513-514.
2. ^ "Alexander Graham Bell."
Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 22 Sep. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/alexander-graham-bell
3. ^ Alexander Graham Bell, "On the Production and Reproduction of Sound by
Light", The American Journal of Science, series 3, vol 20, Num 118, October,
1880,
p305-324. http://books.google.com/books?id=br0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA305&lpg=PA305&dq=%
22On+the+Production+and+Reproduction+of+Sound+by+Light%22,&source=bl&ots=Nd7hl7O
dtE&sig=FPHn3JeAfBWEntvH5ROq0yv2gRc&hl=en&ei=LBm5Sum2N4j-tAPH-ZQf&sa=X&oi=book_r
esult&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=%22On%20the%20Production%20and%20Reproducti
on%20of%20Sound%20by%20Light%22%2C&f=false {1881}

MORE INFO
[1] "Alexander Graham Bell." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 22 Sep. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/alexander-graham-bell
[2] "Alexander Graham Bell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
[3] "Alexander Graham Bell". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Alexander_Graham_Bell
[4] "Bell, Alexander Graham", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp76-77
[5] Silvanus Phillips Thompson,
"Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A biographical sketch, with ...",
1883. http://books.google.com/books?id=YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil
ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[6] U.S. Patent 174,465 Improvement in Telegraphy, filed 14 February 1876,
issued March 7, 1876 (Bell's first telephone
patent) http://www.google.com/patents?vid=174465
[7] U.S. Patent 235,199 Apparatus for Signalling and Communicating, called
Photophone, filed August 1880, issued December
1880 http://www.google.com/patents?vid=235199
[8] "Bell, Alexander Graham." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 22 Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9015220>
[9]
http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/photophone.htm
[10] "Photophone". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophone
[11] "Charles Sumner Tainter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter
[12] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jun03.html
[13] http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/Metal_Detector.htm
(Volta Lab) Washington, District of Columbia, USA2   
119 YBN
[1881 AD] 14 15 16 		4157) The Michelson experiment: Light is found to have the same speed in any
direction horizontal to the Earth; this causes doubt about the existence of an
aether medium and about the wave theory for light.6 7 8 9 10

An interferometer splits a beam of monochromatic light with a glass plate into
two directions at a right angle to each other, and reflects them back together
to detect interference. If the Earth moves through an aether, one ray will take
more time and cause interference, but no interference is observed.11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p540-542.
2. ^ "Michelson, A.A.."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 Nov. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052478>.
3. ^ "Michelson, Albert Abraham." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 371-374. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 6 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p543-544.
5. ^ Albert A. Michelson, "The
relative motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous ether", The American Journal
of Science, Volume 122, 1881,
p120. http://books.google.com/books?id=S_kQAAAAIAAJ&pg=120
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p540-542.
7. ^ "Michelson, A.A.."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 Nov. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052478>.
8. ^ "Michelson, Albert Abraham." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 371-374. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 6 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p543-544.
10. ^ Albert A. Michelson,
"The relative motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous ether", The American
Journal of Science, Volume 122, 1881,
p120. http://books.google.com/books?id=S_kQAAAAIAAJ&pg=120
11. ^ Albert A. Michelson, "The relative motion of the Earth and the
Luminiferous ether", The American Journal of Science, Volume 122, 1881,
p120. http://books.google.com/books?id=S_kQAAAAIAAJ&pg=120
12. ^ "Michelson, A.A.." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 6 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052478>.
13. ^ "Michelson, Albert Abraham." Complete
Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons,
2008. 371-374. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California -
Irvine. 6 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
14. ^ Albert A. Michelson, "The relative motion of the
Earth and the Luminiferous ether", The American Journal of Science, Volume 122,
1881, p120. http://books.google.com/books?id=S_kQAAAAIAAJ&pg=120
15. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p540-542. {1881}
16. ^ "Michelson,
A.A.." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 Nov.
2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052478>. {1881}

MORE INFO
[1] "Albert Abraham Michelson." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-abraham-michelson
[2] "Albert Abraham Michelson." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 07 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-abraham-michelson
[3] "Albert Abraham Michelson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson
[4]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1907/michelson-bio.html
[5] Albert Michelson, "Interference phenomena in a new form of refractometer",
Philosophical magazine. 1882, volume: 13 issue: 81 page:
236 http://books.google.com/books?id=4JAOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA236&dq=intitle:philosoph
ical+intitle:Magazine+date:1882-1882+interference#v=onepage&q=intitle%3Aphilosop
hical%20intitle%3AMagazine%20date%3A1882-1882%20interference&f=false
and http://books.google.com/books?id=HPcQAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editio
ns:0ocaawEfuqDVXP3-kAaE4N&lr=#v=onepage&q=michelson&f=false
[6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p478
[7] Albert Michelson,
"Interference Phenomena in a new Form of Refractometer", Philosophical
Magazine, 1882,
p236. http://books.google.com/books?id=4JAOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA236&dq=intitle:philoso
phical+intitle:Magazine+date:1882-1882+interference#v=onepage&q=intitle%3Aphilos
ophical%20intitle%3AMagazine%20date%3A1882-1882%20interference&f=false
(University of Berlin) Berlin, Germany12 13   
119 YBN
[1881 AD] 6 		4349) Inverse piezoelectricity is proven: when an electric potential is applied
to certain crystals, the crystal vibrates at a regular rate.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Curie, Pierre." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 3.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 503-508. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 20 May 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901043&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
2. ^ Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Contractions et dilatations produites par des
tensions électriques dan les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées",
Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 1137.
3. ^
Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Déformations électriques du quartz", Comptes
rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 95 (1882),
914.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p580-581.
5. ^ "Pierre Curie."
Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 20 May. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pierre-curie-scientist
6. ^ "Pierre Curie." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 May. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pierre-curie-scientist {1881}

MORE INFO
[1] "Curie, Pierre." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 20 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9028253>
[2] "Pierre Curie". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie
[3] "pyroelectricity." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 20 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9062057>
(Sorbonne) Paris, France5   
119 YBN
[1881 AD] 3 		6646) The electric car.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ American Technical Society. Cyclopedia of Automobile Engineering:
Electric Automobiles. American Technical Society, 1915. Cyclopedia of
Automobile Engineering: A General Reference Work,
p11. http://books.google.com/books?id=mzIuAAAAYAAJ%pg=PA11
2. ^ American Technical Society. Cyclopedia of Automobile Engineering: Electric
Automobiles. American Technical Society, 1915. Cyclopedia of Automobile
Engineering: A General Reference Work,
p11. http://books.google.com/books?id=mzIuAAAAYAAJ%pg=PA11
3. ^ American Technical Society. Cyclopedia of Automobile Engineering: Electric
Automobiles. American Technical Society, 1915. Cyclopedia of Automobile
Engineering: A General Reference Work,
p11. http://books.google.com/books?id=mzIuAAAAYAAJ%pg=PA11

MORE INFO
[1]
http://inventors.about.com/od/estartinventions/a/History-Of-Electric-Vehicles.ht
m
[2] Post, R.C. Urban Mass Transit: The Life Story of a Technology. Greenwood
Publishing Group, Incorporated, 2007. Greenwood Technographies Series,
p36. http://books.google.com/books?id=lZ6Kke0MZWwC&pg=PA36
[3] "electric automobile." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002.
Answers.com 26 Nov. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/electric-automobile-transp-in-encyclopedia
France2   
118 YBN
[01/12/1882 AD] 3 		4011) The first central electricity station and distribution of electricity to
houses (for electric lighting); in London.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Association of Edison Illuminating Companies, "Edisonia," a brief history
of the early Edison electric lighting system", 1904,
p157. http://books.google.com/books?id=uxdHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44&dq=edison%27s+elect
rical++station+london+1880&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
2. ^ Association of Edison Illuminating Companies, "Edisonia," a brief history
of the early Edison electric lighting system", 1904,
p157. http://books.google.com/books?id=uxdHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44&dq=edison%27s+elect
rical++station+london+1880&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
3. ^ Association of Edison Illuminating Companies, "Edisonia," a brief history
of the early Edison electric lighting system", 1904,
p157. http://books.google.com/books?id=uxdHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44&dq=edison%27s+elect
rical++station+london+1880&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false {01/12/1882}

MORE INFO
[1] "Thomas Edison." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 01 Sep. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/thomas-edison
[2] "Thomas Alva Edison". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison
[3] "Thomas Alva Edison". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Thomas_Alva_Edison
[4] "Edison, Thomas Alva", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition
2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p274
[5] Video of Thomas Edison on
youtube.com: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7RQ5sKHR5E
[6] Video: A day with Thomas A. Edison / General Electric Co. ; producer, Bray
Studios. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/papr:@filreq(@field(NUMBER
+@band(edmp+4057s6))+@field(COLLID+edison))
[7] http://www.atheists.org/Thomas_Alva_Edison:_1911_Columbian_Interview
[8] http://www.atheistempire.com/greatminds/quotes.php?author=11
[9] Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison",
1915. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[10] Francis Arthur Jones, "Thomas Alva Edison: sixty years of an inventor's
life",
1907. http://books.google.com/books?id=29HAPQBd-JsC&pg=PA5&dq=thomas+alva+ediso
n&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[11] Edith C. Kenyon, "Thomas Alva Edison: the telegraph-boy who became a great
inventor",
1896. http://books.google.com/books?id=24UVAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[12] http://users.belgacom.net/gc391665/microphone_history.htm
[13] Frank Lewis Dyer, Thomas Commerford Martin, "Edison: his life and
inventions",
1910. http://books.google.com/books?id=qN83AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA200&dq=%22carbon+relay
%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22carbon%20relay%22&f=false
[14] George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and
other novelties",
1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t
he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[15] Théodore Achille L. Du Moncel, "The telephone, the microphone, and the
phonograph",
1879. http://books.google.com/books?id=Do4DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR7&dq=history+microphon
e#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false
and http://books.google.com/books?id=seQOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7&dq=history+microphone&
as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false
[16] Theodore Du Moncel (comte), "Exposé des applications de l'électricité",
http://books.google.com/books?q=editions:0WEbvzifraAvqv&lr=&id=jdYnAAAAYAAJ&sa
=N&start=0 Volume 5
(1862): http://books.google.com/books?id=jdYnAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ed
itions:0WEbvzifraAvqv&lr=#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[17] Chemical news and journal of industrial science, Volume 38, 1878,
p241. http://books.google.com/books?id=ugYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA241&dq=%22carbon+r
elay%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22carbon%20relay%22&f=false
[18] Silvanus P. Thompson, "On the Electric Resistance of Carbon under
Pressure.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, Vol 13, Num 81, April 1882,
p262-265. http://books.google.com/books?id=B1IwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA265&dq=%22carbon+r
elay%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22carbon%20relay%22&f=false
[19] "Under Pressure", The Electrician, Volume 82, 03/11/1882,
p264. http://books.google.com/books?id=IOYTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA264&dq=%22carbon+relay
%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22carbon%20relay%22&f=false
[20] "plumbago>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"plumbago." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 02 Sep. 2009.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/plumbago>
[21] Edison, 12/13/1887
patent http://www.google.com/patents?id=Gr9BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v
=onepage&q=&f=false
[22] "rheostat>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"rheostat." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 02 Sep. 2009.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rheostat>
[23] "rheostat>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"rheostat." Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, Historian. 02 Sep.
2009. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rheostat>
[24] http://atheism.about.com/library/quotes/bl_q_TAEdison.htm
[25] Edison patent 203,014, April 30, 1878, filed
07/20/1877 http://www.google.com/patents?id=Fr9BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom
=4#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[26] Edison's Patent on the pressure relay,
203015. http://www.google.com/patents?id=F79BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=drawing&zoom=4#v
=onepage&q=&f=false
[27] Herbert Treadwell Wade, "Phonograph", The New international encyclopaedia,
Volume
18. http://books.google.com/books?id=VDJXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA542&dq=scott+1855+phonau
tograph&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=scott%201855%20phonautograph&f=false
[28] "Incandescent light bulb". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb
[29] Edison "improvements to phonograph..." patent
#200521 http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=SWg_AAAAEBAJ
[30] "Edison, Thomas Alva." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 1 Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9106218>
(57 Holborn Viaduct) London, England2   
118 YBN
[03/24/1882 AD] 18 19 		3620) The first invisible frequency light particle communication. The first
radio communication. The sending and receiving of a message using light
particles by electrical induction (also known as "electric waves", "electric
radiation", and simply "radio", but which may just be the photoelectric
effect13 ).14 15 16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co.,
1902,
p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W
ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK
fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1
2. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299,
Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ
3. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Electric Communication Without Wires",
Scientific American Supplement, Number 571, 12/11/1886,
p9119. http://books.google.com/books?id=_jEiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9119
4. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co.,
1902,
p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W
ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK
fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1
5. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299,
Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ
6. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Electric Communication Without Wires",
Scientific American Supplement, Number 571, 12/11/1886,
p9119. http://books.google.com/books?id=_jEiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9119
7. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co.,
1902,
p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W
ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK
fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1
8. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299,
Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ
9. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Electric Communication Without Wires",
Scientific American Supplement, Number 571, 12/11/1886,
p9119. http://books.google.com/books?id=_jEiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9119
10. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co.,
1902,
p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W
ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK
fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1
11. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299,
Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ
12. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Electric Communication Without Wires",
Scientific American Supplement, Number 571, 12/11/1886,
p9119. http://books.google.com/books?id=_jEiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9119
13. ^ Ted Huntington.
14. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd,
Mead & Co., 1902,
p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W
ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK
fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1
15. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299,
Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ
16. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Electric Communication Without Wires",
Scientific American Supplement, Number 571, 12/11/1886,
p9119. http://books.google.com/books?id=_jEiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9119
17. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299,
Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ
18. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication",
Patent number: 350299, Issue date: Oct 5,
1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ
19. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co.,
1902,
p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W
ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK
fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1 {1882}

MORE INFO
[1] Dolbear, A.E. �On the Development of a New Telephonic System.�
Telegraph Engineers and of Electricians, Journal of the Society of 11.41
(1882): 130�144. books.google.com/books?id=nBE4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA130
(employed at Tuft's College) Sommerville, Massachusetts, USA17   
118 YBN
[1882 AD] 6 7 		3947) White blood cells are identified and their role of destroying foreign
objects in the immune system of animals is recognized.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp504-505.
2. ^ "Metchnikoff, Élie."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Aug. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052307>.
3. ^ "Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1901-1921", Elsevier Publishing
Company, Amsterdam, 1967. first published in the book series Les Prix
Nobel http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/mechnikov-bio.
html
4. ^ "Metchnikoff, Elie", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition
2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p601.
5. ^ "Metchnikoff, Élie." Encyclopædia
Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Aug. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052307>.
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp504-505. {1882}
7. ^ "Metchnikoff,
Elie", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles
Scribner's Sons, (2000), p601. {1882}

MORE INFO
[1] Tauber, Alfred I., Metchnikoff and the origins of immunology: from
metaphor to theory, New York: Oxford University Press, 1991
[2] Schmalstieg FC Jr,
Goldman AS., "Ilya Ilich Metchnikoff (1845-1915) and Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915):
the centennial of the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.", J Med
Biogr. 2008
May;16(2):96-103. http://jmb.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/full/16/2/96
[3] Karnovsky ML., "Metchnikoff in Messina: a century of studies on
phagocytosis.", N Engl J Med. 1981 May 7;304(19):1178-80. (subscription)
[4] Breathnach CS.,
"Biographical sketches--No. 44. Metchnikoff.", Ir Med J. 1984
Sep;77(9):303. http://www.imj.ie//Archive/Metchnikoff.pdf
[5] Metchnikoff O. "Life of Elie Metchnikoff".Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co,
1921. (translation from
French). http://books.google.com/books?id=Y-MHAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=L
ife+of+Elie+Metchnikoff#v=onepage&q=&f=false http://www.archive.org/stream/life
ofeliemetchn00metciala/lifeofeliemetchn00metciala_djvu.txt
[6] Metchnikolf E. Ueber eine Sporosspiizkrankheit der Daphnien. Virchows
Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medizin
1884; 96: 177-95.
http://books.google.com/books?id=AQ8BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA54&dq=Archiv+OR+f%C3%BCr+OR
+pathologische+OR+Anatomie+inauthor:Virchow&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_min
y_is=1884&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1884&as_brr=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[7] Elie Metchnikoff, "Lectures on the comparative pathology of inflammation",
1893. (translated from
French) http://books.google.com/books?id=5ojk1BDdCqwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Un
tersuchungen+%C3%BCber+die+intracellul%C3%A4re+Verdauung+bei+Wirbellosen+Tieren.
&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=7#v=onepage&q=&f=false
(In his own private laboratory)3 Messina, Italy4 5   
117 YBN
[03/05/1883 AD] 3 		3880) That infrared light is absorbed by the atmosphere of Earth, and that some
of this absorption is due to water is recognized.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Captain Abney and Lieut.-Colonel Festing, "Atmospheric Absorption in the
Infra-Red of the Solar Spectrum.", Phil. Trans., 1883,
p80-83. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/767j2732gwtj7864/?p=6dd90979e2
ab457f9f3af40cbfb58d9dπ=6 {Abney_Festing_1883.pdf}
2. ^ "Obituary Notices of Fellows Deceased", Proceedings of the Royal Society
of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character
(1905-1934), Volume 99, Number 701 / September 01,
1921. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/d7l4r2h4722p4t7h/fulltext.pdf
3. ^ Captain Abney and Lieut.-Colonel Festing, "Atmospheric Absorption in the
Infra-Red of the Solar Spectrum.", Phil. Trans., 1883,
p80-83. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/767j2732gwtj7864/?p=6dd90979e2
ab457f9f3af40cbfb58d9dπ=6 {Abney_Festing_1883.pdf} {03/05/1883}

MORE INFO
[1] "Abney, Sir William de Wiveleslie." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Feb. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9003370>
[2] "William de Wiveleslie Abney." The Oxford Companion to the Photograph.
Oxford University Press, 2005. Answers.com 06 Feb. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-de-wiveleslie-abney
[3] "William de Wiveleslie Abney". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Wiveleslie_Abney
[4] "Sir William De Wiveleslie Abney". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_William_De_Wiveleslie_Abney
[5] "Abney, William De Wiveleslie", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p3
[6] "emulsion." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Feb. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/emulsion
[7] obituary, Nature, 12/09/1920,
p476. http://books.google.com/books?id=bVLqQH3wHO0C&pg=PA476&dq=William+de+Wive
leslie+Abney+date:1920-1921&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=dbSMScjDKYfEkASz_O3IBQ
[8] Captain W. De W. Abney, "On the Photographic Method of Mapping the Least
Refrangible End of the Solar Spectrum", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 171, 1880,
p653-667. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/148420u840671470/?p=12743c5b
25164e94b61dc12adaa314eeπ=45
[9] John F. W. Herschel, "On the Chemical Action of the Rays of the Solar
Spectrum on Preparations of Silver and Other Substances, Both Metallic and
Non-Metallic, and on Some Photographic Processes", Philosophical Transactions,
v130, 1840,
p1-59. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/j3401r3x2g4r02h8/?p=684dc9788b8
f4fdba45c07657d6560dfπ=11
[10] Captain Abney, Lieut.-Colonel Festing , "On the Influence of the Atomic
Grouping in the Molecules of Organic Bodies on Their Absorption in the
Infra-Red Region of the Spectrum", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 172, 1881,
p887-918. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/l1265167un20754x/?p=6dd90979
e2ab457f9f3af40cbfb58d9dπ=4
[11] W. N. Hartley, A. K. Huntington, "Researches on the Action of Organic
Substances on the Ultra-Violet Rays of the Spectrum", Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 170, 1879,
p257-274. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/m5x231r091n48288/?p=17c6ba33
3abb4267ac77d5f672a6e695π=3
(Science and Art Department) South Kensington, England2   
117 YBN
[06/06/1883 AD] 3 		4339) The theory of ionic dissociation, how molecules that are electrolytes
separate in a liquid to form two or more charged "ions".1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p577-579.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p577-579.
3. ^ Svante Arrhenius, "Recherches sur la conductibilité
galvanique des électrolytes",
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=oao6AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Rech
erches+sur+la+conductibilit%C3%A9+galvanique+des+electrolytes&hl=en&ei=qU30S_DiL
MK88gaXrOyrDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q
&f=false {06/06/1883}

MORE INFO
[1] "Arrhenius, Svante August." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 19 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9009618>
[2] "Svante Arrhenius." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 19
May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/svante-arrhenius
[3] "Svante Arrhenius." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 19 May. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/svante-arrhenius
[4] "Svante August Arrhenius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_August_Arrhenius
(Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences) Stockholm, Sweden2   
116 YBN
[04/23/1884 AD] 5 6 7 8 		4206) The first practical steam turbine {TR-BiN or TR-BIN1 }, a steam engine
that uses steam to turn a wheel with blades around the rim directly.2
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ "turbine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/turbine
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p551-552.
3. ^
http://www.birrcastle.com/inventionsAndExperiments.asp
4. ^ "Charles Algernon Parsons." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-algernon-parsons
5. ^ US Patent
#328710 http://www.google.com/patents?id=d_5sAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&
source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false {04/23/1884}
6. ^
http://www.birrcastle.com/inventionsAndExperiments.asp {04/1884}
7. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p551-552. {1884}
8. ^ "Parsons, Sir Charles Algernon."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 26 Jan. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9058570>. {1884}

MORE INFO
[1] "Charles Algernon Parsons." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-algernon-parsons
[2] "Charles Algernon Parsons". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons
[3] http://www.houseofdavid.ca/parsons.htm
(Clarke, Chapman and Company3 ) Gateshead, England4   
116 YBN
[1884 AD] 4 		3398) High pitch whistles measure the threshold of human hearing to be 18 khz
(or 18 thousand cycles per second).1
A system of fingerprinting is
established.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p416-417.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p416-417.
3. ^ "Francis Galton." Biographies. Answers Corporation,
2006. Answers.com 09 Jul. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/francis-galton
4. ^ "Francis Galton." Biographies. Answers
Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 09 Jul. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/francis-galton {1884}

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Francis Galton." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 07 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/224628/Sir-Francis-Galton>
[2] "Francis Galton." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 09 Jul. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/francis-galton
[3] "Francis Galton." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 09 Jul. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/francis-galton
[4] "Francis Galton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galton
[5] "Sir Francis Galton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Francis_Galton
[6] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1866.htm
[7] "Galton, Francis", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition
1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (1981), p273
[8] "anticyclone." Dictionary.com
Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 08 Jul. 2008.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/anticyclone>
London, England3   
116 YBN
[1884 AD] 4 5 		4315) The first use of a local anesthetic: (a drug that stops the conduction of
impulses in sensory nerves in the region where it is applied1 ); cocaine.2
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ Oxford A-Z of Medicinal Drugs Market University Press. © 2000, 2003,
2010 An A-Z of Medicinal Drugs. http://www.answers.com/topic/local-anesthetic
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia
of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p568-569.
3. ^
http://books.google.com/books?id=OT-gAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA292&dq=Carl+Koller+1884&hl=en
&ei=smLbS5nALo-KsgPo_pBt&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEUQ6AEwAg#
v=onepage&q&f=false
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p568-569. {1884}
5. ^ "Koller, Carl."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 Apr. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9045941>. {1884}

MORE INFO
[1] "Carl Koller". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Koller
(General Hospital in Vienna) Vienna, Austria3   
115 YBN
[01/30/1885 AD] 5 6 7 		3500) The Balmer series is discovered, a simple mathematical formula that gives
the wavelengths of the spectral lines of hydrogen.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Johann Jakob Balmer." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Aug. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/johann-jakob-balmer
2. ^ J.J. Balmer. "Notiz über die Spectrallinien des Wasserstoffs.",
Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 7 (1885) 548; 7
(1885)
750. http://books.google.com/books?id=1LUEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA750 and Annalen der
Physik und Chemie N.F. 25: 80–87,
1885. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112487600/abstract {Balmer_Jo
hann_1885.pdf} translated to English: (as translated and published by Henry
A. Boorse & Lloyd Motz, The World of the Atom, Vol. 1 (New York: Basic Books,
1966) with omissions filled in by Carmen
Giunta) http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/balmer.html
3. ^ Henry A. Boorse & Lloyd Motz, The World of the Atom, Vol. 1 (New York:
Basic Books, 1966), p363-365. {Balmer.pdf}
4. ^ "Johann Jakob Balmer." Encyclopædia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Aug. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/50792/Johann-Jakob-Balmer>.
5. ^ J.J. Balmer. "Notiz über die Spectrallinien des Wasserstoffs.",
Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 7 (1885) 548; 7
(1885) 750. and Annalen der Physik und Chemie N.F. 25: 80–87,
1885. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112487600/abstract {Balmer_Jo
hann_1885.pdf} translated to English: (as translated and published by Henry
A. Boorse & Lloyd Motz, The World of the Atom, Vol. 1 (New York: Basic Books,
1966) with omissions filled in by Carmen
Giunta) http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/balmer.html {01/30/1885}
6. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p435. {1885}
7. ^ "Theory Of Radiation". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Theory_Of_Radiation {1885}

MORE INFO
[1] "Johann Jakob Balmer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Balmer
(Secondary School3 ) Basel, Switzerland4   
115 YBN
[1885 AD] 4 		3711) The first practical gasoline engine1 and motor boat2 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Daimler, Gottlieb." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 26 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9028558>.
2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The
Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p359.
3. ^
"Gottlieb Daimler." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 26 Dec.
2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/gottlieb-daimler
4. ^ "Motor Vehicles". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Motor_Vehicles {1885}

MORE INFO
[1] "Gottlieb Daimler." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gottlieb-daimler
[2] James Edward Homans, James Edward Homans, 1865-, "Self-propelled Vehicles:
A Practical Treatise on the Theory, Construction, Operation, Care and
Management of All Forms of Automobiles", T. Audel & Company,
1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=PsoNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA297&dq=daimler&as_brr=
1&ei=9HRVSeuvIJSokATWrLnzBA#PPA297,M1
[3] "Oil Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Oil_Engine
(factory) Stuttgart, Germany3   
115 YBN
[1885 AD] 3 		3712) The first motorbike.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p359.
2. ^ "Gottlieb Daimler." Biographies.
Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gottlieb-daimler
3. ^ "Oil Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Oil_Engine {1885}

MORE INFO
[1] "Daimler, Gottlieb." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 26 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9028558>
[2] "Gottlieb Daimler." A Dictionary of
Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 Dec.
2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/gottlieb-daimler
[3] "Motor Vehicles". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Motor_Vehicles
[4] James Edward Homans, James Edward Homans, 1865-, "Self-propelled Vehicles:
A Practical Treatise on the Theory, Construction, Operation, Care and
Management of All Forms of Automobiles", T. Audel & Company,
1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=PsoNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA297&dq=daimler&as_brr=
1&ei=9HRVSeuvIJSokATWrLnzBA#PPA297,M1
(factory) Stuttgart, Germany2   
115 YBN
[1885 AD] 6 		4461) Spectral emission lines are observed to widen when subjected to an
electromagnetic field.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Zeeman, P., "On the Influence of Magnetism on the Nature of the Light
Emitted by a Substance.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V43, N262, March 1897,
p226. http://books.google.com/books?id=fXpDler746QC&pg=PA226&lpg=PA226&dq=On+th
e+Influence+of+Magnetism+on+the+Nature+of+the+Light+Emitted+by+a+Substance&sourc
e=bl&ots=xOeqyMN8gk&sig=ndY_rFeKVmwu6MKCgk21TS72urI&hl=en&ei=q-ooTP-9O4iJnAfusNi
oAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=On%20the%
20Influence%20of%20Magnetism%20on%20the%20Nature%20of%20the%20Light%20Emitted%20
by%20a%20Substance&f=false and: Astrophysical Journal, vol. 5,
p.332. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1897ApJ.....5..332Z/0000345.000
.html
and http://books.google.com/books?id=UoMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA345&lpg=PA345&dq=De+l%27
Influence+du+Magn%C3%A9tisme+sur+les+Caract%C3%A8res&source=bl&ots=ofy7CS6A0v&si
g=DOFLYtcyw1Ay9Itl6NRe_jnUm5k&hl=en&ei=eTslTKbxMYH98Aa09KSACA&sa=X&oi=book_resul
t&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false
2. ^ Thomas Preston, "Radiation Phenomena in the Magnetic Field.",
Philosophical Magazine, S5, V45, N275, April 1898,
p325. http://books.google.com/books?id=kpQOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA325&lpg=PA325&dq=Thoma
s+Preston+zeeman&source=bl&ots=34SE5113uy&sig=A-JeUa9Iwa6iuCWj9K6e4KGSwf8&hl=en&
ei=gcMjTKGmDYOinQfW_Ogm&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAg#v
=onepage&q=Thomas%20Preston%20zeeman&f=false
3. ^ M. Fievez, "De l'Influence du Magnétisme sur les Caractères des Raies
spectrales", Bulletin de l' Academie des Sciences de Belgique, S3, Tome 9, 381,
1885 {Fievez_Charles_1885.pdf}
4. ^ M. Fievez, "Essai sur l'Origine des Raies de Fraunhofer, en rapport
avec la Constitution du Soleil", Bulletin de l' Academie des Sciences de
Belgique, S3, Tome 12, 30, 1886.
5. ^ Sauval, A. J., "Charles FIEVEZ; 13 Years of
Spectroscopy at the Observatoire Royal de Bruxelles (1877-1890)", Workshop on
Laboratory and astronomical high resolution spectra. Astronomical Society of
the Pacific Conference Series; Proceedings of ASP Conference no. 81 held in
Brussels; Belgium 29 August - 2 September 1994 in honour of the 150th birthday
of Charles Vievez (1844-1890) the pioneer of astronomical spectroscopy in
Belgium; San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP); c1995;
edited by A.J. Sauval, R. Blomme, and N. Grevesse,
p.3 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1995ASPC...81....3S
6. ^ M. Fievez, "De l'Influence du Magnétisme sur les Caractères des Raies
spectrales", Bulletin de l' Academie des Sciences de Belgique, S3, Tome 9, 381,
1885

MORE INFO
[1] "Zeeman, Pieter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 25 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9078299>
[2] "Pieter Zeeman". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman
[3] "Pieter Zeeman." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 Jun. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pieter-zeeman
[4] Albert Michelson, "Light Waves and their uses", 1902, p
107. http://books.google.com/books?id=prTvAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=light
+waves+and+their+uses&hl=en&ei=8DIlTOHxLMGB8gbousS2Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=res
ult&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
[5] "Zeeman,Pieter." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 14.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 597-599. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 25 June 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904772&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
(Royal Observatory of Brusells) Bruselles, Belgium5   
115 YBN
[1885 AD] 4 		6604) The first steel-framed building and skyscraper.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Oxlade, C. Skyscrapers. HEINEMANN - USA, 2006. Building Amazing
Structures Series, p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=d2lW2gtQ3bUC&pg=PA7
2. ^ Oxlade, C. Skyscrapers. HEINEMANN - USA, 2006. Building
Amazing Structures Series,
p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=d2lW2gtQ3bUC&pg=PA7
3. ^ Oxlade, C. Skyscrapers. HEINEMANN - USA, 2006. Building Amazing Structures
Series, p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=d2lW2gtQ3bUC&pg=PA7
4. ^ Oxlade, C. Skyscrapers. HEINEMANN - USA, 2006. Building Amazing
Structures Series, p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=d2lW2gtQ3bUC&pg=PA7
Chicago, Illinois, USA3   
114 YBN
[02/23/1886 AD] 3 		4431) A low cost method of producing pure aluminum metal from aluminum oxide is
discovered.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p597-598.
2. ^ "Hall, Charles Martin."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 10 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9038909>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p597-598. {02/23/1886}

MORE INFO
[1] "Charles Martin Hall". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martin_Hall
[2] US patent 400664, Charles Martin Hall, "Process of Reducing Aluminium from
its Fluoride Salts by Electrolysis", issued
1889-04-02 http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=US&NR=40
0664&KC=&FT=E&locale=en_EP and
http://www.google.com/patents?id=LE1OAAAAEBAJ&pg=PA2&dq=PROCESS+OF+REDUCING+ALUM
INIUM+FROM+ITS+FLUORIDE+SALTS+BY+ELECTROLYSIS&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yQtLT7TzK4qpiAKm9YHb
DQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=PROCESS%20OF%20REDUCING%20ALUMINIUM%20FROM%20ITS%
20FLUORIDE%20SALTS%20BY%20ELECTROLYSIS&f=false
[3] US patent 400766, Charles Martin Hall, "Process of Reducing Aluminium from
its Fluoride Salts by Electrolysis", filing date: Jul 9, 1886 Issue date: Apr
2, 1889 Filing date: Jul 9, 1886 Issue date: Apr 2,
1889 http://www.google.com/patents?id=kX9OAAAAEBAJ
(Oberlin (Ohio) College Hall) Oberlin, Ohio, USA2   
114 YBN
[07/27/1886 AD] 13 14 15 		4096) Positively charged ion beams are discovered (and called "Kanalstrahlen"
or "channel rays").5 6 7 8
Using a perforated cathode, rays going through the
holes in the direction opposite to that of the cathode rays are found.9
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Goldstein, "Über eine noch nicht untersuchte Strahlungsform an der
Kathode inducirter Entladungeń", in Sitzungsberichie der Königlichen Akademie
der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,39 (1886),
691. http://books.google.com/books?id=vUsVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA457&dq=%C3%9Cber+eine+n
och+nicht+untersuchte+Strahlungsform+an+der+Kathode+inducirter+Entladunge%C5%84#
v=onepage&q=&f=false
2. ^ E. Goldstein, "On the Canal Ray Group", Phil Mag,S6, V15, N87,March 1908,
p372. http://books.google.com/books?id=f_dbTfAUVZEC&pg=PA372&dq=intitle:Philoso
phical+Goldstein&lr=&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=intitle%3APhilosophical%20Goldstein&f=
false
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p525.
4. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays
of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907,
p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561
5. ^ Goldstein, "Über eine noch nicht untersuchte Strahlungsform an der
Kathode inducirter Entladungeń", in Sitzungsberichie der Königlichen Akademie
der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,39 (1886),
691. http://books.google.com/books?id=vUsVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA457&dq=%C3%9Cber+eine+n
och+nicht+untersuchte+Strahlungsform+an+der+Kathode+inducirter+Entladunge%C5%84#
v=onepage&q=&f=false
6. ^ E. Goldstein, "On the Canal Ray Group", Phil Mag,S6, V15, N87,March 1908,
p372. http://books.google.com/books?id=f_dbTfAUVZEC&pg=PA372&dq=intitle:Philoso
phical+Goldstein&lr=&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=intitle%3APhilosophical%20Goldstein&f=
false
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p525.
8. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays
of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907,
p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561
9. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13,
N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561
10. ^ Califano, S. Pathways to Modern Chemical Physics. Springer
Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. SpringerLink?: B�cher,
p112. http://books.google.com/books?id=s-sCt4RT0bMC&pg=PA112
11. ^ Dick, W.R., and K. Fritze. 300 Jahre Astronomie in Berlin Und Potsdam:
Eine Sammlung Von Aufs�tzen Aus Anlass Des Gr�ndungsjubil�ums Der
Berliner Sternwarte. Deutsch Harri GmbH, 2000. Acta Historica Astronomiae,
p186. http://books.google.com/books?id=F-PyBbBVLzkC&pg=PA247
12. ^ Goldstein, "Über eine noch nicht untersuchte Strahlungsform an der
Kathode inducirter Entladungeń", in Sitzungsberichie der Königlichen Akademie
der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,39 (1886),
691. http://books.google.com/books?id=vUsVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA457&dq=%C3%9Cber+eine+n
och+nicht+untersuchte+Strahlungsform+an+der+Kathode+inducirter+Entladunge%C5%84#
v=onepage&q=&f=false
13. ^ Goldstein, "Über eine noch nicht untersuchte Strahlungsform an der
Kathode inducirter Entladungeń", in Sitzungsberichie der Königlichen Akademie
der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,39 (1886),
691. http://books.google.com/books?id=vUsVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA457&dq=%C3%9Cber+eine+n
och+nicht+untersuchte+Strahlungsform+an+der+Kathode+inducirter+Entladunge%C5%84#
v=onepage&q=&f=false {07/27/1886}
14. ^ "Goldstein, Eugen." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 458-459.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 9 Oct.
2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>. {1886}
15. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p525. {1886}

MORE INFO
[1] "Goldstein, Eugen." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 9 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9037282>
[2] "Eugen Goldstein." A Dictionary of
Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 09 Oct.
2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/eugen-goldstein
[3] "Eugen Goldstein". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Goldstein
[4] Monatsberichte der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
(1876), 284
[5] Sir Joseph John Thomson, Rays of positive electricity and their
application to chemical analyses,
1921. http://books.google.com/books?id=tcxAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=%C3%9Cber+eine+no
ch+nicht+untersuchte+Strahlungsform+an+der+Kathode+inducirter+Entladunge%C5%84#v
=onepage&q=&f=false
[6] Thomason, "Rays of Positive Electricity", Nature, Vol 79, Num 2037,
11/12/1908,
p52. http://books.google.com/books?id=OtYRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA52&dq=intitle:Nature+Ka
nalstrahlen#v=onepage&q=intitle%3ANature%20Kanalstrahlen&f=false
(Potsdam Observatory) Berlin, Germany10 11 12   
113 YBN
[03/04/1887 AD] 6 7 		3713) The gasoline internal combustion engine car.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Oil Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Oil_Engine
2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p359.
3. ^ "Oil Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica.
1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Oil_Engine
4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science",
Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p359.
5. ^ "Gottlieb Daimler." Biographies.
Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gottlieb-daimler
6. ^ "Oil Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Oil_Engine {03/04/1887}
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p467-468. {1887}

MORE INFO
[1] "Daimler, Gottlieb." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 26 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9028558>
[2] "Gottlieb Daimler." A Dictionary of
Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 Dec.
2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/gottlieb-daimler
[3] "Motor Vehicles". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Motor_Vehicles
[4] James Edward Homans, James Edward Homans, 1865-, "Self-propelled Vehicles:
A Practical Treatise on the Theory, Construction, Operation, Care and
Management of All Forms of Automobiles", T. Audel & Company,
1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=PsoNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA297&dq=daimler&as_brr=
1&ei=9HRVSeuvIJSokATWrLnzBA#PPA297,M1
[5] Dugald Clerk, "The Gas Engine", Scientific American Supplement (Vol. 19,
#484: April 11,
1885) http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=13939 and
also http://www.a1nethost.com/american/scientific-american/484/00.htm#3
[6] William Robinson, "Gas and Petroleum Engines: A Practical Treatise on
the Internal Combustion ...",
http://books.google.com/books?id=8e9MAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=%22robert+
street%22+patent+engine&source=web&ots=zXhunpMWQn&sig=OK3zL_tlF9en_5S83tLJ0kuNyV
I&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA102,M1
(factory) Stuttgart, Germany5   
113 YBN
[03/??/1887 AD] 7 		4285) The phenomenon of electrical resonance is discovered (this allows
specific frequencies of light to be singled out which improves radio
communication3 ).4

Electrical oscillations in one circuit can excite the same electrical
oscillations to flow (causing a spark) in a second unconnected distant
circuit.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber sehr schnelle electrische Schwingungen",
Annalen der Physik, Volume 267 (V. 31) Issue 7, March 1887, Pages 421 -
448. http://books.google.com/books?id=WhY4AAAAMAAJ and
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112507534/abstract
and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112507534/PDFSTART {He
rtz_Heinrich_188703xx.pdf} English Translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E.
Jones, "On Very Rapid Oscillations", Electric Waves, 1893, 1962,
p29. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intit
le:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm_
is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber sehr schnelle electrische Schwingungen", Annalen
der Physik, Volume 267 (V. 31) Issue 7, March 1887, Pages 421 -
448. http://books.google.com/books?id=WhY4AAAAMAAJ and
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112507534/abstract
and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112507534/PDFSTART {He
rtz_Heinrich_188703xx.pdf} English Translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E.
Jones, "On Very Rapid Oscillations", Electric Waves, 1893, 1962,
p29. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intit
le:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm_
is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false
5. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber sehr schnelle electrische Schwingungen", Annalen der
Physik, Volume 267 (V. 31) Issue 7, March 1887, Pages 421 -
448. http://books.google.com/books?id=WhY4AAAAMAAJ
and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112507534/abstract
and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112507534/PDFSTART {He
rtz_Heinrich_188703xx.pdf} English Translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E.
Jones, "On Very Rapid Oscillations", Electric Waves, 1893, 1962,
p29. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intit
le:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm_
is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false
6. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber sehr schnelle electrische Schwingungen", Annalen der
Physik, Volume 267 (V. 31) Issue 7, March 1887, Pages 421 -
448. http://books.google.com/books?id=WhY4AAAAMAAJ and
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112507534/abstract
and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112507534/PDFSTART {He
rtz_Heinrich_188703xx.pdf} English Translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E.
Jones, "On Very Rapid Oscillations", Electric Waves, 1893, 1962,
p29. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intit
le:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm_
is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false
7. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber sehr schnelle electrische Schwingungen", Annalen der
Physik, Volume 267 (V. 31) Issue 7, March 1887, Pages 421 -
448. http://books.google.com/books?id=WhY4AAAAMAAJ
and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112507534/abstract
and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112507534/PDFSTART {He
rtz_Heinrich_188703xx.pdf} English Translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E.
Jones, "On Very Rapid Oscillations", Electric Waves, 1893, 1962,
p29. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intit
le:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm_
is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false {03/1887}

MORE INFO
[1] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 07 Apr. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-rudolf-hertz
[2] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." The Oxford Dictionary of
Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com 07 Apr.
2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-rudolf-hertz
[3] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-rudolf-hertz
[4] http://www.ur5eaw.com/Hertz.html
[5] Hertz, Heinrich, 1857-1894; Jones, Daniel Evan, b. 1863; Schott, George
Adolphus, 1868- tr, "Miscellaneous papers",
1896. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924012500306
and http://books.google.com/books?id=5W0OAAAAIAAJ&q=Miscellaneous+papers+hertz&
dq=Miscellaneous+papers+hertz&hl=en&ei=WujES-uALYn-tQPTxpj0DQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul
t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA
[6] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz
[7] Heinrich Hertz, Daniel Evan Jones, "Electric waves: being researches on the
propagation of electric action with finite velocity through space.",
1893. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Elec
tric+Waves+hertz&source=bl&ots=Av7VeelDo1&sig=CmRSHstHdB9ihOKQYMZ50T69-q0&hl=en&
ei=u-vES_n0J4aysgPloeDwDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CCoQ6AEwBg
#v=onepage&q&f=false
[8] Wiedemann, Ebert, "On the Effect of Light on the Electric Discharge", The
Electrical world, Volumes
11-12 http://books.google.com/books?id=zYVMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA123&dq=hertz++An+effec
t+of+ultraviolet+light+on+electrical+discharge&hl=en&ei=2vLES9fqKJOmswPOwfSCDQ&s
a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=hertz&f=false
[9] H. Hertz. "Ueber einen Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die
electrische Entladung", ("An effect of ultraviolet light on electrical
discharge"), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Volume 267 (Vol 33), Issue 8,
Date: 1887, Pages:
983-1000. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112487894/abstract and
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112487894/PDFSTART Englis
h translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962,
p63. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intit
le:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm_
is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Summary in
English: "Influence of Ultra-Violet Light on the Electric Discharge", Journal
of the Chemical Society: Transactions, Volume 54, Part 1,
p13. http://books.google.com/books?id=ldY4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=hertz&lr=&as_drrb
_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1887&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1888&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=
onepage&q=hertz&f=false
[10] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p. 564-565
(University of Karlsruhe) Karlsruhe, Germany6   
113 YBN
[05/02/1887 AD] 4 		3762) Plastic photographic film.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "history of the motion picture." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 18 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/394161/history-of-the-motion-picture>.

2. ^ Goodwin's Patent
#610,861 http://www.google.com/patents?id=bbZkAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4
&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
3. ^ "history of the motion picture." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 18 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/394161/history-of-the-motion-picture>.

4. ^ "history of the motion picture." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 18 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/394161/history-of-the-motion-picture>.
{1887}

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p449-450
[2] "Étienne-Jules Marey."
The Concise Grove Dictionary of Art. Oxford University Press, Inc., 2002.
Answers.com 18 Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/tienne-jules-marey
[3] http://www.precinemahistory.net/1880.htm
[4] "Marey, Étienne-Jules", Concise Dictionary
of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p575
[5]
"Étienne-Jules Marey." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 18 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/364535/Etienne-Jules-Marey>
[6] "Étienne-Jules Marey." The Oxford Companion to the Photograph. Oxford
University Press, 2005. Answers.com 18 Sep. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/tienne-jules-marey
[7] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p449-450
[8] "Photographic film#History
of film". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_film#History_of_film
Newark, New Jersey3   
113 YBN
[05/??/1887 AD] 5 6 		4286) That ultraviolet light causes more current to flow on a metal electrode
than lower frequencies of light is found.1 2

In addition, electrical induction is shown to be like light in being propagated
in straight lines (casting a shadow), reflected, refracted (with a
refrangibility much greater than that of violet rays of light), and to be
non-electrical.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p. 564-565.
2. ^ H. Hertz. "Ueber einen
Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung", ("An effect
of ultraviolet light on electrical discharge"), Annalen der Physik und Chemie,
Volume 267 (Vol 33), Issue 8, Date: 1887, Pages:
983-1000. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112487894/abstract and
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112487894/PDFSTART Englis
h translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962,
p63. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA63 Summary in
English: "Influence of Ultra-Violet Light on the Electric
Discharge" http://books.google.com/books?id=ldY4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=hertz&lr=&a
s_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1887&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1888&as_brr=0&c
d=1#v=onepage&q=hertz&f=false
3. ^ H. Hertz. "Ueber einen Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die
electrische Entladung", ("An effect of ultraviolet light on electrical
discharge"), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Volume 267 (Vol 33), Issue 8,
Date: 1887, Pages:
983-1000. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112487894/abstract and
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112487894/PDFSTART Englis
h translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962,
p63. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intit
le:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm_
is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Summary in
English: "Influence of Ultra-Violet Light on the Electric
Discharge" http://books.google.com/books?id=ldY4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=hertz&lr=&a
s_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1887&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1888&as_brr=0&c
d=1#v=onepage&q=hertz&f=false
4. ^ "Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 340-350. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 7 Apr.
2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901978&v=2.1&u=univca20&
it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
5. ^ H. Hertz. "Ueber einen Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die
electrische Entladung", ("An effect of ultraviolet light on electrical
discharge"), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Volume 267 (Vol 33), Issue 8,
Date: 1887, Pages:
983-1000. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112487894/abstract and
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112487894/PDFSTART Englis
h translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962,
p63. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intit
le:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm_
is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Summary in
English: "Influence of Ultra-Violet Light on the Electric Discharge", Journal
of the Chemical Society: Transactions, Volume 54, Part 1,
p13. http://books.google.com/books?id=ldY4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=hertz&lr=&as_drrb
_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1887&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1888&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=
onepage&q=hertz&f=false {05/1887}
6. ^ "Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 340-350.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Apr.
2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901978&v=2.1&u=univca20&
it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1887}

MORE INFO
[1] "Hertz, Heinrich." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 7 Apr. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9040253>
[2] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 07 Apr. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-rudolf-hertz
[3] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." The Oxford Dictionary of
Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com 07 Apr.
2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-rudolf-hertz
[4] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-rudolf-hertz
[5] http://www.ur5eaw.com/Hertz.html
[6] Thomas K. Simpson, "Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His
Electromagnetic Theory Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His
Electromagnetic Theory", Isis, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter, 1966), pp.
411-432. http://www.jstor.org/stable/228514?&Search=yes&term=hertz&list=hide&se
archUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dhertz%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3Don%26Sea
rch.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Search%3DSearch&item=10&ttl=263&returnArticleService=
showArticle
[7] Charles Susskind, "Observations of Electromagnetic-Wave Radiation before
Hertz", Isis, Vol. 55, No. 1 (Mar., 1964), pp.
32-42. http://www.jstor.org/stable/227753?&Search=yes&term=hertz&list=hide&sear
chUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dhertz%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3Don%26Searc
h.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Search%3DSearch&item=3&ttl=263&returnArticleService=sho
wArticle
[8] Charles Susskind, "Hertz and the Technological Significance of
Electromagnetic Waves", Isis, Vol. 56, No. 3 (Autumn, 1965), pp.
342-345. http://www.jstor.org/stable/228108?&Search=yes&term=hertz&list=hide&se
archUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dhertz%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3Don%26Sea
rch.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Search%3DSearch&item=4&ttl=263&returnArticleService=s
howArticle
[9] Hertz, Heinrich, 1857-1894; Jones, Daniel Evan, b. 1863; Schott, George
Adolphus, 1868- tr, "Miscellaneous papers",
1896. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924012500306
and http://books.google.com/books?id=5W0OAAAAIAAJ&q=Miscellaneous+papers+hertz&
dq=Miscellaneous+papers+hertz&hl=en&ei=WujES-uALYn-tQPTxpj0DQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul
t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA
[10] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz
[11] Heinrich Hertz, Daniel Evan Jones, "Electric waves: being researches on
the propagation of electric action with finite velocity through space.",
1893. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Elec
tric+Waves+hertz&source=bl&ots=Av7VeelDo1&sig=CmRSHstHdB9ihOKQYMZ50T69-q0&hl=en&
ei=u-vES_n0J4aysgPloeDwDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CCoQ6AEwBg
#v=onepage&q&f=false
[12] Wiedemann, Ebert, "On the Effect of Light on the Electric Discharge", The
Electrical world, Volumes
11-12 http://books.google.com/books?id=zYVMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA123&dq=hertz++An+effec
t+of+ultraviolet+light+on+electrical+discharge&hl=en&ei=2vLES9fqKJOmswPOwfSCDQ&s
a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=hertz&f=false
(University of Karlsruhe) Karlsruhe, Germany4   
113 YBN
[10/12/1887 AD] 11 12 13 		4245) The alternating current electric motor.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Tesla, Nikola." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 286-287. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 22 Feb.
2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904270&v=2.1&u=univca20&
it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
2. ^ "Tesla, Nikola." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 22 Feb. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9071814>.
3. ^ Tesla patent 391,968 10/12/1887 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC
MOTOR http://www.google.com/patents?id=z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
4. ^ "Tesla, Nikola." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 286-287. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 22 Feb.
2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904270&v=2.1&u=univca20&
it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
5. ^ "Tesla, Nikola." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 22 Feb. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9071814>.
6. ^ Tesla patent 391,968 10/12/1887 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC
MOTOR http://www.google.com/patents?id=z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
7. ^ Tesla Patent 381968
10/12/1887 http://www.google.com/patents?id=z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom
=4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false {10/12/1887 (verify this is
the correct patent}
8. ^ "Tesla, Nikola." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 286-287. Gale Virtual
Reference Library. Web. 22 Feb.
2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904270&v=2.1&u=univca20&
it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
9. ^ "Tesla, Nikola." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 22 Feb. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9071814>.
10. ^ "Tesla, Nikola." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 286-287. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 22 Feb.
2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904270&v=2.1&u=univca20&
it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
11. ^ Tesla Patent 381968
10/12/1887 http://www.google.com/patents?id=z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom
=4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false {10/12/1887 (verify this is
the correct patent}
12. ^ "Tesla, Nikola." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 22 Feb. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9071814>. {1883}
13. ^ "Tesla, Nikola." Complete
Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons,
2008. 286-287. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Feb.
2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904270&v=2.1&u=univca20&
it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1883}

MORE INFO
[1] "Nikola Tesla." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
22 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/nikola-tesla
[2] "Nikola Tesla." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 22 Feb. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/nikola-tesla
[3] list of Tesla's patents: http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/317ntcp.htm
[4] Tesla Patent 334,823 Commutator For Dynamo-Electric
machines http://www.google.com/patents?id=Tm1BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4
&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[5] Tesla Patent 336,961 REGULATOR FOR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC
MACHINES http://www.google.com/patents?id=jk5EAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4
&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[6]
http://www.teslauniverse.com/timeline-1861?PHPSESSID=3ejd9q8tm4gpsn4np06imifoe5;
#goto-1883
[7] Tesla patent 11/30/1887 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC
MOTOR http://www.google.com/patents?id=0JFhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[8] http://www.pbs.org/tesla/index.html
(Tesla's private lab) New York City, NY, USA7 8 |(earlier claim of)Strasbourg,
France9 10   
113 YBN
[11/07/1887 AD] 3 		4114) A flat disk sound recording device.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Emile Berliner's patent of 11/07/1887 - to my understanding - the first
publicly known flat disk sound
recorder http://www.google.com/patents?id=hOpjAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4
#v=onepage&q=&f=false
2. ^ "Emile Berliner." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Vol. 20. 2nd ed.
Detroit: Gale, 2004. 39-41. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of
California - Irvine. 12 Oct. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
3. ^ Emile Berliner's patent of 11/07/1887 - to my understanding - the first
publicly known flat disk sound
recorder http://www.google.com/patents?id=hOpjAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4
#v=onepage&q=&f=false

MORE INFO
[1] "Berliner, Emil." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 12 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9078812>
[2] "Emile Berliner." Biographies. Answers
Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12 Oct. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/emile-berliner
[3] "Emile Berliner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner
[4] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/berlhtml/berlemil.html
[5] U.S. Patent 372,786 Gramophone (horizontal recording), original filed
May 1887, refiled September 26, 1887, issued November 8,
1887 http://www.google.com/patents?id=fCRPAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
(own lab) Washington, DC, USA2   
113 YBN
[1887 AD] 3 4 		3739) The theory that subatomic particles produce spectra.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p472-473.
2. ^ Cortie, A. L., "Sir
Norman Lockyer, 1836-1920", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 53, p.233 (ApJ
Homepage), 05/1921. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921ApJ....53..233C and
http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1921ApJ....53..2
33C&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf
3. ^ Norman Lockyer, "The Chemistry of the Sun", Macmillan and co.,
1887. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&dq=The+Chemistry+of+t
he+Sun&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=-3OHN4Z9fm&sig=YGqMa1zIo4q2SDXDzlnbs_i
Vyds
4. ^ "Lockyer, Sir Joseph Norman" (Obituary Notice), Monthly Notices of the
Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 81, p.261 (MNRAS Homepage),
02/1921 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921MNRAS..81R.261. {1887}

MORE INFO
[1] "Lockyer, Sir Joseph Norman." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2008
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9048704>
[2] "Joseph Norman Lockyer." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/joseph-norman-lockyer
[3] "Joseph Norman Lockyer." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/joseph-norman-lockyer
[4] "Joseph Norman Lockyer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Norman_Lockyer
[5] "Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Joseph_Norman_Lockyer
[6] "Lockyer, Joseph Norman", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p551
[7]
http://library.exeter.ac.uk/special/guides/archives/101-110/110_01.html
[8] Norman Lockyer, "On the Most Widened Lines in Sun-Spot Spectra. First and
Second Series, from November 12, 1879, to October 15, 1881.", Proceedings of
the Royal Society of London, 1883 vol:36 iss:1 pg:443.
http://ucelinks.cdlib.org:8888/sfx_local?sid=google&auinit=JN&aulast=Lockyer&a
title=On+the+Most+Widened+Lines+in+Sun-Spot+Spectra.+First+and+Second+Series,+fr
om+November+12,+1879,+to+October+15,+1881.&id=doi:10.1098/rspl.1883.0128
[9] J. Norman Lockyer, "On the Iron Lines Widened in Solar Spots", Proceedings
of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 31,
1880/1881. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/806858137u0r5888/?p=149f9b4
bf4ee41088f3c5a073eedec5eπ=85
(Solar Physics Observatory) South Kensington, England2 (presumably)  
113 YBN
[1887 AD] 6 7 		3960) That the number of chromosomes in cells is constant, and that each
species has a characteristic number of chromosomes in their cells is
recognized.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p508.
2. ^ "Beneden, Edouard van."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 21 Aug. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9078551>.
3. ^ "Prof. E. van Beneden" (obituary), Nature 83, 344-345 (19 May 1910)
4. ^
doi:10.1038/083344a0 http://books.google.com/books?id=nHkCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA344&dq=
intitle:nature+Beneden+date:1910-1910#v=onepage&q=intitle%3Anature%20Beneden%20d
ate%3A1910-1910&f=false
5. ^ VAN BENEDEN. E. (1883). "Recherches sur la maturation de l'oeuf et la
fecondation Ascaris megalocephala.", Arch. Biol, 4:
265-640. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=aPYYAAAAYAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA49
&dq=Van+Beneden+E&ots=PoCu8l1ocy&sig=sqi0uQBs3vPZFhYrlImgh6HSdeE#v=onepage&q=Van
%20Beneden%20E&f=false
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p508. {1887}
7. ^ Alexander
Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and
Schuster, 1991, p366. {1887}

MORE INFO
[1] "meiosis>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"meiosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 21 Aug. 2009.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/meiosis>
[2]
http://www.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_35330/famous-scholars-at-the-university-of-liege?hlTe
xt=beneden&hlMode=any&hlText=beneden&hlMode=any&hlText=beneden&hlMode=any&hlText
=beneden&hlMode=any&hlText=beneden&hlMode=any&hlText=beneden&hlMode=any
[3] http://www.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_5000/home
(University of Liège) Liège, Belgium3 4 5   
113 YBN
[1887 AD] 11 		4369) The electricity of a heart beat is measured and recorded and found to
coincide with each heart muscle contraction.5 6 7 The first electrocardiograph
images.8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Augustus D. Waller, "A Demonstration on Man of Electromotive Changes
accompanying the Heart's Beat", J Physiol. 1887 October; 8(5):
229–234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1485094/?page=1 {Waller
_Augustus_electrocardiograph_1887.pdf}
2. ^ Burch, G.E., and N.P. DePasquale. The History of Electrocardiography.
Norman Pub., 1964. Norman Cardiology Series, No
1. http://books.google.com/books?id=_w9v_ZkzTZoC&pg=PA28
3. ^ Augustus D. Waller, "A Demonstration on Man of Electromotive Changes
accompanying the Heart's Beat", J Physiol. 1887 October; 8(5):
229–234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1485094/?page=1 {Waller
_Augustus_electrocardiograph_1887.pdf}
4. ^ Burch, G.E., and N.P. DePasquale. The History of Electrocardiography.
Norman Pub., 1964. Norman Cardiology Series, No
1. http://books.google.com/books?id=_w9v_ZkzTZoC&pg=PA28
5. ^ Augustus D. Waller, "A Demonstration on Man of Electromotive Changes
accompanying the Heart's Beat", J Physiol. 1887 October; 8(5):
229–234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1485094/?page=1 {Waller
_Augustus_electrocardiograph_1887.pdf}
6. ^ Burch, G.E., and N.P. DePasquale. The History of Electrocardiography.
Norman Pub., 1964. Norman Cardiology Series, No
1. http://books.google.com/books?id=_w9v_ZkzTZoC&pg=PA28
7. ^
http://www.hrsonline.org/news/ep-history/notable-figures/augustuswaller.cfm
8. ^ Augustus D. Waller, "A Demonstration on Man of Electromotive Changes
accompanying the Heart's Beat", J Physiol. 1887 October; 8(5):
229–234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1485094/?page=1 {Waller
_Augustus_electrocardiograph_1887.pdf}
9. ^
http://www.hrsonline.org/news/ep-history/notable-figures/augustuswaller.cfm
10. ^
http://www.hrsonline.org/news/ep-history/notable-figures/augustuswaller.cfm
11. ^ Augustus D. Waller, "A Demonstration on Man of Electromotive Changes
accompanying the Heart's Beat", J Physiol. 1887 October; 8(5):
229–234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1485094/?page=1 {Waller
_Augustus_electrocardiograph_1887.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "A. D. Waller Obituary", Nature, Vol 109, N2735, April 1, 1922, p
418. http://books.google.com/books?id=xvARAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA418&lpg=PA418&dq=obitua
ry+einthoven+intitle:nature&source=bl&ots=ku9EmPPB1V&sig=WZRcbRFA9qoQo4ip0qYobAQ
rYLk&hl=en&ei=1Wz9S6riB4XENr_F3d4H&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0C
CMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=obituary%20einthoven%20intitle%3Anature&f=false
[2] "Augustus Desiré Waller". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Desir%C3%A9_Waller
[3]
http://caribbean.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0043-314420050003
00012&lng=en&nrm=
(St. Mary's Hospital) London, England10   
112 YBN
[02/02/1888 AD] 5 		4288) Light interference between two radio sources is demonstrated and
electrical induction is confirmed to have the speed of light.2

The wavelength (or particle interval) of a radio emitter is measured to be 2.8
meters; much larger than visible light.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit der electrodynamischen
Wirkungen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 270 Issue 7,
p551-569. books.google.com/books?id=_D0bAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA551
AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488021/PDFSTART Eng
lish translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On the Finite Velocity of
Electromagnetic Actions", "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962,
p59. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&pg=59
2. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit der electrodynamischen
Wirkungen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 270 Issue 7,
p551-569. books.google.com/books?id=_D0bAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA551
AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488021/PDFSTART Eng
lish translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On the Finite Velocity of
Electromagnetic Actions", "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962,
p59. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&pg=59
3. ^ H. Hertz, "On the Speed of Diffusion of Electrodynamic Actions", The
Electrical review, Volume 23, p510,
536. part1: http://books.google.com/books?id=fyEAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA510&dq=hertz+sp
eed+of+diffusion+of+electrodynamic+action&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_
is=1887&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1889&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=hertz&f=false pa
rt2: http://books.google.com/books?id=fyEAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA510&dq=hertz+speed+of+d
iffusion+of+electrodynamic+action&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1887&
as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1889&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=hertz&f=false
4. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber die Einwirkung einer geradlinigen electrischen Schwingung
auf eine benachbarte Strombahn", Annalen der Physik, Feb 1888,
p155-170. books.google.com/books?id=_D0bAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA551
AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112487948/PDFSTART
{Hertz_188802xx.pdf}
5. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit der electrodynamischen
Wirkungen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 270 Issue 7,
p551-569. books.google.com/books?id=_D0bAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA551
AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488021/PDFSTART Eng
lish translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On the Finite Velocity of
Electromagnetic Actions", "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962,
p107. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inti
tle:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm
_is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false {02/02/1888}

MORE INFO
[1] "Hertz, Heinrich." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 7 Apr. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9040253>
[2] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 07 Apr. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-rudolf-hertz
[3] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." The Oxford Dictionary of
Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com 07 Apr.
2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-rudolf-hertz
[4] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-rudolf-hertz
[5] http://www.ur5eaw.com/Hertz.html
[6] Thomas K. Simpson, "Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His
Electromagnetic Theory Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His
Electromagnetic Theory", Isis, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter, 1966), pp.
411-432. http://www.jstor.org/stable/228514?&Search=yes&term=hertz&list=hide&se
archUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dhertz%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3Don%26Sea
rch.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Search%3DSearch&item=10&ttl=263&returnArticleService=
showArticle
[7] Charles Susskind, "Observations of Electromagnetic-Wave Radiation before
Hertz", Isis, Vol. 55, No. 1 (Mar., 1964), pp.
32-42. http://www.jstor.org/stable/227753?&Search=yes&term=hertz&list=hide&sear
chUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dhertz%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3Don%26Searc
h.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Search%3DSearch&item=3&ttl=263&returnArticleService=sho
wArticle
[8] Charles Susskind, "Hertz and the Technological Significance of
Electromagnetic Waves", Isis, Vol. 56, No. 3 (Autumn, 1965), pp.
342-345. http://www.jstor.org/stable/228108?&Search=yes&term=hertz&list=hide&se
archUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dhertz%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3Don%26Sea
rch.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Search%3DSearch&item=4&ttl=263&returnArticleService=s
howArticle
[9] "Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 340-350. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 7 Apr.
2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901978&v=2.1&u=univca20&
it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[10] Hertz, Heinrich, 1857-1894; Jones, Daniel Evan, b. 1863; Schott, George
Adolphus, 1868- tr, "Miscellaneous papers",
1896. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924012500306
and http://books.google.com/books?id=5W0OAAAAIAAJ&q=Miscellaneous+papers+hertz&
dq=Miscellaneous+papers+hertz&hl=en&ei=WujES-uALYn-tQPTxpj0DQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul
t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA
[11] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz
[12] Heinrich Hertz, Daniel Evan Jones, "Electric waves: being researches on
the propagation of electric action with finite velocity through space.",
1893. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Elec
tric+Waves+hertz&source=bl&ots=Av7VeelDo1&sig=CmRSHstHdB9ihOKQYMZ50T69-q0&hl=en&
ei=u-vES_n0J4aysgPloeDwDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CCoQ6AEwBg
#v=onepage&q&f=false
[13] H. Hertz. "Ueber einen Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die
electrische Entladung", ("An effect of ultraviolet light on electrical
discharge"), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Volume 267 (Vol 33), Issue 8,
Date: 1887, Pages:
983-1000. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112487894/abstract and
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112487894/PDFSTART Engl
ish translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "Electric Waves", 1893,
1962,
p63. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intit
le:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm_
is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Summary in
English: "Influence of Ultra-Violet Light on the Electric
Discharge" http://books.google.com/books?id=ldY4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=hertz&lr=&a
s_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1887&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1888&as_brr=0&c
d=1#v=onepage&q=hertz&f=false
(University of Karlsruhe) Karlsruhe, Germany4   
112 YBN
[12/13/1888 AD] 3 		4291) That radio can be focused and polarized is proven.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber Strahlen electrischer Kraft", Sitzungsber. d. Berlin
Akad. d. Wiss., 12/13/1888 and Annalen der Physik Volume 272 (V36), Issue 4,
Pages 769 -
783. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112506747/abstract English
translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On Electric Radiation",
"Electric Waves", 1893, 1962,
p172. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inti
tle:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm
_is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false
2. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber Strahlen electrischer Kraft", Sitzungsber. d. Berlin
Akad. d. Wiss., 12/13/1888 and Annalen der Physik Volume 272 (V36), Issue 4,
Pages 769 -
783. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112506747/abstract English
translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On Electric Radiation",
"Electric Waves", 1893, 1962,
p172. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inti
tle:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm
_is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false
3. ^ H. Hertz, "Ueber Strahlen electrischer Kraft", Sitzungsber. d. Berlin
Akad. d. Wiss., 12/13/1888 and Annalen der Physik Volume 272 (V36), Issue 4,
Pages 769 -
783. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112506747/abstract English
translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On Electric Radiation",
"Electric Waves", 1893, 1962,
p172. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inti
tle:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm
_is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false

MORE INFO
[1] "Hertz, Heinrich." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 7 Apr. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9040253>
[2] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 07 Apr. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-rudolf-hertz
[3] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." The Oxford Dictionary of
Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com 07 Apr.
2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-rudolf-hertz
[4] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/heinrich-rudolf-hertz
[5] http://www.ur5eaw.com/Hertz.html
[6] Thomas K. Simpson, "Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His
Electromagnetic Theory Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His
Electromagnetic Theory", Isis, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter, 1966), pp.
411-432. http://www.jstor.org/stable/228514?&Search=yes&term=hertz&list=hide&se
archUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dhertz%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3Don%26Sea
rch.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Search%3DSearch&item=10&ttl=263&returnArticleService=
showArticle
[7] Charles Susskind, "Observations of Electromagnetic-Wave Radiation before
Hertz", Isis, Vol. 55, No. 1 (Mar., 1964), pp.
32-42. http://www.jstor.org/stable/227753?&Search=yes&term=hertz&list=hide&sear
chUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dhertz%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3Don%26Searc
h.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Search%3DSearch&item=3&ttl=263&returnArticleService=sho
wArticle
[8] Charles Susskind, "Hertz and the Technological Significance of
Electromagnetic Waves", Isis, Vol. 56, No. 3 (Autumn, 1965), pp.
342-345. http://www.jstor.org/stable/228108?&Search=yes&term=hertz&list=hide&se
archUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dhertz%26jc%3Dj100194%26wc%3Don%26Sea
rch.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26Search%3DSearch&item=4&ttl=263&returnArticleService=s
howArticle
[9] "Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 340-350. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 7 Apr.
2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901978&v=2.1&u=univca20&
it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[10] Hertz, Heinrich, 1857-1894; Jones, Daniel Evan, b. 1863; Schott, George
Adolphus, 1868- tr, "Miscellaneous papers",
1896. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924012500306
and http://books.google.com/books?id=5W0OAAAAIAAJ&q=Miscellaneous+papers+hertz&
dq=Miscellaneous+papers+hertz&hl=en&ei=WujES-uALYn-tQPTxpj0DQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul
t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA
[11] "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz
[12] Heinrich Hertz, Daniel Evan Jones, "Electric waves: being researches on
the propagation of electric action with finite velocity through space.",
1893. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Elec
tric+Waves+hertz&source=bl&ots=Av7VeelDo1&sig=CmRSHstHdB9ihOKQYMZ50T69-q0&hl=en&
ei=u-vES_n0J4aysgPloeDwDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CCoQ6AEwBg
#v=onepage&q&f=false
[13] H. Hertz. "Ueber einen Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die
electrische Entladung", ("An effect of ultraviolet light on electrical
discharge"), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Volume 267 (Vol 33), Issue 8,
Date: 1887, Pages:
983-1000. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112487894/abstract and
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112487894/PDFSTART Engl
ish translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "Electric Waves", 1893,
1962,
p63. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intit
le:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm_
is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Summary in
English: "Influence of Ultra-Violet Light on the Electric
Discharge" http://books.google.com/books?id=ldY4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=hertz&lr=&a
s_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1887&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1888&as_brr=0&c
d=1#v=onepage&q=hertz&f=false
[14] H. Hertz, "Ueber die Einwirkung einer geradlinigen electrischen Schwingung
auf eine benachbarte Strombahn", Annalen der Physik, Feb 1888,
p155-170. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112487948/PDFSTAR
T
[15] H. Hertz, "On the Speed of Diffusion of Electrodynamic Actions", The
Electrical review, Volume 23, p510,
536. part1: http://books.google.com/books?id=fyEAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA510&dq=hertz+sp
eed+of+diffusion+of+electrodynamic+action&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_
is=1887&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1889&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=hertz&f=false pa
rt2: http://books.google.com/books?id=fyEAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA510&dq=hertz+speed+of+d
iffusion+of+electrodynamic+action&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1887&
as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1889&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=hertz&f=false
[16] H. Hertz, "Ueber die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit der electrodynamischen
Wirkungen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 270 Issue 7,
p551-569. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488021/PDFSTAR
T English translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On the Finite
Velocity of Electromagnetic Actions", "Electric Waves", 1893, 1962,
p107. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inti
tle:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm
_is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false
[17] H. Hertz, "Ueber electrodynamische Wellen im Luftraume und deren
Reflexion", Annalen der Physik, Volume 270 (V. 34), Issue 8A, Pages 609 -
623. http://books.google.com/books?id=WXoEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA614#v=onepage&q&f=false
 and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112488025/abstract Heinrich
Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "On Electromagnetic Waves in Air and There Relfection",
"Electric Waves", 1893, 1962,
p124. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inti
tle:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm
_is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false
[18] H. Hertz, "Die Kräfte electrischer Schwingungen, behandelt nach der
Maxwell'schen Theorie", Annalen der Physik Volume 272 Issue 1, Pages 1 -
22. http://books.google.com/books?id=MDQbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=Die+Kr%C3%A4fte+ele
ctrischer+Schwingungen,+behandelt+nach+der+Maxwell%27schen+Theorie&cd=1#v=onepag
e&q=Die%20Kr%C3%A4fte%20electrischer%20Schwingungen%2C%20behandelt%20nach%20der%
20Maxwell%27schen%20Theorie&f=false
and http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112587570/abstract English
translation: Heinrich Hertz, tr: D. E. Jones, "The Forces of Electric
Oscillations, Treated According to Maxwell's Theory", "Electric Waves", 1893,
1962,
p137. http://books.google.com/books?id=EJdAAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inti
tle:electric+intitle:waves&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1893&as_maxm
_is=0&as_maxy_is=1893&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false
[19] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p. 564-565
(University of Karlsruhe) Karlsruhe, Germany2   
112 YBN
[1888 AD] 5 		3801) A pressure of 3,000 atmospheres is obtained.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p490.
2. ^ Emile Amagat,
"Compressibilite des gaz: oxygene, hydrogene, azote et air jusqu'a 3000 atm",
Comptes Rendus, cvii, 1888, p522.
http://gallica2.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30635.image.r=amagat+1888.f522.langFR
3. ^ Carl Barus, Robert Boyle, Émile Hilaire Amagat, "The Laws of Gases",
Harper,
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=pwwWTqLaT48C&pg=PA107&dq=Emile+Hilaire+A
magat&as_brr=1&ei=U7JeSfjXN4qakQSNxungDQ#PPP11,M1
4. ^ Carl Barus, Robert Boyle, Émile Hilaire Amagat, "The Laws of Gases",
Harper,
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=pwwWTqLaT48C&pg=PA107&dq=Emile+Hilaire+A
magat&as_brr=1&ei=U7JeSfjXN4qakQSNxungDQ#PPP11,M1
5. ^ Emile Amagat, "Compressibilite des gaz: oxygene, hydrogene, azote et air
jusqu'a 3000 atm", Comptes Rendus, cvii, 1888, p522.
http://gallica2.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30635.image.r=amagat+1888.f522.langFR

MORE INFO
[1] "Emile Amagat." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 03 Jan. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/emile-amagat
[2] "Emile Hilaire Amagat". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Hilaire_Amagat
[3] Emile H Amagat, "Verification of the van der Waals Law of Corresponding
Conditions", Compt rend, 1896, 123, p30-35. Journal of the Chemical Society,
Chemical Society (Great Britain), Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain),
v.72 pt.2
1897. http://books.google.com/books?id=tOY4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA363&dq=Emile+Hilaire+A
magat&as_brr=1&ei=U7JeSfjXN4qakQSNxungDQ#PPA363,M1
(faculte Libre des Sciences of Lyons) Lyons, France4   
112 YBN
[1888 AD] 3 		4025) Moving images are captured and stored onto rolls of sensitized paper.1
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ M. Marey, "Décomposition des phases d'un mouvement au moyen d'images
photographiques successives, recueillies sur une bande de papier sensible qui
se déroule;", Comptes Rendus, 1888, p677. English
translation: http://www.precinemahistory.net/1885.htm
2. ^ "Marey, Étienne-Jules", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p575
3. ^ M. Marey, "Décomposition des
phases d'un mouvement au moyen d'images photographiques successives,
recueillies sur une bande de papier sensible qui se déroule;", Comptes Rendus,
1888, p677. English translation: http://www.precinemahistory.net/1885.htm

MORE INFO
[1] "Étienne-Jules Marey." The Concise Grove Dictionary of Art. Oxford
University Press, Inc., 2002. Answers.com 18 Sep. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/tienne-jules-marey
[2] http://www.precinemahistory.net/1880.htm
[3] "Étienne-Jules Marey." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 18 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/364535/Etienne-Jules-Marey>
[4] "Étienne-Jules Marey." The Oxford Companion to the Photograph. Oxford
University Press, 2005. Answers.com 18 Sep. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/tienne-jules-marey
(College de France) Paris, France 2 (presumably)  
112 YBN
[1888 AD] 4 5 		4118) The theory that visible light can be produced from electrical
oscillation.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Thomas K. Simpson, "Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His
Electromagnetic Theory Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His
Electromagnetic Theory", Isis, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter, 1966), pp.
411-432. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/228514.pdf {Maxwell_direct_test_I
SIS_1966.pdf}
2. ^ Oliver Lodge, "On the Measurement of the Length of Electro-magnetic
Waves", Report of the British Association, 1888,
58:567. http://books.google.com/books?id=N-s4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA567&dq=The+author+ha
s+been+endeavouring+to+manufacture+light#v=onepage&q=The%20author%20has%20been%2
0endeavouring%20to%20manufacture%20light&f=false
3. ^ "Lodge, Oliver Joseph." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 443-444. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 13 Oct. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
4. ^ Thomas K. Simpson, "Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His
Electromagnetic Theory Maxwell and the Direct Experimental Test of His
Electromagnetic Theory", Isis, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter, 1966), pp.
411-432. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/228514.pdf {Maxwell_direct_test_I
SIS_1966.pdf} {1888}
5. ^ Oliver Lodge, "On the Measurement of the Length of
Electro-magnetic Waves", Report of the British Association, 1888,
58:567. http://books.google.com/books?id=N-s4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA567&dq=The+author+ha
s+been+endeavouring+to+manufacture+light#v=onepage&q=The%20author%20has%20been%2
0endeavouring%20to%20manufacture%20light&f=false

MORE INFO
[1] "Oliver Joseph Lodge." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 14 Oct. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/oliver-joseph-lodge
[2] "Oliver Joseph Lodge." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 14 Oct. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/oliver-joseph-lodge
[3] "Oliver Joseph Lodge." Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology. The
Gale Group, Inc, 2001. Answers.com 14 Oct. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/oliver-joseph-lodge
[4] "Oliver Joseph Lodge". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Joseph_Lodge
[5] "Lodge, Sir Oliver Joseph." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 13 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9048722>
(University College) Liverpool, England3   
112 YBN
[1888 AD] 3 4 		4210) The first consumer camera, which brings the ability to capture photos to
average people.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p552-553.
2. ^
http://www.kodak.com/global/en/corp/historyOfKodak/eastmanTheMan.jhtml
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p552-553. {1888}
4. ^
http://www.kodak.com/global/en/corp/historyOfKodak/eastmanTheMan.jhtml {1888}

MORE INFO
[1] "George Eastman." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/george-eastman
[2] "George Eastman." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 27
Jan. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/george-eastman
[3] "George Eastman." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/george-eastman
[4] "George Eastman." The Oxford Companion to the Photograph. Oxford University
Press, 2005. Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/george-eastman
[5] "George Eastman." The Reader's Companion to American History, Eric Foner
and John A. Garraty, Editors, published by. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991.
Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/george-eastman
[6] "George Eastman." Encyclopedia of World
Biography. Vol. 5. 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 186. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 27 Jan. 2010
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>
[7] Eastman's gelatin film patent
#306,594 http://www.google.com/patents?id=5KFEAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4
&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[8] "Eastman, George." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 27 Jan. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9031830>
[9] Eastman's October 5, 1884
patent. http://www.google.com/patents?id=9edJAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&
source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
(Eastman Dry Plate Company) Rochester, NY, USA2 (presumably)  
111 YBN
[02/16/1889 AD] 4 		211) Electricity is used to restart a heart beating.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ McWilliam JA (1899). "Electrical stimulation of the heart in man". Br Med
J 1 (1468): 348�50.
doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1468.348. http://www.bmj.com/content/1/1468/348 {McWilliam_1
8890216.pdf}
2. ^ McWilliam JA (1899). "Electrical stimulation of the heart in man". Br Med
J 1 (1468): 348�50.
doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1468.348. http://www.bmj.com/content/1/1468/348 {McWilliam_1
8890216.pdf}
3. ^ McWilliam JA (1899). "Electrical stimulation of the heart in man". Br Med
J 1 (1468): 348�50.
doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1468.348. http://www.bmj.com/content/1/1468/348 {McWilliam_1
8890216.pdf}
4. ^ McWilliam JA (1899). "Electrical stimulation of the heart in man". Br Med
J 1 (1468): 348�50.
doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1468.348. http://www.bmj.com/content/1/1468/348 {McWilliam_1
8890216.pdf}
(University of Aberdeen) Aberdeen, Scotland3   
111 YBN
[03/12/1889 AD] 4 		6255) An automatic telephone exchange that allows people to connect their own
phone calls is invented.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p60.
2. ^
Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p60.
3. ^ U.S.
Patent 447,918 Strowger switch "Automatic Telephone Exchange" March 10,
1891 http://www.google.com/patents?id=PShCAAAAEBAJ
4. ^ U.S. Patent 447,918 Strowger switch "Automatic Telephone Exchange" March
10, 1891 http://www.google.com/patents?id=PShCAAAAEBAJ {03/12/1889}
Kansas City, Missouri, USA3   
111 YBN
[05/02/1889 AD] 6 		4117) The theory that matter contracts depending on its velocity relative to
the speed of light2 is used to explain the Michelson experiment while
preserving the theory of an aether medium for light.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p530-531.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p530-531.
3. ^ George FitzGerald, "The Ether and the Earth's
Atmosphere.", Science, Vol 13, Num 328, 1889,
p390. http://books.google.com/books?id=8IQCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA378&dq=intitle:science
+date:1889-1889#v=onepage&q=michelson&f=false
4. ^ "Fitzgerald, George Francis." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 15-16. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 14 Oct. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
5. ^ George FitzGerald, "The Ether and the Earth's Atmosphere.", Science, Vol
13, Num 328, 1889,
p390. http://books.google.com/books?id=8IQCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA378&dq=intitle:science
+date:1889-1889#v=onepage&q=michelson&f=false
6. ^ George FitzGerald, "The Ether and the Earth's Atmosphere.", Science, Vol
13, Num 328, 1889,
p390. http://books.google.com/books?id=8IQCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA378&dq=intitle:science
+date:1889-1889#v=onepage&q=michelson&f=false {05/02/1889}

MORE INFO
[1] "FitzGerald, George Francis." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 Oct. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9034429>
[2] "George FitzGerald." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 14 Oct. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/george-fitzgerald
[3] "George Francis Fitzgerald". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Francis_Fitzgerald
[4] translated in: H. A. lorentz, A. Einstein, H. Minkowski, and H. Weyl, "The
Principle of Relativity", 1923 "Michelson's Interference Experiment,",
pp3-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=yECokhzsJYIC&dq=The+Principle+of+Relati
vity&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=tQNZxQlfjG&sig=BAnbHCYtDPVgWl4c2gYRscPMrt
I&hl=en&ei=fQbZSrHrAoLusgOA-MyiDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CB
MQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=&f=false
Dublin, Ireland5   
111 YBN
[06/03/1889 AD] 3 		4834) The first commercial wireless telegraph message.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/letters.html
2. ^ http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/letters.html
3. ^ http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/letters.html {06/03/1889}

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p650-651
[2] "Guglielmo Marconi."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 Oct. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/364287/Guglielmo-Marconi>
[3] "Guglielmo Marconi." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 19
Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/guglielmo-marconi
[4] "Marconi, Guglielmo." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 98-99. Gale Virtual
Reference Library. Web. 19 Oct. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902815&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[5] "Guglielmo Marconi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi
[6] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/marconi-bio.html
[7] G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", proceedings of the institution of
electrical engineers, v28, 1899,
p273. http://books.google.com/books?id=UQAUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=proc
eedings+of+the+institution+of+electrical+engineers&hl=en&ei=5yu-TOTnFIugsQOn9bzI
DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=marconi&f=
false
[8] G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", Proceedings of the Royal Institution of
Great Britain, 16 (1899– 1901), 247–256
[9] G. Marconi, "Syntonic Wireless
Telegraphy", Royal Society of Arts. Journal, 49 (1901), 505
[10] B. L. Jacot de
Boinod and D. M. B. Collier, "Marconi: Master of Space" (1935)
http://books.google.com/books?id=xiFDAAAAIAAJ&q=Marconi:+Master+of+Space&dq=Ma
rconi:+Master+of+Space&hl=en&ei=GFG_TMyWPJSfnQf_yqSJDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re
sult&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA
[11] Orrin E. Dunlap, Jr., "Marconi: The Man and His Wireless" (1937)
[12] W. P.
Jolly, "Marconi", 1972, p78
[13] British patent No. 12,039, Date of Application 2
June 1896; Complete Specification Left, 2 March 1897; Accepted, 2 July 1897
(later claimed by Oliver Lodge to contain his own ideas which he failed to
patent) http://www.earlyradiohistory.us/1901fae.htm
[14] U.S. Patent 0,586,193 "Transmitting electrical signals", (using Ruhmkorff
coil and Morse code key) filed December 1896, patented July,
1897. http://www.google.com/patents?vid=586193
[15] U.S. Patent 0,763,772 "Apparatus for wireless telegraphy" (Four tuned
system; this innovation was predated by N. Tesla, O. Lodge, and J. S.
Stone) http://www.google.com/patents?id=L5tvAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s
ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[16] Marconi, U.S. Patent 0,668,315 "Receiver for electrical
oscillations". http://www.google.com/patents?vid=668315
(University of Glasgow) Glasgow, Scotland2   
111 YBN
[06/21/1889 AD] 22 23 24 25 		4021) The motion picture camera and projector. Moving images are captured,
stored on plastic film, and projected onto a screen.17 18 19 20
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in Colors", Technical World Magazine,
Vol 11, 1909,
p290. http://books.google.com/books?id=CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a
s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false
2. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915,
p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasimeter&f=false
3. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an
Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p53-57. {ULSF: copyright on work was
now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the
pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?}
4. ^ Josef Eder, "History
of Photography", 1945, p515.
5. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in Colors",
Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909,
p290. http://books.google.com/books?id=CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a
s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false
6. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915,
p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasimeter&f=false
7. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an
Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p53-57. {ULSF: copyright on work was
now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the
pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?}
8. ^ Josef Eder, "History
of Photography", 1945, p515.
9. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in Colors",
Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909,
p290. http://books.google.com/books?id=CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a
s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false
10. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915,
p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasimeter&f=false
11. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an
Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p53-57. {ULSF: copyright on work was
now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the
pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?}
12. ^ Josef Eder,
"History of Photography", 1945, p515.
13. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in
Colors", Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909,
p290. http://books.google.com/books?id=CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a
s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false
14. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915,
p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasimeter&f=false
15. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an
Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p53-57. {ULSF: copyright on work was
now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the
pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?}
16. ^ Josef Eder,
"History of Photography", 1945, p515.
17. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in
Colors", Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909,
p290. http://books.google.com/books?id=CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a
s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false
18. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915,
p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasimeter&f=false
19. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an
Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p53-57. {ULSF: copyright on work was
now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the
pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?}
20. ^ Josef Eder,
"History of Photography", 1945, p515.
21. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth,
"Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948. {ULSF:
copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain
in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a
"rat"?}
22. ^ "William Friese-Greene". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Friese-Greene {06/21/1889}
23. ^ Ray Allister,
pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland
Publications, 1948. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book
is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there
was fear of being labeled a "rat"?} {06/21/1889}
24. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva
Edison", 1915,
p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasimeter&f=false {1882}
25. ^ Cecil Bembridge,
"Moving Pictures in Colors", Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909,
p290. http://books.google.com/books?id=CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a
s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false {1889}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/508948/index.html (note:
seems somewhat biased against Frieses-Greene[t])
[2] Earl Theisen, "The Depicting of Motion Prior
to the Advent of the Screen", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture
Engineers, Volumes 20-21, 1943,
p249. http://www.archive.org/stream/journalofsociety20socirich/journalofsociety
20socirich_djvu.txt http://books.google.com/books?id=Ct-BAAAAIAAJ&q=THE+DEPICTI
NG+OF+MOTION+PRIOR+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++THE+SCREEN&dq=THE+DEPICTING+OF+MOTION+PRIO
R+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++THE+SCREEN&as_brr=0
[3] http://www.precinemahistory.net/1885.htm
(Piccadilly) London, England21   
111 YBN
[06/21/1889 AD] 3 		4024) The theory that a picture seen by the eye can be captured from
phosphorescence.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Friese-Greene, "Photographs Made with the Eye", "The Photographic times",
Volume 19, 1889,
p108-109. http://books.google.com/books?id=-bUaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA108
2. ^ Friese-Greene, "Photographs Made with the Eye", "The Photographic times",
Volume 19, 1889,
p108-109. http://books.google.com/books?id=-bUaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA108
3. ^ "William Friese-Greene". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Friese-Greene {06/21/1889 (verify}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/508948/index.html (note:
seems somewhat biased against Frieses-Greene[t])
[2] Earl Theisen, "The Depicting of Motion Prior
to the Advent of the Screen", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture
Engineers, Volumes 20-21, 1943,
p249. http://www.archive.org/stream/journalofsociety20socirich/journalofsociety
20socirich_djvu.txt http://books.google.com/books?id=Ct-BAAAAIAAJ&q=THE+DEPICTI
NG+OF+MOTION+PRIOR+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++THE+SCREEN&dq=THE+DEPICTING+OF+MOTION+PRIO
R+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++THE+SCREEN&as_brr=0
[3] http://www.precinemahistory.net/1885.htm
[4] "A Machine Camera Taking Ten Photographs a Second.", Scientific
American supplement, vol 29, Num 746, 04/19/1890, p11921
[5] Edgar Sanderson, John
Porter Lamberton, Charles Morris, "Six thousand years of history, Part 20,
Volume 10 ",
1910. http://books.google.com/books?id=b6nWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA136&dq=Friese-Greene&a
s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false
(London and Provincial Photographic Association) London, England2   
111 YBN
[11/12/1889 AD] 5 		3966) The first "spectroscopic binary" star is identified; two stars that
appear as one, but over time a spectral line appears to double because of a
change in relative velocity of each star.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ E. C. Pickering, "On the spectrum of zeta Ursae Majoris", American
Journal of Science, ser.3:v.39(1890).
http://books.google.com/books?id=Q5MUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA46&dq=pickering+on+the+spectr
um+of+ursae+majoris+date:1890-1890&ei=eDNkSbOnAZOMkAS-yKgp
2. ^ Robert Grant Aitken, "The Binary Stars", D.C. McMurtrie, 1918, p27.
{examine the diagram - both stars orbit around empty space - that is
impossible, clearly the two orbit each other}
http://books.google.com/books?id=0wZDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA27&dq=pickering+1889+ ursa
e+majoris&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=KC1kSfPtJI3WlQSAyenyCw
3. ^ "A New Spectroscopic Binary",Nature, 10/01/1896, p527.
http://books.google.com/books?id=AWgAB3tJTyIC&pg=PA527&dq=pickering+1889+ursae+m
ajoris&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=KC1kSfPtJI3WlQSAyenyCw
4. ^ E.C. Pickering, "Statement of work done at the Harvard observatory during
the years 1877-1882",
1882. http://books.google.com/books?id=T5AEAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inau
thor:pickering&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
5. ^ E. C. Pickering, "On the spectrum of zeta Ursae Majoris", American Journal
of Science, ser.3:v.39(1890).
http://books.google.com/books?id=Q5MUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA46&dq=pickering+on+the+spectr
um+of+ursae+majoris+date:1890-1890&ei=eDNkSbOnAZOMkAS-yKgp {11/12/1889}

MORE INFO
[1] "Pickering, Edward Charles." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Aug. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9059923>
[2] "Edward Charles Pickering." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 Aug. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-charles-pickering
[3] "Edward Charles Pickering." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 25 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-charles-pickering
[4] "Edward Charles Pickering." The Columbia
Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003.
Answers.com 25 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-charles-pickering
[5] "Edward Charles Pickering." Encyclopedia of
Occultism and Parapsychology. The Gale Group, Inc, 2001. Answers.com 25 Aug.
2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-charles-pickering
[6] "Edward Charles Pickering". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering
[7] "Edward Charles Pickering". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Edward_Charles_Pickering
[8] "Edward Charles Pickering" (obituary), Science, Feb 14, 1919,
p151-155. http://books.google.com/books?id=jitZWhXV4cYC&pg=PA151-IA2&dq=at+the+
death+of+Edward+C.+Pickering&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=at%20the%20death%20of%20Edward
%20C.%20Pickering&f=false also in: Annual report - National Academy of
Sciences http://books.google.com/books?id=i8IeAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA52&dq=Edward+Ch
arles+Pickering&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Edward%20Charles%20Pickering&f=false
[9] "Pickering, Edward Charles", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p704
[10] Edward Charles Pickering,
"Compilation of the papers on physics",
1877. http://books.google.com/books?id=vrkAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inau
thor:pickering+inauthor:edward&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[11] "meridian>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"meridian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 25 Aug. 2009.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/meridian>
[12] "great circle." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 25
Aug. 2009. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/great circle>
[13] Pickering, Edward
C., "Standard photographic magnitudes of bright stars." Cambridge, Mass. : The
Observatory, 1917. http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/10998010
[14] "Secchi, Pietro Angelo." Encyclopædia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28
May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066512>
[15] http://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/alumni/antonia-maury.html
[16] "Antonia Maury". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_Maury
[17] Dorrit Hoffleit, "Remeniscences on Antonia Maury and the
c-Characteristic",
1994. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1994ASPC...
60..215H&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf
Harvard College Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA4   
111 YBN
[11/28/1889 AD] 9 10 11 		3818) The first planet of another star is detected by the oscillation of a
spectral line; the star Algol {aL-GoL5 }.6
Unlike spectroscopic binary stars,
these spectra only show one oscillating spectral line, because the light from
the companion is too dim to see.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Vogel, H.C., Scheiner, "Der Vorsitzende berichtete über die Resultate
spectrographischer Beobachtungen des Sterns Algol durch die", Sitzungsberichte
der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1789,
p1045-1046. books.google.com/books?id=_k8VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1045 English
translation: "The Chairman reported on the results of spectrographic
observations of the star Algol by prof. H. C. Vogel and Dr. Scheiner"
(Transactions of the Prussian Academy of Sciences)
2. ^ Anton Pannekoek, "A History of
Astronomy", Courier Dover Publications, 1989,
p434-435. http://books.google.com/books?id=O7D9AyU-nLYC&pg=PA435&lpg=PA435&dq=a
lgol+vogel&source=web&ots=8ZX6T6iHqP&sig=FBWWwbfCBLrO80GS1idBcEWVxIU#PPA434,M1
3. ^ Vogel, H.C., Scheiner, "Der Vorsitzende berichtete über die Resultate
spectrographischer Beobachtungen des Sterns Algol durch die", Sitzungsberichte
der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1789,
p1045-1046. books.google.com/books?id=_k8VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1045 English
translation: "The Chairman reported on the results of spectrographic
observations of the star Algol by prof. H. C. Vogel and Dr. Scheiner"
(Transactions of the Prussian Academy of Sciences)
4. ^ Anton Pannekoek, "A History of
Astronomy", Courier Dover Publications, 1989,
p434-435. http://books.google.com/books?id=O7D9AyU-nLYC&pg=PA435&lpg=PA435&dq=a
lgol+vogel&source=web&ots=8ZX6T6iHqP&sig=FBWWwbfCBLrO80GS1idBcEWVxIU#PPA434,M1
5. ^ "Algol." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 17 Jun. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Algol>.
6. ^ Vogel, H.C., Scheiner, "Der Vorsitzende berichtete über die Resultate
spectrographischer Beobachtungen des Sterns Algol durch die", Sitzungsberichte
der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1789,
p1045-1046. books.google.com/books?id=_k8VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1045 English
translation: "The Chairman reported on the results of spectrographic
observations of the star Algol by prof. H. C. Vogel and Dr. Scheiner"
(Transactions of the Prussian Academy of Sciences)
7. ^ Anton Pannekoek, "A History of
Astronomy", Courier Dover Publications, 1989,
p434-435. http://books.google.com/books?id=O7D9AyU-nLYC&pg=PA435&lpg=PA435&dq=a
lgol+vogel&source=web&ots=8ZX6T6iHqP&sig=FBWWwbfCBLrO80GS1idBcEWVxIU#PPA434,M1
8. ^ "Vogel, Hermann Karl." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 6 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9075639>.
9. ^ Vogel, H.C., Scheiner, "Der Vorsitzende
berichtete über die Resultate spectrographischer Beobachtungen des Sterns
Algol durch die", Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften, 1789,
p1045-1046. http://books.google.com/books?id=_k8VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1081&dq=intitle:
Sitzungsberichte+intitle:preussischen+date:1889-1889&lr=&ei=heBjSYaAN4H4lQTejf2E
Cw#PPA1045,M1 English translation: "The Chairman reported on the results of
spectrographic observations of the star Algol by prof. H. C. Vogel and Dr.
Scheiner" (Transactions of the Prussian Academy of Sciences) {11/28/1889}
10. ^ Hector
Macpherson, "A century's progress in astronomy", Blackwood and sons, 1906,
p183. http://books.google.com/books?id=4ftCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=cent
ury%27s+progress&ei=as5jScbVK4WcMuarpf8I#PPA175,M1 {1889}
11. ^ Alexander Hellemans,
Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster,
1991, p370. {1889}

MORE INFO
[1] "Hermann Karl Vogel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 06 Jan. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-karl-vogel
[2] "Hermann Carl Vogel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Carl_Vogel
[3] "Vogel, Hermann Carl", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition
2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p910
[4] "Untersuchungen uber die Spectra der
Planeten", Gekronte Preisschrift von der K. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. in Kopenhagen,
Leipzig, 1874. Later 1876 paper?: Vogel, H.C. "Untersuchungen uber die
Spectra der Planeten", Pogg. Ann., 158, 1876,
p461-472. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112504372/PDFSTAR
T English translation: H. C. Vogel, "Recent Research on the Spectra of
Planets", The Astrophysical Journal,
1895. http://books.google.com/books?id=CWUsAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA196&dq=Recent+Rese
arches+on+the+Spectra+of+the+Planets+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=P7ZjSd7uM5byMu_91f8I
[5] Review in 1895
"Science": http://books.google.com/books?id=73oCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA474&dq=Spectra+of
+the+planets+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=47VjSfq7K4zKM7HN-KwG
[6] "Vogel on the Spectra of the Planets", Harper's Magazine,
1872. http://books.google.com/books?id=OnkCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA783&dq=Spectra+of+the+
planets+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=47VjSfq7K4zKM7HN-KwG#PPA783,M1
[7] Edwin Frost, "Hermann Carl Vogel" (obituary), The Astrophysical Journal,
v.27, Jan. 1908,
p1. http://books.google.com/books?id=6JcsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=The+Astrophysical+J
ournal+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=-rpjSdW8I4rONcKPzZQI
[8] http://phys-astro.sonoma.edu/brucemedalists/vogel/
[9] "Antonia Maury." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/antonia-maury
(Astrophysical Observatory at Potsdam) Potsdam, Germany8   
111 YBN
[1889 AD] 4 5 		3549) The first practical smokeless explosive powder, cordite is invented.1 2
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ "Sir Frederick Augustus Abel." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1022/Sir-Frederick-Augustus-Abel>.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p442-443.
3. ^ "Abel, Sir Frederick
Augustus." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999,
2003. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-augustus-abel
4. ^ "Sir Frederick Augustus Abel." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1022/Sir-Frederick-Augustus-Abel>.
{1889}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p442-443. {1889}

MORE INFO
[1] "Abel, Sir Frederick Augustus." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,
Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-augustus-abel
[2] "Frederick Augustus Abel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Abel
[3] "James Dewar." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar
[4] "James Dewar." The Columbia
Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003.
Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar
[5] "James Dewar". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dewar
[6] "Sir James Dewar". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_James_Dewar
[7] George Downing Liveing, James Dewar, "Collected Papers on Spectroscopy",
University Press,
1915. http://books.google.com/books?id=X75NAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Jame
s+Dewar&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=OipmSfW-FJD6lQTf3aCZAQ
[8] Armstrong, H. E. (1928). "Obituary of James Dewar". Journal of the Chemical
Society: 1056 – 1076. doi:10.1039/JR9280001056.
http://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/article.asp?doi=JR9280001056
[9] http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2008/August/DewarsFlask.asp
[10] http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=2955&inst_id=17
London, England3 (presumably)  
110 YBN
[09/04/1890 AD] 4 5 		4301) The motion of nebulae such as those of Orion are measured and shown to be
similar to those of the stars which implies that these nebulae are part of the
Milky Way Galaxy.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p567.
2. ^ J. E. Keeler, "On the
Motions of the Planetary Nebulæ in the line of Sight.", Astronomical Society
of the Pacific, V2, N2,
11/29/1890. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?db_ke
y=AST&bibcode=1890PASP....2..265K&letter=.&classic=YES&defaultprint=YES&whole_pa
per=YES&page=265&epage=265&send=Send+PDF&filetype=.pdf
3. ^ "Keeler, James Edward." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 270-271. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 23 Apr.
2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902267&v=2.1&u=univca20&
it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
4. ^ J. E. Keeler, "On the Motions of the Planetary Nebulæ in the line of
Sight.", Astronomical Society of the Pacific, V2, N2,
11/29/1890. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?db_ke
y=AST&bibcode=1890PASP....2..265K&letter=.&classic=YES&defaultprint=YES&whole_pa
per=YES&page=265&epage=265&send=Send+PDF&filetype=.pdf {09/04/1890}
5. ^ "Keeler, James
Edward." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 7. Detroit: Charles
Scribner's Sons, 2008. 270-271. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 Apr.
2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902267&v=2.1&u=univca20&
it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1890}

MORE INFO
[1] "Keeler, James." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 23 Apr. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9044967>
[2] "James Edward Keeler." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 23 Apr. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/james-edward-keeler-american-astronomer
[3] "James Edward Keeler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Edward_Keeler
[4] James Keeler, “A Spectroscopic Proof of the Meteoritic Constitution of
Saturn’s Rings,” in Astrophysical Journal, 1 (1895),
416–427 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1895ApJ.....1..416K and
http://books.google.com/books?id=ExzOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA416&dq=A+Spectroscopic+Proo
f+of+the+Meteoric+Constitution+of+Saturn%27s+Rings&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0
&as_miny_is=1895&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1895&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=A%20Spec
troscopic%20Proof%20of%20the%20Meteoric%20Constitution%20of%20Saturn%27s%20Rings
&f=false
(Lick Observatory) Mount Hamilton, CA, USA3   
109 YBN
[03/26/1891 AD] 4 5 6 		3522) The suggestion that the minimum electric charge should be called an
"electron".1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p438.
2. ^ George Johnstone Stoney,
"On the Cause of Double Lines and of Equidistant Satellites in the Spectra of
Gases", Trans. Royal Dublin Society (1891), series 2, v4, p583.
{Stoney_George_1891_cause_of_spectra.pdf}
3. ^ "Stoney, George Johnstone", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p841.
4. ^ George Johnstone Stoney, "On
the Cause of Double Lines and of Equidistant Satellites in the Spectra of
Gases", Trans. Royal Dublin Society (1891), series 2, v4, p583.
{Stoney_George_1891_cause_of_spectra.pdf} {03/26/1891}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p438. {1891}
6. ^ "Stoney, George Johnstone", Concise Dictionary of
Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p841. {1891}

MORE INFO
[1] "George Johnstone Stoney". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Johnstone_Stoney
[2] "Electron". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electron
[3] G. Johnstone Stoney, "Of the 'Electron', or Atom of Electricity", PT, v38,
1894,
p418-420. http://books.google.com/books?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=
editions:0GyjU2FgHeVMhRr9iumi5pf&lr=&as_brr=1#PPA418,M1 and
http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Stoney-1894.html
(Queen's University) Dublin, Ireland3   
109 YBN
[12/10/1891 AD] 4 5 		3822) Liquid oxygen and liquid ozone are shown to be attracted to both poles of
a magnet.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493-494.
2. ^ James Dewar, Letter to
President, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol. 50, 1892,
p247,261. http://books.google.com/books?id=P6gOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA247
3. ^ "Dewar, Sir James." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030182>.
4. ^ James Dewar, Letter to President,
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol. 50, 1892,
p247,261. http://books.google.com/books?id=P6gOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA247 {12/10/1891}
5. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493-494. {1891}

MORE INFO
[1] "James Dewar." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar
[2] "James Dewar." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar
[3] "James Dewar". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dewar
[4] George Downing Liveing, James Dewar, "Collected Papers on Spectroscopy",
University Press,
1915. http://books.google.com/books?id=X75NAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Jame
s+Dewar&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=OipmSfW-FJD6lQTf3aCZAQ
[5] http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2008/August/DewarsFlask.asp
[6] http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=2955&inst_id=17
[7] Armstrong, H. E. (1928). "Obituary of James Dewar". Journal of the
Chemical Society: 1056 – 1076. doi:10.1039/JR9280001056.
http://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/article.asp?doi=JR9280001056
[8] J. Norman Lockyer, "Note on a Recent Communication by Messrs. Liveing and
Dewar", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 29, (1879), pp.
45-47. http://www.jstor.org/stable/113733?seq=1
[9] G. D. Liveing, J. Dewar, "Investigations on the Spectrum of
Magnesium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 44, 1888,
p.241-252. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/114722.pdf
[10] J. Norman Lockyer, "Researches on the Spectra of Meteorites. A Report to
the Solar Physics Committee", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol.
43, 1887, p.117. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/0h52655555557735/
[11]
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/?k=dewar&Author=James+Dewar&sortorder=a
sc&o=1
[12]
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/?k=dewar&Author=J.+Dewar&sortorder=asc&
o=1
[13] "Sir James Dewar". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_James_Dewar
(Royal Institution) London, England3 (presumably)  
109 YBN
[1891 AD] 5 6 		4417) A camera and motor driven telescope which compensates for the motion of
the Earth relative to distant celestial objects is used for long exposure
photographs.1 2 500 asteroids will be identified with this method, a third of
all known to exist.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p594-595.
2. ^ "Wolf, Max."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 4 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9077333>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p594-595.
4. ^ "Wolf, Max."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 4 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9077333>.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p594-595. {1891}
6. ^ "Wolf, Max."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 4 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9077333>. {1891}

MORE INFO
[1] "Wolf, Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 14. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 481-482.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 4 June 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904711&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[2] "Max Wolf". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Wolf
(University of Heidelberg) Heidelberg, Germany4   
108 YBN
[1892 AD] 4 		3700) The "germ plasm" theory of heredity; that all inherited traits come only
from the chromosomes.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p463-464.
2. ^ Weismann, A. Das
Keimplasma: Eine Theorie Der Vererbung. Fischer,
1892. http://books.google.com/books?id=f5U-AAAAYAAJ
3. ^ "Weismann, August Friedrich Leopold", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p928.
4. ^ Weismann, A. Das
Keimplasma: Eine Theorie Der Vererbung. Fischer,
1892. http://books.google.com/books?id=f5U-AAAAYAAJ

MORE INFO
[1] "Weismann, August (Friedrich Leopold)." Encyclopædia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Dec. 2008
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9076462>
[2] "August Weismann." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 25
Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/august-weismann
[3] "August Friedrich Leopold Weismann". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Friedrich_Leopold_Weismann
[4] Das%20Keimplasma.%20Eine%20Theorie%20der%20Vererbung
[5] http://www.textbookleague.org/54marck.htm
(University of Freiburg) Freiburg, Germany3   
108 YBN
[1892 AD] 3 4 5 6 7 8 		3823) The double-wall vacuum container.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493-494.
2. ^ "Dewar, Sir James."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030182>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493-494. {1892}
4. ^ "Sir James
Dewar". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_James_Dewar {1892}
5. ^ "Dewar, James", Concise
Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000),
p248. {1892}
6. ^ "Dewar, Sir James." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030182>.
{1892}
7. ^ "James Dewar." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar
{1872}
8. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p365. {1885}

MORE INFO
[1] "James Dewar." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar
[2] "James Dewar". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dewar
[3] George Downing Liveing, James Dewar, "Collected Papers on Spectroscopy",
University Press,
1915. http://books.google.com/books?id=X75NAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Jame
s+Dewar&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=OipmSfW-FJD6lQTf3aCZAQ
[4] Armstrong, H. E. (1928). "Obituary of James Dewar". Journal of the Chemical
Society: 1056 – 1076. doi:10.1039/JR9280001056.
http://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/article.asp?doi=JR9280001056
[5] http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2008/August/DewarsFlask.asp
[6] http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=2955&inst_id=17
[7] Videos of magnetism of liquid
oxygen: http://video.google.com/videosearch?hl=en&q=magnetism%20liquid%20oxygen
&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wv#
(Royal Institution) London, England2 (presumably)  
108 YBN
[1892 AD] 5 6 		4326) The diesel engine: instead of a spark, the heat from compressing the
fuel-air mixture raises the temperature of the mixture to the point where
ignition happens.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p571.
2. ^ U.S. Patent
0,542,846 http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=oV5wAAAAEBAJ&dq=542846
3. ^ U.S. Patent
0,608,845 http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=vQVgAAAAEBAJ&dq=608845
4. ^ "Diesel, Rudolf." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 12 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030393>.
5. ^ "Diesel, Rudolf." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 12 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030393>. {1892}
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p571. {1897}

MORE INFO
[1] "Rudolf Diesel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
12 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/rudolf-diesel
[2] "Rudolf Diesel." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2nd ed.
Vol. 5. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 7. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 12 May
2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX3404701782&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[3] "Rudolf Diesel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Diesel
(Carle von Linde firm) Berlin, Germany4   
107 YBN
[1893 AD] 4 		6610) The death rate from cholera is reduced by 70 per cent among 45 thousand
people inoculated by a highly virulent strain of heat-killed cholera.1 2
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ "Haffkine, Waldemar Mordecai Wolfe." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 11-13. Gale Virtual
Reference Library. Web. 25 May 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901810&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p582.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p582.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p582.

MORE INFO
[1] "Waldemar Mordecai Wolff Haffkine". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldemar_Mordecai_Wolff_Haffkine
India3   
106 YBN
[09/??/1894 AD] 5 		6617) A Cepheid variable star (a variable star with a short and regular period
of luminosity1 ) is found to have a period of radial velocity that matches its
period of luminosity. This suggests that a dark companion causes the variation
of Cepheid stars.2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Pickering, Edward C. "Dimensions of the Fixed Stars, with Especial
Reference to Binaries and Variables of the Algol Type." Proceedings of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 16. American Academy of Arts &
Sciences, 1880, p1-37;
p17-18. http://books.google.com/books?id=Cf8KAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA17
2. ^ Albrecht, Sebastian. "A spectrographic study of the fourth-class variable
stars Y Ophuichi and T Vulpeculae." The Astrophysical Journal 25 (1907):
330-348. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1907ApJ....25..330A
3. ^ Adams, Walter S., and Harlow Shapley. "The Spectrum of δ Cephei."
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2.3 (1916): 136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1090965/
4. ^ Belopolsky, A. "The spectrum of delta Cephei." The
Astrophysical Journal 1 (1895):
160-161. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1895ApJ.....1..160B/0000160.0
00.html
5. ^ Belopolsky, A. "The spectrum of delta Cephei." The Astrophysical Journal 1
(1895):
160-161. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1895ApJ.....1..160B/0000160.0
00.html

MORE INFO
[1] Campbell, W. W. "The motion of zeta Geminorum in the line of sight."
The Astrophysical Journal 13 (1901):
90-97. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1901ApJ....13...90C/0000096.000
.html
[2] "Cepheid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Apr. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cepheid
Pulkowa4   
106 YBN
[10/??/1894 AD] 6 		4258) The speed of cathode rays is shown to be about a thousand times slower
than the speed of light.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays". Philosophical
Magazine, S5, V38, N233, Oct 1894,
358. http://books.google.com/books?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity+
of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20c
athode-rays&f=false
2. ^ J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38,
1894,
p358. http://books.google.com/books?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity
+of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20
cathode-rays&f=false
3. ^ J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays". Philosophical
Magazine, S5, V38, N233, Oct 1894,
358. http://books.google.com/books?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity+
of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20c
athode-rays&f=false
4. ^ J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38,
1894,
p358. http://books.google.com/books?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity
+of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20
cathode-rays&f=false
5. ^ J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of
Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890
49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false
6. ^ J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays". Philosophical
Magazine, S5, V38, N233, Oct 1894,
358. http://books.google.com/books?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity+
of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20c
athode-rays&f=false {10/1894}

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_John_Thomson
[2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html
[3] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072205>
[4] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University
Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph-john-thomson-1
[5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p357
[6] "Thomson, Joseph John." Complete
Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons,
2008. 362-372. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Mar. 2010
(Trinity College) Cambridge, England5   
106 YBN
[1894 AD] 4 		2657) The start of multiplexing: using a single wire to transmit multiple
messages by only sending one character at a time while alternating between a
group of messages.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Jean Maurice Emile Baudot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9013803/Jean-Maurice-Emile-Baudot
2. ^ Crotch, A. The Hughes and Baudot Telegraphs. Rentell, 1908,
p78. http://books.google.com/books?id=n9pAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA78
3. ^ "telegraph". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-76404/telegraph
4. ^ "Jean Maurice Emile Baudot". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9013803/Jean-Maurice-Emile-Baudot

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/collection/tech.php?id=2345885&lid=1
[2] "Julius Wilhelm Gintl". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Wilhelm_Gintl
[3] "telegraph". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-76404/telegraph (1871)
France3   
105 YBN
[01/31/1895 AD] 7 		3842) The element Argon and the series of inert gases is identified.3

Argon is isolated from air and identified from its unique spectrum. Since Argon
combines with no element, Argon is recognized to be part of an eighth group of
elements that have a valence of zero.4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Lord Rayleigh, William Ramsay, "Argon, a New Constituent of the
Atmosphere.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1895,
p.265-287. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/1012472m98g64233/?p=3f7bb64
e1e0840a6b69bee16651602a9π=32 and
http://books.google.com/books?id=cqYOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:r
oyal+date:1895-1895&as_brr=1&ei=PZN3SdS8JYWekwTLxeyMAw#PPA265,M1 {Strutt_John_R
ayleigh_Lord_Ramsay_William_1894.pdf}
2. ^ Lord Rayleigh, William Ramsay, "Argon, a New Constituent of the
Atmosphere.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1895,
p.265-287. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/1012472m98g64233/?p=3f7bb64
e1e0840a6b69bee16651602a9π=32 and
http://books.google.com/books?id=cqYOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:r
oyal+date:1895-1895&as_brr=1&ei=PZN3SdS8JYWekwTLxeyMAw#PPA265,M1 {Strutt_John_R
ayleigh_Lord_Ramsay_William_1894.pdf}
3. ^ Lord Rayleigh, William Ramsay, "Argon, a New Constituent of the
Atmosphere.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1895,
p.265-287. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/1012472m98g64233/?p=3f7bb64
e1e0840a6b69bee16651602a9π=32 and
http://books.google.com/books?id=cqYOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:r
oyal+date:1895-1895&as_brr=1&ei=PZN3SdS8JYWekwTLxeyMAw#PPA265,M1 {Strutt_John_R
ayleigh_Lord_Ramsay_William_1894.pdf}
4. ^ Lord Rayleigh, William Ramsay, "Argon, a New Constituent of the
Atmosphere.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1895,
p.265-287. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/1012472m98g64233/?p=3f7bb64
e1e0840a6b69bee16651602a9π=32 and
http://books.google.com/books?id=cqYOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:r
oyal+date:1895-1895&as_brr=1&ei=PZN3SdS8JYWekwTLxeyMAw#PPA265,M1 {Strutt_John_R
ayleigh_Lord_Ramsay_William_1894.pdf}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p201,537-538.
6. ^ "Strutt, John William,
Third Baron Rayleigh", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2,
Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p844.
7. ^ Lord Rayleigh, William Ramsay, "Argon, a
New Constituent of the Atmosphere.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London, 1895,
p.265-287. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/1012472m98g64233/?p=3f7bb64
e1e0840a6b69bee16651602a9π=32 and
http://books.google.com/books?id=cqYOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:r
oyal+date:1895-1895&as_brr=1&ei=PZN3SdS8JYWekwTLxeyMAw#PPA265,M1 {Strutt_John_R
ayleigh_Lord_Ramsay_William_1894.pdf} {01/31/1895}

MORE INFO
[1] "Baron Rayleigh." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 14 Jan. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/baron-rayleigh
[2] "Baron Rayleigh." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 14 Jan. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/baron-rayleigh
[3] "John Rayleigh". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rayleigh
[4] "Rayleigh scattering." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 13 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9062822>
[5] "John William Strutt, 3rd baron Rayleigh".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_baron_Rayleigh
[6] John Tyndall, "On Chemical Rays, and the Light of the Sky.", Philosophical
Magazine, 1869,
p429-450. http://books.google.com/books?id=PiHR6flNP-sC&pg=PA429
[7] J. W. Strutt, "On the Reflection of Light from Transparent Matter.", Phil.
Mag., S. 4, Vol. 42, Num 278, Aug 1871, p.81-97
[8] J. W. Strutt, "On the Light from
the Sky, its Polarization and Colour.", Phil. Mag., S. 4, Vol. 41, Feb 1871,
p.107-120,274-279
[9] "Rayleigh scattering". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering
[10] By John William Strutt, Baron Rayleigh, "Scientific papers (1869-1919)",
University Press, 1899. vol
1: http://books.google.com/books?id=KWMSAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edition
s:0YOgfc3cBhm9OyqKb8T8X_O vol
2: http://books.google.com/books?id=Y2MSAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edition
s:0YOgfc3cBhm9OyqKb8T8X_O vol
3: http://books.google.com/books?id=gWMSAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edition
s:0YOgfc3cBhm9OyqKb8T8X_O vol
4: http://books.google.com/books?id=S-sPAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=strutt+
+scientific+papers&ei=r3F2Sa_lIYrUkwSUjJDKBg vol 5 &
6: http://books.google.com/books?id=ThtWAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions:0YOgfc3cBhm9OyqKb8
T8X_O&lr=&pgis=1
[11] R. J. Strutt, "On the Tendency of the Atomic Weights to approximate to
Whole Numbers.", Philosophical Magazine, S. 6, V. 1, March 1901,
p311-314. http://books.google.com/books?id=CJAOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA311&dq=strutt+atom
ic+weight&ei=Wl53ScT8JIGklQS0xMHmBA#PPA311,M1
[12] "Baron Rayleigh." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 14
Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/baron-rayleigh
[13] Lord Rayleigh, "On the Relative Densities of Hydrogen and
Oxygen", Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1888,
p356-363. http://books.google.com/books?id=gKQOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=
intitle:royal++date:1888-1888&as_brr=1&ei=PmR3Sd7HKYnikATOldjRBg#PPA356,M1
[14] (original footnote:) "The Relative Values of the Atomic Weights of
Hydrogen and Oxygen," by J. P. Cooke and T. W. Richards, 'Amer. Acad. Proc.,'
vol 23, 1887
[15] (original footnote:) Address to Section A, British Association
'Report,' 1882
[16] (original footnote:) "On the Composition of Water by Volume," by
A. Scott, 'Roy. Soc. Proc.,' June 16, 1887 (vol. 42, p. 396)
[17] Lord Rayleigh, "On
an Anomaly encountered in Determination of the Density of Nitrogen Gas.",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1894,
p340-344. http://books.google.com/books?id=t6gOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=
intitle:proceedings+date:1894-1894&as_brr=1&ei=n4B3SYiGFonikATOldjRBg#PPA340,M1
[18] Lord Rayleigh, "On the Densities of the Principle Gases.", Proceedings of
the Royal Society of London, 1893,
p134-151. http://books.google.com/books?id=qwYWAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=
intitle:proceedings+intitle:london+date:1893-1893&as_brr=1&ei=KYN3Se-sN5bskgTq7b
XHBg#PPA134,M1
(Own Laboratory) Terling, England6   
105 YBN
[03/26/1895 AD] 10 11 12 		4141) The element (and inert gas) helium is found on Earth,3 4 when liberated
from Uraninite dissolved in sulfuric acid5 and identified by spectrum.6 7
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ "Ramsay, Sir William." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 4 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9062617>.
2. ^ William Ramsay, "On a Gas Showing the
Spectrum of Helium, the Reputed Cause of D3, One of the Lines in the Coronal
Spectrum. Preliminary Note.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol.
58, (1895), pp.
65-67. http://books.google.com/books?id=EggWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA65&dq=On+a+Gas+Showin
g+the+Spectrum+of+Helium,+the+Reputed+Cause+of+D+3,+One+of+the+Lines+in+%E2%80%A
6+date:1895-1895#v=onepage&q=&f=false
3. ^ "Ramsay, Sir William." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 4 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9062617>.
4. ^ William Ramsay, "On a Gas Showing the
Spectrum of Helium, the Reputed Cause of D3, One of the Lines in the Coronal
Spectrum. Preliminary Note.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol.
58, (1895), pp.
65-67. http://books.google.com/books?id=EggWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA65&dq=On+a+Gas+Showin
g+the+Spectrum+of+Helium,+the+Reputed+Cause+of+D+3,+One+of+the+Lines+in+%E2%80%A
6+date:1895-1895#v=onepage&q=&f=false
5. ^ http://www.mindat.org/min-29957.html Mindat
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p537-538.
8. ^ "Ramsay, Sir William." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 4 Nov. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9062617>.
9. ^ William Ramsay, "On a Gas Showing the Spectrum of Helium, the Reputed
Cause of D3, One of the Lines in the Coronal Spectrum. Preliminary Note.",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 58, (1895), pp.
65-67. http://books.google.com/books?id=EggWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA65&dq=On+a+Gas+Showin
g+the+Spectrum+of+Helium,+the+Reputed+Cause+of+D+3,+One+of+the+Lines+in+%E2%80%A
6+date:1895-1895#v=onepage&q=&f=false
10. ^ William Ramsay, "On a Gas Showing the Spectrum of Helium, the Reputed
Cause of D3, One of the Lines in the Coronal Spectrum. Preliminary Note.",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 58, (1895), pp.
65-67. http://books.google.com/books?id=EggWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA65&dq=On+a+Gas+Showin
g+the+Spectrum+of+Helium,+the+Reputed+Cause+of+D+3,+One+of+the+Lines+in+%E2%80%A
6+date:1895-1895#v=onepage&q=&f=false {03/26/1895}
11. ^ "Ramsay, Sir William."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 4 Nov. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9062617>. {1895}
12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p537-538. {1895}

MORE INFO
[1] "William Ramsay." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ramsay
[2] "William Ramsay." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 04
Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ramsay
[3] "William Ramsay." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ramsay
[4] "Ramsay, William." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 11.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 277-284. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>
[5] "William Ramsay". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ramsay
[6] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/ramsay-bio.html
(University College) London, England8 9   
105 YBN
[11/05/1895 AD] 17 18 		3936) X-rays are discovered.9 10

Radiation from a cathode ray tube is found to pass through very thick paper and
even thin layers of metal, to cause luminescence in a paper covered with barium
platinocyanide. These rays cannot be bent by even a strong magnetic field like
cathode rays, but yet apparently do not refract, polarize or interfere like
visible light does.11 The rays are also found to be absorbed by air less than
cathode rays are. These rays are called "X-rays"12 and the first X-ray
photographs are captured; of the interiors of metal objects and of the bones in
a human hand.13

X rays are extremely14 useful as a new tool in health sciences to see and
penetrate into bodies.15
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, "Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den
Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895.
also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3%9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale
n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1,
pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112488309/abstract English
translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23,
1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id=nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274
OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf
OR Science,
02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/books?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO
RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx42ADg#PPA227,M1
OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roentgen.html
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
3. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen,
"Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger
Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895.
also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3%9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale
n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1,
pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112488309/abstract English
translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23,
1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id=nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274
OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf
OR Science,
02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/books?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO
RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx42ADg#PPA227,M1
OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roentgen.html
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
5. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen,
"Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger
Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895.
also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3%9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale
n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1,
pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112488309/abstract English
translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23,
1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id=nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274
OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf
OR Science,
02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/books?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO
RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx42ADg#PPA227,M1
OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roentgen.html
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
7. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen,
"Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger
Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895.
also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3%9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale
n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1,
pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112488309/abstract English
translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23,
1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id=nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274
OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf
OR Science,
02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/books?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO
RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx42ADg#PPA227,M1
OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roentgen.html
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
9. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen,
"Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger
Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895.
also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3%9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale
n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1,
pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112488309/abstract English
translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23,
1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id=nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274
OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf
OR Science,
02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/books?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO
RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx42ADg#PPA227,M1
OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roentgen.html
10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
11. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen,
"Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger
Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895.
also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3%9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale
n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1,
pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112488309/abstract English
translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23,
1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id=nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274
OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf
OR Science,
02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/books?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO
RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx42ADg#PPA227,M1
OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roentgen.html
12. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, "Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den
Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895.
also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3%9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale
n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1,
pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112488309/abstract English
translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23,
1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id=nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274
OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf
OR Science,
02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/books?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO
RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx42ADg#PPA227,M1
OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roentgen.html
13. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
14. ^ Ted Huntington.
15. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
16. ^ "Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad." Encyclopædia
Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 Mar. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9083885>.
17. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. {11/05/1895}
18. ^
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/rontgen-bio.html
{11/05/1895}

MORE INFO
[1] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen
[2] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen
[3] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." The Columbia
Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003.
Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen
[4] "Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Konrad_R%C3%B6ntgen
[5] "Rontgen rays". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Rontgen_rays
[6] "Röntgen (Roentgen), Wilhelm Conrad", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p751-752
[7] W. C. Röntgen,
"Ueber die durch Bewegung eines im homogenen electrischen Felde befindlichen
Dielectricums hervorgerufene electrodynamische Kraft", Ann. Phys. Chem. 35,
264-270
(1888). http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488000/PDFSTART
[8] W. C. Röntgen, "Beschreibung des Apparates, mit welchem die Versuche über
die electrodynamische Wirkung bewegter Dielectrica ausgeführt wurden", Annalen
der Physik und Chemie, Volume 276, Issue 5, Date: 1890, Pages:
93-108. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112506815/PDFSTART
[9] Edmund Taylor Whittaker, "History of the theories of aether and
electricity: from the age of Descartes to the close of the nineteenth century",
Longmans, Green, 1910,
p426. http://books.google.com/books?id=vTHJah8btZIC&pg=PA426&dq=R%C3%B6ntgen+18
88+maxwell+dielectric&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=1tPDSenwHKS6kgSD7-3-DQ#PPA426,M1
[10] http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200708/history.cfm
[11] R. W. Wood, "The n-Rays.", Nature, n1822, v70, 09/29/1904,
p530-531. http://books.google.com/books?id=Qn0CAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=
intitle:nature+date:1904-1904&ei=wADJSd7UN4TIlQScj-3_DQ#PPA530,M1
[12] Rene Blondlot, tr:Julien Francois William Garcin, "'N' rays", Longmans,
Green, and co.,
1905. http://books.google.com/books?id=Jpg3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=N+ra
ys+a+collection+of+papers&ei=DsTISdm3N4TckASbmYHLAw
[13] www.rexresearch.com/blondlot/nrays.htm
(University of Würzburg) Würzburg, Germany16   
105 YBN
[1895 AD] 4 5 		4717) Cathode rays aimed at an isolated metal cylinder give the cylinder a
negative charge, and when the current is reversed positive rays give the
cylinder a positive charge.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. Perrin, "Nouvelles proprietes des rayons cathodiques.",Comptes Rendus,
V121, 1895, p1130. books.google.com/books?id=NqwxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1130
AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3077p.image.f1130.langEN {Perrin_Jea
n_1895.pdf} Summarized English translation: "New Properties of the kathode
Rays.", Minutes of proceedings, Volume 124 By Institution of Civil Engineers
(Great Britain),
p552. http://books.google.com/books?id=BS_yAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA552&dq=comptes+Perrin&
hl=en&ei=aO5ZTK-uJo6-sQPM-OGCCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCsQ
6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=comptes%20Perrin&f=false
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p631-632.
3. ^ "Perrin, Jean Baptiste."
Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 10. Detroit: Charles
Scribner's Sons, 2008. 524-526. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 4 Aug.
2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903358&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p631-632. {1895}
5. ^ "Perrin, Jean."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 4 Aug. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9059322>. {1895}

MORE INFO
[1] "Jean Baptiste Perrin." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/jean-baptiste-perrin
[2] "Jean Baptiste Perrin." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
04 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/jean-baptiste-perrin
[3] "Jean Baptiste Perrin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin
[4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1926/perrin-bio.html
[5] Herbert Newby McCoy, Ethel Mary Terry, "Introduction to general
chemistry",
1920. http://books.google.com/books?id=qA1DAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage#v=onepag
e&q=perrin&f=false
(École Normale) Paris, France3   
105 YBN
[1895 AD] 4 		4826) A radio signal is sent and received over 2 km (or 1 mile).1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Marconi, Guglielmo." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 98-99. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 19 Oct. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902815&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
2. ^ "Guglielmo Marconi." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 19 Oct. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/364287/Guglielmo-Marconi>.
3. ^ "Guglielmo Marconi." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 19 Oct. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/364287/Guglielmo-Marconi>.
4. ^ "Marconi, Guglielmo." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 98-99. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Web. 19 Oct. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902815&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1895}

MORE INFO
[1] "Guglielmo Marconi." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 19 Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/guglielmo-marconi
[2] "Guglielmo Marconi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi
[3]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/marconi-bio.html
[4] G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", Proceedings of the Royal Institution of
Great Britain, 16 (1899– 1901), 247–256
[5] G. Marconi, "Syntonic Wireless
Telegraphy", Royal Society of Arts. Journal, 49 (1901), 505
[6] B. L. Jacot de
Boinod and D. M. B. Collier, "Marconi: Master of Space" (1935)
http://books.google.com/books?id=xiFDAAAAIAAJ&q=Marconi:+Master+of+Space&dq=Ma
rconi:+Master+of+Space&hl=en&ei=GFG_TMyWPJSfnQf_yqSJDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re
sult&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA
[7] Orrin E. Dunlap, Jr., "Marconi: The Man and His Wireless" (1937)
[8] W. P. Jolly,
"Marconi", 1972
(father’s estate) Bologna, Italy3   
104 YBN
[02/22/1896 AD] 3 		3940) X-rays are detected in sunlight.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Charles Dolley, "Rontgen Rays Present in Sunlight", Science, p357-358.
http://books.google.com/books?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA357
2. ^
http://books.google.com/books?id=ERoCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA596&lpg=PA596&dq=seneca+Egber
t+rontgen+rays+photographs&source=bl&ots=UHuJje1bBR&sig=AhsihHq3R-zWgnvBxHKLsWcv
Wio&hl=en&ei=ptnESfXtL4H0sAPXxsDYBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result
3. ^ Charles Dolley, "Rontgen Rays Present in Sunlight", Science, p357-358.
http://books.google.com/books?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA357
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA2 (presumably)  
104 YBN
[03/02/1896 AD] 7 		4151) Radioactivity is discovered: invisible rays are detected from a uranium
salt.2

The fluorescent chemical, potassium uranyl {YR-i-nL3 } sulfate, is found to
emit x-rays (which appear on a photographic plate wrapped in black paper placed
underneath it) even without being made fluorescent by sunlight.4

This emission of X-rays from potassium uranyl sulfate without any external
source, implies that atoms are composed of smaller particles.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ H. Becquerel, "Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les corps
phosphorescents", Comptes Rendus 122 (1896), p.
501. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780.image.f503 translated: "On
the invisible rays emitted by phosphorescent
bodies" http://books.google.com/books?id=TwoAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA451&dq=On+the+invisi
ble+rays+emitted+by+phosphorescent+bodies.&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20invis
ible%20rays%20emitted%20by%20phosphorescent%20bodies.&f=false (this appears to
be not as accurate as the one
below) and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/becquerel.html
2. ^ H. Becquerel, "Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les corps
phosphorescents", Comptes Rendus 122 (1896), p.
501. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780.image.f503 translated: "On
the invisible rays emitted by phosphorescent
bodies" http://books.google.com/books?id=TwoAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA451&dq=On+the+invisi
ble+rays+emitted+by+phosphorescent+bodies.&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20invis
ible%20rays%20emitted%20by%20phosphorescent%20bodies.&f=false (this appears to
be not as accurate as the one
below) and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/becquerel.html
3. ^ "uranyl." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/uranyl
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p539-540.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p539-540.
6. ^ "Becoquerel, Antoine-. ^ Henri." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 558-561.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 5 Nov.
2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
7. ^ "Becoquerel, Antoine-. ^ Henri." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 558-561. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 5 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>. {02/24/1896}
{03/02/1896}

MORE INFO
[1] "Henri Becquerel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel
[2] "Henri Becquerel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05
Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel
[3] "Antoine Henri Becquerel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel
[4]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html
(École Polytechnique) Paris, France6   
104 YBN
[03/18/1896 AD] 4 		4276) The theory that x-rays are made of material particles.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Nikola Tesla, "On Roentgen Rays - Latest Results", Electrical Review —
March 18,
1896. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_Roentgen_Rays_(2)_-_Latest_Results
2. ^ "Tesla, Nikola." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 22 Feb. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9071814>.
3. ^ Nikola Tesla, "On Roentgen Rays - Latest Results", Electrical Review —
March 18,
1896. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_Roentgen_Rays_(2)_-_Latest_Results
4. ^ Nikola Tesla, "On Roentgen Rays - Latest Results", Electrical Review —
March 18,
1896. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_Roentgen_Rays_(2)_-_Latest_Results
{03/18/1896}

MORE INFO
[1] "Nikola Tesla." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
22 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/nikola-tesla
[2] "Nikola Tesla." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 22 Feb. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/nikola-tesla
[3] "Nikola Tesla". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla
[4] "commutator." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 23 Feb. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/commutator
[5] list of Tesla's patents: http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/317ntcp.htm
[6] Tesla Patent 334,823 Commutator For Dynamo-Electric
machines http://www.google.com/patents?id=Tm1BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4
&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[7] Tesla Patent 336,961 REGULATOR FOR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC
MACHINES http://www.google.com/patents?id=jk5EAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4
&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[8] Tesla patent 391,968 10/12/1887 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC
MOTOR http://www.google.com/patents?id=z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[9] Tesla patent 11/30/1887 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC
MOTOR http://www.google.com/patents?id=0JFhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[10]
http://www.teslauniverse.com/timeline-1861?PHPSESSID=3ejd9q8tm4gpsn4np06imifoe5;
#goto-1883
[11] "magnetic flux density." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Feb.
2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/magnetic-field-density
[12] "magnetic flux." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Feb.
2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/magnetic-flux
[13] Tesla Patent 381968
10/12/1887 http://www.google.com/patents?id=z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom
=4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[14] Tesla patent 382280 10/12/1887 Electrical Transmission of
Power http://www.google.com/patents?id=1ipiAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[15] Tesla Patent 454622 files 04/25/1891 System of Electric
Lighting http://www.google.com/patents?id=wmBOAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4
&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[16] Tesla coil music http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sne_uI2Yq4
[17] "Tesla coil". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_coil
[18] "Tesla, at 78, Bares New 'Death-Beam"', New York Times, July 11, 1934, p.
18, c. 1 http://www.tesla-coil-builder.com/Articles/jul_11_1934a.htm
[19] New York Times, 11 July 1935, p 23,
c.8 http://www.tesla-coil-builder.com/Articles/jul_11_1935b.htm
[20] http://www.pbs.org/tesla/index.html
[21] "Tesla, Nikola." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 286-287. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 22 Feb.
2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904270&v=2.1&u=univca20&
it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[22] Tesla patent
#645576 http://www.google.com/patents?id=8DFBAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&
source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
(Private Lab) New York City, NY, USA2 3 (presumably)  
104 YBN
[03/25/1896 AD] 3 		4152) The radiation emitted from uranium salts is found to be deeply
penetrating and to discharge a charged electroscope.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ H. Becquerel, "Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les sels
d’uranium," ibid., Comptes Rendus 122 (1896), p.
689-694. books.google.com/books?id=QQPjSZQQFQ4C&pg=PA689
AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780.image.f691 summarized: "On
the invisible rays emitted by the salts of Uranium.", Minutes of proceedings of
the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume
125. http://books.google.com/books?id=D3IMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA523&dq=on+invisible+rad
iations+emitted+by+uranium+salts+becquerel&lr=#v=onepage&q=on%20invisible%20radi
ations%20emitted%20by%20uranium%20salts%20becquerel&f=false
2. ^ "Becoquerel, Antoine-. ^ Henri." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 558-561. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 5 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
3. ^ H. Becquerel, "Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les sels
d’uranium," ibid., Comptes Rendus 122 (1896), p.
689-694. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780.image.f691 summarized:
"On the invisible rays emitted by the salts of Uranium.", Minutes of
proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume
125. http://books.google.com/books?id=D3IMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA523&dq=on+invisible+rad
iations+emitted+by+uranium+salts+becquerel&lr=#v=onepage&q=on%20invisible%20radi
ations%20emitted%20by%20uranium%20salts%20becquerel&f=false {03/25/1896}

MORE INFO
[1] "Becquerel, Henri." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9014051>
[2] "Henri Becquerel." A Dictionary of
Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Nov.
2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel
[3] "Henri Becquerel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel
[4] "Antoine Henri Becquerel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel
[5]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html
[6] Henri Becquerel (1896). "Sur les radiations émises par phosphorescence".
Comptes Rendus 122: 420–421.
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780/f422.chemindefer. translated by
Carmen Giunta: http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/becquerel.html and
http://books.google.com/books?id=gJMZAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA339&dq=%22On+the+rays+emitt
ed+by+phosphorescence%22& (this appears to be not as accurate as the one
above)
[7] H. Becquerel, "Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les corps
phosphorescents", Comptes Rendus 122 (1896), p.
501. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780.image.f503 translated: "On
the invisible rays emitted by phosphorescent
bodies" http://books.google.com/books?id=TwoAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA451&dq=On+the+invisi
ble+rays+emitted+by+phosphorescent+bodies.&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20invis
ible%20rays%20emitted%20by%20phosphorescent%20bodies.&f=false (this appears to
be not as accurate as the one
below) and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/becquerel.html
(École Polytechnique) Paris, France2   
104 YBN
[04/06/1896 AD] 3 		4335) That all substances struck by X-rays emit secondary X-ray radiation is
discovered.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Pupin, Michael Idvorsky." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 17 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061932>.
2. ^ "Michael Idvorsky Pupin." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 17 May. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mihajlo-pupin
3. ^ Michael Pupin, "From Immigrant To Inventor", 1922, p306-310. {04/06/1896}

MORE INFO
[1] "Michael Idvorsky Pupin." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 17 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/mihajlo-pupin
[2] "Pupin, Michael Idvorsky." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 11. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 213.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 17 May 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903540&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[3] Dugald C. Jackson, "Michael Idvorsky Pupin (1858-1935)", Proceedings of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 72, No. 10 (May, 1938), pp. 379-385
(Columbia University) New York City, NY, USA2   
104 YBN
[05/12/1896 AD] 3 		4340) The fluoroscope: a fluorescent screen that is illuminated in real-time by
x-ray beams.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ New York Times, "FLUOROSCOPE A SUCCESS; MR. EDISON'S INVENTION SHOWN AT
THE ELECTRICAL EXPOSITION. Visitors Ushered into a Darkened Room, Where They
Placed Their Hands Behind the Screen and Saw Their Bones -- One Woman Touched
the Wires and Received a Slight Shock -- A Talk with the Inventor -- Other
Attractions of the Show.", May 12, 1896,
Wednesday. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D04EFDF153BEE33A2575
1C1A9639C94679ED7CF http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9D04
EFDF153BEE33A25751C1A9639C94679ED7CF {Edison_Fluoroscope_1896.pdf}
2. ^ New York Times, "FLUOROSCOPE A SUCCESS; MR. EDISON'S INVENTION SHOWN AT
THE ELECTRICAL EXPOSITION. Visitors Ushered into a Darkened Room, Where They
Placed Their Hands Behind the Screen and Saw Their Bones -- One Woman Touched
the Wires and Received a Slight Shock -- A Talk with the Inventor -- Other
Attractions of the Show.", May 12, 1896,
Wednesday. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D04EFDF153BEE33A2575
1C1A9639C94679ED7CF http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9D04
EFDF153BEE33A25751C1A9639C94679ED7CF {Edison_Fluoroscope_1896.pdf}
3. ^ New York Times, "FLUOROSCOPE A SUCCESS; MR. EDISON'S INVENTION SHOWN AT
THE ELECTRICAL EXPOSITION. Visitors Ushered into a Darkened Room, Where They
Placed Their Hands Behind the Screen and Saw Their Bones -- One Woman Touched
the Wires and Received a Slight Shock -- A Talk with the Inventor -- Other
Attractions of the Show.", May 12, 1896,
Wednesday. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D04EFDF153BEE33A2575
1C1A9639C94679ED7CF http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9D04
EFDF153BEE33A25751C1A9639C94679ED7CF {Edison_Fluoroscope_1896.pdf}
{05/12/1896}

MORE INFO
[1] "Charles Cros." The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French.
Oxford University Press, 1995, 2005. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-cros
[2] Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915,
p137. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=station&f=false
[3] "Electrotype." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 08
Sep. 2009. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Electrotype>
[4] "Galvanoplasty." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random
House, Inc. 08 Sep. 2009. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Galvanoplasty>
[5] Thomas A. Edison, "The Phonograph and Its
Future", The North American review, Volume 126, 1878,
p527. http://books.google.com/books?id=gTEAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA527&dq=the+phonograph+
and+its+future&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=the%20phonograph%20and%20its%20future&f=fals
e
[6] "The Telegraph and Its Future", Nature, 05/30/1878,
p116. http://books.google.com/books?id=5soKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA117&dq=edison+phonogra
ph+uses+recording+phone+calls&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[7] The Telegraphic Journal, 07/01/1878,
p272. http://books.google.com/books?id=YBEAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA272&dq=edison+phonogra
ph+uses+recording+phone+calls&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[8] Edison "improvements to phonograph..." patent
#200521 http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=SWg_AAAAEBAJ
[9] Francis Arthur Jones, "Thomas Alva Edison: sixty years of an inventor's
life", 1907,
p138. http://books.google.com/books?id=29HAPQBd-JsC&pg=PA5&dq=thomas+alva+ediso
n&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[10] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edcyldr.html
[11] "Phonograph". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph
[12] Video of constructing an Edison
Battery http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K84PywMwjZg
[13] "Nickel-iron battery". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-iron_battery
[14] "nickel-iron accumulator." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University
Press, 2008. Answers.com 18 Sep. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/nickel-iron-accumulator-1
[15] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edtime.html
[16] "Storage Battery, Edison", "Compendium of the world's progress during
the ...", 1902,
p736. http://books.google.com/books?id=9k1MAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA736&dq=thomas+edis
on+nickel+iron+battery&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=thomas%20edison%20nickel%20iron%20ba
ttery&f=false
[17] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edmrrg.html
[18]
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_Edison_Motion_Pictures.htm
[19]
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/papr:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(edm
p+4034))+@field(COLLID+edison)) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2PPBkVTIxjo
New York City, NY, USA2 (presumably)  
104 YBN
[05/19/1896 AD] 3 		4715) The electric fluorescent lamp.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Edison US patent #865,367, "Fluorescent Electric
Lamp". http://www.google.com/patents?id=rqFOAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s
ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
2. ^ Edison US patent #865,367, "Fluorescent Electric
Lamp". http://www.google.com/patents?id=rqFOAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s
ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
3. ^ Edison US patent #865,367, "Fluorescent Electric
Lamp". http://www.google.com/patents?id=rqFOAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s
ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false {05/19/1896}

MORE INFO
[1] "Charles Cros." The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French.
Oxford University Press, 1995, 2005. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-cros
[2] Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915,
p137. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=station&f=false
[3] "Electrotype." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 08
Sep. 2009. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Electrotype>
[4] "Galvanoplasty." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random
House, Inc. 08 Sep. 2009. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Galvanoplasty>
[5] Thomas A. Edison, "The Phonograph and Its
Future", The North American review, Volume 126, 1878,
p527. http://books.google.com/books?id=gTEAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA527&dq=the+phonograph+
and+its+future&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=the%20phonograph%20and%20its%20future&f=fals
e
[6] "The Telegraph and Its Future", Nature, 05/30/1878,
p116. http://books.google.com/books?id=5soKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA117&dq=edison+phonogra
ph+uses+recording+phone+calls&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[7] The Telegraphic Journal, 07/01/1878,
p272. http://books.google.com/books?id=YBEAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA272&dq=edison+phonogra
ph+uses+recording+phone+calls&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[8] Edison "improvements to phonograph..." patent
#200521 http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=SWg_AAAAEBAJ
[9] Francis Arthur Jones, "Thomas Alva Edison: sixty years of an inventor's
life", 1907,
p138. http://books.google.com/books?id=29HAPQBd-JsC&pg=PA5&dq=thomas+alva+ediso
n&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[10] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edcyldr.html
[11] "Phonograph". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph
[12] Video of constructing an Edison
Battery http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K84PywMwjZg
[13] "Nickel-iron battery". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-iron_battery
[14] "nickel-iron accumulator." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University
Press, 2008. Answers.com 18 Sep. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/nickel-iron-accumulator-1
[15] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edtime.html
[16] "Storage Battery, Edison", "Compendium of the world's progress during
the ...", 1902,
p736. http://books.google.com/books?id=9k1MAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA736&dq=thomas+edis
on+nickel+iron+battery&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=thomas%20edison%20nickel%20iron%20ba
ttery&f=false
[17] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edmrrg.html
[18]
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_Edison_Motion_Pictures.htm
[19]
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/papr:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(edm
p+4034))+@field(COLLID+edison)) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2PPBkVTIxjo
[20] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p576
[21] New York Times,
"FLUOROSCOPE A SUCCESS; MR. EDISON'S INVENTION SHOWN AT THE ELECTRICAL
EXPOSITION. Visitors Ushered into a Darkened Room, Where They Placed Their
Hands Behind the Screen and Saw Their Bones -- One Woman Touched the Wires and
Received a Slight Shock -- A Talk with the Inventor -- Other Attractions of the
Show.", May 12, 1896,
Wednesday. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D04EFDF153BEE33A2575
1C1A9639C94679ED7CF http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9D04
EFDF153BEE33A25751C1A9639C94679ED7CF
Llewellyn Park, New Jersey, USA2   
104 YBN
[11/??/1896 AD] 4 		4259) That x-rays ionize gases (cause gases to become electrical conductors) is
found, and is an easy method to produce gas ions.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Thomson, Joseph John." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 362-372. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 3 Mar. 2010.
2. ^ J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of
electricity through gases exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N.
258, Nov 1896, p392. http://books.google.com/books?id=cbRw3OxLhUcC&pg=pa392
3. ^ J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of
electricity through gases exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N.
258, Nov 1896, p392. http://books.google.com/books?id=cbRw3OxLhUcC&pg=pa392
4. ^ J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of
electricity through gases exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N.
258, Nov 1896, p392. http://books.google.com/books?id=cbRw3OxLhUcC&pg=pa392
{11/1896}

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_John_Thomson
[2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html
[3] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072205>
[4] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University
Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph-john-thomson-1
[5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p357
[6] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of
Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied
Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false
[7] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of
Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890
49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false
[8] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894,
p358. http://books.google.com/books?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity
+of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20
cathode-rays&f=false
[9] J.J. Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.) On the leakage of electricity
through dielectrics traversed by Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9,
1896, 126
[10] J. J. Thomson, "On the discharge of electricity produced by the
Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, 1896, 274
[11] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity
of the cathode-rays". Philosophical Magazine, S5, V38, N233, Oct 1894,
358. http://books.google.com/books?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity+
of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20c
athode-rays&f=false
[12] "Rutherford, Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson, of Cambridge."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 10 Aug. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9109507>
[13] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
12 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-rutherford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson
[14] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford
(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England3   
104 YBN
[12/29/1896 AD] 3 		4759) X-rays are used to visualize gastrointestinal movements using a drink
made with bismuth which is opaque to x-rays.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p638.
2. ^ "Cannon, Walter
Bradford." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 15. Detroit:
Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 71-77. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26
Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904846&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
3. ^ "Cannon, Walter Bradford." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 15. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 71-77. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 26 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904846&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {12/29/1896}

MORE INFO
[1] "Cannon, Walter Bradford." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 26 Aug. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9020018>
[2] "Walter Bradford Cannon." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/walter-cannon
[3] "Walter Bradford Cannon". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bradford_Cannon
(Harvard Medical School) Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA2   
104 YBN
[1896 AD] 5 6 		4328) The disease "beriberi" {BAR-E-BAR-E1 } is shown to be caused by poor
diet.2 This leads to the discovery of vitamins and "beriberi" will be the
first known "dietary-deficiency disease".3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "beriberi." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 20 Jun. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/beriberi>.
2. ^ "Eijkman, Christiaan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 14 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9032142>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p573-574.
4. ^ "Eijkman, Christiaan."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 14 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9032142>.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p573-574. {1896}
6. ^ "Eijkman,
Christiaan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 14 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9032142>. {1897}

MORE INFO
[1] "Christiaan Eijkman." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 14 May. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/christiaan-eijkman
[2] "Eijkman, Christiaan." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 310-312. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 14 May 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901294&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[3] "Christiaan Eijkman". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman
[4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1929/eijkman-bio.html
Javanese Medical School in Batavia (now Jakarta)4 (presumably)  
103 YBN
[04/30/1897 AD] 14 15 		4260) Cathode rays are shown to be made of particles (later called electrons).5
 This is the first particle (besides light6 ) known to be smaller than an
atom.7 8

By deflecting cathode-rays with an electromagnetic field, the ratio of mass to
electric charge of cathode ray particles is measured to be 10-7 grams per
coulomb, 1000 times smaller than an ion of hydrogen from electrolysis. In
addition, the theory that cathode rays are made of small negatively charged
particles which are a part of all atoms.9 10 11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935,
edition 2, p188.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of
Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p391
4. ^ Thomson J J "Cathode
Rays", Royal Institution Friday Evening Discourse, 30 April 1897, published
in: Prof. J. J. Thomson, "Cathode Rays", The Electrician Volume 39, 21 May
1897, p104-9.
books.google.com/books?id=LJFMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA104 {Thomson_Joseph_John_18970521
.pdf}
5. ^ Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935,
edition 2, p188.
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
7. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of
Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p391
8. ^ Thomson J J "Cathode
Rays", Royal Institution Friday Evening Discourse, 30 April 1897, published
in: Prof. J. J. Thomson, "Cathode Rays", The Electrician Volume 39, 21 May
1897, p104-9.
books.google.com/books?id=LJFMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA104 {Thomson_Joseph_John_18970521
.pdf}
9. ^ Thomson J J "Cathode Rays", Royal Institution Friday Evening Discourse, 30
April 1897, published in: Prof. J. J. Thomson, "Cathode Rays", The Electrician
Volume 39, 21 May 1897, p104-9.
books.google.com/books?id=LJFMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA104 {Thomson_Joseph_John_18970521
.pdf}
10. ^ Isobel Falconer, "J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron", 1997
Phys. Educ. 32 226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/32/4/015)
{Falconer_1997.pdf}
11. ^ Thomson, J.J., "Cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 44, 08/07/1897, 269,
p293. books.google.com/books?id=Zl0wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA293
12. ^ Isobel Falconer, "J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron", 1997
Phys. Educ. 32 226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/32/4/015)
{Falconer_1997.pdf}
13. ^ Thomson, J.J., "Cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 44, 08/07/1897,
293. books.google.com/books?id=Zl0wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA293
14. ^ Thomson J J "Cathode Rays", Royal Institution Friday Evening Discourse,
30 April 1897, published in: Prof. J. J. Thomson, "Cathode Rays", The
Electrician Volume 39, 21 May 1897, p104-9.
books.google.com/books?id=LJFMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA104 {Thomson_Joseph_John_18970521
.pdf}
15. ^ Isobel Falconer, "J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron", 1997
Phys. Educ. 32 226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/32/4/015)
{Falconer_1997.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_John_Thomson
[2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html
[3] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University
Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph-john-thomson-1
[4] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of
Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890
49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false
[5] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of
Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890
49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false
[6] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894,
p358. http://books.google.com/books?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity
+of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20
cathode-rays&f=false
[7] J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity gases
exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896,
p392. http://books.google.com/books?id=cbRw3OxLhUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit
ions:UOM39015024088687&lr=#v=onepage&q=thomson&f=false
[8] J.J. Thomson, "Experiments to show that negative electricity is given off
by a metal exposed to R6ntgen-rays." Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 1903, p312
[9] J.J.
Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.) On the leakage of electricity
through dielectrics traversed by Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9,
1896, 126
[10] J. J. Thomson, "On the discharge of electricity produced by the
Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, 1896, 274
[11] Sir Joseph John Thomson,
Applications of dynamics to physics and chemistry,
1888. http://books.google.com/books?id=zWYSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22electricity+b
ehaves+in+some+respects%22&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%20some
%20respects%22&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=cOLUiUml_qgC&pg=PA32&lp
g=PA32&dq=%22electricity+behaves+in+some+respects%22&source=bl&ots=HRChO2-Ci-&si
g=yjqoyERWPc1b8Byyk6rU7JtujMQ&hl=en&ei=mYyaS6vTA4TCsgOW6PCtAQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul
t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%2
0some%20respects%22&f=false
(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England12 13   
103 YBN
[08/07/1897 AD] 4 		6658) Cathode ray particles are deflected by an electrostatic field. In
addition the velocity of cathode ray particles is found to increase with
electric potential and with tube exhaustion.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Thomson, J.J., "Cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. Volume 44, 08/07/1897, Issue
269, p293. books.google.com/books?id=Zl0wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA293
AND http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/122313#page/321/mode/1up
2. ^ Thomson, J.J., "Cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. Volume 44, 08/07/1897, Issue
269, p293. books.google.com/books?id=Zl0wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA293
AND http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/122313#page/321/mode/1up
3. ^ Thomson, J.J., "Cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. Volume 44, 08/07/1897, Issue
269, p293. books.google.com/books?id=Zl0wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA293
AND http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/122313#page/321/mode/1up
4. ^ Thomson, J.J., "Cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. Volume 44, 08/07/1897, Issue
269, p293. books.google.com/books?id=Zl0wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA293
AND http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/122313#page/321/mode/1up

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_John_Thomson
[2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html
[3] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University
Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph-john-thomson-1
[4] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of
Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890
49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false
[5] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of
Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890
49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false
[6] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894,
p358. http://books.google.com/books?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity
+of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20
cathode-rays&f=false
[7] J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity gases
exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896,
p392. http://books.google.com/books?id=cbRw3OxLhUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit
ions:UOM39015024088687&lr=#v=onepage&q=thomson&f=false
[8] J.J. Thomson, "Experiments to show that negative electricity is given off
by a metal exposed to R6ntgen-rays." Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 1903, p312
[9] J.J.
Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.) On the leakage of electricity
through dielectrics traversed by Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9,
1896, 126
[10] J. J. Thomson, "On the discharge of electricity produced by the
Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, 1896, 274
[11] Sir Joseph John Thomson,
Applications of dynamics to physics and chemistry,
1888. http://books.google.com/books?id=zWYSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22electricity+b
ehaves+in+some+respects%22&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%20some
%20respects%22&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=cOLUiUml_qgC&pg=PA32&lp
g=PA32&dq=%22electricity+behaves+in+some+respects%22&source=bl&ots=HRChO2-Ci-&si
g=yjqoyERWPc1b8Byyk6rU7JtujMQ&hl=en&ei=mYyaS6vTA4TCsgOW6PCtAQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul
t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%2
0some%20respects%22&f=false
[12] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays". Philosophical
Magazine, S5, V38, N233, Oct 1894,
358. http://books.google.com/books?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity+
of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20c
athode-rays&f=false
[13] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935,
edition 2, p319-320
[14] "Thomson, Joseph John." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 362-372. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Mar. 2010
[15] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.
Web. 3 Mar. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072205>
[16] Thomson, J. J., "On the ions produced by incandescent
platinum.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. II, 1901, 509
[17] Thomson, J. J., Phil Mag,
S5, V48, N295, Dec 1899,
p547. http://books.google.com/books?id=il4wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA557&dq=On+the+ions+pro
duced+by+incandescent+platinum&cd=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20ions%20produced%20by%
20incandescent%20platinum&f=false
[18] Thomson, J. J., "The Existence of Bodies Smaller Than Atoms", Notices of
the proceedings at the meetings of the members of the ..., Volume 16,
04/19/1901. http://books.google.com/books?id=YvoAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA574&dq=The+e
xistence+of+bodies+smaller+than+atoms+thomson&lr=&cd=2#v=onepage&q=The%20existen
ce%20of%20bodies%20smaller%20than%20atoms%20thomson&f=false
[19] "Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 340-350. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 7 Apr.
2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901978&v=2.1&u=univca20&
it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[20] George William Clarkson Kaye, "X rays", 1918,
p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=UFhDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA10&dq=lenard+showed+tha
t+for+fast-moving+1895&hl=en&ei=uzi2S_fjBYOyswPx7MSBAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re
sult&resnum=1&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=lenard%20showed%20that%20for%20fast-mo
ving%201895&f=false
[21] Thomson, J.J., "Cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 44, 08/07/1897,
293. books.google.com/books?id=Zl0wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA293
(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England3   
103 YBN
[1897 AD] 13 14 15 		4088) The first electronic display (the oscilloscope).7 8 9

A cathode ray tube is made with a mica screen inside which is coated with
fluorescent material. This allows an electron beam inside the tube to be
deflected by varying currents in electromagnets, which moves a luminous spot of
light on the screen. This leads to the television and computer display.10 11
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p523-524.
2. ^ "Braun, Ferdinand."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 Oct. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9016270>.
3. ^ Ferdinand Braun, "Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium
des zeitlichen Verlaufes variabler Ströme", Annalen der Physik und Chemie,
vol. lx., 1897, p. 552-559. books.google.com/books?id=QUXkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA552
AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15301j.image.f558.langFR {Braun_Ferd
inand_oscilloscope_1897.pdf} English translation: Ferdinand Braun, "A Method
of Demonstrating and Studying the Time-relations of Variable Currents.",
Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 129, 1897,
p464. http://books.google.com/books?id=rXgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA464
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p523-524.
5. ^ "Braun, Ferdinand."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 Oct. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9016270>.
6. ^ Ferdinand Braun, "Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium
des zeitlichen Verlaufes variabler Ströme", Annalen der Physik und Chemie,
vol. lx., 1897, p. 552-559. books.google.com/books?id=QUXkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA552
AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15301j.image.f558.langFR {Braun_Ferd
inand_oscilloscope_1897.pdf} English translation: Ferdinand Braun, "A Method
of Demonstrating and Studying the Time-relations of Variable Currents.",
Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 129, 1897,
p464. http://books.google.com/books?id=rXgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA464
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p523-524.
8. ^ "Braun, Ferdinand."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 Oct. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9016270>.
9. ^ Ferdinand Braun, "Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium
des zeitlichen Verlaufes variabler Ströme", Annalen der Physik und Chemie,
vol. lx., 1897, p. 552-559. books.google.com/books?id=QUXkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA552
AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15301j.image.f558.langFR {Braun_Ferd
inand_oscilloscope_1897.pdf} English translation: Ferdinand Braun, "A Method
of Demonstrating and Studying the Time-relations of Variable Currents.",
Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 129, 1897,
p464. http://books.google.com/books?id=rXgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA464
10. ^ Ferdinand Braun, "Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium
des zeitlichen Verlaufes variabler Ströme", Annalen der Physik und Chemie,
vol. lx., 1897, p. 552-559. books.google.com/books?id=QUXkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA552
AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15301j.image.f558.langFR {Braun_Ferd
inand_oscilloscope_1897.pdf} English translation: Ferdinand Braun, "A Method
of Demonstrating and Studying the Time-relations of Variable Currents.",
Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 129, 1897,
p464. http://books.google.com/books?id=rXgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA464
11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p523-524.
12. ^ Ferdinand Braun, "Ueber
ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium des zeitlichen Verlaufes
variabler Ströme", Annalen der Physik und Chemie, vol. lx., 1897, p.
552-559. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15301j.image.f558.langFR {Braun
_Ferdinand_oscilloscope_1897.pdf} English translation: Ferdinand Braun, "A
Method of Demonstrating and Studying the Time-relations of Variable Currents.",
Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 129, 1897,
p464. http://books.google.com/books?id=rXgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA464&lpg=PA464&dq=A+Met
hod+of+Demonstrating+and+Studying+the+Time-relations+of+Variable+Currents.+Ferdi
nand+Braun.&source=bl&ots=CY1GqwE3Ku&sig=7-zDHHHs-PeoCHn_veDdZXebryM&hl=en&ei=O0
bOSoKvC5L0sgPulqm2Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=A%20Meth
od%20of%20Demonstrating%20and%20Studying%20the%20Time-relations%20of%20Variable%
20Currents.%20Ferdinand%20Braun.&f=false
13. ^ Ferdinand Braun, "Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium
des zeitlichen Verlaufes variabler Ströme", Annalen der Physik und Chemie,
vol. lx., 1897, p. 552-559. books.google.com/books?id=QUXkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA552
AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15301j.image.f558.langFR {Braun_Ferd
inand_oscilloscope_1897.pdf} English translation: Ferdinand Braun, "A Method
of Demonstrating and Studying the Time-relations of Variable Currents.",
Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 129, 1897,
p464. http://books.google.com/books?id=rXgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA464
14. ^ "Braun, Ferdinand." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 2 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9016270>.
{1897}
15. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p523-524. {1897}

MORE INFO
[1] "Karl Ferdinand Braun." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 02 Oct. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/karl-ferdinand-braun
[2] "Karl Ferdinand Braun". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun
[3] "Braun, Ferdinand", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2,
Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp135
[4]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/braun-bio.html
[5] catalog of
papers http://books.google.com/books?id=E-ItAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA334&dq=Karl+Ferdinand
+Braun+1874&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[6] http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761583126/braun_karl_ferdinand.html
[7] "Karl Ferdinand Braun." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 02 Oct. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/karl-ferdinand-braun
(Physikal Institute) Strassburg, France12   
103 YBN
[1897 AD] 3 		4793) The theory that x-rays might be used for telepathy.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ William Crookes, "Address by the President", Proceedings of the Society
for Psychical Research, V12, 1897,
p338. http://books.google.com/books?id=hBErAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit
ions:oe0pHgGQavIC&hl=en&ei=102RTLyFL4u8sQOQnP39Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&
resnum=6&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
2. ^ "Crookes, William", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2,
Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p215-217.
3. ^ William Crookes, "Address by the
President", Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, V12, 1897,
p338. http://books.google.com/books?id=hBErAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit
ions:oe0pHgGQavIC&hl=en&ei=102RTLyFL4u8sQOQnP39Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&
resnum=6&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false

MORE INFO
[1] "Crookes, Sir William." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 10 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9027981>
[2] "William Crookes." History of Science and
Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-crookes
[3] "William Crookes." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 10
Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-crookes
[4] "William Crookes." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 10 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-crookes
[5] "William Crookes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Crookes
[6] "Sir William Crookes". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_William_Crookes
[7] William Crookes, "On Repulsion Resulting From Radiation II", Phil. Trans.
v165,
1875. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/h27121h181kw0683/?p=08857aca5970
4138b30b219bb3f34264π=74
[8] William Crookes, "Radio-Activity and the Electron Theory", Proceedings of
the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 69,
1901/1902. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/p776420j202m5870/?p=997105d
000c043068b518e34de34f8c4π=68
[9] William Crookes, "Radio-Activity of Uranium", Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 66,
1899/1900. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/xq86537371533504/?p=6252ebf
0708c43989b840947812e5afcπ=79
(private lab) London, England2 (presumably)  
102 YBN
[01/21/1898 AD] 7 8 9 		4436) Kanalstrahlen are shown to be made of positively charged particles with a
mass to charge ratio similar to a hydrogen ion. These positive particles will
later be called protons.3 4 The speed of these particles is determined to be
around 1000 times slower than the speed of light.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Wilhelm Wien - Biography". Nobelprize.org. 25 Jan 2013
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1911/wien-bio.html
2. ^ Wien, Wilhelm. Die electrostatische und magnetische Ablenkung der
Canalstrahlen.... Physikal. Ges. zu Berlin,
1898. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZAU5AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA10
3. ^ "Wilhelm Wien - Biography". Nobelprize.org. 25 Jan 2013
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1911/wien-bio.html
4. ^ Wien, Wilhelm. Die electrostatische und magnetische Ablenkung der
Canalstrahlen.... Physikal. Ges. zu Berlin,
1898. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZAU5AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA10
5. ^ Wien, Wilhelm. Die electrostatische und magnetische Ablenkung der
Canalstrahlen.... Physikal. Ges. zu Berlin,
1898. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZAU5AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA10
6. ^ W. Wien, "Über die Berechnung der Impulsbreite der Röntgenstrahlen aus
ihrer Energie", Annalen der Physik, Volume 327, Issue 4, Date: 1907, Pages:
793-797. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112493860/PDFSTART

7. ^ Wien, Wilhelm. Die electrostatische und magnetische Ablenkung der
Canalstrahlen.... Physikal. Ges. zu Berlin,
1898. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZAU5AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA10
8. ^ "Wilhelm Wien - Biography". Nobelprize.org. 25 Jan 2013
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1911/wien-bio.html
9. ^ W. Wien, "Über die Berechnung der Impulsbreite der Röntgenstrahlen aus
ihrer Energie", Annalen der Physik, Volume 327, Issue 4, Date: 1907, Pages:
793-797. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112493860/PDFSTART
 {11/27/1905}

MORE INFO
[1] "Wien, Wilhelm." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 10 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9076933>
[2] "Wilhelm Wien". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien
[3] Wien, "Über die Energievertheilung im Emissionsspectrum eines schwarzen
Körpers", Annalen der Physik, 294 (June 1896), 662–669, also in English
trans: "On the Division of Energy in the Emissionspectrum of a Black Body",
Philosophical Magazine, 5th ser., 43 (1897), 214–220
[4] W. Wien, "Untersuchungen über
die elektrische Entladung in verdünnten Gasen", Annalen der Physik, Volume
310, Issue 6, Date: 1901, Pages:
421-435. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112485884/PDFSTART

[5] W. Wien, "Untersuchungen über die elektrische Entladung in verdünnten
Gasen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 313, Issue 6, Date: 1902, Pages:
244-266. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112485582/PDFSTART

[6] W. Wien, "Ueber die Natur der positiven Elektronen", Annalen der Physik,
Volume 314, Issue 11, Date: 1902, Pages:
660-664. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112485776/PDFSTART

(Wurzburg University) Wurzburg, Germany6   
102 YBN
[05/02/1898 AD] 5 6 7 		4380) Thermite, the explosive mixture of a metal oxide and aluminum powder is
discovered.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Goldschmidt, Hans; Ruhr, Essen a. d. (1898). "Über ein neues Verfahren
zur Darstellung von Metallen und Legirungen mittelst Aluminiums ("On a new
method for the preparation of metals and alloys by means of aluminum"). Justus
Liebigs Annalen der Chemie 301 (1): 19–28. doi:10.1002/jlac.18983010103.
books.google.com/books?id=Df0tAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19
AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112324980/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRET
RY=0
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p586.
3. ^ Goldschmidt, Hans; Ruhr,
Essen a. d. (1898). "Über ein neues Verfahren zur Darstellung von Metallen und
Legirungen mittelst Aluminiums ("On a new method for the preparation of metals
and alloys by means of aluminum"). Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie 301 (1):
19–28. doi:10.1002/jlac.18983010103.
http://books.google.com/books?id=Df0tAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:a
nnalen+intitle:chemie+date:1898-1898&cd=3#v=onepage&q&f=false http://www3.inter
science.wiley.com/journal/112324980/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
4. ^ Patent number:
875345 http://www.google.com/patents?id=nw1lAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s
ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
5. ^ Goldschmidt, Hans; Ruhr, Essen a. d. (1898). "Über ein neues Verfahren
zur Darstellung von Metallen und Legirungen mittelst Aluminiums ("On a new
method for the preparation of metals and alloys by means of aluminum"). Justus
Liebigs Annalen der Chemie 301 (1): 19–28. doi:10.1002/jlac.18983010103.
http://books.google.com/books?id=Df0tAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:a
nnalen+intitle:chemie+date:1898-1898&cd=3#v=onepage&q&f=false http://www3.inter
science.wiley.com/journal/112324980/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 {05/02/1898}
6. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p586. {1898}
7. ^ "Hans Goldschmidt". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Goldschmidt {1893}

MORE INFO
[1] "Thermite". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermite
[2] Patent number:
733957 http://www.google.com/patents?id=JP5rAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s
ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
(Business: TH. Goldschmidt) Essen-on-the-Ruhr, Germany3 4   
102 YBN
[05/10/1898 AD] 11 12 13 14 		3824) Hydrogen is liquefied.5 6 7 8

The boiling point of hydrogen is measured as -238° C.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493-494.
2. ^ "Dewar, Sir James."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030182>.
3. ^ "James Dewar." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar
4. ^ James Dewar, "Preliminary Note on
the Liquefaction of Hydrogen and Helium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London (1854-1905), Volume 63, 1898,
p.256-258. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/8225261k3nu62731/?p=1ddcc31
e84454208ace58c150d2b3b8dπ=34 {Dewar_James_Liquid_Hydrogen_1898.pdf}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493-494.
6. ^ "Dewar, Sir James."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030182>.
7. ^ "James Dewar." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar
8. ^ James Dewar, "Preliminary Note on
the Liquefaction of Hydrogen and Helium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London (1854-1905), Volume 63, 1898,
p.256-258. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/8225261k3nu62731/?p=1ddcc31
e84454208ace58c150d2b3b8dπ=34 {Dewar_James_Liquid_Hydrogen_1898.pdf}
9. ^ James Dewar, "The Boiling Point of Liquid Hydrogen, Determined by Hydrogen
and Helium Gas Thermometers", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
(1854-1905), Volume 68, 1901,
p.44-54. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/340096125j7x2310/?p=781b93c28
d204254b15249d65270245bπ=16 {Dewar_James_bp_H_1901.pdf}
10. ^ "Dewar, Sir James." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030182>.
11. ^ James Dewar, "Preliminary Note on the
Liquefaction of Hydrogen and Helium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London (1854-1905), Volume 63, 1898,
p.256-258. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/8225261k3nu62731/?p=1ddcc31
e84454208ace58c150d2b3b8dπ=34 {Dewar_James_Liquid_Hydrogen_1898.pdf}
{05/10/1898}
12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493-494. {1898}
13. ^ "Dewar, Sir
James." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 Jan.
2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030182>. {1898}
14. ^ "James Dewar." A
Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar {1898}

MORE INFO
[1] "James Dewar." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar
[2] "James Dewar". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dewar
[3] "Sir James Dewar". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_James_Dewar
[4] George Downing Liveing, James Dewar, "Collected Papers on Spectroscopy",
University Press,
1915. http://books.google.com/books?id=X75NAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Jame
s+Dewar&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=OipmSfW-FJD6lQTf3aCZAQ
[5] Armstrong, H. E. (1928). "Obituary of James Dewar". Journal of the Chemical
Society: 1056 – 1076. doi:10.1039/JR9280001056.
http://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/article.asp?doi=JR9280001056
[6] http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2008/August/DewarsFlask.asp
[7] http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=2955&inst_id=17
[8] Videos of magnetism of liquid
oxygen: http://video.google.com/videosearch?hl=en&q=magnetism%20liquid%20oxygen
&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wv#
[9] "Dewar, James", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2,
Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p248
[10] James Dewar, Helen Rose Banks Dewar,
James Douglas Hamilton Dickson, Hugh Munro Ross, Ernest Charles Scott Dickson,
"Collected Papers of Sir James Dewar...", The University Press,
1927. http://books.google.com/books?id=pR9WAAAAMAAJ&q=Collected+Papers+of+Sir+J
ames+Dewar&dq=Collected+Papers+of+Sir+James+Dewar&lr=&ei=8r5nSZWNFoGklQSW5s3yCw&
pgis=1
[11] Willett Lepley Hardin, "The Rise and Development of the Liquefaction of
Gases", The Macmillan company,
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=s5cAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR8&dq=dewar+solidificat
ion+date:1899-1899&lr=&ei=g79nSZrvFozSlQS2pvXrCA
(Royal Institution) London, England10 (presumably)  
102 YBN
[07/01/1898 AD] 4 		4255) The first radio controlled vehicle; a remotely controlled boat.1 2
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_robots.html
2. ^ Tesla Patent 613809 Method of and apparatus for controlling
mechanism of moving vessels or
vehicles. http://www.google.com/patents?id=T1VrAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=
4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
3. ^ Tesla Patent 613809 Method of and apparatus for controlling mechanism of
moving vessels or
vehicles. http://www.google.com/patents?id=T1VrAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=
4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
4. ^ Tesla Patent 613809 Method of and apparatus for controlling mechanism of
moving vessels or
vehicles. http://www.google.com/patents?id=T1VrAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=
4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false {07/01/1898}

MORE INFO
[1] "Nikola Tesla." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
22 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/nikola-tesla
[2] "Nikola Tesla." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 22 Feb. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/nikola-tesla
[3] "Nikola Tesla". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla
[4] "Tesla, Nikola." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 286-287. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 22 Feb.
2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904270&v=2.1&u=univca20&
it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[5] "commutator." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 23 Feb. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/commutator
[6] list of Tesla's patents: http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/317ntcp.htm
[7] Tesla Patent 334,823 Commutator For Dynamo-Electric
machines http://www.google.com/patents?id=Tm1BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4
&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[8] Tesla Patent 336,961 REGULATOR FOR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC
MACHINES http://www.google.com/patents?id=jk5EAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4
&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[9] Tesla patent 391,968 10/12/1887 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC
MOTOR http://www.google.com/patents?id=z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[10] Tesla patent 11/30/1887 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC
MOTOR http://www.google.com/patents?id=0JFhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[11]
http://www.teslauniverse.com/timeline-1861?PHPSESSID=3ejd9q8tm4gpsn4np06imifoe5;
#goto-1883
[12] "magnetic flux density." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Feb.
2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/magnetic-field-density
[13] "magnetic flux." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Feb.
2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/magnetic-flux
[14] Tesla Patent 381968
10/12/1887 http://www.google.com/patents?id=z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom
=4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[15] New York Times, 11 July 1935, p 23, c.8
[16] New York Herald Tribune, 11
September 1932
[17] Tesla patent 382280 10/12/1887 Electrical Transmission of
Power http://www.google.com/patents?id=1ipiAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[18] Tesla coil music http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sne_uI2Yq4
[19] "Tesla coil". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_coil
[20] http://www.pbs.org/tesla/index.html
(Tesla's private lab) New York City, NY, USA3   
102 YBN
[09/01/1898 AD] 3 		4731) Uranium is found to emit at least two kinds of radiation, one which is
quickly absorbed that is named "alpha" radiation, and a second which has more
penetrative power that is named "beta" radiation.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by
It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati
on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produced+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad
iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduction%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false
2. ^ Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by
It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati
on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produced+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad
iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduction%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false
3. ^ Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by
It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati
on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produced+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad
iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduction%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false
{09/01/1898}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-rutherford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson
[2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford
[3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906
http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor
d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ
6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers,
1962, 3 volumes
[5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and
Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897,
189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si
d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343
[6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin
philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022
[7] Ernest Rutherford,
"The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian
Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the
birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18,
1906,
p123. http://books.google.com/books?id=wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=
gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false
[8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases
exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov
1897,
p422. http://books.google.com/books?id=utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an
d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+gases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h
l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6
AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org.nz/bibliography.htm
(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England2   
102 YBN
[1898 AD] 4 5 		4109) The causal agent of tobacco mosaic disease is recognized as a completely
new type of infectious agent, smaller and different than bacteria,1 which is
named a "virus".2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Beijerinck, Martinus Willem." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 15. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 13-15. Gale Virtual
Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 12 Oct. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
2. ^ M W Beijerinck, "Ueber ein Contagium vivum fluidum als Ursache der
Fleckenkrankheit der Tabaksblätter", Amsterdam : J. Müller, 1898, 21
pages. http://books.google.com/books?id=ly5XQAAACAAJ&dq=Ueber+ein+Contagium+viv
um+fluidum+als+Ursache+der+Fleckenkrankheit+der+Tabaksbla%CC%88tter English
translation: M. W. Beijerinck, "Concerning a contagium vivum fluidum as the
cause of the spot disease of tobacco leaves", Phytopathological Classics, No.
7., American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul,
MN. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&ved=0CAcQFjAA&url=htt
p%3A%2F%2Fwww.apsnet.org%2Fonline%2Ffeature%2FTobacco%2FBeijerinck1898.pdf&ei=pb
PTSrS1I4j2sQPZ7anWCg&rct=j&q=Beijerinck+1898&usg=AFQjCNGDnguGRlFxH0cXq_iEhbVsYxI
E8Q {Beijerinck_Martinus_1898.pdf}
3. ^ "Beijerinck, Martinus Willem." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 15. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 13-15. Gale Virtual
Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 12 Oct. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p528-529. {1898}
5. ^ "virus."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 Oct. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9106000>. {1898}

MORE INFO
[1] "Martinus Willem Beijerinck". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Willem_Beijerinck
(Dutch Yeast and Spirit Factory) Delft, Netherlands3   
102 YBN
[1898 AD] 11 		4698) Electromagnetic writing and reading of data. Sound is recorded by varying
the magnetization of tiny parts of a single wound wire sequentially in direct
proportion to the electric current produced by the sound. When each part is
moved past an electromagnet the sound is played out loud again in a telephone
receiver.7 8 This will lead to video tapes and hard disks.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Poulsen patent 661,619 Method of Recording and Reproducing Sounds or
Signals http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=e79kAAAAEBAJ&dq=661,619
2. ^ "Poulsen, Valdemar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061097>.
3. ^ Poulsen patent 661,619 Method of Recording and Reproducing Sounds or
Signals http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=e79kAAAAEBAJ&dq=661,619
4. ^ "Poulsen, Valdemar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061097>.
5. ^ Poulsen patent 661,619 Method of Recording and Reproducing Sounds or
Signals http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=e79kAAAAEBAJ&dq=661,619
6. ^ "Poulsen, Valdemar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061097>.
7. ^ Poulsen patent 661,619 Method of Recording and Reproducing Sounds or
Signals http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=e79kAAAAEBAJ&dq=661,619
8. ^ "Poulsen, Valdemar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061097>.
9. ^ Ted Huntington.
10. ^ "Poulsen, Valdemar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061097>.
11. ^ "Poulsen, Valdemar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061097>. {1898}

MORE INFO
[1] "Valdemar Poulsen." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 30 Jul. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/valdemar-poulsen-danish-engineer
[2] "Valdemar Poulsen." Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh
Lauer. Vol. 6: 1900 to 1949. Detroit: Gale, 2000. 612. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 30 July 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX3408503938&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[3] "Valdemar Poulsen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemar_Poulsen
[4] Compilation of Oberlin Smith biographical and technical information of his
inventions
(Copenhagen Telephone Company) Copenhagen, Denmark10   
101 YBN
[03/03/1899 AD] 4 		4900) The first life is saved by wireless communication from a stranded
steamship.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ B. Jacot, "Marconi-Master of Space", 1935, p51.
2. ^ B. Jacot, "Marconi-Master
of Space", 1935, p51.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ B. Jacot, "Marconi-Master of Space", 1935, p51.
{03/03/1899}

MORE INFO
[1] "Guglielmo Marconi." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 19 Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/guglielmo-marconi
[2] "Guglielmo Marconi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi
[3]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/marconi-bio.html
[4] G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", proceedings of the institution of
electrical engineers, v28, 1899,
p273. http://books.google.com/books?id=UQAUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=proc
eedings+of+the+institution+of+electrical+engineers&hl=en&ei=5yu-TOTnFIugsQOn9bzI
DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=marconi&f=
false
[5] G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", Proceedings of the Royal Institution of
Great Britain, 16 (1899– 1901), 247–256
[6] G. Marconi, "Syntonic Wireless
Telegraphy", Royal Society of Arts. Journal, 49 (1901), 505
[7] Orrin E. Dunlap,
Jr., "Marconi: The Man and His Wireless" (1937)
[8] W. P. Jolly, "Marconi", 1972, p78
[9]
British patent No. 12,039, Date of Application 2 June 1896; Complete
Specification Left, 2 March 1897; Accepted, 2 July 1897 (later claimed by
Oliver Lodge to contain his own ideas which he failed to
patent) http://www.earlyradiohistory.us/1901fae.htm
[10] U.S. Patent 0,586,193 "Transmitting electrical signals", (using Ruhmkorff
coil and Morse code key) filed December 1896, patented July,
1897. http://www.google.com/patents?vid=586193
[11] U.S. Patent 0,763,772 "Apparatus for wireless telegraphy" (Four tuned
system; this innovation was predated by N. Tesla, O. Lodge, and J. S.
Stone) http://www.google.com/patents?id=L5tvAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s
ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[12] B. L. Jacot de Boinod and D. M. B. Collier, "Marconi: Master of Space"
(1935), p273.
http://books.google.com/books?id=xiFDAAAAIAAJ&q=Marconi:+Master+of+Space&dq=Ma
rconi:+Master+of+Space&hl=en&ei=GFG_TMyWPJSfnQf_yqSJDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re
sult&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA
[13] http://www.answers.com/cellular%20phone
[14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p650-651
[15] "Marconi, Guglielmo."
Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles
Scribner's Sons, 2008. 98-99. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 19 Oct.
2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902815&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
(Marconi Company) London, England2 (verify3 )  
101 YBN
[03/17/1899 AD] 5 6 7 8 		4319) The first moon with a retrograde motion is observed; Phoebe {FE-BE1 }, a
moon of Saturn.2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Phoebe." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/phoebe
2. ^ "William Henry Pickering." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 11 May. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-henry-pickering
3. ^ Pickering, William H., "a Suggestion Regarding Gravitation, II", Popular
Astronomy, Vol. 30, 05/1922,
p.272. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1922PA.....30..272P
4. ^ Pickering, William H., "Aberration and Relativity", Popular Astronomy,
Vol. 30, 06/1922, p.340 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1922PA.....30..340P
5. ^ Pickering, William H., "Aberration and Relativity",
Popular Astronomy, Vol. 30, 06/1922,
p.340 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1922PA.....30..340P {03/17/1899}
6. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p570-571. {1899}
7. ^ "Pickering, William Henry." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.
Web. 11 May 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9059926>. {1899}
8. ^ "William
Henry Pickering." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 11 May. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-henry-pickering {1899}

MORE INFO
[1] "William Henry Pickering." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,
Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 11 May. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-henry-pickering
[2] "Pickering, William Henry." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 10. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 601-602. Gale Virtual
Reference Library. Web. 11 May 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903408&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[3] Pickering, W. H., "Are Space and Time Really Infinite?", Popular Astronomy,
vol. 18, 08/1910,
pp.420-421. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1910PA.....18..420P and
pdf: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1910PA.....1
8..420P&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf
[4] Pickering, William H., "The Theory of Relativity", Popular Astronomy, vol.
28, 06/1920, pp. 334-344. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1920PA.....28..334P
[5] Pickering, W. H., "Shall we Accept Relativity", Popular
Astronomy, Vol. 30, 04/1922,
p.199. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=19
22PA.....30..199P&db_key=AST&page_ind=0&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREE
N_GIF&classic=YES
[6] Pickering EC (1899-03-17). "A New Satellite of Saturn". 49. Harvard College
Observatory Bulletin.
http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/BHarO/0049//0000001.000.html
[7] "Phoebe (moon)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008
[8] "William Henry Pickering".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Pickering
(Harvard College Observatory) Cambridge, Massachussetts, USA4   
101 YBN
[09/13/1899 AD] 4 		4732) A gas is found to be emitted from Thorium which will later be shown to be
Radon1 . All substances touched by the positive ions created by this gas are
shown to exhibit radioactivity that lasts for several days.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395.
2. ^ Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance
emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900.
http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-half-life.html
3. ^ Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil
Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900.
http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-half-life.html
4. ^ Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil
Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900.
http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-half-life.html {09/13/1899}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-rutherford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson
[2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford
[3] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers,
1962, 3 volumes
[4] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and
Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897,
189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si
d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343
[5] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin
philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022
[6] Ernest Rutherford,
"The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian
Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the
birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18,
1906,
p123. http://books.google.com/books?id=wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=
gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false
[7] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases
exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov
1897,
p422. http://books.google.com/books?id=utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an
d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+gases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h
l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6
AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[8] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org.nz/bibliography.htm
[9] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction
Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati
on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produced+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad
iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduction%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false
(McGill University) Montreal, Canada3   
101 YBN
[09/??/1899 AD] 5 		4739) That rays from radium cause radioactivity in all objects placed near them
is discovered.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ M. and Mme. Curie, "Sur la radioactivite provoquee par les rayons de
Becquerel", Comptes Rendus, 129, 1899,
p714-716. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3085b.image.f714.langEN
2. ^ Marjorie Malley, "The Discovery of Atomic Transmutation: Scientific Styles
and Philosophies in France and Britain", Isis, Vol. 70, No. 2 (Jun., 1979),
pp. 213-223. Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The
History of Science Society http://www.jstor.org/stable/230788
3. ^ "Curie, Marie (Maria Sklodowska)." Complete Dictionary
of Scientific Biography. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.
497-503. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 21 May 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901042&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
4. ^ Marie Curie, "Rayons émis par les composés de l'uranium et du thorium"
("Rays emitted by compounds of uranium and thorium"). Comptes Rendus 126: 1898,
1101–1103. http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=30000000030829&M=tdm {C
urie_18980412_N0003082_PDF_1101_1110.pdf}
5. ^ Marjorie Malley, "The Discovery of Atomic Transmutation: Scientific Styles
and Philosophies in France and Britain", Isis, Vol. 70, No. 2 (Jun., 1979),
pp. 213-223. Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The
History of Science Society http://www.jstor.org/stable/230788 {shortly before
9/13/1899 according to}

MORE INFO
[1] "Curie, Pierre." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 20 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9028253>
[2] "Pierre Curie." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 20 May.
2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/pierre-curie-scientist
[3] "Curie, Pierre." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 3.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 503-508. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 20 May 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901043&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[4] "Pierre Curie". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie
[5] "Marie Curie." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 21 May.
2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/marie-curie
[6] "Marie Curie." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 21 May. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/marie-curie
[7] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p391
[8] "Marie Curie". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie
[9] "Marie Curie." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 May. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/marie-curie
[10] "pitchblende." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 21 May. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pitchblende
[11] "polonium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 May. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/polonium
[12] http://www.curie.fr/fondation/musee/marie-pierre-curie.cfm/lang/_gb.htm
[13] "Paul Villard and his Discovery of Gamma Rays", Physics in
Perspective (PIP), Volume 1, Number 4 / December, 1999, pp
367-383. http://www.springerlink.com/content/cvuhkrat5a8db2yf/
(École de Physique et Chimie Sorbonne) Paris, France3 4   
101 YBN
[12/11/1899 AD] 4 5 		4374) Radium rays are deflected by a magnetic field. These rays will be
identified as Beta rays and shown to be electrons.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Paul Villard and his Discovery of Gamma Rays", Physics in Perspective
(PIP), Volume 1, Number 4 / December, 1999, pp
367-383. http://www.springerlink.com/content/cvuhkrat5a8db2yf/
2. ^ Henri Becquerel, "Influence d’un champ magne´tique sur le rayonnement
des corps radio-actifs", Comptes rendus 129 (1899), 996–1001.
3. ^ "Becoquerel,
Antoine-. ^ Henri." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 558-561. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 5 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
4. ^ "Paul Villard and his Discovery of Gamma Rays", Physics in Perspective
(PIP), Volume 1, Number 4 / December, 1999, pp
367-383. http://www.springerlink.com/content/cvuhkrat5a8db2yf/ {12/11/1899}
5. ^ Henri
Becquerel, "Influence d’un champ magne´tique sur le rayonnement des corps
radio-actifs", Comptes rendus 129 (1899), 996–1001. {12/11/1899}

MORE INFO
[1] "Henri Becquerel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel
[2] "Henri Becquerel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05
Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel
[3] "Antoine Henri Becquerel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel
[4]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html
[5] Henri Becquerel (1896). "Sur les radiations émises par phosphorescence".
Comptes Rendus 122: 420–421.
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780/f422.chemindefer. translated by
Carmen Giunta: http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/becquerel.html and
http://books.google.com/books?id=gJMZAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA339&dq=%22On+the+rays+emitt
ed+by+phosphorescence%22& (this appears to be not as accurate as the one
above)
[6] ([SO4(UO)K+H2O)
[7] "Becquerel, Henri." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9014051>
(École Polytechnique) Paris, France3   
101 YBN
[12/??/1899 AD] 3 		4265) The negative ion is found to have the same mass and charge for all
gases.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Thomson, J.J., "On the Masses of the Ions in Gases at Low Pressures.",
Phil. Mag, S. 5, V. 48, N. 295, Dec
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=gEwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA547&dq=thomson+date:18
99-1899+intitle:philosophical&lr=&cd=2#v=onepage&q=thomson%20date%3A1899-1899%20
intitle%3Aphilosophical&f=false
2. ^ Thomson, J.J., "On the Masses of the Ions in Gases at Low Pressures.",
Phil. Mag, S. 5, V. 48, N. 295, Dec
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=gEwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA547&dq=thomson+date:18
99-1899+intitle:philosophical&lr=&cd=2#v=onepage&q=thomson%20date%3A1899-1899%20
intitle%3Aphilosophical&f=false
3. ^ Thomson, J.J., "On the Masses of the Ions in Gases at Low Pressures.",
Phil. Mag, S. 5, V. 48, N. 295, Dec
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=gEwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA547&dq=thomson+date:18
99-1899+intitle:philosophical&lr=&cd=2#v=onepage&q=thomson%20date%3A1899-1899%20
intitle%3Aphilosophical&f=false {12/1899}

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_John_Thomson
[2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html
[3] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University
Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph-john-thomson-1
[4] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p357
[5] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of
Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied
Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false
[6] "Thomson, Joseph John." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 362-372. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 3 Mar. 2010
[7] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the
Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond.
January 1, 1890 49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false
[8] "Joseph John Thomson. 1856-1940", Rayleigh G. Strutt, Obituary Notices of
Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 3, No. 10 (Dec., 1941), pp. 587-609, The
Royal Society http://www.jstor.org/stable/769169
Thomson_Joseph_John_obituary_1941.pdf
[9] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894,
p358. http://books.google.com/books?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity
+of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20
cathode-rays&f=false
[10] J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity gases
exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896,
p392. http://books.google.com/books?id=cbRw3OxLhUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit
ions:UOM39015024088687&lr=#v=onepage&q=thomson&f=false
[11] J.J. Thomson, "Experiments to show that negative electricity is given off
by a metal exposed to R6ntgen-rays." Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 1903, p312
[12] J.J.
Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.) On the leakage of electricity
through dielectrics traversed by Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9,
1896, 126
[13] J. J. Thomson, "On the discharge of electricity produced by the
Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, 1896, 274
[14] Thomson, J.J., "Cathode-rays.",
Phil. Mag. 44, 08/07/1897,
293. http://books.google.com/books?id=Zl0wAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editi
ons:UCALB3728216&lr=#v=onepage&q=thomson&f=false
[15] Thomson J J 1897a 'Cathode Rays' Royal Institution Friday Evening
Discourse, 30 April 1897, published in The Electrician 21 May 1897, p104–9
[16] Isobel
Falconer, "J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron", 1997 Phys. Educ. 32
226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/32/4/015)
[17] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935,
edition 2, p319-320
[18] Sir Joseph John Thomson, Applications of dynamics to physics
and chemistry,
1888. http://books.google.com/books?id=zWYSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22electricity+b
ehaves+in+some+respects%22&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%20some
%20respects%22&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=cOLUiUml_qgC&pg=PA32&lp
g=PA32&dq=%22electricity+behaves+in+some+respects%22&source=bl&ots=HRChO2-Ci-&si
g=yjqoyERWPc1b8Byyk6rU7JtujMQ&hl=en&ei=mYyaS6vTA4TCsgOW6PCtAQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul
t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%2
0some%20respects%22&f=false
[19] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935,
edition 2, p188
[20] Russell McCormmach, "J. J. Thomson and the Structure of Light",
The British Journal for the History of Science, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Dec., 1967), pp.
362-387. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4024961
[21] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072205>
[22] Sir Joseph John Thomson, "Electricity and matter",
1903 http://books.google.com/books?id=qtoEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=elect
ricity+and+matter+date:1904-1904&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[23]
http://books.google.com/books?id=AFIEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA615&lpg=PA615&dq=silliman+tho
mson+The+%22Present+Development%22+of+%22our+ideas+of+electricity%22&source=bl&o
ts=MplL4FZwlB&sig=syqjUWBgONoPdTsWsjAKp0v4aVM&hl=en&ei=KLyeS-qmHIHkswPOjMiNCw&sa
=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=silliman%20thom
son%20The%20%22Present%20Development%22%20of%20%22our%20ideas%20of%20electricity
%22&f=false
[24] Thomson, J. J., "Experiments to show that negative electricity is given
off by a metal exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 312,
1903. http://books.google.com/books?id=yZ81AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA312&dq=Experiments+to+
show+that+negative+electricity+is+given+off+by+a+metal+exposed+to+Rontgen-rays&c
d=1#v=onepage&q=Experiments%20to%20show%20that%20negative%20electricity%20is%20g
iven%20off%20by%20a%20metal%20exposed%20to%20Rontgen-rays&f=false
(British Association Meeting) Dover, England2   
101 YBN
[1899 AD] 6 7 8 		3825) Hydrogen is solidified.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p493-494.
2. ^ "Dewar, Sir James."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030182>.
3. ^ "James Dewar." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar
4. ^ James Dewar, "Solid Hydrogen",
Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science, Chemical news office., 1899,
v.80 (1900),
p132-133. http://books.google.com/books?id=958EAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PT49&dq=chemical
+news+dewar+solidification+date:1899-1899&ei=ZcdnSaXOJYrUkwSazf0m#PRA1-PT128,M1
5. ^ "Dewar, Sir James." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030182>.
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
p493-494. {1899}
7. ^ "Dewar, Sir James." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 Jan. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9030182>. {1899}
8. ^ "James Dewar." A Dictionary
of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan.
2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar {1899}

MORE INFO
[1] "James Dewar." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/james-dewar
[2] "James Dewar". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dewar
[3] "Sir James Dewar". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_James_Dewar
[4] George Downing Liveing, James Dewar, "Collected Papers on Spectroscopy",
University Press,
1915. http://books.google.com/books?id=X75NAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Jame
s+Dewar&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=OipmSfW-FJD6lQTf3aCZAQ
[5] Armstrong, H. E. (1928). "Obituary of James Dewar". Journal of the Chemical
Society: 1056 – 1076. doi:10.1039/JR9280001056.
http://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/article.asp?doi=JR9280001056
[6] http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2008/August/DewarsFlask.asp
[7] http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=2955&inst_id=17
[8] Videos of magnetism of liquid
oxygen: http://video.google.com/videosearch?hl=en&q=magnetism%20liquid%20oxygen
&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wv#
[9] "Dewar, James", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2,
Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p248
[10] James Dewar, Helen Rose Banks Dewar,
James Douglas Hamilton Dickson, Hugh Munro Ross, Ernest Charles Scott Dickson,
"Collected Papers of Sir James Dewar...", The University Press,
1927. http://books.google.com/books?id=pR9WAAAAMAAJ&q=Collected+Papers+of+Sir+J
ames+Dewar&dq=Collected+Papers+of+Sir+James+Dewar&lr=&ei=8r5nSZWNFoGklQSW5s3yCw&
pgis=1
[11] Willett Lepley Hardin, "The Rise and Development of the Liquefaction of
Gases", The Macmillan company,
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=s5cAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR8&dq=dewar+solidificat
ion+date:1899-1899&lr=&ei=g79nSZrvFozSlQS2pvXrCA
(Royal Institution) London, England5 (presumably)  
101 YBN
[1899 AD] 5 		4177) The theory that mass and time change for a body depending on its motion
relative to the speed of light,2 and that no matter can travel faster than the
speed of light.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ H. A. Lorentz, "Electromagnetic Phenomena in a System Moving with any
Velocity Less than that of Light", Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of
Amsterdam, 1904,
p6. http://www.historyofscience.nl/search/detail.cfm?pubid=615&view=image&start
row=1 http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_phenomena
2. ^ H. A. Lorentz, "Electromagnetic Phenomena in a System Moving with any
Velocity Less than that of Light", Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of
Amsterdam, 1904,
p6. http://www.historyofscience.nl/search/detail.cfm?pubid=615&view=image&start
row=1 http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_phenomena
3. ^ H. A. Lorentz, "Electromagnetic Phenomena in a System Moving with any
Velocity Less than that of Light", Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of
Amsterdam, 1904,
p6. http://www.historyofscience.nl/search/detail.cfm?pubid=615&view=image&start
row=1 http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_phenomena
4. ^ "Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 487-500. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 25 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
5. ^ "Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 487-500. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 25 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>. {1899}

MORE INFO
[1] "Hendrik Lorentz." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hendrik-lorentz
[2] "Hendrik Lorentz." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 25
Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/hendrik-lorentz
[3] "Hendrik Lorentz." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 25 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hendrik-lorentz
[4] "Hendrik Lorentz". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz
[5] H. A. Lorentz, "Versuch einer Theorie der elektrischen und optoschen
Erscheinungen in bewegten Korpern", (Leiden, 1895). translated: Lorentz,
Einstein, Minkowski, Weyl, tr: Perret, Jeffery, "The Principle of Relativity",
1923
[6] Alfred M. Bork, "The 'FitzGerald' Contraction",Isis, Vol. 57, No. 2
(Summer, 1966), pp. 199-207. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/227959.pdf
[7] H. A. Lorentz, "Michelson's Interference Experiment",
translated from: "Versuch einer Theorie der elektrischen und optoschen
Erscheinungen in bewegten Korpern", (Leiden, 1895). Lorentz, Einstein,
Minkowski, Weyl, tr: Perret, Jeffery, "The Principle of Relativity", 1923.
text at: http://www.lawebdefisica.com/arts/lorentz/
[8] Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, "The Einstein theory of relativity: a
concise statement", 1920.
http://books.google.com/books?id=DCUQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:
lorentz#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[9] "Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009. Web. 25 Nov. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9048963>
[10] Janssen, Michel and A. J. Kox. "Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon." Complete
Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 22. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons,
2008. 333-336. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California -
Irvine. 25 Nov. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>
[11] Albert Michelson, "Studies in Optics", Chicago
Universityt Press, 1927, p156
[12] Frederick Seitz, "James Clerk maxwell
(1831-1879)", Proceedings, American Philosophical Society, vol 145, num 1,
2001,
p34. http://books.google.com/books?id=tkQJFNlSbzAC&pg=PA34&dq=lorentz+transform
ations+1904&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[13] Florian Cajori, "A history of mathematics", Edition: 2, 919.
http://books.google.com/books?id=bBoPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA479&dq=lorentz+transformati
ons+1904&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
(University of Leiden) Leiden, Netherlands4   
101 YBN
[1899 AD] 3 4 		4472) The pressure exerted by light is measured using very light mirrors in a
vacuum.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p609.
2. ^ "Lebedev, Pyotr
Nikolayevich." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9047546>.
3. ^ "Lebedev, Pyotr Nikolayevich." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9047546>. {1899}
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p609. {1901}

MORE INFO
[1] "Pyotr Lebedev". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Lebedev
(Moscow State University) Moscow, Russia2   
101 YBN
[1899 AD] 3 4 		4473) The mechanical pressure light exerts on gas molecules is measured.1
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ "Lebedev, Pyotr Nikolayevich." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9047546>.
2. ^ "Lebedev, Pyotr Nikolayevich." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9047546>.
3. ^ "Lebedev, Pyotr Nikolayevich." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9047546>. {1899}
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p609. {1901}

MORE INFO
[1] "Pyotr Nikolaevich Lebedev." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,
Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 30 Jun. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pyotr-nikolaevich-lebedev
[2] "Lebedev, Petr Nikolaevich." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 106-108. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 30 June 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902516&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[3] "Pyotr Lebedev". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Lebedev
[4] P. Lebedev, “Opytnoe issledovanie svetovogo davlenia" ("An Experimental
Investigation of the Pressure of Light"), Zhurnal Russkago fiziko-khimicheskago
obshchestva, 1901, t33 vyp 7 otf and Annalen der Physik, 1901 bd 6 s 433-458
(Moscow State University) Moscow, Russia2   
100 YBN
[01/29/1900 AD] 6 7 8 		4155) Beta rays of radioactivity are identified as electrons by showing that
their charge to mass ratio is the same as the electron.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Becquerel, Henri." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9014051>
2. ^ Henri Becquerel, "Contribution à
l’étude du rayonnement du radium", Comptes Rendus, 130 (1900),
206–211. http://books.google.com/books?id=rsQvlEt0e7QC&pg=PA206
AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3086n.image.f206.langFR find
English translation:
3. ^ "Becquerel, Henri." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9014051>
4. ^ Henri Becquerel, "Contribution à
l’étude du rayonnement du radium", Comptes Rendus, 130 (1900),
206–211. http://books.google.com/books?id=rsQvlEt0e7QC&pg=PA206
AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3086n.image.f206.langFR find
English translation:
5. ^ "Becoquerel, Antoine-. ^ Henri." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 558-561. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 5 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
6. ^ Henri Becquerel, "Contribution à l’étude du rayonnement du radium",
Comptes Rendus, 130 (1900),
206–211. http://books.google.com/books?id=rsQvlEt0e7QC&pg=PA206
AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3086n.image.f206.langFR find
English translation:
7. ^ "Becquerel, Antoine-. ^ Henri." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 558-561. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 5 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>. {03/26/1900}
8. ^ "Becoquerel,
Antoine-. ^ Henri." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 558-561. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 5 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>. {1899-1900}

MORE INFO
[1] "Henri Becquerel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel
[2] "Henri Becquerel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05
Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel
[3] "Antoine Henri Becquerel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel
[4]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html
[5] Henri Becquerel (1896). "Sur les radiations émises par phosphorescence".
Comptes Rendus 122: 420–421.
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780/f422.chemindefer. translated by
Carmen Giunta: http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/becquerel.html and
http://books.google.com/books?id=gJMZAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA339&dq=%22On+the+rays+emitt
ed+by+phosphorescence%22& (this appears to be not as accurate as the one
above)
[6] H. Becquerel, "Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les corps
phosphorescents", Comptes Rendus 122 (1896), p.
501. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780.image.f503 translated: "On
the invisible rays emitted by phosphorescent
bodies" http://books.google.com/books?id=TwoAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA451&dq=On+the+invisi
ble+rays+emitted+by+phosphorescent+bodies.&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20invis
ible%20rays%20emitted%20by%20phosphorescent%20bodies.&f=false (this appears to
be not as accurate as the one
below) and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/becquerel.html
[7] H. Becquerel, "Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les sels
d’uranium," ibid., Comptes Rendus 122 (1896), p.
689-694. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780.image.f691 summarized:
"On the invisible rays emitted by the salts of Uranium.", Minutes of
proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume
125. http://books.google.com/books?id=D3IMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA523&dq=on+invisible+rad
iations+emitted+by+uranium+salts+becquerel&lr=#v=onepage&q=on%20invisible%20radi
ations%20emitted%20by%20uranium%20salts%20becquerel&f=false
[8] "Sur diverses propriété des rayons uraniques", 123 (1896), 855–858;
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30799.image.f855.langFR Summarized in
English as: "On the Different Properties of Uranium Rays", Proceedings of the
Institution of Electrical Engineers, Volume 25,
p740. http://books.google.com/books?id=kfk3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit
ions:LCCN08015098&lr=#v=onepage&q=Becquerel&f=false
[9] Henri Becquerel, "Influence d’un champ magnétique sur le rayonnemen; des
corps radio-actifs", Comptes Rendus, 129 (1899),
996–1001; http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3085b.image.f996.langFR Summ
ary in English: Journal of the Chemical Society, Volume 78, Part 2,
p126. http://books.google.com/books?id=Vn6KAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA126&dq=Effect+of+a+mag
netic+field+on+the+radiation+from+radio-active+substances+becquerel&lr=#v=onepag
e&q=Effect%20of%20a%20magnetic%20field%20on%20the%20radiation%20from%20radio-act
ive%20substances%20becquerel&f=false
[10] ON THE RADIO ACTIVITY OF MATTER." By HENRI BECQUEREL, ,
1903. http://books.google.com/books?id=TinLdn_MceIC&pg=PA197&dq=%22the+radio-ac
tivity+of+matter%22#v=onepage&q=%22the%20radio-activity%20of%20matter%22&f=false

(École Polytechnique) Paris, France5   
100 YBN
[03/26/1900 AD] 4 5 		4375) The velocity of the electrons of beta rays is found to be more than half
the speed of light, much higher than the electrons in cathode rays.1 2
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Henri Becquerel, "De´viation du rayonnement du radium dans un champ
e´lectrique", Comptes rendus 130 (1900),
809–815. books.google.com/books?id=rsQvlEt0e7QC&pg=PA809
AND http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?O=30000000030860 {03/26/1900}
2. ^ "Paul Villard
and his Discovery of Gamma Rays", Physics in Perspective (PIP), Volume 1,
Number 4 / December, 1999, pp
367-383. http://www.springerlink.com/content/cvuhkrat5a8db2yf/
3. ^ "Becoquerel, Antoine-. ^ Henri." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 558-561. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 5 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
4. ^ "Paul Villard and his Discovery of Gamma Rays", Physics in Perspective
(PIP), Volume 1, Number 4 / December, 1999, pp
367-383. http://www.springerlink.com/content/cvuhkrat5a8db2yf/ {03/26/1900}
5. ^ Henri
Becquerel, "De´viation du rayonnement du radium dans un champ e´lectrique",
Comptes rendus 130 (1900),
809–815. books.google.com/books?id=rsQvlEt0e7QC&pg=PA809
AND http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?O=30000000030860 {03/26/1900}

MORE INFO
[1] "Henri Becquerel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel
[2] "Henri Becquerel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05
Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel
[3] "Antoine Henri Becquerel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel
[4]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html
[5] Henri Becquerel (1896). "Sur les radiations émises par phosphorescence".
Comptes Rendus 122: 420–421.
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780/f422.chemindefer. translated by
Carmen Giunta: http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/becquerel.html and
http://books.google.com/books?id=gJMZAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA339&dq=%22On+the+rays+emitt
ed+by+phosphorescence%22& (this appears to be not as accurate as the one
above)
[6] ([SO4(UO)K+H2O)
[7] "Becquerel, Henri." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9014051>
[8] Henri Becquerel, "Influence d’un champ
magne´tique sur le rayonnement des corps radio-actifs", Comptes rendus 129
(1899), 996–1001
[9] Henri Becquerel, "Sur la dispersion du rayonnement du radium dans
un champ magne´tique", Comptes rendus 130 (1900), 372–376; "Note sur la
transmission du rayonnement du radium au travers des corps", ibid., 979–984;
and "Contribution a` l’e´tude du rayonnement du radium", Se´ances de la
Socie´te´ franc¸aise de physique, (1900), p. 16–17
(École Polytechnique) Paris, France3   
100 YBN
[05/18/1900 AD] 6 7 8 		4371) A non-deflected radiation more penetrative than x-rays is identified from
radium which will later be named "gamma" rays.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Villard, Paul. "rayonnement du radium" S�ances de la Soci�t�
fran�aise de physique (1900):
45. http://books.google.com/books?id=xmcEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA45
2. ^ Leif Gerward, "Paul Villard and his Discovery of Gamma Rays", Physics in
Perspective (PIP), Volume 1, Number 4 / December, 1999, pp
367-383. http://www.springerlink.com/content/cvuhkrat5a8db2yf/
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p584-585.
4. ^ Paul Villard, "Sur le
rayonnement du radium", Comptes rendus 130 (1900), 1178–1179.
books.google.com/books?id=rsQvlEt0e7QC&pg=PA1178
5. ^ "Villard, Paul." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 14.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 31-32. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Web. 27 May 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904493&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
6. ^ Villard, Paul. "rayonnement du radium" Séances de la Société française
de physique (1900):
45. http://books.google.com/books?id=xmcEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA45
7. ^ Leif Gerward, "Paul Villard and his Discovery of Gamma Rays", Physics in
Perspective (PIP), Volume 1, Number 4 / December, 1999, pp
367-383. http://www.springerlink.com/content/cvuhkrat5a8db2yf/ {04/09/1900}
8. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p584-585. {1900}

MORE INFO
[1] "atom." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 27 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-48356>
[2] "Paul Villard". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Villard
[3] Paul Villard, "Rayonnement du radium", Se´ances de la Socie´te´
franc¸aise de physique, (1900), p. 45–46
(chemistry laboratory of the École Normale) Paris, France4 5   
100 YBN
[07/02/1900 AD] 3 4 		3784) The first flight of a motor-driven gas-filled airship, an aluminum
blimp.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p483-484.
2. ^ "Zeppelin, Ferdinand,
Graf (count) von." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 1 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9078333>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p483-484.
{07/02/1900}
4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p397. {07/02/1900}

MORE INFO
[1] http://aboutfacts.net/History13.htm
Lake Constance, Germany2   
100 YBN
[10/19/1900 AD] 4 5 		4327) "Quantum theory", the theory that all energy exists in discrete units,
and the famous equation E=hv.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Max Planck." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 13 May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/max-planck
2. ^ "Max Planck." A Dictionary of
Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 13 May.
2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/max-planck
3. ^ "Planck, Max." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 13 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9108525>.
4. ^ M. Planck, "Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung in
Normalspektrum," Verhandlungen der Deutsches Physikalisches Gesellschaft 2
(1900), pp. 237-245. books.google.com/books?id=zYYMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA237 and
"Uber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum", Annalen Der Physik,
4 (1901), p553-563. books.google.com/books?id=j6AqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA553
AND http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112485869/abstract
and http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15314w.image.f635.langEN {Planck_Max
_Annalen_der_Physik_1900.pdf} English translation: Max Planck, Alexander Ogg,
"On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum",
1903. http://theochem.kuchem.kyoto-u.ac.jp/Ando/planck1901.pdf
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p571-573. {1900}

MORE INFO
[1] "Max Planck." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 13
May. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/max-planck
[2] "Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Karl_Ernst_Ludwig_Planck
[3] "quantum mechanics." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 14 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-77502>
(University of Berlin) Berlin, Germany3   
100 YBN
[1900 AD] 6 		4303) Around 120,000 galaxies (at the time called nebulae) are identified and
photographed.1 2 3 Spiral galaxies are found to out number all other celestial
objects.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://books.google.com/books?id=B4UqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA177&dq=keeler+spiral+nebulae&
lr=&as_brr=0&cd=5#v=onepage&q=keeler%20spiral%20nebulae&f=false
2. ^
http://books.google.com/books?id=5yEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA85&dq=keeler+spiral+nebulae&l
r=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1898&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1900&as_brr
=0&cd=2#v=onepage&q=keeler%20spiral%20nebulae&f=false
3. ^
http://books.google.com/books?id=Nn8CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA208&dq=keeler+spiral+nebulae&
lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1898&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1900&as_br
r=0&cd=5#v=onepage&q=keeler%20spiral%20nebulae&f=false
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ "Keeler, James Edward." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 270-271. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 Apr.
2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902267&v=2.1&u=univca20&
it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
6. ^
http://books.google.com/books?id=Nn8CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA208&dq=keeler+spiral+nebulae&
lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1898&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1900&as_br
r=0&cd=5#v=onepage&q=keeler%20spiral%20nebulae&f=false {c1900}

MORE INFO
[1] "Keeler, James." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 23 Apr. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9044967>
[2] "James Edward Keeler." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 23 Apr. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/james-edward-keeler-american-astronomer
[3] "James Edward Keeler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Edward_Keeler
[4] James Keeler, “A Spectroscopic Proof of the Meteoritic Constitution of
Saturn’s Rings,” in Astrophysical Journal, 1 (1895),
416–427 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1895ApJ.....1..416K and
http://books.google.com/books?id=ExzOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA416&dq=A+Spectroscopic+Proo
f+of+the+Meteoric+Constitution+of+Saturn%27s+Rings&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0
&as_miny_is=1895&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1895&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=A%20Spec
troscopic%20Proof%20of%20the%20Meteoric%20Constitution%20of%20Saturn%27s%20Rings
&f=false
[5] J. E. Keeler, "On the Motions of the Planetary Nebulæ in the line of
Sight.", Astronomical Society of the Pacific, V2, N2,
11/29/1890. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?db_ke
y=AST&bibcode=1890PASP....2..265K&letter=.&classic=YES&defaultprint=YES&whole_pa
per=YES&page=265&epage=265&send=Send+PDF&filetype=.pdf
[6] James Edward Keeler , "Photographs of nebulae and clusters made with the
Crossley reflector",
1908. http://openlibrary.org/b/OL7243443M/Photographs_of_nebulae_and_clusters_m
ade_with_the_Crossley_reflector and
http://books.google.com/books?id=gD3yQAAACAAJ&dq=photographs+of+Nebulae+and+Cl
usters,+Made+with+the+Crossley+Reflector&source=gbs_book_other_versions
(Lick Observatory) Mount Hamilton, CA, USA5   
99 YBN
[02/14/1901 AD] 4 		6342) X-rays are shown to kill Guinea pigs.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ William Rollins, "X-Light Kills", Boston Medical and Surgical Journal,
February 14, 1901,
p173. http://books.google.com/books?id=0sUEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173
2. ^ William Rollins, "X-Light Kills", Boston Medical and Surgical Journal,
February 14, 1901,
p173. http://books.google.com/books?id=0sUEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173
3. ^ Ronald L. Kathren, "William H. Rollins (1852-1929) X-ray Protection
Pioneer", J Hist Med Allied Sci. 1964
Jul;19:287-94. http://jhmas.oxfordjournals.org/content/XIX/3/287.full.pdf
{Ronald_William_Rollins_196407xx.pdf}
4. ^ William Rollins, "X-Light Kills", Boston Medical and Surgical Journal,
February 14, 1901,
p173. http://books.google.com/books?id=0sUEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173
Boston, Massachusetts, USA3   
99 YBN
[10/10/1901 AD] 6 7 		4148) The first synthetic protein is created when3 two amino acid molecules
are condensed into dipeptides.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Fischer, Emil Hermann." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 1-5. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
2. ^ "Fischer, Emil Hermann." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 1-5. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ "Fischer, Emil Hermann." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 1-5. Gale Virtual
Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
5. ^ "Fischer, Emil Hermann." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 1-5. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
6. ^ "Fischer, Emil Hermann." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 1-5. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>. {1901}
7. ^ "Emil Fischer -
Biography". Nobelprize.org. 11 May 2013
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1902/fischer-bio.html


MORE INFO
[1] "Hermann Emil Fischer." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-emil-fischer
[2] "Emil Hermann Fischer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Hermann_Fischer
[3] Untersuchungen über Aminosäuren, Polypeptide und Proteine,
1899–1906 (Berlin,
1906); http://books.google.com/books?id=YwXiXA-UN0UC&dq=Untersuchungen+%C3%BCbe
r+Aminos%C3%A4uren,+Polypeptide+und+Proteine&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=o
_b7eX-MYN&sig=NBTkQPTKqSIIuIrisZiCgoRR_Yk&hl=en&ei=iCDySqWpCIn4tAOJrMneAQ&sa=X&o
i=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CA8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[4] Untersuchungen in der Puringruppe, 1882–1906 (Berlin, 1907);
http://books.google.com/books?id=L5JPyTLCkA8C&pg=PA611&dq=Untersuchungen+in+de
r+Puringruppe#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[5] "Fischer, Emil." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 4 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9034371>
[6] "Hermann Emil Fischer." A Dictionary of Scientists.
Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-emil-fischer
[7] Fischer, E. "Die Hydrolyse der Proteinstoffe." Zeitschrift für
Lebensmitteluntersuchung und-Forschung A 5.24 (1902):
1207-1208. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02506767?LI=true
[8] Fischer, Emil, and Ernest Fourneau. "Ueber einige Derivate des Glykocolls."
Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 34.2 (1901):
2868-2877. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cber.190103402249/abstrac
t
(University of Berlin) Berlin, Germany5   
99 YBN
[12/12/1901 AD] 3 4 		4832) The first radio message is sent over the Atlantic Ocean.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Guglielmo Marconi." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 19 Oct. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/364287/Guglielmo-Marconi>.
2. ^ "Guglielmo Marconi." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 19 Oct. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/364287/Guglielmo-Marconi>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p650-651. {12/12/1901}
4. ^ "Marconi,
Guglielmo." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit:
Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 98-99. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 19
Oct. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902815&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {12/12/1901}

MORE INFO
[1] "Guglielmo Marconi." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 19 Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/guglielmo-marconi
[2] "Guglielmo Marconi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi
[3]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/marconi-bio.html
[4] G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", proceedings of the institution of
electrical engineers, v28, 1899,
p273. http://books.google.com/books?id=UQAUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=proc
eedings+of+the+institution+of+electrical+engineers&hl=en&ei=5yu-TOTnFIugsQOn9bzI
DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=marconi&f=
false
[5] G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", Proceedings of the Royal Institution of
Great Britain, 16 (1899– 1901), 247–256
[6] G. Marconi, "Syntonic Wireless
Telegraphy", Royal Society of Arts. Journal, 49 (1901), 505
[7] Orrin E. Dunlap,
Jr., "Marconi: The Man and His Wireless" (1937)
[8] W. P. Jolly, "Marconi", 1972, p78
[9]
British patent No. 12,039, Date of Application 2 June 1896; Complete
Specification Left, 2 March 1897; Accepted, 2 July 1897 (later claimed by
Oliver Lodge to contain his own ideas which he failed to
patent) http://www.earlyradiohistory.us/1901fae.htm
[10] U.S. Patent 0,586,193 "Transmitting electrical signals", (using Ruhmkorff
coil and Morse code key) filed December 1896, patented July,
1897. http://www.google.com/patents?vid=586193
[11] U.S. Patent 0,763,772 "Apparatus for wireless telegraphy" (Four tuned
system; this innovation was predated by N. Tesla, O. Lodge, and J. S.
Stone) http://www.google.com/patents?id=L5tvAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s
ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
Poldhu, Cornwall, England to St. John’s, Newfoundland2   
99 YBN
[12/31/1901 AD] 5 6 		4120) Yellow fever is shown to be caused by a virus;1 2 the first disease
found in humans to be attributed to a virus.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p531.
2. ^ A Compilation of Various
Publications Results of the Work of Major Walter Reed, Medical Corps, United
States Army, and the Yellow Fever Commission, Senate document no. 822 from the
Third Session of the 61st Congress (Washington, D. C, 1911),
p70. http://books.google.com/books?id=NJIaAAAAMAAJ&dq=A+Compilation+of+Various+
Publications+Results+of+the+Work+of+Major+Walter+Reed&printsec=frontcover&source
=bl&ots=pXL0Ysd1Zx&sig=yClltkysOqVf3sQoYMst7Gbnjro&hl=en&ei=DfncSo6AIoOIswPZ84Gc
Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p531.
4. ^ A Compilation of Various
Publications Results of the Work of Major Walter Reed, Medical Corps, United
States Army, and the Yellow Fever Commission, Senate document no. 822 from the
Third Session of the 61st Congress (Washington, D. C, 1911),
p70. http://books.google.com/books?id=NJIaAAAAMAAJ&dq=A+Compilation+of+Various+
Publications+Results+of+the+Work+of+Major+Walter+Reed&printsec=frontcover&source
=bl&ots=pXL0Ysd1Zx&sig=yClltkysOqVf3sQoYMst7Gbnjro&hl=en&ei=DfncSo6AIoOIswPZ84Gc
Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false
5. ^ A Compilation of Various Publications Results of the Work of Major Walter
Reed, Medical Corps, United States Army, and the Yellow Fever Commission,
Senate document no. 822 from the Third Session of the 61st Congress
(Washington, D. C, 1911),
p70. http://books.google.com/books?id=NJIaAAAAMAAJ&dq=A+Compilation+of+Various+
Publications+Results+of+the+Work+of+Major+Walter+Reed&printsec=frontcover&source
=bl&ots=pXL0Ysd1Zx&sig=yClltkysOqVf3sQoYMst7Gbnjro&hl=en&ei=DfncSo6AIoOIswPZ84Gc
Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false
{12/31/1901 and 01/02/1902}
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p531. {1901}

MORE INFO
[1] "Reed, Walter." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 19 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9063004>
[2] "Reed, Walter." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 11. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 345-347.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 19
Oct. 2009 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>
(Society of American Bacteriologists) Chicago, Illinois, USA4   
99 YBN
[1901 AD] 3 4 		4054) The theory that new species can arise as a result of mutation.1
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ "Hugo de Vries." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Sep. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hugo-de-vries
2. ^ "Vries, Hugo de." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 23 Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9075778>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia
of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p515-516.
{1901}
4. ^ "Vries, Hugo De", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2,
Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p914-915. {1901}

MORE INFO
[1] "Hugo de Vries." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
23 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/hugo-de-vries
[2] "Hugo de Vries." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 23 Sep. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hugo-de-vries
[3] "Hugo Marie De Vries". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Marie_De_Vries
[4] The Midland naturalist: journal of the Midland Union of Natural ..., Volume
7, 1884,
p63. http://books.google.com/books?id=YgAXAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA65&dq=Vries+plasmol
ysis+date:1884-1884&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Vries%20plasmolysis%20date%3A1884-1884&
f=false
[5] Hugo De Vries, "Untersuchungen über die mechanischen Ursachen der
Zellstreckung, ausgehend",
1877. http://books.google.com/books?id=NOUfAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Vrie
s+Zellstreckung+date:1877-1877&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[6] Albert Philson Brubaker, Augustus Adolph Eshner, "Text-book of human
physiology", 1905,
p37. http://books.google.com/books?id=JiKto86vysIC&pg=PA37&dq=Vries+plasmolysis
&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Vries%20plasmolysis&f=false
[7] "isotonic." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 23 Sep.
2009. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/isotonic>
[8] Hugo de Vries, "Die mutationstheorie: Versuche und beobachtungen
über die ..., Volume 2",
p169. http://books.google.com/books?id=gEUZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA168&dq=papaver+somnife
rum+mephisto+de+vries&as_brr=1#v=snippet&q=papaver%20somniferum%20mephisto&f=fal
se
[9] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p638
[10] "Carl Correns." A
Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 23 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/carl-correns
(University of Amsterdam) Amsterdam, Netherlands2   
99 YBN
[1901 AD] 4 		4156) The element uranium is identified as the radioactive portion of uranium
compounds.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p539-540.
2. ^ Henri Becquerel, "Sur la
radioactivité de l’uranium." 133 (1901),
977–980. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3089k.image.f977.langFR abstr
act in English at: Chemical Society, London, Volume 82, Part 2,
p117. http://books.google.com/books?id=A8EwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=%22on
+the+radioactivity+of+uranium%22+1901&source=bl&ots=WKmlqSWW5Y&sig=mAlddpkYQ1XWz
Kl7UPuY17J47sM&hl=en&ei=UYX0SqP8FKagM4r49aIB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnu
m=2&ved=0CAsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22on%20the%20radioactivity%20of%20uranium%22%20
1901&f=false
3. ^ "Becoquerel, Antoine-. ^ Henri." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 558-561. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 5 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
4. ^ Henri Becquerel, "Sur la radioactivité de l’uranium." 133 (1901),
977–980. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3089k.image.f977.langFR abstr
act in English at: Chemical Society, London, Volume 82, Part 2,
p117. http://books.google.com/books?id=A8EwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=%22on
+the+radioactivity+of+uranium%22+1901&source=bl&ots=WKmlqSWW5Y&sig=mAlddpkYQ1XWz
Kl7UPuY17J47sM&hl=en&ei=UYX0SqP8FKagM4r49aIB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnu
m=2&ved=0CAsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22on%20the%20radioactivity%20of%20uranium%22%20
1901&f=false

MORE INFO
[1] "Becquerel, Henri." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 5 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9014051>
[2] "Henri Becquerel." A Dictionary of
Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Nov.
2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel
[3] "Henri Becquerel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/becquerel
[4] "Antoine Henri Becquerel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel
[5]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html
[6] Henri Becquerel (1896). "Sur les radiations émises par phosphorescence".
Comptes Rendus 122: 420–421.
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780/f422.chemindefer. translated by
Carmen Giunta: http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/becquerel.html and
http://books.google.com/books?id=gJMZAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA339&dq=%22On+the+rays+emitt
ed+by+phosphorescence%22& (this appears to be not as accurate as the one
above)
[7] H. Becquerel, "Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les corps
phosphorescents", Comptes Rendus 122 (1896), p.
501. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780.image.f503 translated: "On
the invisible rays emitted by phosphorescent
bodies" http://books.google.com/books?id=TwoAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA451&dq=On+the+invisi
ble+rays+emitted+by+phosphorescent+bodies.&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20invis
ible%20rays%20emitted%20by%20phosphorescent%20bodies.&f=false (this appears to
be not as accurate as the one
below) and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/becquerel.html
[8] H. Becquerel, "Sur les radiations invisibles émises par les sels
d’uranium," ibid., Comptes Rendus 122 (1896), p.
689-694. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780.image.f691 summarized:
"On the invisible rays emitted by the salts of Uranium.", Minutes of
proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume
125. http://books.google.com/books?id=D3IMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA523&dq=on+invisible+rad
iations+emitted+by+uranium+salts+becquerel&lr=#v=onepage&q=on%20invisible%20radi
ations%20emitted%20by%20uranium%20salts%20becquerel&f=false
[9] "Sur diverses propriété des rayons uraniques", 123 (1896), 855–858;
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30799.image.f855.langFR Summarized in
English as: "On the Different Properties of Uranium Rays", Proceedings of the
Institution of Electrical Engineers, Volume 25,
p740. http://books.google.com/books?id=kfk3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit
ions:LCCN08015098&lr=#v=onepage&q=Becquerel&f=false
[10] Henri Becquerel, "Influence d’un champ magnétique sur le rayonnemen;
des corps radio-actifs", Comptes Rendus, 129 (1899),
996–1001; http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3085b.image.f996.langFR Summ
ary in English: Journal of the Chemical Society, Volume 78, Part 2,
p126. http://books.google.com/books?id=Vn6KAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA126&dq=Effect+of+a+mag
netic+field+on+the+radiation+from+radio-active+substances+becquerel&lr=#v=onepag
e&q=Effect%20of%20a%20magnetic%20field%20on%20the%20radiation%20from%20radio-act
ive%20substances%20becquerel&f=false
[11] ON THE RADIO ACTIVITY OF MATTER." By HENRI BECQUEREL, ,
1903. http://books.google.com/books?id=TinLdn_MceIC&pg=PA197&dq=%22the+radio-ac
tivity+of+matter%22#v=onepage&q=%22the%20radio-activity%20of%20matter%22&f=false

[12] "abcoulomb." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/abcoulomb
[13] "Becquerel, [Antoine-] Henri." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 558-561. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 5 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>
[14] http://translate.google.com/translate_t#
(École Polytechnique) Paris, France3   
99 YBN
[1901 AD] 5 6 		4515) That there are different blood types is recognized1 and the ABO blood
group system is created2 .3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p621-622.
2. ^ "Landsteiner, Karl."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 12 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9047068>.
3. ^ Karl Landsteiner, "Über agglutinationsercheinungen normalen menschlichen
blutes" ("On Agglutination Phenomena of Normal Human Blood"), Wien Klin Wschr,
14: 1132-4. 2, 1901. English
translation: http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=A1hChCwPefsC&oi=fnd&pg=
PA112&dq=normalen+landsteiner&ots=_vv7jEjQs9&sig=4hP7HU9JIYw7QIZdahl1pFdbdQQ#v=o
nepage&q=normalen%20landsteiner&f=false
4. ^ Karl Landsteiner, "Über agglutinationsercheinungen normalen menschlichen
blutes" ("On Agglutination Phenomena of Normal Human Blood"), Wien Klin Wschr,
14: 1132-4. 2, 1901. English
translation: http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=A1hChCwPefsC&oi=fnd&pg=
PA112&dq=normalen+landsteiner&ots=_vv7jEjQs9&sig=4hP7HU9JIYw7QIZdahl1pFdbdQQ#v=o
nepage&q=normalen%20landsteiner&f=false
5. ^ "Landsteiner, Karl." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 12 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9047068>. {1901}
6. ^ "Landsteiner, Karl."
Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 7. Detroit: Charles
Scribner's Sons, 2008. 622-625. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 12 July
2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902453&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1901}

MORE INFO
[1] "Karl Landsteiner." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 12 Jul. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/karl-landsteiner
[2] "Karl Landsteiner." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12
Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/karl-landsteiner
[3] "Karl Landsteiner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner
(Pathological-Anatomical Institute) Vienna4   
99 YBN
[1901 AD] 5 6 		5510) The theory that the mass of an electron increases with velocity.1 2 3
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Kaufmann, "Die magnetische und elektrische Ablenkbarkeit der
Becquerelstrahlen und die scheinbare Masse der Elektronen" (Göttingen
Nachrichten 8, S. 143—155. 1901). (Nachrichten der Akademie der
Wissenschaften in Göttingen: Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse
) summary: http://books.google.com/books?id=SplZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA302 English: T
ranslated as "Magnetic and Electric Deflectiability of the Becquerel Rays and
the Apparent Mass of the Electron" in: Boorse and Motz, "The World of the
Atom", 1966, v1, p506. {Kaufmann_Walter_1901xxxx.pdf}
2. ^ "Kaufmann, Walter (or Walther)." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 263-265.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 20 Mar. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902262&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
3. ^ W. Kaufmann, "Die elektromagnetische Masse des Elektrons ", Physikalische
Zeitschrift, 1902, 4 (1b):
54-57. http://wikilivres.info/wiki/Die_elektromagnetische_Masse_des_Elektrons
and http://books.google.com/books?id=4VdMAAAAMAAJ&q=kaufmann#v=snippet&q=kaufma
nn&f=false
4. ^ Kaufmann, "Die magnetische und elektrische Ablenkbarkeit der
Becquerelstrahlen und die scheinbare Masse der Elektronen" (Göttingen
Nachrichten 8, S. 143—155. 1901). (Nachrichten der Akademie der
Wissenschaften in Göttingen: Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse
) summary: http://books.google.com/books?id=SplZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA302 English: T
ranslated as "Magnetic and Electric Deflectiability of the Becquerel Rays and
the Apparent Mass of the Electron" in: Boorse and Motz, "The World of the
Atom", 1966, v1, p506. {Kaufmann_Walther_1901xxxx.pdf}
5. ^ Kaufmann, "Die magnetische und elektrische Ablenkbarkeit
der Becquerelstrahlen und die scheinbare Masse der Elektronen" (Göttingen
Nachrichten 8, S. 143—155. 1901). (Nachrichten der Akademie der
Wissenschaften in Göttingen: Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse
) summary: http://books.google.com/books?id=SplZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA302 English: T
ranslated as "Magnetic and Electric Deflectiability of the Becquerel Rays and
the Apparent Mass of the Electron" in: Boorse and Motz, "The World of the
Atom", 1966, v1, p506. {Kaufmann_Walther_1901xxxx.pdf}
6. ^ W. Kaufmann, "Die elektromagnetische Masse des Elektrons
", Physikalische Zeitschrift, 1902, 4 (1b):
54-57. http://wikilivres.info/wiki/Die_elektromagnetische_Masse_des_Elektrons
and http://books.google.com/books?id=4VdMAAAAMAAJ&q=kaufmann#v=snippet&q=kaufma
nn&f=false {01/04/1902}

MORE INFO
[1] "Walter Kaufmann (physicist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(physicist)
(University of Göttingen) Göttingen, Germany4   
99 YBN
[1901 AD] 2 		6253) The electric motor vacuum cleaner.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p59.
2. ^
Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p59.
{1901}

MORE INFO
[1] "vacuum cleaner." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002.
Answers.com 26 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/vacuum-cleaner
  
98 YBN
[03/17/1902 AD] 3 4 		4398) The electron velocity (and electric potential) created by the
photoelectric effect is shown to depend only on the frequency of light.1
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ "Lenard, Philipp." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 180-183. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 2 June 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902551&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
2. ^ "Lenard, Philipp." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 180-183. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 2 June 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902551&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
3. ^ P. Lenard, "Ueber die lichtelektrische Wirkung", Annalen der Physik,
Volume 313, Issue 5, Date: 1902, Pages:
149-198 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112485664/PDFSTART
 {Lenard_Philipp_photoelectric_1902.pdf} {03/17/1902}
4. ^ "Lenard, Philipp." Complete
Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons,
2008. 180-183. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 June 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902551&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1902}

MORE INFO
[1] Joseph F. Mulligan, "Heinrich Hertz and Philipp Lenard: Two
Distinguished Physicists, Two Disparate Men", Physics in Perspective (PIP),
Volume 1, Number 4 / December,
1999. http://www.springerlink.com/content/ey675vh58f3p0965/
[2] "Lenard, Philipp." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 2 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9047736>
[3] "Philipp Lenard." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 02
Jun. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/philipp-lenard
[4] "Philipp Lenard". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Lenard
(University of Kiel) Kiel, Germany2   
98 YBN
[03/28/1902 AD] 4 		4857) The theory of the "cubic atom", which explains the cycle of 8 elements on
the periodic table, and the stability of inert gases when all 8 vertices are
occupied.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ GN Lewis, "THE ATOM AND THE MOLECULE.", Journal of the American Chemical
Society, 1916 - ACS
Publications http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja02261a002 http://books.goog
le.com/books?id=RgDzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA767&lpg=PA767&dq=%22A+number+of+years+ago,+to+
account+for+the+striking+fact%22&source=bl&ots=poniqAOQyg&sig=WFu6ffeH4l_mrhTDnV
SY3Jv0GgU&hl=en&ei=4pbQTNXlBoS4sQOal_XVCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1
&sqi=2&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22A%20number%20of%20years%20ago%2C%20to%20ac
count%20for%20the%20striking%20fact%22&f=false {Lewis_Gilbert_19160126.pdf}
2. ^ "Lewis, Gilbert Newton." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 289-294. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 29 Oct. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902598&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
3. ^ "Lewis, Gilbert Newton." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 289-294. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 29 Oct. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902598&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
4. ^ GN Lewis, "THE ATOM AND THE MOLECULE.", Journal of the American Chemical
Society, 1916 - ACS
Publications http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja02261a002 http://books.goog
le.com/books?id=RgDzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA767&lpg=PA767&dq=%22A+number+of+years+ago,+to+
account+for+the+striking+fact%22&source=bl&ots=poniqAOQyg&sig=WFu6ffeH4l_mrhTDnV
SY3Jv0GgU&hl=en&ei=4pbQTNXlBoS4sQOal_XVCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1
&sqi=2&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22A%20number%20of%20years%20ago%2C%20to%20ac
count%20for%20the%20striking%20fact%22&f=false {Lewis_Gilbert_19160126.pdf}
{03/28/1902}

MORE INFO
[1] "Gilbert N. Lewis." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 29 Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/gilbert-newton-lewis
[2] "Gilbert Newton Lewis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis
[3]
http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/PortraitsHH_Detail.asp?HH_Lname=Lewis
[4] Lewis, "Valence and the structure of atoms and molecules",
1923 http://books.google.com/books?id=36zQAAAAMAAJ&q=Valence+and+the+Structure+
of+Atoms+and+Molecules&dq=Valence+and+the+Structure+of+Atoms+and+Molecules&hl=en
&ei=jlvLTKjIF4mosQORwrmNDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwA
A
[5] "Gilbert N. Lewis." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 29 Oct. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gilbert-newton-lewis
[6] "Gilbert N. Lewis." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 29 Oct. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/338142/Gilbert-N-Lewis>
(Harvard University) Cambridge, Massachussets, USA3   
98 YBN
[03/??/1902 AD] 7 		4734) Radioactivity is recognized as atomic decay in which one atom decays into
another kind (also known as transmutation3 ).4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Rutherford and Soddy, "The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The
Cause and Nature of Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81,
1902,
pp837-860. http://books.google.com/books?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q=rutherford&f=false
2. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 10 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p635-637.
4. ^ Rutherford and Soddy,
"The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of
Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902,
pp837-860. http://books.google.com/books?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q=rutherford&f=false
5. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 10 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
6. ^ Rutherford and Soddy, "The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The
Cause and Nature of Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81,
1902,
pp837-860. http://books.google.com/books?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q=rutherford&f=false
7. ^ Rutherford and Soddy, "The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The
Cause and Nature of Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81,
1902,
pp837-860. http://books.google.com/books?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q=rutherford&f=false {c03/1902}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-rutherford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson
[2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford
[3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906
http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor
d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ
6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers,
1962, 3 volumes
[5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and
Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897,
189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si
d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343
[6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin
philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022
[7] Ernest Rutherford,
"The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian
Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the
birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18,
1906,
p123. http://books.google.com/books?id=wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=
gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false
[8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases
exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov
1897,
p422. http://books.google.com/books?id=utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an
d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+gases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h
l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6
AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org.nz/bibliography.htm
[10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical
Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati
on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produced+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad
iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduction%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false
[11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil
Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900.
http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-half-life.html
[12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395
[13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in
Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192
1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=oEwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad
ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the+Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b
l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnwX4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s
a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi
ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20the%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2
2&f=false
[14] "Frederick Soddy." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 24 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552022/Frederick-Soddy>
[15] "Frederick Soddy." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-soddy
[16] "Frederick Soddy." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 24
Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-soddy
[17] "Frederick Soddy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Soddy
[18] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/soddy.html
[19] Frederick Soddy, "Science and life: Aberdeen adresses",
1920. http://books.google.com/books?id=nHVBAAAAIAAJ&dq=frederick+soddy&source=g
bs_navlinks_s
[20] Frederick Soddy, "Matter and Energy",
1911. http://books.google.com/books?id=iKQLAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=fred
erick+soddy&hl=en&ei=i2QUTfmqL5O6sAPIxojtCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum
=4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false
[21] Alexander Fleck, "Frederick Soddy." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the
Royal Society. November 1, 1957 3:203-216;
doi:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0014 http://www.jstor.org/stable/769361
(McGill University) Montreal, Canada6   
98 YBN
[10/17/1902 AD] 5 		4253) That paternal and maternal chromosomes are pairs, and are the physical
basis of the Mendelian {meN-DElE-eN1 } laws of heredity is shown.2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Mendelian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 22 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mendelian
2. ^ "Sutton, Walter Stanborough." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 156-158. Gale Virtual
Reference Library. Web. 2 Mar.
2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904215&v=2.1&u=univca20&
it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
3. ^ Sutton, "Morphology of the Chromosome Group in Brachystola magna", Kansas
University Quarterly, 4
(1902). http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/wss-02.pdf
4. ^ Sutton, "Morphology of the Chromosome Group in Brachystola magna", Kansas
University Quarterly, 4
(1902). http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/wss-02.pdf
5. ^ Sutton, "Morphology of the Chromosome Group in Brachystola magna", Kansas
University Quarterly, 4
(1902). http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/wss-02.pdf
{10/17/1902}

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p561
[2] "Wilson, Edmund Beecher."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 1 Mar. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9077122>
[3] "Edmund Beecher Wilson." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 02 Mar. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/wilson-edmund-beecher
[4] "Edmund Beecher Wilson." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 02 Mar. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/wilson-edmund-beecher
[5] "Edmund Beecher Wilson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Beecher_Wilson
[6] "Wilson, Edmund Beecher." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
14. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 423-436. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 1 Mar.
2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904681&v=2.1&u=univca20&
it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[7] E. B. Wilson, “The Chromosomes in Relation to the Determination of Sex in
Insects” ; Publications. Carnegie Institution of Washington, no. 36
(1905). http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/ebw-05.pdf
[8] N. M. Stevens, “Studies in Spermatogenesis With Especial Reference to the
‘Accessory Chromosome’” Publications. Carnegie Institution of Washington,
no. 36
(1905). http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/holdings/s/nms-05-spe
rmatogenesis-1.pdf
[9] "Clarence Erwin McClung: 1870-1946", D. H. Wenrich, Science, New Series,
Vol. 103, No. 2679 (May 3, 1946), pp.
551-552. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1672760?&Search=yes&term=Clarence&term=McC
lung&term=Erwin&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DClarence
%2BErwin%2BMcClung%26jc%3Dj100000%26wc%3Don%26Search.x%3D11%26Search.y%3D6%26Sea
rch%3DSearch&item=1&ttl=27&returnArticleService=showArticle
[10] "Nettie Stevens." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 02
Mar. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/stevens-nettie-marie
[11] "Walter Sutton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sutton
[12] "Walter S. Sutton." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 02 Mar. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/575830/Walter-S-Sutton>
[13] Sutton, "Morphology of the Chromosome Group in Brachystola magna", Kansas
University Quarterly, 4 (1902).
http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/wss-02.pdf
[14] "McClung, Clarence Erwin." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 586-590. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 2 Mar.
2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902724&v=2.1&u=univca20&
it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[15] “Notes on the Accessory Chromosome,” in Anatomischer Anzeiger, 20
(1901), 220–226;
http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/cem-01.pdf
[16] “The Accessory Chromosomes: Sex Determinant?” in Biological Bulletin,
3 (1902), 43–84 http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/cem-02.pdf
(Columbia University) New York City, NY, USA4   
98 YBN
[10/27/1902 AD] 		3983) The speed of x-rays is shown to be the same as the speed of light.1 2 3
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ M. R. Blondlot, "Sur la vitesse de propagation des rayons X.", Comptes
Rendus,
p666-670. http://books.google.com/books?id=iV0DAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=
intitle:COMPTES+intitle:RENDUS+date:1902-1902#v=onepage&q=blondlot&f=false
translated from French to English: R. Blondlot, "Velocity of Propagation of
X-Rays", The Electrician, 11/21/1902,
p189-190. {Blondlot_Rene_velocity_of_xray_19021121.pdf}
2. ^ "The Velocity of Propagation of X-Rays", Nature, 12/25/1902,
p185. http://books.google.com/books?id=I8wKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA159&dq=intitle:nature+
date:1902&lr=&ei=FJzHSZ_eAo_ElQSC6LyADg#PPA185,M1
3. ^ "The Velocity of Propagation of X-Rays", Nature, 12/25/1902,
p185. http://books.google.com/books?id=I8wKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA159&dq=intitle:nature+
date:1902&lr=&ei=FJzHSZ_eAo_ElQSC6LyADg#PPA185,M1
4. ^ "Blondlot, Rene-Prosper", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp106-107.

MORE INFO
[1] "Prosper-René Blondlot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper-Ren%C3%A9_Blondlot
University of Nancy, Nancy, France4 (presumably)  
98 YBN
[11/10/1902 AD] 3 		4736) Alpha rays are found to be deflectable by strong magnetic and electric
fields in the opposite direction of cathode rays and so are positively charged
bodies.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "The Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily
Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil. Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187.
http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic
+and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Absorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd
6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw&hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi
=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and
%20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Easily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f=
false
2. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "The Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily
Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil. Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187.
http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic
+and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Absorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd
6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw&hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi
=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and
%20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Easily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f=
false
3. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "The Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily
Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil. Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187.
http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic
+and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Absorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd
6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw&hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi
=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and
%20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Easily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f=
false {11/10/1902}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-rutherford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson
[2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford
[3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906
http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor
d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ
6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers,
1962, 3 volumes
[5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and
Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897,
189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si
d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343
[6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin
philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022
[7] Ernest Rutherford,
"The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian
Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the
birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18,
1906,
p123. http://books.google.com/books?id=wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=
gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false
[8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases
exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov
1897,
p422. http://books.google.com/books?id=utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an
d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+gases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h
l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6
AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org.nz/bibliography.htm
[10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical
Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati
on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produced+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad
iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduction%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false
[11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil
Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900.
http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-half-life.html
[12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395
[13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in
Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192
1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=oEwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad
ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the+Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b
l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnwX4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s
a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi
ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20the%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2
2&f=false
[14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665
[15] Rutherford and Soddy,
"The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of
Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902,
pp837-860. http://books.google.com/books?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q=rutherford&f=false
[16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive
Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902
(McGill University) Montreal, Canada2   
98 YBN
[1902 AD] 3 4 		4784) A method of sewing together (suturing) the ends of blood vessels is
developed.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Carrel, Alexis." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 8 Sept. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9020489>.
2. ^ "Alexis Carrel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 Sep. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/alexis-carrel
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p645-646. {1902}
4. ^ "Alexis
Carrel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 08 Sep. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexis-carrel {1902}

MORE INFO
[1] "Alexis Carrel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
08 Sep. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexis-carrel
[2] "Carrel, Alexis." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 90-92. Gale Virtual
Reference Library. Web. 8 Sept. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900797&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[3] "Alexis Carrel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel
(University of Lyons) Lyons, France2   
97 YBN
[03/23/1903 AD] 7 8 		4493) The airplane. The first powered, sustained, and controlled airplane
flight.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Wright, Wilbur and Orville." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 6 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-8026>.
2. ^ "Wright, Wilbur and Orville." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 6 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-8026>.
3. ^ "Wright, Wilbur and Orville." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 6 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-8026>.
4. ^ "Wright, Wilbur and Orville." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 6 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-8026>.
5. ^ "Wright, Wilbur and Orville." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 6 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-8026>.
6. ^ "Wright, Wilbur." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 14.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 520-521. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 6 July 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904733&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
7. ^ "Wright, Wilbur." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 14.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 520-521. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 6 July 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904733&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {12/17/1903}
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p613-614,634-635.
{12/17/1903}

MORE INFO
[1] "The Wright Brothers." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 06 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/
[2] "Wright brothers". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers
[3] Patent 821393 FLYING-MACHINE ORVILLE
WRIGHT http://www.google.com/patents?id=h5NWAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s
ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] "airfoil." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Jul. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/airfoil
[5] Wright, Wilbur and Orville. Video. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 6
July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/art-127561>
[6] aviation: flight of the first military airplane, 1909. Video.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 6 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/art-15290>
Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, USA6   
97 YBN
[05/28/1903 AD] 		3677) The radiation from radium is shown to be less when colder.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ William Crookes, James Dewar, "Note on the Effect of Extreme Cold on the
Emanations of Radium.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905),
Volume 72,
1903/1904. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/qr2141ju61876835/?p=6170db3
0116342c2baad5cb1d8856256π=42 {Crookes_William_Cold_on_Radium_1903.pdf}
2. ^ "Crookes, William", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2,
Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p215-217.

MORE INFO
[1] "Crookes, Sir William." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 10 Dec. 2008 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9027981>
[2] "William Crookes." History of Science and
Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-crookes
[3] "William Crookes." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 10
Dec. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-crookes
[4] "William Crookes." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 10 Dec. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-crookes
[5] "William Crookes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Crookes
[6] "Sir William Crookes". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_William_Crookes
[7] William Crookes, "On Repulsion Resulting From Radiation II", Phil. Trans.
v165,
1875. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/h27121h181kw0683/?p=08857aca5970
4138b30b219bb3f34264π=74
[8] William Crookes, "Radio-Activity of Uranium", Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 66,
1899/1900. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/xq86537371533504/?p=6252ebf
0708c43989b840947812e5afcπ=79
[9] William Crookes, "Radio-Activity and the Electron Theory", Proceedings of
the Royal Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 69,
1901/1902. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/p776420j202m5870/?p=997105d
000c043068b518e34de34f8c4π=68
[10] William Crookes, "The Emanations of Radium", Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London (1854-1905), Volume 71,
1902/1903. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/p5726123522547p2/?p=5f8b4c2
c717e4aa79e1608ab6d0ecf81π=5
[11] Herbert Newby McCoy, Ethel Mary Terry, Contributor Ethel Mary Terry,
"Introduction to General Chemistry", McGraw-Hill book company, inc., 1920,
p574. http://books.google.com/books?id=qA1DAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA574,M
1
[12] "Spinthariscope". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinthariscope
[13] http://www.orau.org/ptp/articlesstories/spinstory.htm
[14] Crookes, W., "Certain Properties of the Emanations of Radium.".
Chemical News; Vol. 87:241; 1903
(private lab) London, England2 (presumably)  
97 YBN
[06/??/1903 AD] 4 		4893) The scattering of x-rays by gases is shown to depend on the molecular
weight of the gas.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Charles Glover Barkla." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 02 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-glover-barkla
2. ^ Charles G. Barkla, "Secondary radiation from gases subject to X-rays",
Phil. Mag.,S6, V5, N30, June 1903, p685 –
698. http://books.google.com/books?id=otXPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA685&dq=Secondary+radiat
ion+from+gases+subject+to+X-Rays&hl=en&ei=urb-TLaEO4ausAOu6YywCw&sa=X&oi=book_re
sult&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Secondary%20radiation%20from
%20gases%20subject%20to%20X-Rays&f=false
3. ^ Charles G. Barkla, "Secondary radiation from gases subject to X-rays",
Phil. Mag.,S6, V5, N30, June 1903, p685 –
698. http://books.google.com/books?id=otXPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA685&dq=Secondary+radiat
ion+from+gases+subject+to+X-Rays&hl=en&ei=urb-TLaEO4ausAOu6YywCw&sa=X&oi=book_re
sult&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Secondary%20radiation%20from
%20gases%20subject%20to%20X-Rays&f=false
4. ^ Charles G. Barkla, "Secondary radiation from gases subject to X-rays",
Phil. Mag.,S6, V5, N30, June 1903, p685 –
698. http://books.google.com/books?id=otXPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA685&dq=Secondary+radiat
ion+from+gases+subject+to+X-Rays&hl=en&ei=urb-TLaEO4ausAOu6YywCw&sa=X&oi=book_re
sult&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Secondary%20radiation%20from
%20gases%20subject%20to%20X-Rays&f=false {06/1903}

MORE INFO
[1] "Charles Glover Barkla." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/53462/Charles-Glover-Barkla>
[2] "Charles Glover Barkla". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla
[3] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1917/barkla-bio.html
[4] H. S. Allen, "Charles Glover Barkla. 1877-1944" (pp. 341-366) Stable
URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/769087
(University College) Liverpool, England3   
97 YBN
[07/28/1903 AD] 3 		4145) That helium is emitted from radium is shown spectroscopically.1
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ William Ramsay and Frederick Soddy, "Experiments in Radioactivity, and
the Production of Helium from Radium, Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London, (1903) volume: 72 page:
204 http://books.google.com/books?id=0aJU57E6ioEC&pg=PA204&dq=%22experiments+in
+radioactivity%22#v=onepage&q=%22experiments%20in%20radioactivity%22&f=false
2. ^ "Ramsay, Sir William." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 4 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9062617>.
3. ^ William Ramsay and Frederick Soddy,
"Experiments in Radioactivity, and the Production of Helium from Radium,
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, (1903) volume: 72 page:
204 http://books.google.com/books?id=0aJU57E6ioEC&pg=PA204&dq=%22experiments+in
+radioactivity%22#v=onepage&q=%22experiments%20in%20radioactivity%22&f=false
{07/28/1903}

MORE INFO
[1] "William Ramsay." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ramsay
[2] "William Ramsay." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 04
Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ramsay
[3] "William Ramsay." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ramsay
[4] "William Ramsay". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ramsay
[5] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/ramsay-bio.html
[6] William Ramsay, "The gases of the atmosphere: the history of their
discovery", 1896. 1896
edition: http://books.google.com/books?id=zRBDAAAAIAAJ&dq=William+Ramsay&source
=gbs_navlinks_s 1905
edition: http://books.google.com/books?id=bjQJAAAAIAAJ&dq=William+Ramsay
[7] William Ramsay, "On a Gas Showing the Spectrum of Helium, the Reputed Cause
of D3, One of the Lines in the Coronal Spectrum. Preliminary Note.",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 58, (1895), pp.
65-67. http://books.google.com/books?id=EggWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA65&dq=On+a+Gas+Showin
g+the+Spectrum+of+Helium,+the+Reputed+Cause+of+D+3,+One+of+the+Lines+in+%E2%80%A
6+date:1895-1895#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[8] "helium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/helium
[9] Ramsay, "On a new constituent of atmospheric air", Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London, volume: 63, 1898,
p405. http://books.google.com/books?id=xAAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405&dq=On+a+new+consti
tuent+of+atmospheric+air+ramsay+date:1898-1898#v=onepage&q=On%20a%20new%20consti
tuent%20of%20atmospheric%20air%20ramsay%20date%3A1898-1898&f=false
[10] http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/elements-116-118.html
[11] William Crookes, "On the Position of Helium, Argon, and Krypton in
the Scheme of Elements.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, (1898)
volume: 63 page:
408. http://books.google.com/books?id=xAAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405&dq=On+a+new+constit
uent+of+atmospheric+air+ramsay+date:1898-1898#v=onepage&q=On%20a%20new%20constit
uent%20of%20atmospheric%20air%20ramsay%20date%3A1898-1898&f=false
[12] Ramsay, "On the Companions of Argon", Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London, volume: 63, 1898,
p437. http://books.google.com/books?id=xAAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405&dq=On+a+new+consti
tuent+of+atmospheric+air+ramsay+date:1898-1898#v=onepage&q=On%20a%20new%20consti
tuent%20of%20atmospheric%20air%20ramsay%20date%3A1898-1898&f=false
[13] William Ramsay, Morris W. Travers, "On the Extraction from Air of the
Companions of Argon and on Neon", Report of the 68th Meeting of the British
Association,
p828. http://books.google.com/books?id=_es4AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit
ions:01os3IjvDjZbiTyuxyZKf7&lr=#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[14] "xenon." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/xenon
[15] "Frederick Soddy." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 24 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552022/Frederick-Soddy>
[16] "Frederick Soddy." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-soddy
[17] "Frederick Soddy." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 24
Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-soddy
[18] "Frederick Soddy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Soddy
[19] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/soddy.html
[20] Frederick Soddy, "Science and life: Aberdeen adresses",
1920. http://books.google.com/books?id=nHVBAAAAIAAJ&dq=frederick+soddy&source=g
bs_navlinks_s
[21] Frederick Soddy, "Matter and Energy",
1911. http://books.google.com/books?id=iKQLAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=fred
erick+soddy&hl=en&ei=i2QUTfmqL5O6sAPIxojtCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum
=4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false
[22] Alexander Fleck, "Frederick Soddy." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the
Royal Society. November 1, 1957 3:203-216;
doi:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0014 http://www.jstor.org/stable/769361
(University College) London, England2   
97 YBN
[12/05/1903 AD] 11 12 13 14 15 		4462) The Saturnian {Sa-TR-nE-iN5 } model of the atom (negatively charged
electrons rotate around a large mass positively charged particle).6 7 8
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ "Saturnian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/saturnian
2. ^ "Nagaoka, Hantaro." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 606-607. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 28 June 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903102&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
3. ^ Proceedings of the Tokyo Mathematico-Physieal Society, 2nd ser., 2 (1904),
92–107; and H. Nagaoka, "Kinetics of a System of Particles illustrating the
Line and the Band Spectrum and the Phenomena of Radioactivity.", Philosophical
Magazine, 6th ser., 7 (1904), 445–455.
http://books.google.com/books?id=mNbPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA445#v=onepage&q&f=false
4. ^ H. Nagaoka, "A Dynamical System illustrating the Spectrum Lines and the
Phenomena of Radio-activity", Nature, V69, N1793, March 10, 1904, p43.
books.google.com/books?id=P80KAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA392
5. ^ "Saturnian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/saturnian
6. ^ "Nagaoka, Hantaro." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 606-607. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 28 June 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903102&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
7. ^ Proceedings of the Tokyo Mathematico-Physieal Society, 2nd ser., 2 (1904),
92–107; and H. Nagaoka, "Kinetics of a System of Particles illustrating the
Line and the Band Spectrum and the Phenomena of Radioactivity.", Philosophical
Magazine, 6th ser., 7 (1904), 445–455.
http://books.google.com/books?id=mNbPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA445#v=onepage&q&f=false
8. ^ H. Nagaoka, "A Dynamical System illustrating the Spectrum Lines and the
Phenomena of Radio-activity", Nature, V69, N1793, March 10, 1904, p43.
books.google.com/books?id=P80KAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA392
9. ^ "Nagaoka, Hantaro." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 606-607. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 28 June 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903102&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
10. ^ H. Nagaoka, "A Dynamical System illustrating the Spectrum Lines and the
Phenomena of Radio-activity", Nature, V69, N1793, March 10, 1904, p43.
books.google.com/books?id=P80KAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA392
11. ^ H. Nagaoka, "A Dynamical System illustrating the Spectrum Lines and the
Phenomena of Radio-activity", Nature, V69, N1793, March 10, 1904, p43.
books.google.com/books?id=P80KAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA392 {12/1903}
12. ^ Proceedings of the Tokyo Mathematico-Physieal Society, 2nd ser., 2
(1904), 92–107; and H. Nagaoka, "Kinetics of a System of Particles
illustrating the Line and the Band Spectrum and the Phenomena of
Radioactivity.", Philosophical Magazine, 6th ser., 7 (1904), 445–455.
http://books.google.com/books?id=mNbPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA445#v=onepage&q&f=false
13. ^ H. Nagaoka, "A Dynamical System illustrating the Spectrum Lines and the
Phenomena of Radio-activity", Nature, V69, N1793, March 10, 1904, p43.
books.google.com/books?id=P80KAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA392 {later nature article:)
01/18/1904}
14. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p605-606. {1904}
15. ^ "atom."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 28 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-48357>. {1904}

MORE INFO
[1] "Hantaro Nagaoka." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Jun. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hantaro-nagaoka
[2] "Hantaro Nagaoka". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantaro_Nagaoka
[3] G. A. Schott, "A Dynamical System illustrating the Spectrum Lines and the
Phenomena of Radio-activity", Nature, V69, N1793, March 10, 1904,
p43. http://books.google.com/books?id=33YCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA437&dq=Nagaoka&hl=en&ei
=OxEpTL-bFIHanAfIz_R1&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw#v=o
nepage&q=Nagaoka&f=false
(Tokyo University) Tokyo, Japan9 10   
97 YBN
[1903 AD] 3 		4768) Chromatography: different substances in a liquid pigment mixture move
through a column of absorptive material at different rates separating into
colored bands.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Mikhail Tsvet." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mikhail-tsvet
2. ^ "Tsvet, Mikhail Semyonovich." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 27 Aug. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9073644>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p641. {1903}

MORE INFO
[1] Swackhammer, Deborah L. "Chromatography." Environmental Encyclopedia.
Ed. Marci Bortman, Peter Brimblecombe, and Mary Ann Cunningham. 3rd ed. Vol. 1.
Detroit: Gale, 2003. 248. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 27 Aug.
2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX3404800298&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[2] "Mikhail Semenovich Tsvett". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Semenovich_Tsvett
(University of Warsaw) Warsaw, Poland2   
96 YBN
[06/29/1904 AD] 4 5 6 		4707) The amount of inert gas emitted by radium is found to be directly
proportional to the amount of uranium in any given sample, which is evidence
that uranium decays into radium.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Bertram Borden Boltwood." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 03 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/boltwood-bertram-borden
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
p630.
3. ^ "Bertram Borden Boltwood." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 03 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/boltwood-bertram-borden
4. ^ Boltwood, "On the Ratio of Radium to uranium in some Minerals", American
Journal of Science, S4, V18, N104, August
1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=lUQPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA97&dq=Boltwood&hl=en&e
i=spxYTMG3J4K-sQOx-KyrCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#
v=onepage&q=Boltwood&f=false {06/29/1904}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
p630. {1904}
6. ^ "Bertram Borden Boltwood." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 03 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/boltwood-bertram-borden
{1904}

MORE INFO
[1] "Boltwood, Bertram Borden." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Aug. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9080518>
[2] "Boltwood, Bertram Borden." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 2. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 257-260. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 3 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900510&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[3] "Bertram Borden Boltwood". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Borden_Boltwood
(Mining Engineering and Chemistry company) New Haven, Conneticut, USA3   
96 YBN
[1904 AD] 3 4 		3647) The practical color photograph.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Photography#Reproduction of Coloured Objects by means of Three
Photographic Positives". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Photography#Reproduction_of_Coloured_Objects_by_
means_of_Three_Photographic_Positives
2. ^ Richter, J. Inventing the Camera. Crabtree Publishing Company, 2006.
Breakthrough Inventions
Series. http://books.google.com/books?id=jRC1nQ2mKW8C&pg=PT16
3. ^ "autochrome." The Oxford Companion to the Photograph. Oxford University
Press, 2005. Answers.com 10 Oct. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/autochrome
{announced:)1904}
4. ^ French patent 339,223, Dec. 17, 1903. Journal of the Society of Chemical
Industry, 1905. {source is wikipedia, so verify}

MORE INFO
[1] "Lumière brothers." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 09 Oct. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1403398/Lumiere-brothers>
[2] http://www.worldisround.com/articles/2378/photo1.html
France  
96 YBN
[1904 AD] 3 4 5 		4077) The vacuum tube diode (or "rectifier", which can "rectify" alternating
current into direct current).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p521-522.
2. ^ "John Ambrose Fleming." A
Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 29 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-ambrose-fleming
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
p521-522. {1904 (US Patent has 04/19/1905 filing date}
4. ^ "Fleming, Sir John
Ambrose." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29
Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9034540>. {1904 (US Patent has
04/19/1905 filing date}
5. ^ Fleming Valve patent U.S. Patent
803,684 http://www.google.com/patents?vid=803684 {1904 (US Patent has
04/19/1905 filing date}

MORE INFO
[1] "John Ambrose Fleming." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 29 Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-ambrose-fleming
[2] "John Ambrose Fleming." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 29
Sep. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-ambrose-fleming
[3] "John Ambrose Fleming". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming
[4] "Fleming, John Ambrose", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p319
[5] J. A. Fleming, "On a Phenomenon
of Molecular Radiation in Incandescence Lamps.",
p283. http://books.google.com/books?id=5X4EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA283&dq=on+phenomenon+m
olecular+radiation#v=onepage&q=on%20phenomenon%20molecular%20radiation&f=false
(University College) London, England2   
96 YBN
[1904 AD] 6 		4366) The word "hormone" is coined for substances released from the endocrine
{eN-De-KriN1 } gland, then carried by the blood, that profoundly influence the
function of another part of the body.2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "endocrine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 22 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/endocrine
2. ^ "Starling, Ernest Henry." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 25 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9069463>.
3. ^ "Bayliss, Sir William Maddock." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 25 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9013882>.
4. ^ "Starling, Ernest Henry." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 25 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9069463>.
5. ^ "Bayliss, Sir William Maddock." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 25 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9013882>.
6. ^ "Starling, Ernest Henry." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 25 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9069463>. {1904}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ernest Starling." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 May. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-starling
[2] "Starling, Ernest Henry." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 617-619. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 25 May 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904123&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[3] "Ernest Henry Starling". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Henry_Starling
[4] "William Bayliss." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 May. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/bayliss-sir-william-maddock
[5] "Bayliss, William Maddock." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 535-538. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 25 May 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900317&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[6] "William Maddock Bayliss". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Maddock_Bayliss
(University College) London, England4 5   
96 YBN
[1904 AD] 4 5 		4447) That calcium absorption lines do not share in the spectral line movement
of binary stars is evidence of calcium in between the stars that absorbs the
light.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Hartmann, Johannes Franz." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 146-147. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 23 June 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901881&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
2. ^ Hartmann, J., "Investigations on the spectrum and orbit of delta
Orionis.", Astrophys. J., 19, 268-286
(1904). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1904ApJ....19..268H {Hartmann_Johannes_
19040310.pdf}
3. ^ Hartmann, J., "Investigations on the spectrum and orbit of delta
Orionis.", Astrophys. J., 19, 268-286
(1904). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1904ApJ....19..268H {Hartmann_Johannes_
19040310.pdf}
4. ^ Hartmann, J., "Investigations on the spectrum and orbit of delta
Orionis.", Astrophys. J., 19, 268-286
(1904). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1904ApJ....19..268H {Hartmann_Johannes_
19040310.pdf} {03/10/1904}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p602. {1904}

MORE INFO
[1] "Johannes Franz Hartmann." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jun. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/johannes-franz-hartmann
[2] "Johannes Franz Hartmann". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Franz_Hartmann
(Potsdam Observatory) Potsdam, Getmany3   
96 YBN
[1904 AD] 5 		5099) Radar: Radio light is used to determine the location of distant objects.3

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "radar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 03 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/488278/radar>.
2. ^ "radar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 03 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/488278/radar>.
3. ^ "radar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 03 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/488278/radar>.
4. ^ US patent 810,150 dated Jan. 16,
1906. http://www.google.com/patents?id=2Ao_AAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
5. ^ "radar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 03 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/488278/radar>. {1904}

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p732-733
[2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p735
[3] "Watson-Watt, Robert Alexander." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 18. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 977-978.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905388&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[4] "Robert Watson-Watt." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 03 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-watson-watt
[5] Frank Adcock, Improvement in Means for Determining the Direction of a
Distant Source of Electro-magnetic Radiation, UK Patent 130490, August 7, 1919
[6]
Robert A. Watson-Watt and J.F. Herd: “An Instantaneous Direct Reading
Goniometer,” J. IEE (London), vol. 64, p. 11, 1926, also Wireless World vol.
18 p. 366, 1926
[7] http://www.watsonwatt.org/theman.htm
[8] "Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011.
Web. 03 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/637658/Sir-Robert-Alexander-Watson-Wat
t>
Düsselsorf, Germany4 (presumably)  
95 YBN
[05/01/1905 AD] 3 		4740) A single gram of radium is estimated to emit over a billion Alpha and a
billion Beta particles each second.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of Radium", Phil Mag,
August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208.
2. ^ Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of
Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208.
3. ^ Rutherford, "Charge Carried by
the α and β Rays of Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208.
{05/01/1905}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-rutherford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson
[2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford
[3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906
http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor
d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ
6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers,
1962, 3 volumes
[5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and
Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897,
189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si
d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343
[6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin
philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022
[7] Ernest Rutherford,
"The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian
Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the
birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18,
1906,
p123. http://books.google.com/books?id=wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=
gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false
[8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases
exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov
1897,
p422. http://books.google.com/books?id=utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an
d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+gases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h
l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6
AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org.nz/bibliography.htm
[10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical
Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati
on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produced+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad
iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduction%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false
[11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil
Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900.
http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-half-life.html
[12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395
[13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in
Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192
1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=oEwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad
ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the+Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b
l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnwX4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s
a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi
ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20the%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2
2&f=false
[14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665
[15] Rutherford and Soddy,
"The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of
Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902,
pp837-860. http://books.google.com/books?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q=rutherford&f=false
[16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive
Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902
[17] Ernest Rutherford, "The
Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil.
Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187.
http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic
+and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Absorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd
6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw&hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi
=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and
%20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Easily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f=
false
[18] "emanation." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation
[19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the condensation points of thorium and radium
emanations", Proc Chem Soc 219-20
1902. http://books.google.com/books?id=ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con
densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+emanations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C
w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2
0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thorium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false
[20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil Mag
ser 6, v 561-76 1903
(McGill University) Montreal, Canada2   
95 YBN
[06/30/1905 AD] 6 		4929) The special theory of relativity.3

The theory that the speed of light is constant independently of the motion of
all other objects. The theory that motion changes mass and time is adopted, but
that an aether medium for light is unnecessary.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ A. Einstein, "Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper", Annalen der Physik (ser.
4), 17,
891–921. http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19
05_17_891-921.pdf {Einstein_Albert_19050630.pdf} "On the Electrodynamics of
Moving Bodies"
http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/eins_specrel.pdf {Einstein_A
lbert_English_19050630.pdf}
2. ^ A. Einstein, "Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper", Annalen der Physik (ser.
4), 17,
891–921. http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19
05_17_891-921.pdf {Einstein_Albert_19050630.pdf} "On the Electrodynamics of
Moving Bodies"
http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/eins_specrel.pdf {Einstein_A
lbert_English_19050630.pdf}
3. ^ A. Einstein, "Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper", Annalen der Physik (ser.
4), 17,
891–921. http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19
05_17_891-921.pdf {Einstein_Albert_19050630.pdf} "On the Electrodynamics of
Moving Bodies"
http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/eins_specrel.pdf {Einstein_A
lbert_English_19050630.pdf}
4. ^ A. Einstein, "Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper", Annalen der Physik (ser.
4), 17,
891–921. http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19
05_17_891-921.pdf {Einstein_Albert_19050630.pdf} "On the Electrodynamics of
Moving Bodies"
http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/eins_specrel.pdf {Einstein_A
lbert_English_19050630.pdf}
5. ^ A. Einstein, "Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper", Annalen der Physik (ser.
4), 17,
891–921. http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19
05_17_891-921.pdf {Einstein_Albert_19050630.pdf} "On the Electrodynamics of
Moving Bodies"
http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/eins_specrel.pdf {Einstein_A
lbert_English_19050630.pdf}
6. ^ A. Einstein, "Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper", Annalen der Physik (ser.
4), 17,
891–921. http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19
05_17_891-921.pdf {Einstein_Albert_19050630.pdf} "On the Electrodynamics of
Moving Bodies"
http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/eins_specrel.pdf {Einstein_A
lbert_English_19050630.pdf} {06/30/1905}

MORE INFO
[1] "Albert Einstein." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 26 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/181349/Albert-Einstein>
[2] "Albert Einstein." The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-einstein
[3] "Albert Einstein." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 26
Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-einstein
[4] "Albert Einstein." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-einstein
[5] "Einstein, Albert." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 312-319. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 26 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901295&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[6] "Albert Einstein". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein
[7] "List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein
[8] A. Einstein, "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes
betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 17,
132–148. http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19
05_17_132-148.pdf "On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production
and Transformation of
Light" http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/eins_lq.pdf
[9] http://www.alberteinstein.info/
[10] A. Einstein, "Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der
Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten
Teilchen", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 17, 549–560, (Einstein's
thesis) http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905_
17_549-560.pdf "On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary
Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of
Heat" http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/eins_brownian.pdf
[11] A. Einstein, "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt
abhängig?", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 18,
639–641. http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19
05_18_639-641.pdf "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend upon its Energy
Content?" http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/e_mc2.pdf
[12] Panovsky, "Classical Electricity and Magnetism", 1953, p266
[13]
Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p407
Bern, Switzerland5   
95 YBN
[09/27/1905 AD] 3 		4930) The theory that the intrinsic energy of all matter is dependent on the
speed of light, and the famous equation E=mc2 (originally m=L/c2).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ A. Einstein, "Ist die Tr�gheit eines K�rpers von seinem Energieinhalt
abh�ngig?", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 18,
639-641. http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905
_18_639-641.pdf {Einstein_Albert_19050927.pdf} "Does the Inertia of a Body
Depend upon its Energy
Content?" http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/e_mc2.pdf {Einstein
_Albert_English_19050927.pdf}
2. ^ A. Einstein, "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt
abhängig?", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 18,
639–641. http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19
05_18_639-641.pdf {Einstein_Albert_19050927.pdf} "Does the Inertia of a Body
Depend upon its Energy
Content?" http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/e_mc2.pdf {Einstein
_Albert_English_19050927.pdf}
3. ^ A. Einstein, "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt
abhängig?", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 18,
639–641. http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19
05_18_639-641.pdf {Einstein_Albert_19050927.pdf} "Does the Inertia of a Body
Depend upon its Energy
Content?" http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/e_mc2.pdf {Einstein
_Albert_English_19050927.pdf} {09/27/1905}

MORE INFO
[1] "Albert Einstein." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 26 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/181349/Albert-Einstein>
[2] "Albert Einstein." The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-einstein
[3] "Albert Einstein." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 26
Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-einstein
[4] "Albert Einstein." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-einstein
[5] "Einstein, Albert." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 312-319. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 26 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901295&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[6] "Albert Einstein". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein
[7] "List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein
[8] A. Einstein, "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes
betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 17,
132–148. http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19
05_17_132-148.pdf "On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production
and Transformation of
Light" http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/eins_lq.pdf
[9] http://www.alberteinstein.info/
[10] A. Einstein, "Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der
Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten
Teilchen", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 17, 549–560, (Einstein's
thesis) http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905_
17_549-560.pdf "On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary
Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of
Heat" http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/eins_brownian.pdf
[11] A. Einstein, "Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper", Annalen der Physik (ser.
4), 17,
891–921. http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19
05_17_891-921.pdf "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies"
http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/eins_specrel.pdf
[12] Herbert Dingle, "Science at a Crossroads", 1972
[13] Charles Lane Poor,
Bern, Switzerland2   
95 YBN
[12/22/1905 AD] 4 		4796) That the color of a star is related to its size is recognized, the
relative brightness of a star is determined by scaling its apparent brightness
by its distance, and the theory of stellar evolution: that stars lose
brightness over time changing color in the direction of blue to red. In
addition, red and yellow stars are thought to be divided into two groups, one
with high brightness and the other with low brightness1 .2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Tassoul, J.L., and M. Tassoul. �A� Concise History of Solar and
Stellar Physics. Princeton University Press, 2004,
p53. http://books.google.com/books?id=nRtUait0qTgC&pg=PA53
2. ^ Hertzsprung, "Zur Strahlung der Sterne", Zeitschrift für
wissenschaftliche Photographie, 3 (1905),
p429-422. http://books.google.com/books?id=J8zNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA429 partial
translation in: Harlow Shapley, "Source book in astronomy",
1900-1950 http://books.google.com/books?id=S9pt_DRjngUC&pg=PA248&dq=Astronomica
l+observatory+Hertzsprung+a+detailed+survey+of+spectra+Maury&hl=en&ei=I0aZTJyrJ4
_sngfv2tAh&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=As
tronomical%20observatory%20Hertzsprung%20a%20detailed%20survey%20of%20spectra%20
Maury&f=false
3. ^ "Hertzsprung, Ejnar." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 6.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 350-353. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 21 Sept. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901979&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
4. ^ Hertzsprung, "Zur Strahlung der Sterne", Zeitschrift für
wissenschaftliche Photographie, 3 (1905),
p429-422. http://books.google.com/books?id=J8zNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA429 partial
translation in: Harlow Shapley, "Source book in astronomy",
1900-1950 http://books.google.com/books?id=S9pt_DRjngUC&pg=PA248&dq=Astronomica
l+observatory+Hertzsprung+a+detailed+survey+of+spectra+Maury&hl=en&ei=I0aZTJyrJ4
_sngfv2tAh&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=As
tronomical%20observatory%20Hertzsprung%20a%20detailed%20survey%20of%20spectra%20
Maury&f=false

MORE INFO
[1] "Ejnar Hertzsprung." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 21 Sep. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/263944/Ejnar-Hertzsprung>
[2] "Ejnar Hertzsprung." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Sep. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ejnar-hertzsprung
[3] "Ejnar Hertzsprung". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejnar_Hertzsprung
[4] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p406
[5] Gilbert Lewis, "The Chemistry of the
Stars and the Evolution of Radioactive Substances", Publications of the
Astronomical Society of the Pacific, V34, N202, 1911,
p309. http://books.google.com/books?id=PBILAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA314&dq=on+the+radiatio
n+of+the+stars+hertzsprung&hl=en&ei=lfScTPWIPI2qsAP_6dzVAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&c
t=result&resnum=8&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=on%20the%20radiation%20of%20the%20
stars%20hertzsprung&f=false
[6] Harlow Shapley, "Source book in astronomy", 1900-1950, p.262
[7] Hertzsprung,
"Zur Strahlung der Sterne", Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Photographie, 5
(1907), p86–107, 12/24/1906.
http://books.google.com/books?id=8czNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA86&dq=Zur+Strahlung+der+Ste
rne&hl=en&ei=XUSZTN__DpPqnQfnzN29Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0
CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Zur%20Strahlung%20der%20Sterne&f=false
[8] Hertzsprung, Ejnar. "Effective wavelengths of absolutely faint stars." The
Astrophysical Journal 42 (1915):
111-119. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1915ApJ....42..111H/0000111.0
00.html
(University of Copenhagen, and at the Urania Observatory in Frederiksberg)
Copenhagen, Denmark3 (verify)  
95 YBN
[1905 AD] 3 		4034) The color motion film camera and projector.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an
Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p111-112. {ULSF: copyright on work was
now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the
pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?}
2. ^ Ray Allister,
pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland
Publications, 1948, p111-112. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so
the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps
there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?}
3. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel
Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948,
p111-112. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in
the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of
being labeled a "rat"?} {1905}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/508948/index.html (note:
seems somewhat biased against Frieses-Greene[t])
[2] Earl Theisen, "The Depicting of Motion Prior
to the Advent of the Screen", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture
Engineers, Volumes 20-21, 1943,
p249. http://www.archive.org/stream/journalofsociety20socirich/journalofsociety
20socirich_djvu.txt http://books.google.com/books?id=Ct-BAAAAIAAJ&q=THE+DEPICTI
NG+OF+MOTION+PRIOR+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++THE+SCREEN&dq=THE+DEPICTING+OF+MOTION+PRIO
R+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++THE+SCREEN&as_brr=0
[3] http://www.precinemahistory.net/1885.htm
[4] "The Optical magic lantern journal and photographic enlarger",
1889. http://books.google.com/books?id=sHIzQAAACAAJ&dq=intitle:Optical+intitle:
magic
[5] Edgar Sanderson, John Porter Lamberton, Charles Morris, "Six thousand years
of history, Part 20, Volume 10 ",
1910. http://books.google.com/books?id=b6nWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA136&dq=Friese-Greene&a
s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false
[6] Friese-Greene, "Photographs Made with the Eye", "The Photographic times",
Volume 19, 1889,
p108-109. http://books.google.com/books?id=-bUaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA469&dq=Friese-Gree
ne+date:1889-1889&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false
[7] "William Friese-Greene". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Friese-Greene
[8] Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915,
p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasimeter&f=false
[9] Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in Colors", Technical World Magazine, Vol
11, 1909,
p290. http://books.google.com/books?id=CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a
s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false
[10] "Color film (motion picture)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_film_(motion_picture)
(private studio) Brighton, England2 (presumably)  
94 YBN
[07/20/1906 AD] 4 		4743) Alpha particles are found to have a charge to mass ratio near 1/2 that of
Hydrogen, and are identified as helium.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Rutherford, "The Mass and Velocity of the α Particles Expelled from
Radium and Actinium", Phil Mag, October 1906, Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a
Tree", Science, (2003).v7,
pp348-71. http://books.google.com/books?id=DdDPLGzgHoIC&pg=PA365&lpg=PA365&dq=%
22we+may+thus+reasonably+conclude+that+the%22&source=bl&ots=t9nf5WYBb6&sig=K8QHH
IgO4d34v4OotnKwBEdZ-HU&hl=en&ei=rf1yTMWYB4qWsgPRytCDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re
sult&resnum=2&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22we%20may%20thus%20reasonably%20conc
lude%20that%20the%22&f=false
2. ^ Rutherford, "The Mass and Velocity of the α Particles Expelled from
Radium and Actinium", Phil Mag, October 1906, Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a
Tree", Science, (2003).v7,
pp348-71. http://books.google.com/books?id=DdDPLGzgHoIC&pg=PA365&lpg=PA365&dq=%
22we+may+thus+reasonably+conclude+that+the%22&source=bl&ots=t9nf5WYBb6&sig=K8QHH
IgO4d34v4OotnKwBEdZ-HU&hl=en&ei=rf1yTMWYB4qWsgPRytCDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re
sult&resnum=2&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22we%20may%20thus%20reasonably%20conc
lude%20that%20the%22&f=false
3. ^ Rutherford, "The Mass and Velocity of the α Particles Expelled from
Radium and Actinium", Phil Mag, October 1906, Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a
Tree", Science, (2003).v7,
pp348-71. http://books.google.com/books?id=DdDPLGzgHoIC&pg=PA365&lpg=PA365&dq=%
22we+may+thus+reasonably+conclude+that+the%22&source=bl&ots=t9nf5WYBb6&sig=K8QHH
IgO4d34v4OotnKwBEdZ-HU&hl=en&ei=rf1yTMWYB4qWsgPRytCDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re
sult&resnum=2&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22we%20may%20thus%20reasonably%20conc
lude%20that%20the%22&f=false
4. ^ Rutherford, "The Mass and Velocity of the α Particles Expelled from
Radium and Actinium", Phil Mag, October 1906, Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a
Tree", Science, (2003).v7,
pp348-71. http://books.google.com/books?id=DdDPLGzgHoIC&pg=PA365&lpg=PA365&dq=%
22we+may+thus+reasonably+conclude+that+the%22&source=bl&ots=t9nf5WYBb6&sig=K8QHH
IgO4d34v4OotnKwBEdZ-HU&hl=en&ei=rf1yTMWYB4qWsgPRytCDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re
sult&resnum=2&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22we%20may%20thus%20reasonably%20conc
lude%20that%20the%22&f=false {07/20/1906}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-rutherford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson
[2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford
[3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906
http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor
d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ
6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers,
1962, 3 volumes
[5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and
Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897,
189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si
d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343
[6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin
philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022
[7] Ernest Rutherford,
"The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian
Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the
birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18,
1906,
p123. http://books.google.com/books?id=wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=
gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false
[8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases
exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov
1897,
p422. http://books.google.com/books?id=utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an
d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+gases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h
l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6
AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org.nz/bibliography.htm
[10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical
Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati
on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produced+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad
iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduction%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false
[11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil
Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900.
http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-half-life.html
[12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395
[13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in
Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192
1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=oEwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad
ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the+Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b
l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnwX4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s
a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi
ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20the%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2
2&f=false
[14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665
[15] Rutherford and Soddy,
"The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of
Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902,
pp837-860. http://books.google.com/books?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q=rutherford&f=false
[16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive
Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902
[17] Ernest Rutherford, "The
Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil.
Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187.
http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic
+and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Absorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd
6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw&hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi
=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and
%20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Easily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f=
false
[18] "emanation." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation
[19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the condensation points of thorium and radium
emanations", Proc Chem Soc 219-20
1902. http://books.google.com/books?id=ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con
densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+emanations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C
w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2
0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thorium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false
[20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil Mag
ser 6, v 561-76 1903
[21] Rutherford, "Radioactivity", ed 1
1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=xDwJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth
erford&hl=en&ei=u-dyTO3LC4m6sAOOhfTMDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ve
d=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[22] Rutherford, "Radioactivity" ,ed 2
1905. http://books.google.com/books?id=g0MNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth
erford&hl=en&ei=YudyTOL9E4nGsAP3ppzDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve
d=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
[23] Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of Radium", Phil Mag,
August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208
(McGill University) Montreal, Canada3   
94 YBN
[12/21/1906 AD] 13 14 15 		4788) The electric switch and vacuum tube amplifier.9 10

A third electrode is inserted into a diode (called "the grid"). A varying very
weak voltage on the grid can be converted into a similarly varying but much
stronger electron flow from the filament to the plate.11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p411.
2. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy",
Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18,
1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p411.
4. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy",
Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18,
1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
5. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p411.
6. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy",
Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18,
1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
7. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p411.
8. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy",
Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18,
1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
9. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p411.
10. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy",
Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18,
1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p646-647.
12. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space
Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb
18,
1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
13. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date:
Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18,
1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false {12/21/1906}
14. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p646-647. {1906}
15. ^ "Lee De Forest." A Dictionary of Scientists.
Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/lee-de-forest {1907 (patented}

MORE INFO
[1] "De Forest, Lee." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 6-7. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Web. 9 Sept. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901119&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[2] "Lee De Forest". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Forest
[3] diathermy. (n.d.) Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers.
(2007). Retrieved September 9 2010 from
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/diathermy
(De Forest Radio Telephone Company) New York City, New York, USA12   
94 YBN
[12/24/1906 AD] 4 		4479) Amplitude modulation (or "AM") radio communication.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p612.
2. ^ "Fessenden, Reginald
Aubrey." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 1 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9034132>.
3. ^ "Fessenden, Reginald Aubrey." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 1 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9034132>.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p612. {12/24/1906}

MORE INFO
[1] "Fessenden, Reginald Aubrey." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 601. Gale Virtual
Reference Library. Web. 1 July 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901414&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[2] "Reginald Aubrey Fessenden". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Aubrey_Fessenden
(National Electric Signaling Company and General Electric?) Brant Rock,
Massachusetts, USA3   
94 YBN
[12/27/1906 AD] 3 4 5 		4710) Radioactivity is used to determine the age of rocks. From the quantity of
lead in uranium ores and the known rate of uranium disintegration, some rocks
are found to be at least 2.2 billion years old.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p630.
2. ^ "Bertram Borden
Boltwood." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999,
2003. Answers.com 03 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/boltwood-bertram-borden
3. ^ Bertram B. Boltwood, "On the Ultimate Disintigration products of the
Radio-active Elements. Part II The Disintegration Products of Uranium", The
American Journal of Science, S4, V23, N134, N134, Feb 1907,
p77. http://books.google.com/books?id=bHAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA86&dq=Boltwood+age+lead
&hl=en&ei=qaJYTKLBJo32tgPJpZHECw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEM
Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Boltwood%20age%20lead&f=false {12/27/1906}
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p630. {1907}
5. ^ "Boltwood, Bertram Borden." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.
Web. 3 Aug. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9080518>. {1907}

MORE INFO
[1] "Bertram Borden Boltwood." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 03 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/boltwood-bertram-borden
[2] "Bertram Borden Boltwood". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Borden_Boltwood
(Yale University) New Haven, Connecticut, USA2   
94 YBN
[1906 AD] 4 		4471) A diagnostic test for syphilis is created.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p608-609.
2. ^ A. Wassermann, A. Neisser
and C. Bruck, "Eine serodiagnostische Reaktion bei Syphilis", Deutsche
medizinische Wochenschrift. 32 (1906), 745–746.
3. ^ "Wassermann, August von."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9076201>.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p608-609. {1906}

MORE INFO
[1] "August von Wassermann". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_von_Wassermann
(Robert Koch Institute for Infectious Diseases) Berlin, Germany3   
93 YBN
[05/??/1907 AD] 12 		4269) The mass spectrometer, a device that can separate atoms with an electric
charge (ions) by their mass is invented.5

Positive rays are deflected by magnetic and electric fields so that ions of
different ratios of charge to mass strike different parts of a phosphorescent
screen.6 7 8 9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13,
N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561
2. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil.
Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907,
p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561
3. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13,
N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561
4. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil.
Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907,
p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561
5. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13,
N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561
6. ^ Thomson, J. J., "Applications of positive rays to the study
of chemical reactions.",Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1911,
p455. {Thomson_Joseph_John_1911xxxx.pdf}
7. ^ Thomson, J. J., "A new method of chemical analysis (Royal Institution
lecture).", Not. Proc. Roy. Instn. 20, 1911,
p140. {Thomson_Joseph_John_1911xxxx.pdf}
8. ^ Thomson, J. J., "Rays of positive electricity.", Phil. Mag. s6, v21, n122,
Feb 1911, p225. {Thomson_Joseph_John_191102xx.pdf}
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p561-563.
10. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays
of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907,
p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561
11. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13,
N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561
12. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil.
Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907,
p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561 {05/1907}

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_John_Thomson
[2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html
[3] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University
Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph-john-thomson-1
[4] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of
Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890
49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false
[5] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of
Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890
49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false
[6] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894,
p358. http://books.google.com/books?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity
+of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20
cathode-rays&f=false
[7] J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity gases
exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896,
p392. http://books.google.com/books?id=cbRw3OxLhUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit
ions:UOM39015024088687&lr=#v=onepage&q=thomson&f=false
[8] J.J. Thomson, "Experiments to show that negative electricity is given off
by a metal exposed to R6ntgen-rays." Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 1903, p312
[9] J.J.
Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.) On the leakage of electricity
through dielectrics traversed by Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9,
1896, 126
[10] J. J. Thomson, "On the discharge of electricity produced by the
Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, 1896, 274
[11] Sir Joseph John Thomson,
Applications of dynamics to physics and chemistry,
1888. http://books.google.com/books?id=zWYSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22electricity+b
ehaves+in+some+respects%22&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%20some
%20respects%22&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=cOLUiUml_qgC&pg=PA32&lp
g=PA32&dq=%22electricity+behaves+in+some+respects%22&source=bl&ots=HRChO2-Ci-&si
g=yjqoyERWPc1b8Byyk6rU7JtujMQ&hl=en&ei=mYyaS6vTA4TCsgOW6PCtAQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul
t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%2
0some%20respects%22&f=false
[12] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935,
edition 2, p319-320
[13] "Thomson, Joseph John." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 362-372. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Mar. 2010
[14] Thomson, J. J., "The Existence of
Bodies Smaller Than Atoms", Notices of the proceedings at the meetings of the
members of the ..., Volume 16,
04/19/1901. http://books.google.com/books?id=YvoAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA574&dq=The+e
xistence+of+bodies+smaller+than+atoms+thomson&lr=&cd=2#v=onepage&q=The%20existen
ce%20of%20bodies%20smaller%20than%20atoms%20thomson&f=false
[15] Thomson J J 1897a 'Cathode Rays' Royal Institution Friday Evening
Discourse, 30 April 1897, published in The Electrician 21 May 1897, p104–9
[16] Isobel
Falconer, "J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron", 1997 Phys. Educ. 32
226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/32/4/015)
[17] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072205>
[18] Thomson, J. J., "On the ions produced by incandescent platinum.", Proc.
Camb. Phil. Soc. II, 1901, 509
[19] Thomson, J. J., "On the Masses of the Ions in
Gases at Low Pressures", Phil Mag, S5, V48, N295, Dec 1899,
p547. http://books.google.com/books?id=il4wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA557&dq=On+the+ions+pro
duced+by+incandescent+platinum&cd=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20ions%20produced%20by%
20incandescent%20platinum&f=false
[20] Do the gamma-rays carry a charge of negative electricity? Proc. Camb.
Phil. Soc. 13, 1905,
p121. http://books.google.com/books?id=7x7WAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA396&dq=Thomson+do+the+
gamma+rays+intitle:philosophical+carry+charge&hl=en&ei=6bqiS9H4BoS8sgO9g6X6Aw&sa
=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Thomson%20do%20
the%20gamma%20rays%20intitle%3Aphilosophical%20carry%20charge&f=false
[21] Thomson, Joseph John, "On the number of corpuscles in an atom.", Phil.
Mag. II, 769,
1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=GNjPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA769&dq=thomson+On+the+
number+of+corpuscles+in+an+atom&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=thomson%20On%20the%20n
umber%20of%20corpuscles%20in%20an%20atom&f=false
[22] J. J. Thomson, "Bakerian Lecture: Rays of Positive Electricity",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a
Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 607 (Aug. 1, 1913), pp.
1-20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/93452?&Search=yes&term=%22Rays+of+Positive+El
ectricity%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522Rays%2
Bof%2BPositive%2BElectricity%2522%26x%3D0%26y%3D0%26wc%3Don&item=1&ttl=46&return
ArticleService=showArticle
[23] Thomson, J. J., "The unit theory of light.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16,
1912, 643
(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England11   
93 YBN
[11/13/1907 AD] 8 		354) The helicopter.6 A helicopter achieves free flight while carrying a
passenger.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259992/helicopter>.
2. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259992/helicopter>.
3. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259992/helicopter>.
4. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259992/helicopter>.
5. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259992/helicopter>.
6. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259992/helicopter>.
7. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259992/helicopter>.
8. ^ http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/Cornu/DI18.htm
{11/13/1907}

MORE INFO
[1] "Paul Cornu." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/138077/Paul-Cornu>
  
93 YBN
[11/26/1907 AD] 5 6 		6263) An image is displayed on a Cathode-Ray Tube.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "television." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002.
Answers.com 27 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/television
2. ^ Stephen Herbert, "A history of early television,
Volume 1", 2004, p4. books.google.com/books?id=89jS4JNWuZwC
3. ^ Boris Rosing, "Art of Electric Telescopy", Patent number:
1161734, Filing date: Apr 5, 1911, Issue date: Nov 23,
1915 http://www.google.com/patents?id=IKRQAAAAEBAJ
4. ^ "television." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002.
Answers.com 27 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/television
5. ^ "television." How Products are Made. The Gale
Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 27 Nov. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/television {1907}
6. ^ "Boris Rosing". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Rosing {11/26/1907
(verify}

MORE INFO
[1] Hallwachs, Wilhelm. “Ueber die Electrisirung von Metallplatten
durch Bestrahlung mit electrischem Licht.” Annalen der Physik 270.8A (1888):
731-734. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.18882700809/abstract
[2] William Hallwachs, "On the electrification of metal plates by irradiation
with electrical light", Philosophical Magazine Series 5, Volume 26, Issue 158,
1888. http://books.google.com/books?id=nZIOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA78
[3] http://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/resources/tvhistory/index.shtml
Petrograd3 , Russia4   
93 YBN
[1907 AD] 8 9 		4438) The theory of space and time as a four dimensional structure called
"space-time".4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Minkowski, Hermann." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 11 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052860>.
2. ^ Minkowski, Hermann (1908/9). "Raum und Zeit". Jahresberichte der Deutschen
Mathematiker-Vereinigung: 75–88. English translation: Space and
Time. In: The Principle of Relativity (1920), Calcutta: University Press,
70-88 http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Raum_und_Zeit_(Minkowski)
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p599.
4. ^ "Minkowski, Hermann."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 11 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052860>.
5. ^ Minkowski, Hermann (1908/9). "Raum und Zeit". Jahresberichte der Deutschen
Mathematiker-Vereinigung: 75–88. English translation: Space and
Time. In: The Principle of Relativity (1920), Calcutta: University Press,
70-88 http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Raum_und_Zeit_(Minkowski)
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p599.
7. ^ "Minkowski, Hermann."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 11 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052860>.
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p599. {1907}
9. ^ "Minkowski,
Hermann." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 11 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052860>. {1907}

MORE INFO
[1] "Hermann Minkowski." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 11 Jun. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-minkowski
[2] "Hermann Minkowski." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 11 Jun. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-minkowski
[3] "Hermann Minkowski". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Minkowski
(University of Göttingen) Göttingen, Germany7   
92 YBN
[03/26/1908 AD] 4 		5881) The theory that an electron is a chemical element.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ramsay, William, "Presidential address. Elements and electrons", Journal
of the Chemical Society, Transactions, 1909, V95,
624-637 http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/CT9099500624 and
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1909/ct/ct9099500624 {Ramsay_Wi
lliam_19080326.pdf}
2. ^ Ramsay, William, 1852-1916. "The electron as an element ; Compounds of
electrons ; The disruption of the so-called elements." 1915.
http://hdl.handle.net/1911/8591.
and http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed030p2.2
{Ramsay_William_1915xxxx.pdf}
3. ^ Ramsay, William, "Presidential address. Elements and electrons", Journal
of the Chemical Society, Transactions, 1909, V95,
624-637 http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/CT9099500624 and
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1909/ct/ct9099500624 {Ramsay_Wi
lliam_19080326.pdf}
4. ^ Ramsay, William, "Presidential address. Elements and electrons", Journal
of the Chemical Society, Transactions, 1909, V95,
624-637 http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/CT9099500624 and
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1909/ct/ct9099500624 {Ramsay_Wi
lliam_19080326.pdf} {03/26/1908}

MORE INFO
[1] "William Ramsay." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ramsay
[2] "William Ramsay." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 04
Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ramsay
[3] "William Ramsay." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ramsay
[4] "William Ramsay". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ramsay
[5] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/ramsay-bio.html
[6] William Ramsay, "The gases of the atmosphere: the history of their
discovery", 1896. 1896
edition: http://books.google.com/books?id=zRBDAAAAIAAJ&dq=William+Ramsay&source
=gbs_navlinks_s 1905
edition: http://books.google.com/books?id=bjQJAAAAIAAJ&dq=William+Ramsay
[7] William Ramsay, "On a Gas Showing the Spectrum of Helium, the Reputed Cause
of D3, One of the Lines in the Coronal Spectrum. Preliminary Note.",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 58, (1895), pp.
65-67. http://books.google.com/books?id=EggWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA65&dq=On+a+Gas+Showin
g+the+Spectrum+of+Helium,+the+Reputed+Cause+of+D+3,+One+of+the+Lines+in+%E2%80%A
6+date:1895-1895#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[8] "helium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/helium
[9] Ramsay, "On a new constituent of atmospheric air", Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London, volume: 63, 1898,
p405. http://books.google.com/books?id=xAAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405&dq=On+a+new+consti
tuent+of+atmospheric+air+ramsay+date:1898-1898#v=onepage&q=On%20a%20new%20consti
tuent%20of%20atmospheric%20air%20ramsay%20date%3A1898-1898&f=false
[10] http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/elements-116-118.html
[11] William Crookes, "On the Position of Helium, Argon, and Krypton in
the Scheme of Elements.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, (1898)
volume: 63 page:
408. http://books.google.com/books?id=xAAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405&dq=On+a+new+constit
uent+of+atmospheric+air+ramsay+date:1898-1898#v=onepage&q=On%20a%20new%20constit
uent%20of%20atmospheric%20air%20ramsay%20date%3A1898-1898&f=false
[12] Ramsay, "On the Companions of Argon", Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London, volume: 63, 1898,
p437. http://books.google.com/books?id=xAAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405&dq=On+a+new+consti
tuent+of+atmospheric+air+ramsay+date:1898-1898#v=onepage&q=On%20a%20new%20consti
tuent%20of%20atmospheric%20air%20ramsay%20date%3A1898-1898&f=false
[13] "xenon." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/xenon
[14] "Ramsay, William." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 11.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 277-284. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>
[15] WILLIAM RAMSAY, "Experiments with Kathode Rays", Nature 89, 502-502 (18
July 1912) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v89/n2229/abs/089502b0.html
[16] W. Ramsay, "The electron as an element", Journal of Chemical
Education 1953 30 (1),
2 http://pubs.acs.org/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1021%2Fed030p2.2
(University College) London, England3 (presumably)  
92 YBN
[05/30/1908 AD] 3 		4902) Secondary x-ray radiation emitted from objects bombarded with x-rays, is
found to have a constant absorption with no regard to the intensity of the
primary x-ray beam.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ C. G. Barkla and C. A. Sadler, "Homogeneous secondary R�ntgen
Radiations". Philosophical Magazine Series 6 16.94 (1908):
550�584. books.google.com/books?id=NLBJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA550
2. ^ C. G. Barkla and C. A. Sadler, "Homogeneous secondary R�ntgen
Radiations". Philosophical Magazine Series 6 16.94 (1908):
550�584. books.google.com/books?id=NLBJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA550
3. ^ C. G. Barkla and C. A. Sadler, "Homogeneous secondary R�ntgen
Radiations". Philosophical Magazine Series 6 16.94 (1908):
550�584. books.google.com/books?id=NLBJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA550 {05/30/1908}

MORE INFO
[1] "Charles Glover Barkla." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/53462/Charles-Glover-Barkla>
[2] "Charles Glover Barkla." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 02 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-glover-barkla
[3] "Charles Glover Barkla". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla
[4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1917/barkla-bio.html
[5] H. S. Allen, "Charles Glover Barkla. 1877-1944" (pp. 341-366) Stable
URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/769087
[6] Charles G. Barkla, "Secondary radiation from gases subject to X-rays",
Phil. Mag.,S6, V5, N30, June 1903, p685 –
698. http://books.google.com/books?id=otXPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA685&dq=Secondary+radiat
ion+from+gases+subject+to+X-Rays&hl=en&ei=urb-TLaEO4ausAOu6YywCw&sa=X&oi=book_re
sult&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Secondary%20radiation%20from
%20gases%20subject%20to%20X-Rays&f=false
[7] Barkla and Sadler, “secondary X-Rays and the Atomic weight of Nickel.”,
Philosophical Magazine, 6th ser., 14 (Sept, 1907),
408–422. http://books.google.com/books?id=EhQXBZ1r44AC&pg=PA408&dq=%22seconda
ry+X-Rays+and+the+Atomic+weight+of+Nickel%22&hl=en&ei=l2MJTdDmJ4XEsAOe8ujiDg&sa=
X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22secondary%20X
-Rays%20and%20the%20Atomic%20weight%20of%20Nickel%22&f=false
[8] Polarized Röntgen radiation. Proc. Roy. Soc. 74, 1905,
p474-475. http://books.google.com/books?id=E41_hSvBIcEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=
editions:LCCN93660113&lr=#v=onepage&q&f=false
[9] Polarized Röntgen radiation. Phil. Trans. A, 204, 1905,
p467-479. http://books.google.com/books?id=x01GAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA467&dq=intitle:Phi
losophical+intitle:transactions+Barkla&hl=en&ei=9hgATZ7tI8bCngeJwtDlDQ&sa=X&oi=b
ook_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=intitle%3APhilosophica
l%20intitle%3Atransactions%20Barkla&f=false
[10] William Henry Bragg, "Universe of Light", Dover edition, 1933, 1959, p233
[11]
J. L. Heilbron, "H. G. J. Moseley: the life and letters of an English
physicist, 1887-1915", 1974.
http://books.google.com/books?id=vO0d-SBw6DEC&pg=PA62&dq=barkla+bragg&hl=en&ei=g
rQKTZ-2I4_CsAOGyPDACg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAQ#v=o
nepage&q=barkla%20bragg&f=false
[12] Charles G. Barkla, "Polarisation in Secondary Rontgen Radiation", Proc. R.
Soc. Lond. A March 6, 1906 77:247-255;
doi:10.1098/rspa.1906.0021 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/77/51
6/247.full.pdf+html
[13] Charles G. Barkla, "Secondary Röntgen radiation", Proceedings of the
Physical Society of London, 20, 200, February 1906, also Philosophical
Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 11, Issue 66, 1906, Pages 812 –
828. http://books.google.com/books?id=x5EOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA812&dq=%22Secondary+R%C
3%B6ntgen+radiation%22+intitle:philosophical&hl=en&ei=y0wRTbaFLY64sAP-4JWnDw&sa=
X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false http://
www.informaworld.com/smpp/ftinterface~db=all~content=a910485134~fulltext=7132409
30
[14] CHARLES G. BARKLA, "Secondary Rontgen Rays and Atomic Weight", nature 73,
365-365 (15 February
1906) http://books.google.com/books?id=zim4QGZtzrgC&pg=PA365&lpg=PA365&dq=%22I+
have+shown+that+all+the+phenomena+of+secondary+radiation%22&source=bl&ots=jolG27
0T2e&sig=tafArmh0ggQUxaIqvvYRt7Nf_LU&hl=en&ei=jvoLTcffOZC6sQPc4oiJCw&sa=X&oi=boo
k_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22I%20have%20shown%20th
at%20all%20the%20phenomena%20of%20secondary%20radiation%22&f=false and http://
www.nature.com/nature/journal/v73/n1894/pdf/073365c0.pdf
[15] CHARLES G. BARKLA, "The Nature of X-Rays", Nature, Volume 78 Number 2010
pp7, May 7,
1908. doi:10.1038/078007b0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v78/n2010/pdf/
078007b0.pdf
[16] Barkla and Sadler, "The Absorption of Röntgen Rays", Phil. Mag., 17 (May
1909), 739–760;
[17] Sadler, “Transformations of Röntgen Rays,” Phil. Mag., 18
(July 1909), 107–132;
[18] Barkla, “The Spectra of the Fluorescent Röntgen
Radiations", Phil. Mag., 22 (Sept.1911), 396–412
[19] C. G. BARKLA & C. A. SADLER ,
"Absorption of X-Rays", nature 78, 245-245 (16 July
1908) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v78/n2020/pdf/078245c0.pdf
[20] "Barkla, Charles Glover." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 456-459. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 1 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900268&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[21] Barkla, “Notes on X-Rays and Scattered Rays", Phil. Mag., S 6, Vol 15,
N86, Feb 1908,
p.288. http://books.google.com/books?id=DZMOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edi
tions:hr4qP1z5lYIC&hl=en&ei=350STeHQHZSssAOFq4W7Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result
&resnum=2&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=barkla&f=false
(University of Liverpool) Liverpool, England2   
92 YBN
[06/06/1908 AD] 7 		3616) The first images sent and received by radio.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY
THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American
(1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1
page)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha
ns_1908.pdf}
2. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE
ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American
(1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1
page)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha
ns_1908.pdf}
3. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE
ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American
(1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1
page)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha
ns_1908.pdf}
4. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE
ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American
(1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1
page)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha
ns_1908.pdf}
5. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE
ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American
(1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1
page)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha
ns_1908.pdf}
6. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE
ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American
(1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1
page)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha
ns_1908.pdf}
7. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE
ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American
(1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1
page)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha
ns_1908.pdf} {06/06/1908}

MORE INFO
[1] John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead &
Co.,
1902. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+Wirel
ess+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmKfhhs
RE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result
London, England6   
92 YBN
[06/27/1908 AD] 5 6 7 		4190) Helium is liquefied;1 2 the gas that requires the lowest temperature for
liquefaction at 4 degrees above absolute zero.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p546-547.
2. ^ Kamerlingh Onnes, H.,
"The liquefaction of helium.", Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van
Wetenschappen Proceedings, vol. 11,
p.168-185. http://books.google.com/books?id=bYfNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=editions:0TAagV5ZkvksJU62wD#v=onepage&q=helium&f=false (English
translation:) http://books.google.com/books?id=s6iyAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA8-PA55&dq=Onne
s+Communications+from+the+Physical+Laboratory+at+the+University+of+Leiden+date:1
908-1908#v=onepage&q=Onnes%20Communications%20from%20the%20Physical%20Laboratory
%20at%20the%20University%20of%20Leiden%20date%3A1908-1908&f=false http://www.di
gitallibrary.nl/proceedings/search/detail.cfm?pubid=2616&view=image&startrow=1
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p546-547.
4. ^ "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes."
Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/heike-kamerlingh-onnes
5. ^ Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "The liquefaction of helium.", Koninklijke
Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen Proceedings, vol. 11,
p.168-185. http://books.google.com/books?id=bYfNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=editions:0TAagV5ZkvksJU62wD#v=onepage&q=helium&f=false (English
translation:) http://books.google.com/books?id=s6iyAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA8-PA55&dq=Onne
s+Communications+from+the+Physical+Laboratory+at+the+University+of+Leiden+date:1
908-1908#v=onepage&q=Onnes%20Communications%20from%20the%20Physical%20Laboratory
%20at%20the%20University%20of%20Leiden%20date%3A1908-1908&f=false http://www.di
gitallibrary.nl/proceedings/search/detail.cfm?pubid=2616&view=image&startrow=1
{06/27/1908}
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p546-547. {1908}
7. ^ "Kamerlingh
Onnes, Heike." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009. Web. 4 Dec. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9044478>. {1908}

MORE INFO
[1] "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes." History of Science and Technology. Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/heike-kamerlingh-onnes
[2] "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/heike-kamerlingh-onnes
[3] "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes
[4] "Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 220-222. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Dec. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>
[5] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1913/onnes-bio.html
[6] "Liquid Gases". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Liquid_Gases
(Leiden University) Leiden, Netherlands4   
92 YBN
[1908 AD] 5 6 		4238) Cellophane (a clear, flexible film made from cellulose1 ).2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "cellophane." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 17 Feb. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cellophane
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p557.
3. ^ "cellophane." A
Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. Oxford University Press, 1995, 2003, 2005.
Answers.com 17 Feb. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/cellophane
4. ^ http://www.stiftungbrandenberger.ch/drbrd_e.htm
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
p557. {1908}
6. ^ "cellophane." A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. Oxford University
Press, 1995, 2003, 2005. Answers.com 17 Feb. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cellophane {1908}

MORE INFO
[1] "Charles Frederick Cross". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Cross
[2] E. F. Armstrong, "Charles Frederick Cross. 1855-1935", Obituary Notices of
Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 1, No. 4 (Dec., 1935), pp.
459-464. http://www.jstor.org/stable/768976?cookieSet=1
[3] Charles Frederick Cross, Edward John Bevan, J. F. Briggs, "A text-book of
paper-making", Edition: 4 - 1916 - 507
pages. http://books.google.com/books?id=mqRAAAAAIAAJ&dq=Charles+Frederick+Cross
&as_brr=1&source=gbs_navlinks_s
[4] Charles Frederick Cross, Edward John Bevan , "Researches on
cellulose" Volume I
(1895-1900) http://books.google.com/books?id=jYY6AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&s
ource=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false Volume II
(1900-1905) http://books.google.com/books?id=zYY6AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&d
q=Charles+Frederick+Cross&as_brr=1&cd=7#v=onepage&q=&f=false Volume III
(1905-1910) http://books.google.com/books?id=MZ49AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&d
q=Charles+Frederick+Cross&as_brr=1&cd=8#v=onepage&q=&f=false Volume IV
(1910-1921) http://books.google.com/books?id=_J09AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&d
q=Charles+Frederick+Cross&as_brr=1&cd=6#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[5] http://www.plastiquarian.com/crossbevan.htm
[6] http://www.plastiquarian.com/ca.htm
Paris, France4 (presumably)  
91 YBN
[02/08/1909 AD] 4 5 		4428) The first thermosetting plastic, a plastic that does not soften when
heated; "Bakelite".1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Baekeland, Leo Hendrik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 9 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9011719>.
2. ^ L. H. Baekeland, "The Synthesis, Constitution, and Uses of Bakelite."
Ind. Eng. Chem., 1909, 1 (3), DOI: 10.1021/ie50003a004, March 1909,pp
149–161. {Baekeland_Leo_19090208.pdf} http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie
50003a004
3. ^ L. H. Baekeland, "The Synthesis, Constitution, and Uses of Bakelite."
Ind. Eng. Chem., 1909, 1 (3), DOI: 10.1021/ie50003a004, March 1909,pp
149–161. {Baekeland_Leo_19090208.pdf} http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie
50003a004
4. ^ "Baekeland Leo Hendrik." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 385. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Web. 9 June 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900218&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {02/08/1909}
5. ^ L. H. Baekeland, "The Synthesis, Constitution, and Uses
of Bakelite." Ind. Eng. Chem., 1909, 1 (3), DOI: 10.1021/ie50003a004, March
1909,pp
149–161. {Baekeland_Leo_19090208.pdf} http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie
50003a004 {02/08/1909}

MORE INFO
[1] "Leo Hendrik Baekeland." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 09 Jun. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/leo-baekeland
[2] "Leo Hendrik Baekeland". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Hendrik_Baekeland
[3]
http://www.google.com/patents?id=hLVBAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&source=gb
s_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
(announced at: American Chemical Society lecture) New York City, NY, USA3
(presumably)  
91 YBN
[04/06/1909 AD] 3 4 		4244) Humans reach the North Pole of Earth.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p560.
2. ^ "Robert E. Peary."
Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 19 Feb. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-e-peary
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p560. {04/06/1909}
4. ^ "Robert E. Peary."
Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 19 Feb. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-e-peary {04/06/1909}

MORE INFO
[1] "Robert E. Peary." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 19 Feb. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-e-peary
[2] "Robert Edwin Peary". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Edwin_Peary
[3] "Robert Edwin Peary." Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh
Lauer. Vol. 5: 1800 to 1899. Detroit: Gale, 2000. 97. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 18 Feb. 2010
Greenland2   
91 YBN
[09/??/1909 AD] 5 		4729) The mass and size of an electron are determined;2 A mass of 10-27 grams
and size of 30 pm.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Perrin, Mouvement Brownien et Realite Moleculaire", Annales de chimie et
de physique, S8, 09/1909,
p5. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k349481.image.r=annales+de+chimie+et+d
e+physique.f3.langEN {Perrin_Jean_thought_dust_particles_1909.pdf} Perrin,
tr: Soddy, "Brownian Movement and Molecular Reality", London: Taylor and
Francis (1910), p50. http://www.archive.org/details/brownianmovement00perr
2. ^ Perrin, Mouvement Brownien et Realite Moleculaire",
Annales de chimie et de physique, S8, 09/1909,
p5. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k349481.image.r=annales+de+chimie+et+d
e+physique.f3.langEN {Perrin_Jean_thought_dust_particles_1909.pdf} Perrin,
tr: Soddy, "Brownian Movement and Molecular Reality", London: Taylor and
Francis (1910), p50. http://www.archive.org/details/brownianmovement00perr
3. ^ Perrin, Mouvement Brownien et Realite Moleculaire",
Annales de chimie et de physique, S8, 09/1909,
p5. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k349481.image.r=annales+de+chimie+et+d
e+physique.f3.langEN {Perrin_Jean_thought_dust_particles_1909.pdf} Perrin,
tr: Soddy, "Brownian Movement and Molecular Reality", London: Taylor and
Francis (1910), p50. http://www.archive.org/details/brownianmovement00perr
4. ^ Perrin, Mouvement Brownien et Realite Moleculaire",
Annales de chimie et de physique, S8, 09/1909,
p5. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k349481.image.r=annales+de+chimie+et+d
e+physique.f3.langEN {Perrin_Jean_thought_dust_particles_1909.pdf} Perrin,
tr: Soddy, "Brownian Movement and Molecular Reality", London: Taylor and
Francis (1910). http://www.archive.org/details/brownianmovement00perr
5. ^ Perrin, Mouvement Brownien et Realite Moleculaire", Annales de
chimie et de physique, S8, 09/1909,
p5. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k349481.image.r=annales+de+chimie+et+d
e+physique.f3.langEN {Perrin_Jean_thought_dust_particles_1909.pdf} Perrin,
tr: Soddy, "Brownian Movement and Molecular Reality", London: Taylor and
Francis (1910). http://www.archive.org/details/brownianmovement00perr

MORE INFO
[1] "Jean Baptiste Perrin." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 04 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/jean-baptiste-perrin
[2] "Jean Baptiste Perrin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin
[3]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1926/perrin-bio.html
[4] Herbert Newby McCoy, Ethel Mary Terry, "Introduction to general chemistry",
1920. http://books.google.com/books?id=qA1DAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage#v=onepag
e&q=perrin&f=false
[5] J. Perrin, "Nouvelles proprietes des rayons cathodiques.",Comptes Rendus,
V121, 1895,
p1130. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3077p.image.f1130.langEN Englis
h translation: "New Properties of the kathode Rays.", Minutes of proceedings,
Volume 124 By Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain),
p552. http://books.google.com/books?id=BS_yAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA552&dq=comptes+Perrin&
hl=en&ei=aO5ZTK-uJo6-sQPM-OGCCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCsQ
6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=comptes%20Perrin&f=false
[6] Report of the annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement
of Science, Issue 66, 1896,
p702. http://books.google.com/books?id=lOs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA701&dq=cathode+rays+Pe
rrin&hl=en&ei=Ku1ZTLbSAYK-sQOt-KyrCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=
0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=cathode%20rays%20Perrin&f=false
[7] "Perrin, Jean." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 4 Aug. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9059322>
[8] Jean Perrin, translated by Frederick Soddy, "Brownian movement and
molecular reality",
1910. http://books.google.com/books?id=eARJAAAAIAAJ&q=perrin+einstein&dq=perrin
+einstein&hl=en&ei=gAZbTOXsEpHUtQP10oDcDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1
&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA
[9] Perrin, "Grandeur des molecules et charge de l'electron.", Comptes Rendus,
V147, 1908,
p594-596. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k31014.image.f594.langEN
[10] American Chemical Society. Chemical Abstracts Service, Chemical abstracts,
Volume 3, Part 1, 1908, p862.
http://books.google.com/books?id=VopMAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Chemical+
abstracts&hl=en&ei=2BNbTIyKEIy8sQOs7eEG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&v
ed=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=perrin&f=false
[11] "mastic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mastic
[12] M. Chaudesaigues , "Le mouvement brownien et la formule d'Einstein",
Comptes Rendus, V147,
1908. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k31014.image.f1044.langEN
[13] "Jean Baptiste Perrin." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/jean-baptiste-perrin
[14] Perrin, "Le Atoms",
1914. http://books.google.com/books?id=p206AAAAMAAJ&dq=le%20atoms%20perrin&sour
ce=gbs_slider_thumb translated to English: "Atoms",
1916 http://books.google.com/books?id=Z_kJAAAAIAAJ&dq=le+atoms+perrin&source=gb
s_navlinks_s
(École Normale, University of Paris) Paris, France4   
91 YBN
[1909 AD] 6 		4899) A wireless radio telephone is publicly demonstrated.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ B. Jacot, "Marconi-Master of Spacep119.
2. ^ B. Jacot, "Marconi-Master of Spacep119.
3. ^ B.
Jacot, "Marconi-Master of Spacep119.
4. ^ B. Jacot, "Marconi-Master of Spacep119.
5. ^ Ted
Huntington.
6. ^ B. Jacot, "Marconi-Master of Spacep119. {1909}

MORE INFO
[1] "Guglielmo Marconi." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 19 Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/guglielmo-marconi
[2] "Guglielmo Marconi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi
[3]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/marconi-bio.html
[4] G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", proceedings of the institution of
electrical engineers, v28, 1899,
p273. http://books.google.com/books?id=UQAUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=proc
eedings+of+the+institution+of+electrical+engineers&hl=en&ei=5yu-TOTnFIugsQOn9bzI
DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=marconi&f=
false
[5] G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", Proceedings of the Royal Institution of
Great Britain, 16 (1899– 1901), 247–256
[6] G. Marconi, "Syntonic Wireless
Telegraphy", Royal Society of Arts. Journal, 49 (1901), 505
[7] Orrin E. Dunlap,
Jr., "Marconi: The Man and His Wireless" (1937)
[8] W. P. Jolly, "Marconi", 1972, p78
[9]
British patent No. 12,039, Date of Application 2 June 1896; Complete
Specification Left, 2 March 1897; Accepted, 2 July 1897 (later claimed by
Oliver Lodge to contain his own ideas which he failed to
patent) http://www.earlyradiohistory.us/1901fae.htm
[10] U.S. Patent 0,586,193 "Transmitting electrical signals", (using Ruhmkorff
coil and Morse code key) filed December 1896, patented July,
1897. http://www.google.com/patents?vid=586193
[11] U.S. Patent 0,763,772 "Apparatus for wireless telegraphy" (Four tuned
system; this innovation was predated by N. Tesla, O. Lodge, and J. S.
Stone) http://www.google.com/patents?id=L5tvAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s
ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[12] B. L. Jacot de Boinod and D. M. B. Collier, "Marconi: Master of Space"
(1935), p273.
http://books.google.com/books?id=xiFDAAAAIAAJ&q=Marconi:+Master+of+Space&dq=Ma
rconi:+Master+of+Space&hl=en&ei=GFG_TMyWPJSfnQf_yqSJDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re
sult&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA
[13] "Marconi, Guglielmo." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 98-99. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Web. 19 Oct. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902815&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
(Marconi Company) London, England4 (verify5 )  
90 YBN
[1910 AD] 4 		4476) That hereditary characters are located on a specific chromosome is
recognized.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Morgan, Thomas Hunt." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 515-526. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 1 July 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903049&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
2. ^ T. H. Morgan, "Sex-Limited Inheritance in Drosophila", in Science, 32
(1910),
120–122. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1635471 {Morgan_Thomas_Hunt_1910.pdf}
3. ^ "Morgan, Thomas Hunt." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 1 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9053728>.
4. ^ "Morgan, Thomas Hunt." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 515-526. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 1 July 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903049&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1910}

MORE INFO
[1] "Thomas Hunt Morgan." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 01 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/thomas-hunt-morgan
[2] "Thomas Hunt Morgan". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan
(Columbia University) New York City, NY, USA3   
90 YBN
[1910 AD] 3 		4961) A pressure of 20,000 atmospheres is obtained.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Bridgman, Percy Williams." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 2. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 457-461. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 28 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900627&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
2. ^ "Percy Williams Bridgman." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/percy-williams-bridgman {1909}
3. ^ "Bridgman, Percy
Williams." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 2. Detroit:
Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 457-461. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28
Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900627&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1910}

MORE INFO
[1] "Percy Williams Bridgman." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79392/Percy-Williams-Bridgman>
[2] American Scientist, Vol. 31, 1943
[3] P. W. Bridgman, "The Technique of High
Pressure Experimenting", Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, Vol. 49, No. 11 (Feb., 1914), pp. 627-643. Published by: American
Academy of Arts & Sciences Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/20025490
[4] Bridgman, "The Physics of High Pressure" (1931)
[5] P. W. Bridgman, "The
Measurement of High Hydrostatic Pressure. I. A Simple Primary Gauge",
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 44, No. 8 (Feb.,
1909), pp. 201-217. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20022420
(Harvard University) Cambridge, Massachussets, USA2   
89 YBN
[01/??/1911 AD] 2 		4321) The theory that most of human thinking is of images.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ames, C. H., "Are Space and Time Infinite? The Affirmative Answer",
Popular Astronomy, vol. 19, 01/1911,
pp.31-35. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1911PA.....19...31A
2. ^ Ames, C. H., "Are Space and Time Infinite? The Affirmative Answer",
Popular Astronomy, vol. 19, 01/1911,
pp.31-35. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1911PA.....19...31A

MORE INFO
[1] "Pickering, William Henry." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 11 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9059926>
[2] "William Henry Pickering." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 11 May. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-henry-pickering
[3] Pickering, W. H., "Are Space and Time Really Infinite?", Popular Astronomy,
vol. 18, 08/1910,
pp.420-421. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1910PA.....18..420P and
pdf: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1910PA.....1
8..420P&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf
[4] Pickering, William H., "The Theory of Relativity", Popular Astronomy, vol.
28, 06/1920, pp. 334-344. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1920PA.....28..334P
[5] Pickering, W. H., "Shall we Accept Relativity", Popular
Astronomy, Vol. 30, 04/1922,
p.199. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=19
22PA.....30..199P&db_key=AST&page_ind=0&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREE
N_GIF&classic=YES
[6] Pickering, William H., "a Suggestion Regarding Gravitation, II", Popular
Astronomy, Vol. 30, 05/1922,
p.272. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1922PA.....30..272P
[7] Pickering EC (1899-03-17). "A New Satellite of Saturn". 49. Harvard College
Observatory Bulletin.
http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/BHarO/0049//0000001.000.html
[8] "Phoebe (moon)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008
[9] "William Henry Pickering".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Pickering
[10] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p570-571
[11] "William Henry
Pickering." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia
University Press., 2010. Answers.com 11 May. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-henry-pickering
[12] Pickering, William H., "Aberration and Relativity", Popular Astronomy,
Vol. 30, 06/1922, p.340 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1922PA.....30..340P
[13] "Pickering, William Henry." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 10. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 601-602.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 11 May 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903408&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
Boston, Massachusetts, USA (presumably)  
89 YBN
[04/19/1911 AD] 3 		4691) The paths of ionizing rays (for example by α and β particles) are
captured photographically using a cloud chamber (a device that expands gas).1
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ C. T. R. Wilson, "On a Method of Making Visible the Paths of Ionising
Particles through a Gas', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A,
Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 85, No. 578
(Jun. 9, 1911), pp. 285-288 http://www.jstor.org/stable/93205
and http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/85/578/285
{Wilson_Charles_1911.pdf}
2. ^ C. T. R. Wilson, "On a Method of Making Visible the Paths of Ionising
Particles through a Gas', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A,
Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 85, No. 578
(Jun. 9, 1911), pp. 285-288 http://www.jstor.org/stable/93205
and http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/85/578/285
{Wilson_Charles_1911.pdf}
3. ^ C. T. R. Wilson, "On a Method of Making Visible the Paths of Ionising
Particles through a Gas', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A,
Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 85, No. 578
(Jun. 9, 1911), pp. 285-288 http://www.jstor.org/stable/93205
and http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/85/578/285
{Wilson_Charles_1911.pdf} {04/19/1911}

MORE INFO
[1] "Wilson, C.T.R.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 16 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9077118>
[2] "Charles Thomson Rees Wilson." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 16 Jul. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-thomson-rees-wilson
[3] "Charles Thomson Rees Wilson." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 16 Jul. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-thomson-rees-wilson
[4] "Wilson, Charles Rees." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
14. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 420-423. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 16 July 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904680&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[5] "Charles Thomson Rees Wilson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson
[6] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/wilson.html
[7] C. T. R. Wilson, "On the Formation of Cloud in the Absense of Dust",
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Volume 8, 1895,
p306. http://books.google.com/books?id=cZI1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA306&dq=CTR+Wilson&hl=e
n&ei=euJATNWWBojSsAOeyJz8DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEw
AA#v=onepage&q=CTR%20Wilson&f=false
[8] C. T. R. Wilson, "The Effect of Rontgen's Rays on Cloudy Condensation.",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Society, Volume 59, 03/03/1896,
p338. http://books.google.com/books?id=SAgWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA338&dq=CTR+Wilson&hl=e
n&ei=euJATNWWBojSsAOeyJz8DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDAQ6AEw
Ag#v=onepage&q=CTR%20Wilson&f=false
[9] C. T. R. Wilson, "Condensation of Water Vapour in the Presence of Dust-free
Air and other Gases", Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of
London, Volume 189, March 15,
1897. http://books.google.com/books?id=GFFGAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA265&dq=CTR+Wilson&hl=e
n&ei=Eu9ATInoDI_ksQPC2OiZDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDUQ6AEw
Aw#v=onepage&q=CTR%20Wilson&f=false
[10] C. T. R. Wilson, "On the Comparative Efficiency as Condensation Nuclei of
Positively and Negatively Charged Ions", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A January
1, 1900 193:289-308;
doi:10.1098/rsta.1900.0009 http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/193/2
89.full.pdf+html?sid=67702728-a318-49e2-a811-a9d4c98f896b
(Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge University) Cambridge, England2   
89 YBN
[04/28/1911 AD] 5 		4192) Electrical superconductivity at low temperatures is recognized.1 2 3
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ Onnes, H. K., Verslagen van de Afdeeling Natuurkunde der Kon. Akad. van
Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, 28 April 1911, p1479-1481. and: Koninklijke
Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen Proceedings, vol. 13, May 26, 1911,
p.1274-1276. English translation: The resistance of pure mercury at helium
temperatures. Communications from the Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory of the
University of Leiden No. B 120, 3 (1911) {Kamerlingh_Onnes_19110428.pdf}
2. ^ H. A. Radovan, N. A. Fortune, T. P.
Murphy, S. T. Hannahs, E. C. Palm, S. W. Tozer & D. Hall, Magnetic
enhancement of superconductivity from electron spin domains, Nature 425, 51-55
(4 September
2003). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6953/full/nature01842.html#B1

3. ^ Science abstracts: Physics, Volume 14 By Physical Society of London,
Physical Society (Great Britain), American Physical Society, Institution of
Electrical
Engineers http://books.google.com/books?id=bu0RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA418&dq=The+resista
nce+of+pure+mercury+at+helium+temperatures&lr=&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=The%20r
esistance%20of%20pure%20mercury%20at%20helium%20temperatures&f=false
4. ^ "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 05 Dec. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/heike-kamerlingh-onnes
5. ^ Onnes, H. K., Verslagen van de Afdeeling
Natuurkunde der Kon. Akad. van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, 28 April 1911,
p1479-1481. and: Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen
Proceedings, vol. 13, May 26, 1911, p.1274-1276. English translation: The
resistance of pure mercury at helium temperatures. Communications from the
Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory of the University of Leiden No. B 120, 3
(1911) {Kamerlingh_Onnes_19110428.pdf} {04/28/1911}

MORE INFO
[1] "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes." History of Science and Technology. Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/heike-kamerlingh-onnes
[2] "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/heike-kamerlingh-onnes
[3] "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes
[4] "Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 220-222. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Dec. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>
[5] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1913/onnes-bio.html
[6] "Liquid Gases". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Liquid_Gases
[7] Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "The liquefaction of helium.", Koninklijke
Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen Proceedings, vol. 11,
p.168-185. http://books.google.com/books?id=bYfNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=editions:0TAagV5ZkvksJU62wD#v=onepage&q=helium&f=false (English
translation:) http://books.google.com/books?id=s6iyAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA8-PA55&dq=Onne
s+Communications+from+the+Physical+Laboratory+at+the+University+of+Leiden+date:1
908-1908#v=onepage&q=Onnes%20Communications%20from%20the%20Physical%20Laboratory
%20at%20the%20University%20of%20Leiden%20date%3A1908-1908&f=false http://www.di
gitallibrary.nl/proceedings/search/detail.cfm?pubid=2616&view=image&startrow=1
[8] "Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009. Web. 4 Dec. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9044478>
(Leiden University) Leiden, Netherlands4   
89 YBN
[04/??/1911 AD] 4 		4746) The atomic nucleus theory: that all atoms have a very small positively
charged sphere (or "nucleus") in their center. The size of an atom is estimated
to be around 100 pm.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Rutherford, ""The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of
the Atom", Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4,
55, May 1911,
pp669-88. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-1911/Rutherford-1911
.html
2. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "The Structure of the Atom", Phil Mag, March 1914, S6,
27, pp488-98.
3. ^ Rutherford, ""The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure
of the Atom", Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society,
4, 55, May 1911,
pp669-88. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-1911/Rutherford-1911
.html
4. ^ Rutherford, ""The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of
the Atom", Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4,
55, May 1911,
pp669-88. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-1911/Rutherford-1911
.html {04/1911}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-rutherford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson
[2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford
[3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906
http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor
d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ
6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers,
1962, 3 volumes
[5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and
Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897,
189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si
d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343
[6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin
philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022
[7] Ernest Rutherford,
"The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian
Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the
birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18,
1906,
p123. http://books.google.com/books?id=wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=
gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false
[8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases
exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov
1897,
p422. http://books.google.com/books?id=utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an
d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+gases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h
l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6
AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org.nz/bibliography.htm
[10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical
Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati
on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produced+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad
iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduction%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false
[11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil
Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900.
http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-half-life.html
[12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395
[13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in
Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192
1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=oEwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad
ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the+Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b
l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnwX4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s
a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi
ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20the%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2
2&f=false
[14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665
[15] Rutherford and Soddy,
"The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of
Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902,
pp837-860. http://books.google.com/books?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q=rutherford&f=false
[16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive
Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902
[17] Ernest Rutherford, "The
Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil.
Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187.
http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic
+and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Absorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd
6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw&hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi
=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and
%20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Easily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f=
false
[18] "emanation." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation
[19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the condensation points of thorium and radium
emanations", Proc Chem Soc 219-20
1902. http://books.google.com/books?id=ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con
densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+emanations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C
w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2
0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thorium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false
[20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil Mag
ser 6, v 561-76 1903
[21] Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of
Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208
[22] Rutherford, "Radioactivity", ed 1
1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=xDwJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth
erford&hl=en&ei=u-dyTO3LC4m6sAOOhfTMDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ve
d=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[23] Rutherford, "Radioactivity" ,ed 2
1905. http://books.google.com/books?id=g0MNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth
erford&hl=en&ei=YudyTOL9E4nGsAP3ppzDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve
d=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
[24] E. Rutherford, H. Geiger, "A Method of Counting the Number of α Particles
from Radio-active Matter", Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical
Society, 1908, V52, N9, pp1-3
[25] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia
of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p687-688
[26]
"Rutherford, Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson, of Cambridge." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.
Web. 10 Aug. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9109507>
[27] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p635-637
(University of Manchester) Manchester, England3   
89 YBN
[06/??/1911 AD] 3 		3944) The theory that a machine could record the sounds of thought, and could
also write sounds back to the brain which are heard in thought.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Hugo Gernsback, "Ralph 124C 41 +", "Modern Electrics", Modern Electrics
Publication, New York, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 1911. Taken from "Modern Electrics",
Volume 3-4, Jan-Dec 1911, p165-168. {Gernsback_Modern_Electrics_1911.pdf}
2. ^ Hugo Gernsback, "Ralph 124C 41 +",
"Modern Electrics", Modern Electrics Publication, New York, Vol. 4, No. 3, June
1911. Taken from "Modern Electrics", Volume 3-4, Jan-Dec 1911, p165-168.
{Gernsback_Modern_Electrics_1911.pdf}
3. ^ Hugo Gernsback, "Ralph 124C 41 +", "Modern Electrics", Modern Electrics
Publication, New York, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 1911. Taken from "Modern Electrics",
Volume 3-4, Jan-Dec 1911, p165-168.
{Gernsback_Modern_Electrics_1911.pdf}{06/1911}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.biotele.com/trecorder.htm
[2] "Electrical Experimenter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_Experimenter
[3] Hugo Gernsback
Papers http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/g/gernsback_h.htm
[4] Michael A. Banks, "Hugo Gernsback: The man who invented the future",
Society for Amateur Scientists (Society for Amateur Scientists), September 03,
2004. http://www.sas.org/tcs/weeklyIssues/2004-09-03/feature1/
[5] Michael A. Banks, "Hugo Gernsback: The man who invented the future. Part 2.
Writing, publishing and inventing.", Society for Amateur Scientists (Society
for Amateur Scientists), September 10,
2004. http://www.sas.org/tcs/weeklyIssues/2004-09-10/feature1/index.html
[6] Michael A. Banks, "Hugo Gernsback: The man who invented the future. Part 3.
Merging science fiction into science fact.". Society for Amateur Scientists
(Society for Amateur Scientists), October 1, 2004.
http://www.sas.org/tcs/weeklyIssues/2004-10-01/feature1/index.html
[7] http://www.magazineart.org/publishers/gernsback.html
[8] http://www.magazineart.org/main.php/v/healthandfitness/sexology
[9] http://home.utah.edu/~u0202363/hugo_pub.pdf
New York City, NY2   
89 YBN
[11/13/1911 AD] 3 		4270) The products of chemical reactions are detected using an mass
spectrometer.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Thomson, J. J., "Applications of positive rays to the study of chemical
reactions.",Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1911,
p455. {Thomson_Joseph_John_1911xxxx.pdf}
2. ^ Thomson, J. J., "Applications of positive rays to the study of chemical
reactions.",Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1911,
p455. {Thomson_Joseph_John_1911xxxx.pdf}
3. ^ Thomson, J. J., "Applications of positive rays to the study of chemical
reactions.",Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1911,
p455. {Thomson_Joseph_John_1911xxxx.pdf} {11/13/1911}

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_John_Thomson
[2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html
[3] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University
Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph-john-thomson-1
[4] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of
Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890
49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false
[5] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of
Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890
49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false
[6] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894,
p358. http://books.google.com/books?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity
+of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20
cathode-rays&f=false
[7] J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity gases
exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896,
p392. http://books.google.com/books?id=cbRw3OxLhUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit
ions:UOM39015024088687&lr=#v=onepage&q=thomson&f=false
[8] J.J. Thomson, "Experiments to show that negative electricity is given off
by a metal exposed to R6ntgen-rays." Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 1903, p312
[9] J.J.
Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.) On the leakage of electricity
through dielectrics traversed by Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9,
1896, 126
[10] J. J. Thomson, "On the discharge of electricity produced by the
Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, 1896, 274
[11] Sir Joseph John Thomson,
Applications of dynamics to physics and chemistry,
1888. http://books.google.com/books?id=zWYSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22electricity+b
ehaves+in+some+respects%22&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%20some
%20respects%22&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=cOLUiUml_qgC&pg=PA32&lp
g=PA32&dq=%22electricity+behaves+in+some+respects%22&source=bl&ots=HRChO2-Ci-&si
g=yjqoyERWPc1b8Byyk6rU7JtujMQ&hl=en&ei=mYyaS6vTA4TCsgOW6PCtAQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul
t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%2
0some%20respects%22&f=false
[12] "Joseph John Thomson. 1856-1940", Rayleigh G. Strutt, Obituary Notices of
Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 3, No. 10 (Dec., 1941), pp. 587-609, The
Royal Society http://www.jstor.org/stable/769169
Thomson_Joseph_John_obituary_1941.pdf
[13] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935,
edition 2, p319-320
[14] "Thomson, Joseph John." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 362-372. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Mar. 2010
[15] Thomson, J. J., "The Existence of
Bodies Smaller Than Atoms", Notices of the proceedings at the meetings of the
members of the ..., Volume 16,
04/19/1901. http://books.google.com/books?id=YvoAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA574&dq=The+e
xistence+of+bodies+smaller+than+atoms+thomson&lr=&cd=2#v=onepage&q=The%20existen
ce%20of%20bodies%20smaller%20than%20atoms%20thomson&f=false
[16] Thomson J J 1897a 'Cathode Rays' Royal Institution Friday Evening
Discourse, 30 April 1897, published in The Electrician 21 May 1897, p104–9
[17] Isobel
Falconer, "J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron", 1997 Phys. Educ. 32
226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/32/4/015)
[18] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072205>
[19] Thomson, J. J., "On the ions produced by incandescent platinum.", Proc.
Camb. Phil. Soc. II, 1901, 509
[20] Thomson, J. J., "On the Masses of the Ions in
Gases at Low Pressures", Phil Mag, S5, V48, N295, Dec 1899,
p547. http://books.google.com/books?id=il4wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA557&dq=On+the+ions+pro
duced+by+incandescent+platinum&cd=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20ions%20produced%20by%
20incandescent%20platinum&f=false
[21] Do the gamma-rays carry a charge of negative electricity? Proc. Camb.
Phil. Soc. 13, 1905,
p121. http://books.google.com/books?id=7x7WAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA396&dq=Thomson+do+the+
gamma+rays+intitle:philosophical+carry+charge&hl=en&ei=6bqiS9H4BoS8sgO9g6X6Aw&sa
=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Thomson%20do%20
the%20gamma%20rays%20intitle%3Aphilosophical%20carry%20charge&f=false
[22] Thomson, Joseph John, "On the number of corpuscles in an atom.", Phil.
Mag. II, 769,
1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=GNjPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA769&dq=thomson+On+the+
number+of+corpuscles+in+an+atom&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=thomson%20On%20the%20n
umber%20of%20corpuscles%20in%20an%20atom&f=false
[23] J. J. Thomson, "Bakerian Lecture: Rays of Positive Electricity",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a
Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 607 (Aug. 1, 1913), pp.
1-20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/93452?&Search=yes&term=%22Rays+of+Positive+El
ectricity%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522Rays%2
Bof%2BPositive%2BElectricity%2522%26x%3D0%26y%3D0%26wc%3Don&item=1&ttl=46&return
ArticleService=showArticle
[24] Thomson, J. J., "Rays of positive electricity.", Phil. Mag. 21, Oct 1911,
p225
[25] Thomson, J. J., "A new method of chemical analysis (Royal Institution
lecture).", Not. Proc. Roy. Instn. 20, 1911, p140
[26] Thomson, J. J., "The unit
theory of light.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1912, 643
[27] Thomson, J. J., "Rays
of positive electricity (Bakerian lecture).", Proc. Roy. Soc. A. 89, 1913,
p1. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/canal.html http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfp
lus/93452.pdf
(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England2   
89 YBN
[12/14/1911 AD] 3 		4772) Humans reach the South Pole of Earth.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Amundsen, Roald." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 Aug. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9007288>. ?
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p642.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p642. {12/14/1911}

MORE INFO
[1] "Roald Amundsen." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
30 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/roald-amundsen
[2] "Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Engelbregt_Gravning_Amundsen
South Pole2   
89 YBN
[1911 AD] 7 8 		4846) The industrial use of bacteria to produce useful products: bacteria are
grown to produce large quantities of acetone and butyl alcohol.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ N. Qureshi, "Agricultural residues and energy crops as potentially
eceonomical and novel substrates for microbial production of butanol (a
biofuel)", in Hemming, D. Plant Sciences Reviews 2010. CAB International, 2011.
CAB Reviews, p.249. http://books.google.com/books?id=xEiC1BZ_Ih8C&pg=PA249
2. ^ Ben-Menahem, A. Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and
Mathematical Sciences. Springer, 2009. Springer Reference,
p3216. http://books.google.com/books?id=9tUrarQYhKMC&pg=PA3216
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p653-654.
4. ^ Fernbach, A., and E. H.
Strange. "Acetone and higher alcohols (amyl, butyl or ethyl alcohols and
butyric, propionic or acetic acid) from starches, sugars and other
carbohydrates." British Patent (1911): 15203-15204. US version:
http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT1044368
5. ^ Dworkin, M., and S. Falkow. The Prokaryotes: Vol. 1: Symbiotic
Associations, Biotechnology, Applied Microbiology. Springer, 2006. The
Prokaryotes: A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria?: Ecophysiology, Isolation,
Identification, Applications. Symbiotic Associations, Biotechnology, Applied
Microbiology, p676. http://books.google.com/books?id=hqh43LFTGBQC&pg=PA676
6. ^ N. Qureshi, "Agricultural residues and energy crops as
potentially eceonomical and novel substrates for microbial production of
butanol (a biofuel)", in Hemming, D. Plant Sciences Reviews 2010. CAB
International, 2011. CAB Reviews,
p.249. http://books.google.com/books?id=xEiC1BZ_Ih8C&pg=PA249
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p653-654. {1911}
8. ^ N. Qureshi,
"Agricultural residues and energy crops as potentially eceonomical and novel
substrates for microbial production of butanol (a biofuel)", in Hemming, D.
Plant Sciences Reviews 2010. CAB International, 2011. CAB Reviews,
p.249. http://books.google.com/books?id=xEiC1BZ_Ih8C&pg=PA249

MORE INFO
[1] "Chaim Weizmann." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 27 Oct. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/639181/Chaim-Weizmann>
[2] "Chaim Weizmann." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 28
Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/chaim-weizmann
[3] "Weizmann, Chaim." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 14. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 247-248. Gale Virtual
Reference Library. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904599&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
Pasteur Institute5 and (University of Manchester) Manchester, England6   
89 YBN
[1911 AD] 8 		4908) The theory of atomic isotopes. An isotope is an element that is
chemically identical to another element, and occupies the same position on the
periodic table, but has a different atomic mass.3 4 5

Also that the emission of a helium nucleus (an alpha particle) reduces the
initial element to a different element two less in number on the Periodic Table
is recognized.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665.
2. ^ Frederick Soddy, "The
chemistry of mesothorium", J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1911, 99,
72-83. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/1911/CT/ct9119900072
and http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticlePDF/1911/CT/CT9119900072?page=Search
{Soddy_Frederick_mesothorium_1911.pdf}
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665.
4. ^ Frederick Soddy, "The
chemistry of mesothorium", J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1911, 99,
72-83. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/1911/CT/ct9119900072
and http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticlePDF/1911/CT/CT9119900072?page=Search
{Soddy_Frederick_mesothorium_1911.pdf}
5. ^ Frederick Soddy, “Intra-atomic Charge,” Nature, V92, N2301, (4 Dec.
1913), p399. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v92/n2301/pdf/092399c0.pdf
6. ^ Frederick Soddy, "The chemistry of mesothorium", J. Chem.
Soc., Trans., 1911, 99,
72-83. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/1911/CT/ct9119900072
and http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticlePDF/1911/CT/CT9119900072?page=Search
{Soddy_Frederick_mesothorium_1911.pdf}
7. ^ Frederick Soddy, "The chemistry of mesothorium", J. Chem. Soc., Trans.,
1911, 99,
72-83. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/1911/CT/ct9119900072
and http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticlePDF/1911/CT/CT9119900072?page=Search
{Soddy_Frederick_mesothorium_1911.pdf}
8. ^ Frederick Soddy, "The chemistry of mesothorium", J. Chem. Soc., Trans.,
1911, 99,
72-83. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/1911/CT/ct9119900072
and http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticlePDF/1911/CT/CT9119900072?page=Search
{Soddy_Frederick_mesothorium_1911.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "Frederick Soddy." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 24 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552022/Frederick-Soddy>
[2] "Frederick Soddy." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-soddy
[3] "Frederick Soddy." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 24
Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-soddy
[4] "Frederick Soddy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Soddy
[5] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/soddy.html
[6] Frederick Soddy, "Science and life: Aberdeen adresses",
1920. http://books.google.com/books?id=nHVBAAAAIAAJ&dq=frederick+soddy&source=g
bs_navlinks_s
[7] Frederick Soddy, "Matter and Energy",
1911. http://books.google.com/books?id=iKQLAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=fred
erick+soddy&hl=en&ei=i2QUTfmqL5O6sAPIxojtCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum
=4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false
[8] Alexander Fleck, "Frederick Soddy." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the
Royal Society. November 1, 1957 3:203-216;
doi:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0014 http://www.jstor.org/stable/769361
[9] Frederick Soddy, "The Structure of the Atom", Nature, v92, n2303, 1913,
p452
[10] Frederick Soddy, “Contribution to a Discussion on Isotopes,” in
Proceedings of the Royal Society, 99 (1921), 98
[11] D. Strömholm and T.
Svedberg, Zeitschrift für Anorganische chemie, 63 (1909), 206
[12] Frederick
Soddy, The chemistry of the radio-elements, Part 1,
1911. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ho86AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=
gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
(University of Glasgow) Glasgow, Scotland7   
89 YBN
[1911 AD] 4 		4937) The first cancer causing virus is discovered.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p678-679.
2. ^ "Peyton Rous."
Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia
Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 17 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/510908/Peyton-Rous>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p678-679.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p678-679. {1911}
(Rockefeller Institute, now called Rockefeller University) New York City, New
York, USA3   
89 YBN
[1911 AD] 6 7 		5093) A neutral molecular particle beam is created by heating a metal inside an
evacuated container; molecules in the vapor then diffuse through a small hole
in an internal wall.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ L. Dunoyer, "Sur la théorie cinétique des gaz et la réalisation d'un
rayonnement matériel d'origine thermique", Comptes Rendus,
1911. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3105c/f592.image {Dunoyer_Louis_19
11xxxx.pdf} "On the kinetic theory of gases and the production of a radiation
source material of thermal origin"
2. ^ L. Dunoyer, "Sur la réalisation d’un
rayonnement matériel d’origine purement thermique. Cinétique
expérimentale" "On realization of a material radiation of purely thermal
origin. Experimental kinetics", Le Radium,
1911. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/24/24/64/PDF/ajp-radium_1911_8_4_
142_1.pdf
3. ^ "Dunoyer De Segonzac, Louis Dominique Joseph Armand." Complete Dictionary
of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.
253-254. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901261&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
4. ^ L. Dunoyer, "Sur la théorie cinétique des gaz et la réalisation d'un
rayonnement matériel d'origine", Comptes Rendus, 1911. "On the kinetic theory
of gases and the production of a radiation source material"
5. ^ L. Dunoyer, "Sur la
réalisation d’un rayonnement matériel d’origine purement thermique.
Cinétique expérimentale" "On realization of a material radiation of purely
thermal origin. Experimental kinetics", Le Radium,
1911. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/24/24/64/PDF/ajp-radium_1911_8_4_
142_1.pdf
6. ^ L. Dunoyer, "Sur la théorie cinétique des gaz et la réalisation d'un
rayonnement matériel d'origine", Comptes Rendus, 1911. "On the kinetic theory
of gases and the production of a radiation source material"
7. ^ L. Dunoyer, "Sur la
réalisation d’un rayonnement matériel d’origine purement thermique.
Cinétique expérimentale" "On realization of a material radiation of purely
thermal origin. Experimental kinetics", Le Radium,
1911. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/24/24/64/PDF/ajp-radium_1911_8_4_
142_1.pdf

MORE INFO
[1] L. Dunoyer, Comptes Rendus, 152 (1911), 592–595; 153 (1911).
333–336; 154 (1912), 815–818, 1344–1346; 155 (1912), 144–147,
270–273; 157 (1913), 1068–1070; 158 (1914), 1068–1071, 1265–1267,
written with R. W. Wood; Bulletin de la Société française de physique, four
memoirs between 1912 and 1914; Journal de physique et radium, 185 (1913);
Collection de mémoirs relatifs à la physique (1912); Radium, seven memoirs
between 1910 and 1914
(University of Paris) Paris, France4 5   
88 YBN
[01/05/1912 AD] 4 		5301) Electrophoresis (electricity is used to separate particles in liquids).1
2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Botho Schwerin, "Patent number: 1229203, Filing date: Jan 5, 1912, Issue
date: Jun
1917 http://www.google.com/patents?id=CpBAAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
2. ^ Arne Tiselius, "A new apparatus for electrophoretic analysis of colloidal
mixtures", Trans. Faraday Soc., 1937, 33,
524-531. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/1937/TF/tf9373300524
3. ^ Botho Schwerin, "Patent number: 1229203, Filing date: Jan 5, 1912, Issue
date: Jun
1917 http://www.google.com/patents?id=CpBAAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
4. ^ Botho Schwerin, "Patent number: 1229203, Filing date: Jan 5, 1912, Issue
date: Jun
1917 http://www.google.com/patents?id=CpBAAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false {01/05/1912}
Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany3   
88 YBN
[03/03/1912 AD] 4 		4528) The brightness of Cepheid variable stars is shown to decrease linearly
with the logarithm of their period of variation; so the brighter the star, the
longer the period. By comparing the intrinsic brightness from the period of
variation to the apparent brightness, the distance to the variable star can be
calculated.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Leavitt, Henrietta Swan." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 105-106. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 14 July 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902515&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
2. ^ Leavitt, H. S. & Pickering, E. C., "Periods of 25 Variable Stars in the
Small Magellanic Cloud.", Harvard College Observatory Circular, vol. 173,
pp.1-3. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1912HarCi.173....1L
and http://books.google.com/books?id=z74RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173&dq=%22The+following+
statement+regarding+the+periods+of+25+variable+stars%22&hl=en&ei=0VM_TMG8BYXGsAO
CzK32CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Th
e%20following%20statement%20regarding%20the%20periods%20of%2025%20variable%20sta
rs%22&f=false
3. ^ "Leavitt, Henrietta Swan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 14 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9047538>.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p623. {03/03/1912}

MORE INFO
[1] "Henrietta Swan Leavitt." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 14 Jul. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/henrietta-swan-leavitt
[2] "Henrietta Swan Leavitt." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 14 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/henrietta-swan-leavitt
[3] "Henrietta Swan Leavitt". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt
[4] Henrietta Leavitt, "1777 Variables in the Magellanic
Clouds",Annals of Harvard College Observatory, 60, no. 4, Annals of Harvard
College Observatory, vol. 60, pp.87-108,
300,1908. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1908AnHar..60...87L
and http://books.google.com/books?id=zZsRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA87&lpg=PA87&dq=%22in+the
+spring+of+1904,+a+comparison%22&source=bl&ots=yphbDnmQ7x&sig=8LvFhlMjNu6d4M8r8b
oi5nb8CRg&hl=en&ei=w0k-TKORGIrqnQf35q3CAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1
&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%20the%20spring%20of%201904%2C%20a%20compariso
n%22&f=false
[5] Solon I. Bailey, "Henrietta Swan Leavitt" (obituary), Popular Astronomy,
V30, N4, April
1922. http://books.google.com/books?id=rzYiAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA197&lpg=PA197&dq=Solon
+I.+Bailey+in+Popular+Astronomy++leavitt&source=bl&ots=VNqmN_m2oF&sig=xP3jSu5j8h
h_vECKwmtWn_aMaCg&hl=en&ei=7k8_TKiMHY3SsAOc0N32CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&
resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
(Harvard College Observatory) Cambridge, Massachussetts, USA3   
88 YBN
[04/20/1912 AD] 3 		4918) The terms "giant" and "dwarf" are introduced to describe two kinds of
stars with the same spectrum but different luminosity, and the first "white
dwarf" star is described.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Henry Norris Russell, "Relations Between the Spectra and Other
Characteristics of the Stars.", Popular Astronomy, V22, May 1914, V22, N5,
WN215,
p275. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1914PA.....22..275R http://books.google.c
om/books?id=4QryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA286&dq=%22the+single+apparent+exception+is+the+fai
nt%22&hl=en&ei=iSDnTP63MoWglAe-96SkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&sqi
=2&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22the%20single%20apparent%20exception%20is%20the
%20faint%22&f=false continued
at: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1914PA.....22..331R
2. ^ Henry Norris Russell, "Relations Between the Spectra and Other
Characteristics of the Stars.", Proceedings of the American Philosophical
Society, V51, N207, Oct-Dec 1912, pp569-579.
http://books.google.com/books?id=bWccAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
RnNgEDJS0qgC&hl=en&ei=1LsVTbKAA4T4sAPzifHHAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnu
m=4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false also see the later article by the same
name.
3. ^ Henry Norris Russell, "Relations Between the Spectra and Other
Characteristics of the Stars.", Proceedings of the American Philosophical
Society, V51, N207, Oct-Dec 1912, pp569-579.
http://books.google.com/books?id=bWccAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
RnNgEDJS0qgC&hl=en&ei=1LsVTbKAA4T4sAPzifHHAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnu
m=4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false also see the later article by the same
name. {04/20/1912}

MORE INFO
[1] "Henry Norris Russell." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 25 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513190/Henry-Norris-Russell>
[2] "Henry Norris Russell." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/henry-norris-russell
[3] "Henry Norris Russell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell
(Princeton University) Princeton, New Jersey, USA.2   
88 YBN
[05/04/1912 AD] 4 		4939) The diffraction of x-rays by atomic planes in a crystal of zinc sulfide
is discovered. The wavelength (or particle interval) of x-rays is determined to
be around 10 picometers which is smaller than ultraviolet light, and this
suggests that x-rays are very high frequency light.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Friedrich, W., P. Knipping, and M. V. Laue. "Interferenz-Erscheinungen
bei Röntgenstrahlen", Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch–physikalische Klasse
der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Munchen, , V42, 1912,
p303-322. Reprinted in: W. Friedrich, P. Knipping, M. Laue,
"Interferenzerscheinungen bei Röntgenstrahlen", Annalen der Physik, Volume
346, Issue 10, pages 971–988,
1913. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19133461004/abstract {La
ue_Max_19130315.pdf} English: "Interference Phenomena with Rontgen Rays." J.
J. Stezowski, in "Structural Crystallography in Chemistry and Biology", 1981,
p23-39. http://books.google.com/books?id=pKEsAAAAYAAJ
2. ^ Friedrich, W., P. Knipping, and M. V. Laue. "Interferenz-Erscheinungen bei
Röntgenstrahlen", Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch–physikalische Klasse der
Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Munchen, , V42, 1912,
p303-322. Reprinted in: W. Friedrich, P. Knipping, M. Laue,
"Interferenzerscheinungen bei Röntgenstrahlen", Annalen der Physik, Volume
346, Issue 10, pages 971–988,
1913. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19133461004/abstract {La
ue_Max_19130315.pdf} English: "Interference Phenomena with Rontgen Rays." J.
J. Stezowski, in "Structural Crystallography in Chemistry and Biology", 1981,
p23-39. http://books.google.com/books?id=pKEsAAAAYAAJ
3. ^ "Laue, Max von." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 50-53. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Web. 27 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902495&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
4. ^ "Laue, Max von." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 50-53. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Web. 27 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902495&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {05/04/1912} {announced) 05/04/1912}

MORE INFO
[1] "Max von Laue." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/max-von-laue
[2] "Max von Laue". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue
[3] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1914/laue-bio.html
[4] M. Laue, "Die Mitführung des Lichtes durch bewegte Körper nach dem
Relativitätsprinzip", Annalen der Physik, Volume 328, Issue 10, pages
989–990,
1907. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19073281015/abstract {La
ue_Max_19070730.pdf}
(University of Munich) Munich, Germany3   
88 YBN
[07/16/1912 AD] 4 		5203) Cathode rays are shown to disintegrate molecules and atoms.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ WILLIAM RAMSAY, "Experiments with Kathode Rays", Nature 89, 502-502 (18
July 1912)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v89/n2229/abs/089502b0.html {Ramsay_Will
iam_19120716.pdf}
2. ^ M. W. Garrett, "Experiments upon the Reported Transmutation of Mercury
into Gold", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A September 1, 1926
112:391-406. http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/112/761/391.full.pd
f+html {Garrett_M_W_19260714.pdf}
3. ^ WILLIAM RAMSAY, "Experiments with Kathode Rays", Nature 89, 502-502 (18
July 1912)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v89/n2229/abs/089502b0.html {Ramsay_Will
iam_19120716.pdf}
4. ^ WILLIAM RAMSAY, "Experiments with Kathode Rays", Nature 89, 502-502 (18
July 1912)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v89/n2229/abs/089502b0.html {Ramsay_Will
iam_19120716.pdf} {07/16/1912}

MORE INFO
[1] "William Ramsay." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ramsay
[2] "William Ramsay." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 04
Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ramsay
[3] "William Ramsay." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-ramsay
[4] "William Ramsay". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ramsay
[5] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/ramsay-bio.html
[6] William Ramsay, "The gases of the atmosphere: the history of their
discovery", 1896. 1896
edition: http://books.google.com/books?id=zRBDAAAAIAAJ&dq=William+Ramsay&source
=gbs_navlinks_s 1905
edition: http://books.google.com/books?id=bjQJAAAAIAAJ&dq=William+Ramsay
[7] William Ramsay, "On a Gas Showing the Spectrum of Helium, the Reputed Cause
of D3, One of the Lines in the Coronal Spectrum. Preliminary Note.",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 58, (1895), pp.
65-67. http://books.google.com/books?id=EggWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA65&dq=On+a+Gas+Showin
g+the+Spectrum+of+Helium,+the+Reputed+Cause+of+D+3,+One+of+the+Lines+in+%E2%80%A
6+date:1895-1895#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[8] "helium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/helium
[9] Ramsay, "On a new constituent of atmospheric air", Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London, volume: 63, 1898,
p405. http://books.google.com/books?id=xAAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405&dq=On+a+new+consti
tuent+of+atmospheric+air+ramsay+date:1898-1898#v=onepage&q=On%20a%20new%20consti
tuent%20of%20atmospheric%20air%20ramsay%20date%3A1898-1898&f=false
[10] http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/elements-116-118.html
[11] William Crookes, "On the Position of Helium, Argon, and Krypton in
the Scheme of Elements.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, (1898)
volume: 63 page:
408. http://books.google.com/books?id=xAAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405&dq=On+a+new+constit
uent+of+atmospheric+air+ramsay+date:1898-1898#v=onepage&q=On%20a%20new%20constit
uent%20of%20atmospheric%20air%20ramsay%20date%3A1898-1898&f=false
[12] Ramsay, "On the Companions of Argon", Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London, volume: 63, 1898,
p437. http://books.google.com/books?id=xAAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405&dq=On+a+new+consti
tuent+of+atmospheric+air+ramsay+date:1898-1898#v=onepage&q=On%20a%20new%20consti
tuent%20of%20atmospheric%20air%20ramsay%20date%3A1898-1898&f=false
[13] "xenon." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/xenon
[14] "Ramsay, William." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 11.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 277-284. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>
(University College) London, England3   
88 YBN
[08/??/1912 AD] 5 6 7 		4274) That the same element can hold different electric charges is shown.1 2 3

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Thomson, J-J_. "XIX. Further experiments on positive rays." The London,
Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 24.140
(1912): 209-253.
http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/58679#/summary {Philosophical
_Magazine_Volume24_1912.pdf}
2. ^ Thomson, J. J., "Multiply-charged atoms.", Phil. Mag. 24, 1912,
668. http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1912.2/Main/icm1912.2.0275.0278.ocr.pdf h
ttp://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/58679#/summary {Philosophical_Ma
gazine_Volume24_1912.pdf}
3. ^ "Joseph John Thomson. 1856-1940", Rayleigh G. Strutt, Obituary Notices of
Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 3, No. 10 (Dec., 1941), pp. 587-609, The
Royal Society http://www.jstor.org/stable/769169
Thomson_Joseph_John_obituary_1941.pdf
4. ^ Thomson, J. J., Multiply-charged atoms (International Congress of
Mathematicians, Cambridge, August 1912).
5. ^ Thomson, J-J_. "XIX. Further
experiments on positive rays." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical
Magazine and Journal of Science 24.140 (1912): 209-253.
http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/58679#/summary {Philosophical
_Magazine_Volume24_1912.pdf}
6. ^ Thomson, J. J. "LXV. Multiply-charged atoms." The London, Edinburgh, and
Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 24.142 (1912):
668-672. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/58679#/summary {Philo
sophical_Magazine_Volume24_1912.pdf}
7. ^ Thomson, J. J., "Multiply-charged atoms.", Phil. Mag. 24, 1912,
668. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/58679#/summary {Philosoph
ical_Magazine_Volume24_1912.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_John_Thomson
[2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html
[3] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University
Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph-john-thomson-1
[4] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of
Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890
49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false
[5] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of
Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890
49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false
[6] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894,
p358. http://books.google.com/books?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity
+of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20
cathode-rays&f=false
[7] J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity gases
exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896,
p392. http://books.google.com/books?id=cbRw3OxLhUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit
ions:UOM39015024088687&lr=#v=onepage&q=thomson&f=false
[8] J.J. Thomson, "Experiments to show that negative electricity is given off
by a metal exposed to R6ntgen-rays." Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 1903, p312
[9] J.J.
Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.) On the leakage of electricity
through dielectrics traversed by Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9,
1896, 126
[10] J. J. Thomson, "On the discharge of electricity produced by the
Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, 1896, 274
[11] Sir Joseph John Thomson,
Applications of dynamics to physics and chemistry,
1888. http://books.google.com/books?id=zWYSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22electricity+b
ehaves+in+some+respects%22&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%20some
%20respects%22&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=cOLUiUml_qgC&pg=PA32&lp
g=PA32&dq=%22electricity+behaves+in+some+respects%22&source=bl&ots=HRChO2-Ci-&si
g=yjqoyERWPc1b8Byyk6rU7JtujMQ&hl=en&ei=mYyaS6vTA4TCsgOW6PCtAQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul
t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%2
0some%20respects%22&f=false
[12] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935,
edition 2, p319-320
[13] "Thomson, Joseph John." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 362-372. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Mar. 2010
[14] Thomson, J. J., "The Existence of
Bodies Smaller Than Atoms", Notices of the proceedings at the meetings of the
members of the ..., Volume 16,
04/19/1901. http://books.google.com/books?id=YvoAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA574&dq=The+e
xistence+of+bodies+smaller+than+atoms+thomson&lr=&cd=2#v=onepage&q=The%20existen
ce%20of%20bodies%20smaller%20than%20atoms%20thomson&f=false
[15] Thomson J J 1897a 'Cathode Rays' Royal Institution Friday Evening
Discourse, 30 April 1897, published in The Electrician 21 May 1897, p104–9
[16] Isobel
Falconer, "J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron", 1997 Phys. Educ. 32
226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/32/4/015)
[17] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072205>
[18] Thomson, J. J., "On the ions produced by incandescent platinum.", Proc.
Camb. Phil. Soc. II, 1901, 509
[19] Thomson, J. J., "On the Masses of the Ions in
Gases at Low Pressures", Phil Mag, S5, V48, N295, Dec 1899,
p547. http://books.google.com/books?id=il4wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA557&dq=On+the+ions+pro
duced+by+incandescent+platinum&cd=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20ions%20produced%20by%
20incandescent%20platinum&f=false
[20] Do the gamma-rays carry a charge of negative electricity? Proc. Camb.
Phil. Soc. 13, 1905,
p121. http://books.google.com/books?id=7x7WAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA396&dq=Thomson+do+the+
gamma+rays+intitle:philosophical+carry+charge&hl=en&ei=6bqiS9H4BoS8sgO9g6X6Aw&sa
=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Thomson%20do%20
the%20gamma%20rays%20intitle%3Aphilosophical%20carry%20charge&f=false
[21] Thomson, Joseph John, "On the number of corpuscles in an atom.", Phil.
Mag. II, 769,
1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=GNjPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA769&dq=thomson+On+the+
number+of+corpuscles+in+an+atom&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=thomson%20On%20the%20n
umber%20of%20corpuscles%20in%20an%20atom&f=false
[22] J. J. Thomson, "Bakerian Lecture: Rays of Positive Electricity",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a
Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 607 (Aug. 1, 1913), pp.
1-20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/93452?&Search=yes&term=%22Rays+of+Positive+El
ectricity%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522Rays%2
Bof%2BPositive%2BElectricity%2522%26x%3D0%26y%3D0%26wc%3Don&item=1&ttl=46&return
ArticleService=showArticle
[23] Thomson, J. J., "Rays of positive electricity.", Phil. Mag. 21, Oct 1911,
p225
[24] Thomson, J. J., "Applications of positive rays to the study of chemical
reactions.",Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1911, p455
[25] Thomson, J. J., "A new method
of chemical analysis (Royal Institution lecture).", Not. Proc. Roy. Instn. 20,
1911, p140
[26] Thomson, J. J., "The unit theory of light.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc.
16, 1912, 643
[27] Thomson, J. J., "Rays of positive electricity (Bakerian
lecture).", Proc. Roy. Soc. A. 89, 1913,
p1. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/canal.html http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfp
lus/93452.pdf
[28] Thomson, J. J., "Further applications of positive rays to the study of
chemical problems.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 17, 01/27/1913, p201
[29] Thomson, J.
J., "On rays of positive electricity.", Phil. Mag. 13, May 1907,
561. http://books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561&dq=%22positive+elec
tricity%22+thomson+intitle:philosophical&hl=en&ei=QvunS8rYCYywsgOqy4SpDQ&sa=X&oi
=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22positive%20electr
icity%22%20thomson%20intitle%3Aphilosophical&f=false
(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England4   
88 YBN
[10/??/1912 AD] 5 		4912) That beta decay (the emission of a high-speed electron) results in an
atom moving up one place on the periodic table is recognized.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alexander Russell, "The Periodic System and the Radio-Elements.", The
Chemical News, V107, N2775, 01/31/1913,
p49-52. {Russell_Alexander_19130131.pdf}
2. ^ Alexander Smith Russell, Chemical News, 1913, 107, p49.
3. ^ Frederick Soddy,
"The Radio-elements and the Periodic Law", Chemical News 107, p97
(1913) http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/soddycn.html
4. ^ Alexander S. Russell, "The Penetrating Power of the γ -Rays from Radium
C", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of
a Mathematical and Physical Character Vol. 88, No. 600 (Jan. 29, 1913), pp.
75-82 http://www.jstor.org/stable/93161
5. ^ Frederick Soddy, "The Radio-elements and the Periodic Law", Chemical
News 107, p97 (1913) http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/soddycn.html {10/1912}

MORE INFO
[1] J. Chadwick and A. S. Russell, "The Excitation of γ -Rays by the α
-Rays of Ionium and Radiothorium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.
Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character Vol. 88,
No. 602 (Mar. 31, 1913), pp. 217-229
[2] J. Chadwick, A. S. Russell, "Excitation of γ
rays by α rays", Nature, v90, n2252,
p463. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v90/n2252/pdf/090463a0.pdf
(University of Glasgow) Glasgow, Scotland4 (verify)  
88 YBN
[11/11/1912 AD] 11 12 		4404) Diffraction is explained as particle reflection.6 7 The dispersion of
light by a crystal (grating, or prism) into a spectrum of increasing
frequencies is given a corpuscular explanation: that particles of the same
spacing as planes of atoms in a crystal (or grating grooves in a grating), at a
specific angle of incidence, all reflect in the same direction.8

The grating equation is applied to the phenomenon of X-ray diffraction by
crystals and this is used to make accurate determinations of the wavelengths
(or particle intervals) of X-rays.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Bragg, W.L. The Diffraction of Short Electromagnetic Waves by a Crystal.
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1913: 17, pp.
43-57. http://tedhuntington.com/ulsf/docs_pd/Bragg_William_Lawrence_19121111.pd
f {Bragg_William_Lawrence_19121111.pdf}
2. ^ William Lawrence Bragg, "The Specular Reflection of X-rays.", Nature, vol
90, num 2250, 12/12/1912,
p410. http://books.google.com/books?id=KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C
rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHTMiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r
esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit
le%3Anature&f=false
3. ^ Bragg, W.L. The Diffraction of Short Electromagnetic Waves by a Crystal.
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1913: 17, pp.
43-57. {Bragg_William_Lawrence_19121111.pdf}
4. ^ William Lawrence Bragg, "The Specular Reflection of X-rays.", Nature, vol
90, num 2250, 12/12/1912,
p410. http://books.google.com/books?id=KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C
rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHTMiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r
esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit
le%3Anature&f=false
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Bragg, W.L. The Diffraction of Short Electromagnetic Waves by a
Crystal. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1913: 17, pp.
43-57. {Bragg_William_Lawrence_19121111.pdf}
7. ^ William Lawrence Bragg, "The Specular Reflection of X-rays.", Nature, vol
90, num 2250, 12/12/1912,
p410. http://books.google.com/books?id=KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C
rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHTMiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r
esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit
le%3Anature&f=false
8. ^ Ted Huntington.
9. ^ Bragg, W.L. The Diffraction of Short Electromagnetic Waves by a
Crystal. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1913: 17, pp.
43-57. {Bragg_William_Lawrence_19121111.pdf}
10. ^ William Lawrence Bragg, "The Specular Reflection of X-rays.", Nature, vol
90, num 2250, 12/12/1912,
p410. http://books.google.com/books?id=KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C
rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHTMiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r
esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit
le%3Anature&f=false
11. ^ Bragg, W.L. The Diffraction of Short Electromagnetic Waves by a Crystal.
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1913: 17, pp.
43-57. {Bragg_William_Lawrence_19121111.pdf} {11/11/1912}
12. ^ William Lawrence Bragg,
"The Specular Reflection of X-rays.", Nature, vol 90, num 2250, 12/12/1912,
p410. http://books.google.com/books?id=KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C
rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHTMiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r
esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit
le%3Anature&f=false {12/08/1904} {12/08/1912} {and Nature article: 12/08/1912}

MORE INFO
[1] "Bragg, Sir William." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 2 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9016145>
[2] "Sir William Henry Bragg." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University
Press, 2008. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-william-henry-bragg
[3] "William Henry Bragg". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg
[4] William Henry Bragg, The World of Sound (1920)
[5] William Henry Bragg, Concerning
the Nature of Things
(1925) http://books.google.com/books?id=-ysYrMza-ukC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Con
cerning+the+Nature+of+Things&source=bl&ots=oxGn9h6_Nh&sig=5iWXT3YPVpAsaRroIJp9lv
Tz250&hl=en&ei=3eEGTLTIL5X2NY3P9Y8J&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0
CBgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
[6] William Henry Bragg, Old Trades and New Knowledge (1926)
[7] William Henry Bragg,
An Introduction to Crystal Analysis (1928)
[8] William Henry Bragg, The Universe of
Light (1933)
[9] Bragg, “On the Absorption of X-rays, and on the Classification of
the X-rays of Radium,” in Philosophical Magazine, 6th ser., 8 (Dec. 1904),
719–725; http://books.google.com/books?id=9k8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA719&dq=On+the+Abs
orption+of+X-rays,+and+on+the+Classification+of+the+X-rays+of+Radium&hl=en&ei=VO
QGTLL9BIH48AaElfCRDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBA#v=on
epage&q&f=false
[10] Bragg and Kleeman. “On the lonization Curves of Radium,” Philosophical
Magazine, 726–738. Dated 8 September
1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=9k8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA726&dq=On+the+ionizati
on+Curves+of+Radium&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1904&as_maxm_is=0&a
s_maxy_is=1904&as_brr=0&cd=2#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20ionization%20Curves%20of%20R
adium&f=false
[11] Bragg, “The Consequences of the Corpuscular Hypothesis of γ and X-rays,
and the Range of β Rays”, Philosophical Magazine, 6th Ser., 20 (Sept. 1910),
385–416; Studies in Radio-activity
[12] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p592-593
[13] "Bragg,
William Henry." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 2. Detroit:
Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 397-400. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2
June 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900594&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[14] Bragg, "On the Properties and Natures of Various Electric Radiations",
Philosophical Magazine, 6th Ser., 14 (Oct. 1907), 429–449. Read before the
Royal Society of South Australia, 7 May and 4 June 1907.
http://books.google.com/books?id=EhQXBZ1r44AC&pg=PA429&dq=On+the+Properties+an
d+Natures+of+Various+Electric+Radiations&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_i
s=1907&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1907&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20Propert
ies%20and%20Natures%20of%20Various%20Electric%20Radiations&f=false
(Cavindish Laboratory, Cambridge University) Cambridge, England10   
88 YBN
[1912 AD] 4 		6262) The first radio broadcast: from the Metropolitan Opera House in New York
City.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p612,646-647.
2. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100
Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p74.
3. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100
Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p74.
4. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100
Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p74. {01/13/1910}

MORE INFO
[1] "Lee De Forest." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/lee-de-forest
[2] "De Forest, Lee." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 6-7. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Web. 9 Sept. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901119&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[3] "Lee De Forest". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Forest
[4] diathermy. (n.d.) Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers.
(2007). Retrieved September 9 2010 from
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/diathermy
[5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p411
[6] Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy",
Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18,
1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[7] "Lee De Forest." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 09
Sep. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/lee-de-forest
[8] "De Forest, Lee." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 9 Sept. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9029588>
(Metropolitan Opera House) New York City, New York, USA3   
87 YBN
[01/27/1913 AD] 3 4 		4272) The theory of isotopes is experimentally confirmed. Different isotopes of
neon are deflected onto different parts of a photograph using a mass
spectrometer.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Francis William Aston." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 23 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/39838/Francis-William-Aston>.
2. ^ Thomson, J. J., "The unit theory of light.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16,
1912, 643. {Thomson_Joseph_John_1911xxxx.pdf}
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p561-563. {1912}
4. ^ Thomson, J.
J., "Further applications of positive rays to the study of
chemical problems.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 17, 01/27/1913,
p201. {Thomson_Joseph_John_1911xxxx.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_John_Thomson
[2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html
[3] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University
Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph-john-thomson-1
[4] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of
Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890
49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false
[5] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of
Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890
49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false
[6] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894,
p358. http://books.google.com/books?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity
+of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20
cathode-rays&f=false
[7] J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity gases
exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896,
p392. http://books.google.com/books?id=cbRw3OxLhUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit
ions:UOM39015024088687&lr=#v=onepage&q=thomson&f=false
[8] J.J. Thomson, "Experiments to show that negative electricity is given off
by a metal exposed to R6ntgen-rays." Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 1903, p312
[9] J.J.
Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.) On the leakage of electricity
through dielectrics traversed by Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9,
1896, 126
[10] J. J. Thomson, "On the discharge of electricity produced by the
Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, 1896, 274
[11] Sir Joseph John Thomson,
Applications of dynamics to physics and chemistry,
1888. http://books.google.com/books?id=zWYSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22electricity+b
ehaves+in+some+respects%22&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%20some
%20respects%22&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=cOLUiUml_qgC&pg=PA32&lp
g=PA32&dq=%22electricity+behaves+in+some+respects%22&source=bl&ots=HRChO2-Ci-&si
g=yjqoyERWPc1b8Byyk6rU7JtujMQ&hl=en&ei=mYyaS6vTA4TCsgOW6PCtAQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul
t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%2
0some%20respects%22&f=false
[12] "Joseph John Thomson. 1856-1940", Rayleigh G. Strutt, Obituary Notices of
Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 3, No. 10 (Dec., 1941), pp. 587-609, The
Royal Society http://www.jstor.org/stable/769169
Thomson_Joseph_John_obituary_1941.pdf
[13] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935,
edition 2, p319-320
[14] "Thomson, Joseph John." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 362-372. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Mar. 2010
[15] Thomson, J. J., "The Existence of
Bodies Smaller Than Atoms", Notices of the proceedings at the meetings of the
members of the ..., Volume 16,
04/19/1901. http://books.google.com/books?id=YvoAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA574&dq=The+e
xistence+of+bodies+smaller+than+atoms+thomson&lr=&cd=2#v=onepage&q=The%20existen
ce%20of%20bodies%20smaller%20than%20atoms%20thomson&f=false
[16] Thomson J J 1897a 'Cathode Rays' Royal Institution Friday Evening
Discourse, 30 April 1897, published in The Electrician 21 May 1897, p104–9
[17] Isobel
Falconer, "J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron", 1997 Phys. Educ. 32
226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/32/4/015)
[18] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072205>
[19] Thomson, J. J., "On the ions produced by incandescent platinum.", Proc.
Camb. Phil. Soc. II, 1901, 509
[20] Thomson, J. J., "On the Masses of the Ions in
Gases at Low Pressures", Phil Mag, S5, V48, N295, Dec 1899,
p547. http://books.google.com/books?id=il4wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA557&dq=On+the+ions+pro
duced+by+incandescent+platinum&cd=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20ions%20produced%20by%
20incandescent%20platinum&f=false
[21] Do the gamma-rays carry a charge of negative electricity? Proc. Camb.
Phil. Soc. 13, 1905,
p121. http://books.google.com/books?id=7x7WAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA396&dq=Thomson+do+the+
gamma+rays+intitle:philosophical+carry+charge&hl=en&ei=6bqiS9H4BoS8sgO9g6X6Aw&sa
=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Thomson%20do%20
the%20gamma%20rays%20intitle%3Aphilosophical%20carry%20charge&f=false
[22] Thomson, Joseph John, "On the number of corpuscles in an atom.", Phil.
Mag. II, 769,
1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=GNjPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA769&dq=thomson+On+the+
number+of+corpuscles+in+an+atom&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=thomson%20On%20the%20n
umber%20of%20corpuscles%20in%20an%20atom&f=false
[23] J. J. Thomson, "Bakerian Lecture: Rays of Positive Electricity",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a
Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 607 (Aug. 1, 1913), pp.
1-20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/93452?&Search=yes&term=%22Rays+of+Positive+El
ectricity%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522Rays%2
Bof%2BPositive%2BElectricity%2522%26x%3D0%26y%3D0%26wc%3Don&item=1&ttl=46&return
ArticleService=showArticle
[24] Thomson, J. J., "Rays of positive electricity.", Phil. Mag. 21, Oct 1911,
p225
[25] Thomson, J. J., "Applications of positive rays to the study of chemical
reactions.",Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1911, p455
[26] Thomson, J. J., "A new method
of chemical analysis (Royal Institution lecture).", Not. Proc. Roy. Instn. 20,
1911, p140
[27] Thomson, J. J., "Rays of positive electricity (Bakerian lecture).",
Proc. Roy. Soc. A. 89, 1913,
p1. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/canal.html http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfp
lus/93452.pdf
(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England2   
87 YBN
[04/05/1913 AD] 4 5 		5005) The Bohr model of the atom: that electrons move in fixed circular orbits
around a stationary positive nucleus with momentum=h/2pi (h is Planck's
constant). The electrons give off or absorb fixed amounts of energy (quanta) by
moving from one orbit to another.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ N. Bohr, "On the constitution of atoms and molecules", (Parts 1, 2 and
3), Phil. Mag., Series 6, Volume 26 July 1913, p.
1-25. http://www.fizika.unios.hr/~ilukacevic/dokumenti/materijali_za_studente/q
m1/Bohr_1913.pdf {Bohr_Niels_191307xx.pdf}
2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p423.
3. ^ "Niels Bohr." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.
Web. 29 Dec. 2010. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/71670/Niels-Bohr>.
4. ^ N. Bohr, "On the constitution of atoms and molecules",
(Parts 1, 2 and 3), Phil. Mag., Series 6, Volume 26 July 1913, p.
1-25. http://www.fizika.unios.hr/~ilukacevic/dokumenti/materijali_za_studente/q
m1/Bohr_1913.pdf {Bohr_Niels_191307xx.pdf} {04/05/1913}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p700-702. {1913}

MORE INFO
[1] "Bohr, Niels Henrik David." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 2. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 239-254. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 30 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900505&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[2] "Niels Bohr". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr
(University of Manchester) Machester, England3   
87 YBN
[05/28/1913 AD] 6 7 		4932) The general theory of relativity,3 space and time are restricted to a
curved surface geometry4 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ A. Einstein, M. Grossmann, "Entwurf einer verallgemeinerten
Relativitätstheorie und eine Theorie der Gravitation. I. Physikalischer Teil
von A. Einstein II. Mathematischer Teil von M. Grossmann", Zeitschrift für
Mathematik und Physik, 62, 225–244, 245–261. "Outline of a Generalized
Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation. I. Physical Part by A.
Einstein II. Mathematical Part by M. Grossmann" The Collected Papers of Albert
Einstein: Vol 4, The Swiss years: writings,
1912-1914 http://books.google.com/books?id=d047AQAAIAAJ&dq=editions:dYpwdLWNR2c
C&hl=en&ei=GDwYTeOrOoissAPHu6zwCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC
gQ6AEwATgK {Einstein_Albert_19130528.pdf}
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ A. Einstein, M. Grossmann, "Entwurf einer
verallgemeinerten Relativitätstheorie und eine Theorie der Gravitation. I.
Physikalischer Teil von A. Einstein II. Mathematischer Teil von M. Grossmann",
Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik, 62, 225–244, 245–261. "Outline of
a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation. I. Physical
Part by A. Einstein II. Mathematical Part by M. Grossmann" The Collected
Papers of Albert Einstein: Vol 4, The Swiss years: writings,
1912-1914 http://books.google.com/books?id=d047AQAAIAAJ&dq=editions:dYpwdLWNR2c
C&hl=en&ei=GDwYTeOrOoissAPHu6zwCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC
gQ6AEwATgK {Einstein_Albert_19130528.pdf}
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ "Albert Einstein." Biographies. Answers Corporation,
2006. Answers.com 24 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-einstein
6. ^ A. Einstein, M. Grossmann, "Entwurf einer
verallgemeinerten Relativitätstheorie und eine Theorie der Gravitation. I.
Physikalischer Teil von A. Einstein II. Mathematischer Teil von M. Grossmann",
Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik, 62, 225–244, 245–261. "Outline of
a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation. I. Physical
Part by A. Einstein II. Mathematical Part by M. Grossmann" The Collected
Papers of Albert Einstein: Vol 4, The Swiss years: writings,
1912-1914 http://books.google.com/books?id=d047AQAAIAAJ&dq=editions:dYpwdLWNR2c
C&hl=en&ei=GDwYTeOrOoissAPHu6zwCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC
gQ6AEwATgK {Einstein_Albert_19130528.pdf} {before 05/28/1913}
7. ^ A. Einstein, M.
Grossmann, "Entwurf einer verallgemeinerten Relativitätstheorie und eine
Theorie der Gravitation. I. Physikalischer Teil von A. Einstein II.
Mathematischer Teil von M. Grossmann", Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik,
62, 225–244, 245–261. "Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and
of a Theory of Gravitation. I. Physical Part by A. Einstein II. Mathematical
Part by M. Grossmann" The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein: Vol 4, The
Swiss years: writings,
1912-1914 http://books.google.com/books?id=d047AQAAIAAJ&dq=editions:dYpwdLWNR2c
C&hl=en&ei=GDwYTeOrOoissAPHu6zwCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC
gQ6AEwATgK {Einstein_Albert_19130528.pdf} {1913}

MORE INFO
[1] "Albert Einstein." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 26 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/181349/Albert-Einstein>
[2] "Albert Einstein." The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-einstein
[3] "Albert Einstein." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 26
Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-einstein
[4] "Albert Einstein." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-einstein
[5] "Einstein, Albert." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 312-319. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 26 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901295&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[6] "Albert Einstein". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein
[7] A. Einstein, "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes
betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 17,
132–148. http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19
05_17_132-148.pdf "On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production
and Transformation of
Light" http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/eins_lq.pdf
[8] http://www.alberteinstein.info/
[9] http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/
[10] A. Einstein, "Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der
Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten
Teilchen", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 17, 549–560, (Einstein's
thesis) http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905_
17_549-560.pdf "On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary
Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of
Heat" http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/eins_brownian.pdf
[11] A. Einstein, "Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper", Annalen der Physik (ser.
4), 17,
891–921. http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19
05_17_891-921.pdf "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies"
http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/eins_specrel.pdf
[12] A. Einstein, "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt
abhängig?", Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 18,
639–641. http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/19
05_18_639-641.pdf "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend upon its Energy
Content?" http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/e_mc2.pdf
[13] Herbert Dingle, "Science at a Crossroads", 1972
[14] Charles Lane Poor,
"Gravitation Versus Relativity", 1922,
[15] A. Einstein, "Relativitätsprinzip und
die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen", Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität, 4,
411–462. http://www.soso.ch/wissen/hist/SRT/E-1907.pdf "On the Relativity
Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It" in: Albert Einstein; Anna Beck;
Peter Havas, "The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein", Princeton University
Press, v2, The Swiss years, writings, 1900-1909, 1987,
p252. http://books.google.com/books?id=J-zv71syXJMC&pg=PA252&lpg=PA252&dq=%22Ne
wton%27s+equations+of+motion+retain+their+form%22&source=bl&ots=2Bi_77uKF1&sig=T
cTVzfwQqa0fow68kOufCjlS9ls&hl=en&ei=8ioYTc2ZHYzEsAO58ZGKCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&c
t=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Newton%27s%20equations%20of%20m
otion%20retain%20their%20form%22&f=false http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching
/GR&Grav_2007/pdf/Einstein_1907.pdf
(incomplete) http://books.google.com/books?id=J-zv71syXJMC&pg=PA252&lpg=PA252
&dq=%22Newton%27s+equations+of+motion+retain+their+form%22&source=bl&ots=2Bi_77u
KF1&sig=TcTVzfwQqa0fow68kOufCjlS9ls&hl=en&ei=8ioYTc2ZHYzEsAO58ZGKCw&sa=X&oi=book
_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Newton%27s%20equations
%20of%20motion%20retain%20their%20form%22&f=false
[16] Albert Einstein; Anna Beck; Peter Havas, "The Collected Papers of Albert
Einstein", Princeton University Press, 1987
[17] "Die Grundlage der allgemeinen
Relativitaetstheorie" http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/files/1916_49_
769-822.pdf
[18] Pickering, W. H., "Shall we Accept Relativity?", Popular Astronomy, Vol.
30, p.199. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1922PA.....30..199P
(Federal Institute of Technology) Zurich, Switzerland5   
87 YBN
[07/30/1913 AD] 6 		4407) A monochromatic x-ray beam of known wavelength is used to determine the
distance between parallel atomic planes in crystals that reflect the particles
in the beam.1 2 3 This is the beginning of using x-ray "diffraction" to
determine the shape and the position of each atom in a molecule.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ W. H. Bragg and W. L. Bragg, "The Structure of the Diamond.", Proceedings
of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical
and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 610 (Sep. 22, 1913), pp.
277-291. http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/93489?seq=1&Search=yes&term=structure
&term=diamond&term=bragg&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3
Dthe%2Bstructure%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdiamond%2Bbragg%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3Dthe%2Bstructure
%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdiamond%26Search%3DSearch%26hp%3D25%26wc%3Don&item=7&ttl=650&retur
nArticleService=showArticle&resultsServiceName=doBasicResultsFromArticle {Bragg
s_19130730.pdf}
2. ^ William Lawrence Bragg, "X-rays and Crystals.", Nature, vol 90, num 2256,
1/23/1913,
p572. http://books.google.com/books?id=KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C
rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHTMiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r
esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit
le%3Anature&f=false
3. ^ W. H. Bragg and W. L. Bragg, “The Reflection of X-rays by Crystals,”
in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 88A (1 July 1913), 428–438,
received 7 April 1913; W. H. Bragg, “The Reflection of X-rays by Crystals
(II),” Nature., 89A (22 Sept. 1913), 246–248, received 21 June 1913.
4. ^ Ted
Huntington.
5. ^ W. H. Bragg and W. L. Bragg, "The Structure of the Diamond.", Proceedings
of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical
and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 610 (Sep. 22, 1913), pp.
277-291. http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/93489?seq=1&Search=yes&term=structure
&term=diamond&term=bragg&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3
Dthe%2Bstructure%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdiamond%2Bbragg%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3Dthe%2Bstructure
%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdiamond%26Search%3DSearch%26hp%3D25%26wc%3Don&item=7&ttl=650&retur
nArticleService=showArticle&resultsServiceName=doBasicResultsFromArticle {Bragg
s_19130730.pdf}
6. ^ W. H. Bragg and W. L. Bragg, "The Structure of the Diamond.", Proceedings
of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical
and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 610 (Sep. 22, 1913), pp.
277-291. http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/93489?seq=1&Search=yes&term=structure
&term=diamond&term=bragg&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3
Dthe%2Bstructure%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdiamond%2Bbragg%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3Dthe%2Bstructure
%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdiamond%26Search%3DSearch%26hp%3D25%26wc%3Don&item=7&ttl=650&retur
nArticleService=showArticle&resultsServiceName=doBasicResultsFromArticle {Bragg
s_19130730.pdf} {07/30/1913}

MORE INFO
[1] "Bragg, Sir William." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 2 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9016145>
[2] "Sir William Henry Bragg." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University
Press, 2008. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-william-henry-bragg
[3] "William Henry Bragg". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg
[4] William Henry Bragg, The World of Sound (1920)
[5] William Henry Bragg, Concerning
the Nature of Things
(1925) http://books.google.com/books?id=-ysYrMza-ukC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Con
cerning+the+Nature+of+Things&source=bl&ots=oxGn9h6_Nh&sig=5iWXT3YPVpAsaRroIJp9lv
Tz250&hl=en&ei=3eEGTLTIL5X2NY3P9Y8J&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0
CBgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
[6] William Henry Bragg, Old Trades and New Knowledge (1926)
[7] William Henry Bragg,
An Introduction to Crystal Analysis (1928)
[8] William Henry Bragg, The Universe of
Light (1933)
[9] Bragg, “On the Absorption of X-rays, and on the Classification of
the X-rays of Radium,” in Philosophical Magazine, 6th ser., 8 (Dec. 1904),
719–725; http://books.google.com/books?id=9k8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA719&dq=On+the+Abs
orption+of+X-rays,+and+on+the+Classification+of+the+X-rays+of+Radium&hl=en&ei=VO
QGTLL9BIH48AaElfCRDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBA#v=on
epage&q&f=false
[10] Bragg and Kleeman. “On the lonization Curves of Radium,” Philosophical
Magazine, 726–738. Dated 8 September
1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=9k8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA726&dq=On+the+ionizati
on+Curves+of+Radium&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1904&as_maxm_is=0&a
s_maxy_is=1904&as_brr=0&cd=2#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20ionization%20Curves%20of%20R
adium&f=false
[11] Bragg, “The Consequences of the Corpuscular Hypothesis of γ and X-rays,
and the Range of β Rays”, Philosophical Magazine, 6th Ser., 20 (Sept. 1910),
385–416; Studies in Radio-activity
[12] Bragg, "On the Properties and Natures of Various
Electric Radiations", Philosophical Magazine, 6th Ser., 14 (Oct. 1907),
429–449. Read before the Royal Society of South Australia, 7 May and 4 June
1907.
http://books.google.com/books?id=EhQXBZ1r44AC&pg=PA429&dq=On+the+Properties+an
d+Natures+of+Various+Electric+Radiations&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_i
s=1907&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1907&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20Propert
ies%20and%20Natures%20of%20Various%20Electric%20Radiations&f=false
[13] William Lawrence Bragg, "The Specular Reflection of X-rays.", Nature, vol
90, num 2250, 12/12/1912,
p410. http://books.google.com/books?id=KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C
rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHTMiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r
esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit
le%3Anature&f=false
[14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p724-725
[15] W. H. Bragg and W. L.
Bragg, “The Structure of Diamond,” Nature (22 Sept. 1913), 277–291,
received 30 July
[16] W. L. Bragg, "The diffraction of short electromagnetic waves
by a crystal", Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 17 (1913),
43–57
(University of Leeds) Leeds, England5   
87 YBN
[10/20/1913 AD] 9 		4863) The Andromeda galaxy is claimed to have a very high velocity relative to
the Earth.3 4
From Doppler shift Andromeda is estimated to be moving towards
the Earth with an average radial velocity of 300 km/s,5 1/100th the speed of
light6 , the highest velocity ever observed.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Slipher, V. M., "The radial velocity of the Andromeda Nebula", Lowell
Observatory Bulletin, vol. 1,
pp.56-57. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1913LowOB...2...56S
{Slipher_19131020.pdf}
2. ^ Slipher, V. M., "The Radial Velocity of the Andromeda Nebula", Popular
Astronomy, vol. 22, 1914,
pp.19-21. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1914PA.....22...19S
and http://books.google.com/books?id=4QryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA19&dq=%22Keeler,+by+his+
splendid%22&hl=en&ei=yO_RTL74OYz4sAOWzqHhCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum
=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Keeler%2C%20by%20his%20splendid%22&f=false
3. ^ Slipher, V. M., "The radial velocity of the Andromeda Nebula", Lowell
Observatory Bulletin, vol. 1,
pp.56-57. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1913LowOB...2...56S
{Slipher_19131020.pdf}
4. ^ Slipher, V. M., "The Radial Velocity of the Andromeda Nebula", Popular
Astronomy, vol. 22, 1914,
pp.19-21. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1914PA.....22...19S
and http://books.google.com/books?id=4QryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA19&dq=%22Keeler,+by+his+
splendid%22&hl=en&ei=yO_RTL74OYz4sAOWzqHhCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum
=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Keeler%2C%20by%20his%20splendid%22&f=false
5. ^ Slipher, V. M., "The Radial Velocity of the Andromeda Nebula", Popular
Astronomy, vol. 22, 1914,
pp.19-21. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1914PA.....22...19S
and http://books.google.com/books?id=4QryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA19&dq=%22Keeler,+by+his+
splendid%22&hl=en&ei=yO_RTL74OYz4sAOWzqHhCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum
=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Keeler%2C%20by%20his%20splendid%22&f=false
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
7. ^ "Vesto Slipher." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 03 Nov. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vesto-slipher
8. ^ Slipher, V. M., "The radial velocity of the Andromeda Nebula", Lowell
Observatory Bulletin, vol. 1,
pp.56-57. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1913LowOB...2...56S
{Slipher_19131020.pdf}
9. ^ Slipher, V. M., "The radial velocity of the Andromeda Nebula", Lowell
Observatory Bulletin, vol. 1,
pp.56-57. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1913LowOB...2...56S {Slipher_19131020
.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "Vesto Slipher." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 03 Nov. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vesto-slipher
[2] "Slipher, Vesto Melvin." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 454-456. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 3 Nov. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904042&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[3] "Vesto Melvin Slipher". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesto_Melvin_Slipher
[4] Slipher, V. M., "Detection of the rotation of Uranus", Lowell Observatory
Bulletin, vol. 1, pp.19-20. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1912LowOB...2...19S
[5] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p556
[6] Lowell, P.,
"Spectroscopic discovery of the rotation period of Uranus", Lowell Observatory
Bulletin, vol. 1,
pp.17-18. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/LowOB/0002//0000018.000.
html
[7] Hartmann, J., "Investigations on the spectrum and orbit of delta Orionis.",
Astrophys. J., 19, 268-286
(1904). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1904ApJ....19..268H
[8] "Vesto Melvin Slipher." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 03 Nov. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548821/Vesto-Melvin-Slipher>
[9] Slipher, V. M., "On the Spectrum of the Nebula in the Pleiades", Popular
Astronomy, Vol. 21, 1913,
p.186. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1913PA.....21..186S
(Percival Lowell's observatory) Flagstaff, Arizona, USA8   
87 YBN
[12/04/1913 AD] 3 		4910) That the electrons of beta decay originate from the nucleus and not the
outer ring is given as evidence that there is negative charge in the nucleus.1

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Frederick Soddy, “Intra-atomic Charge,” Nature, V92, N2301, (4 Dec.
1913), p399. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v92/n2301/pdf/092399c0.pdf
and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/soddy.html
2. ^ Frederick Soddy, “Intra-atomic Charge,” Nature, V92, N2301, (4 Dec.
1913), p399. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v92/n2301/pdf/092399c0.pdf
and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/soddy.html
3. ^ Frederick Soddy, “Intra-atomic Charge,” Nature, V92, N2301, (4 Dec.
1913), p399. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v92/n2301/pdf/092399c0.pdf
and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/soddy.html {12/04/1913}

MORE INFO
[1] "Frederick Soddy." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-soddy
[2] "Frederick Soddy." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 24
Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-soddy
[3] "Frederick Soddy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Soddy
[4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/soddy.html
[5] Frederick Soddy, "Science and life: Aberdeen adresses",
1920. http://books.google.com/books?id=nHVBAAAAIAAJ&dq=frederick+soddy&source=g
bs_navlinks_s
[6] Frederick Soddy, "Matter and Energy",
1911. http://books.google.com/books?id=iKQLAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=fred
erick+soddy&hl=en&ei=i2QUTfmqL5O6sAPIxojtCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum
=4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false
[7] Alexander Fleck, "Frederick Soddy." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the
Royal Society. November 1, 1957 3:203-216;
doi:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0014 http://www.jstor.org/stable/769361
[8] Frederick Soddy, "The Structure of the Atom", Nature, v92, n2303, 1913,
p452
[9] Frederick Soddy, "The Radio-elements and the Periodic Law", Chemical News
107, p97 (1913) http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/soddycn.html
{Soddy_Frederick_19130218.pdf}
[10] Soddy, “Radioactivity,” Annual Report, 7 (1910), 286
[11] D. Strömholm
and T. Svedberg, Zeitschrift für Anorganische chemie, 63 (1909), 206
[12]
Frederick Soddy, "The chemistry of mesothorium", J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1911,
99, 72-83. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/1911/CT/ct9119900072
and http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticlePDF/1911/CT/CT9119900072?page=Search
(University of Glasgow) Glasgow, Scotland2   
87 YBN
[12/??/1913 AD] 6 		5039) The frequency of secondary x-rays emitted from atoms is shown to increase
with atomic mass.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ H Moseley, "The high-frequency spectra of the elements", Phil. Mag, V26,
p1024-1034,
1913 http://www.chemistry.co.nz/henry_moseley_article.htm {Moseley_Henry_19131
2xx.pdf}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p713-714.
3. ^ H Moseley, "The
high-frequency spectra of the elements", Phil. Mag, V26, p1024-1034,
1913 http://www.chemistry.co.nz/henry_moseley_article.htm {Moseley_Henry_19131
2xx.pdf}
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p713-714.
5. ^ "Moseley, Henry Gwyn
Jeffreys." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit:
Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 542-545. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 31
Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903063&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
6. ^ H Moseley, "The high-frequency spectra of the elements", Phil. Mag, V26,
p1024-1034, 1913
http://www.chemistry.co.nz/henry_moseley_article.htm {Moseley_Henry_191312xx.
pdf} {12/1913}

MORE INFO
[1] Moseley, H.; Darwin, C. G., "The Reflection of the X-Rays.",Nature,
Volume 90, Issue 2257, pp. 594
(1913). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1913Natur..90Q.594M
[2] H Moseley, "Atomic models and X-ray spectra", Nature, Volume 92, Issue
2307, pp. 554 (1914). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1914Natur..92..554M
[3] H Moseley, "The number of ions produced by the β and γ
radiations from radium", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1914
[4] Moseley, H.;
Darwin, C. G., "The Reflexion of X Rays", Philosophical Magazine, 26 (1913),
p210–232
[5] Moseley, H., "The Number of β Particles Emitted in the Transformations of
Radium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 87A (1912), 230–255;
(University of Manchester) Machester, England5   
87 YBN
[1913 AD] 4 5 		4361) Vitamins A and B, and their importance in the growth process are
discovered.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Elmer Verner McCollum." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 24 May. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/elmer-verner-mccollum
2. ^ "McCollum, Elmer Verner." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 590-591. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 24 May 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902726&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
3. ^ "Osborne, Thomas Burr." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
10. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 241-244. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 24 May 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903245&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
4. ^ "Osborne, Thomas Burr." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
10. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 241-244. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 24 May 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903245&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1913}
5. ^ "McCollum, Elmer Verner." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 590-591. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 24 May 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902726&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1913}

MORE INFO
[1] "Elmer Verner McCollum". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Verner_McCollum
[2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p671-672
(University of Wisconsin) Wisconsin, USA2 3   
87 YBN
[1913 AD] 4 		4963) The "Geiger counter"; which detects high velocity subatomic particles.1 2

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p687-688.
2. ^ H Geiger, "A method of
counting alpha and beta rays", Deutsch Phys Ges, 1913
3. ^ "Geiger, Hans (Johannes)
Wilhelm." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles
Scribner's Sons, 2008. 330-333. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 Dec.
2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901600&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p687-688. {1913}

MORE INFO
[1] "Hans Geiger." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/227810/Hans-Geiger>
[2] "Hans Geiger." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/geiger-johannes-wilhelm
[3] Walter Makower, Hans Geiger, "Practical measurements in radio-activity",
1912 http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=el9DAAAAIAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=H
.+Geiger&ots=k5qZOjwAMG&sig=2SVeUiGDuE5GvCdJsV_nxbxUmR4#v=onepage&q=H.%20Geiger&
f=false
[4] H. Geiger; J. M. Nuttall, "The ranges of the α particles from uranium",
Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 23, Issue 135, 1912, Pages
439 – 445
(Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt) Berlin, Germany3   
87 YBN
[1913 AD] 3 		6614) That a rocket with an initial mass of 200 pounds can achieve a velocity
high enough for a 1-pound mass to escape the Earth is determined.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-goddard
2. ^ "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Encyclopædia
Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/236716/Robert-Hutchings-Goddard>.
3. ^ "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-goddard

MORE INFO
[1] "Goddard, Robert Hutchings." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 433-434. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901665&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[2] "Robert Goddard". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Goddard
[3] Goddard, "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes", Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections, 71, no. 2 (1919)
http://www.clarku.edu/research/archives/pdf/ext_altitudes.pdf {Goddard_Robert
_1946.pdf} AND {Goddard_Method_of_Reaching_Extreme_Altitude_1919.pdf}
[4] Goddard, “Liquid-Propellant Rocket Development,” Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections, 95, no. 3 (1936) {Goddard_Robert_1946.pdf}
[5] Goddard, "Goddard’s Rockets"
(New York, 1946)
[6] U.S. Patent 1,102,653 - Rocket apparatus - R. H. Goddard,
http://www.google.com/patents?vid=1102653
[7] U.S. Patent 1,103,503 - Rocket apparatus - R. H.
Goddard, http://www.google.com/patents?vid=1103503
[8] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p427
(Clark University) Worcester, Massachusetts, USA2 (presumably)  
86 YBN
[05/??/1914 AD] 4 5 		5085) Gamma rays from radioactivity are found to have wavelengths in the X-ray
region.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ E. Rutherford, E. N. DA C. Andrade, "The Wavelength of the Soft Gamma
Rays from Radium B.", Philosophical Magazine 27, 1914, 854–868;
{Rutherford_Ernest_191405xx.pdf}
2. ^ E. Rutherford, E. N. DA C. Andrade, "The Wavelength of the Soft Gamma Rays
from Radium B.", Philosophical Magazine 27, 1914, 854–868;
{Rutherford_Ernest_191405xx.pdf}
3. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 2 Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
4. ^ E. Rutherford, E. N. DA C. Andrade, "The Wavelength of the Soft Gamma Rays
from Radium B.", Philosophical Magazine 27, 1914, 854–868;
{Rutherford_Ernest_191405xx.pdf} {05/1914}
5. ^ E. Rutherford, E. N. DA C. Andrade,
"The Wavelength of the Soft Gamma Rays from Radium B.", Philosophical Magazine
27, 1914, 854–868.

MORE INFO
[1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-rutherford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson
[2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford
[3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906
http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor
d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ
6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers,
1962, 3 volumes
[5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and
Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897,
189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si
d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343
[6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin
philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022
[7] Ernest Rutherford,
"The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian
Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the
birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18,
1906,
p123. http://books.google.com/books?id=wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=
gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false
[8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases
exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov
1897,
p422. http://books.google.com/books?id=utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an
d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+gases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h
l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6
AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org.nz/bibliography.htm
[10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical
Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati
on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produced+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad
iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduction%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false
[11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil
Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900.
http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-half-life.html
[12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395
[13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in
Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192
1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=oEwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad
ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the+Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b
l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnwX4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s
a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi
ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20the%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2
2&f=false
[14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665
[15] Rutherford and Soddy,
"The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of
Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902,
pp837-860. http://books.google.com/books?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q=rutherford&f=false
[16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive
Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902
[17] Ernest Rutherford, "The
Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil.
Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187.
http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic
+and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Absorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd
6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw&hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi
=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and
%20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Easily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f=
false
[18] "emanation." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation
[19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the condensation points of thorium and radium
emanations", Proc Chem Soc 219-20
1902. http://books.google.com/books?id=ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con
densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+emanations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C
w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2
0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thorium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false
[20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil Mag
ser 6, v 561-76 1903
[21] Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of
Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208
[22] Rutherford, "Radioactivity", ed 1
1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=xDwJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth
erford&hl=en&ei=u-dyTO3LC4m6sAOOhfTMDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ve
d=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[23] Rutherford, "Radioactivity" ,ed 2
1905. http://books.google.com/books?id=g0MNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth
erford&hl=en&ei=YudyTOL9E4nGsAP3ppzDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve
d=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
[24] E. Rutherford, H. Geiger, "A Method of Counting the Number of α Particles
from Radio-active Matter", Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical
Society, 1908, V52, N9, pp1-3
[25] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia
of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p687-688
[26]
Rutherford, "The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of the
Atom", Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4, 55,
03/07/1911, pp18-20
[27] Ernest Rutherford, "The Structure of the Atom", Phil Mag,
March 1914, s6, v27,
pp488-498. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-1914.html
[28] "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[29] Rutherford, "Radiations from Exploding Atoms", Nature, 95, 1915,pp494-8
[30]
Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June 1919,
s6, 37, pp537-61
(University of Manchester) Manchester, England3   
86 YBN
[07/28/1914 AD] 5 6 		4792) Sound is recorded and played back with motion pictures on plastic film.2

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Sipilä, Kari (April 2004). "A Country That Innovates". Ministry for
Foreign Affairs of Finland. Retrieved 2009-12-08. "Eric Tigerstedt". Film Sound
Sweden. Retrieved 2009-12-08.
http://www.filmsoundsweden.se/backspegel/tigerstedt.html See also A. M.
Pertti Kuusela, E.M.C Tigerstedt "Suomen Edison" (Insinööritieto Oy: 1981).
2. ^
Sipilä, Kari (April 2004). "A Country That Innovates". Ministry for Foreign
Affairs of Finland. Retrieved 2009-12-08. "Eric Tigerstedt". Film Sound Sweden.
Retrieved 2009-12-08.
http://www.filmsoundsweden.se/backspegel/tigerstedt.html See also A. M.
Pertti Kuusela, E.M.C Tigerstedt "Suomen Edison" (Insinööritieto Oy: 1981).
3. ^
"Eric Tigerstedt". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Tigerstedt
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ "Eric Tigerstedt". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Tigerstedt {07/28/1914}
6. ^
http://www.filmsoundsweden.se/backspegel/tigerstedt.html {1914}

MORE INFO
[1] Eric Tigerstedt German Patent #309535, 1914
Berlin, Germany3 (verify4 )  
86 YBN
[07/??/1914 AD] 4 		4879) The method of "spectral parallax"1 : the distance to a star can be
determined by comparing the intensity of spectral lines of the star with
another star with the same spectrum at a known distance.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Walter Sydney Adams." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 10 Nov. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/walter-sydney-adams
2. ^ Adams, W. S. and Kohlschutter, A., "Some spectral criteria for the
determination of absolute stellar magnitudes.", Contrib. Mt. Wilson Solar Obs.,
No. 89; Astrophys. J., 40, 385-398
(1914). http://books.google.com/books?id=voDkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA385
AND http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1914ApJ....40..385A
3. ^ "Walter Sydney Adams." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 10 Nov. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/walter-sydney-adams
4. ^ Adams, W. S. and Kohlschutter, A., "Some spectral criteria for the
determination of absolute stellar magnitudes.", Contrib. Mt. Wilson Solar Obs.,
No. 89; Astrophys. J., 40, 385-398
(1914). http://books.google.com/books?id=voDkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA385
AND http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1914ApJ....40..385A {07/1914}

MORE INFO
[1] "Walter Adams." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 09 Nov. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/5195/Walter-Sydney-Adams>
[2] "Walter Sydney Adams". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sydney_Adams
[3] W. Adams, “The Spectrum of the Companion of Sirius.”, Publications of
the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 27 (1915),
236–237. http://books.google.com/books?id=p6nnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA237&dq=The+Spectr
um+of+the+Companion+of+Sirius+adams&hl=en&ei=leXZTMGRLJO-sAPvhYiOCA&sa=X&oi=book
_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Spectrum%20of%20the
%20Companion%20of%20Sirius%20adams&f=false
[4] Walter Adams, "A Spectroscopic Method of Determining Parallaxes",
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2 (1916), 147–152;
http://books.google.com/books?id=eu8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA147&dq=A+Spectroscopic+Meth
od+of+Determining+Parallaxes&hl=en&ei=JejZTPLHDpK2sAOp-6X5Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result
&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=A%20Spectroscopic%20Method%20of%
20Determining%20Parallaxes&f=false
(Mount Wilson Observatory) Pasadena, California, USA3   
86 YBN
[07/??/1914 AD] 5 		4973) The first multistage rocket design.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.goddardmemorial.org/Goddard/timeline.html
2. ^ "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/236716/Robert-Hutchings-Goddard>.
3. ^ http://www.goddardmemorial.org/Goddard/timeline.html
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ http://www.goddardmemorial.org/Goddard/timeline.html
{07/1914}

MORE INFO
[1] "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-goddard
[2] "Goddard, Robert Hutchings." Complete Dictionary
of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.
433-434. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901665&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[3] "Robert Goddard". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Goddard
[4] Goddard, “A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes”, Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections, 71, no. 2 (1919)
[5] Goddard, “Liquid-Propellant Rocket
Development,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 95, no. 3 (1936)
[6] Goddard,
"Goddard’s Rockets" (New York, 1946)
[7] U.S. Patent 1,102,653 - Rocket apparatus -
R. H. Goddard, http://www.google.com/patents?vid=1102653
[8] U.S. Patent 1,103,503 - Rocket apparatus - R. H.
Goddard, http://www.google.com/patents?vid=1103503
[9] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p427
[10] "Speed of sound." McGraw-Hill's
Essential American Slang Dictionary. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007.
Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/speed-of-sound
(Princeton University) Princeton, New Jersey, USA3 (verify4 )  
86 YBN
[1914 AD] 3 		4497) The Doppler effect for light is confirmed experimentally using an
interferometer to measure the difference in position of the sets of rings
produced by light from the two ends of a rotating white disk.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Charles Fabry". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fabry
2. ^ "Charles Fabry". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fabry
3. ^ "Charles Fabry". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fabry {1914}

MORE INFO
[1] "Fabry, Charles." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 7 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9033534>
[2] "Fabry, Charles." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 513-514. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 7 July 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901371&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[3] "Pérot, Jean-Baptiste Gaspard Gustav Alfred." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 10. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 518-519.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 July 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903353&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
(Mareseilles University) Mareseilles, France2   
86 YBN
[1914 AD] 8 9 		4977) The theory that spiral "nebulae" are other galaxies.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p427.
2. ^ "Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 29 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/178891/Sir-Arthur-Stanley-Eddington>.
3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p427.
4. ^ "Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 29 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/178891/Sir-Arthur-Stanley-Eddington>.
5. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p427.
6. ^ "Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 29 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/178891/Sir-Arthur-Stanley-Eddington>.
7. ^ Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, "Stellar movements and the structure of the
universe",
1914 http://books.google.com/books?id=6KQ5AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=g
bs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
8. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p427. {1914}
9. ^ Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington,
"Stellar movements and the structure of the universe",
1914 http://books.google.com/books?id=6KQ5AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=g
bs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/arthur-stanley-eddington
(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England7   
86 YBN
[1914 AD] 4 		5179) A voltage-doubling circuit.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A,
Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 129, No. 811
(Nov. 3, 1930), pp.
477-489. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95496 {Cockcroft_John_19300819.pdf}
2. ^ http://www.electrosuisse.ch/g3.cms/s_page/84410/s_name/greinacherh
3. ^ http://www.electrosuisse.ch/g3.cms/s_page/84410/s_name/greinacherh
4. ^
http://www.electrosuisse.ch/g3.cms/s_page/84410/s_name/greinacherh {1914}

MORE INFO
[1] "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcroft
[2] "Ernest Walton." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-walton
[3] J. D. COCKCROFT and E. T. S. WALTON, “Experiments with High Velocity
Ions,” Proc. Roy. SOC. London, Series A 136, 619, (1932)
[4] Henry A. Barton,
"Comparison of protons and electrons in the excitation of x-rays by impact
Original Research Article", Journal of the Franklin Institute, Volume 209,
Issue 1, January 1930, Pages
1-19. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V04-49WK9PH-4G
H&_user=4422&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F1930&_alid=1617078843&_rdoc=2&_fmt=high&_orig=
search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5636&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&
view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=7ed91ac1
a7c90f1548a87974be6c3ca8&searchtype=a
(University of Zurich) Zurich, Switzerland3   
85 YBN
[01/??/1915 AD] 3 		4864) From Doppler shift, fifteen galaxies are all measured to be moving away
from the Earth with an average velocity of 400 km/s. In addition, a spiral
galaxy is found to rotate at 100 km/s, about 8 times the edge of Jupiter.1
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ Slipher, V. M., "Spectrographic Observations of Nebulae", Popular
Astronomy, vol. 23,
pp.21-24. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1915PA.....23Q..21S http://books.goog
le.com/books?id=XgryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21&dq=%22During+the+last+two+years,+the+spectr
ographic+work%22&hl=en&ei=iSDTTKiCNYL0tgPoopy7Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&r
esnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22During%20the%20last%20two%20years%2C%20th
e%20spectrographic%20work%22&f=false
2. ^ Slipher, V. M., "Spectrographic Observations of Nebulae", Popular
Astronomy, vol. 23,
pp.21-24. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1915PA.....23Q..21S http://books.goog
le.com/books?id=XgryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21&dq=%22During+the+last+two+years,+the+spectr
ographic+work%22&hl=en&ei=iSDTTKiCNYL0tgPoopy7Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&r
esnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22During%20the%20last%20two%20years%2C%20th
e%20spectrographic%20work%22&f=false {01/1915}
3. ^ Slipher, V. M., "Spectrographic
Observations of Nebulae", Popular Astronomy, vol. 23,
pp.21-24. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1915PA.....23Q..21S http://books.goog
le.com/books?id=XgryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21&dq=%22During+the+last+two+years,+the+spectr
ographic+work%22&hl=en&ei=iSDTTKiCNYL0tgPoopy7Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&r
esnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22During%20the%20last%20two%20years%2C%20th
e%20spectrographic%20work%22&f=false {01/1915}

MORE INFO
[1] "Vesto Slipher." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 03 Nov. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vesto-slipher
[2] "Vesto Slipher." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 03 Nov. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vesto-slipher
[3] "Slipher, Vesto Melvin." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 454-456. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 3 Nov. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904042&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[4] "Vesto Melvin Slipher". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesto_Melvin_Slipher
[5] Slipher, V. M., "Detection of the rotation of Uranus", Lowell Observatory
Bulletin, vol. 1, pp.19-20. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1912LowOB...2...19S
[6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p556
[7] Lowell, P.,
"Spectroscopic discovery of the rotation period of Uranus", Lowell Observatory
Bulletin, vol. 1,
pp.17-18. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/LowOB/0002//0000018.000.
html
[8] Slipher, V. M., "On the Spectrum of the Nebula in the Pleiades", Popular
Astronomy, Vol. 21, 1913,
p.186. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1913PA.....21..186S
[9] Slipher, V. M., "The Radial Velocity of the Andromeda Nebula", Popular
Astronomy, vol. 22,
pp.19-21. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1914PA.....22...19S
and http://books.google.com/books?id=4QryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA19&dq=%22Keeler,+by+his+
splendid%22&hl=en&ei=yO_RTL74OYz4sAOWzqHhCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum
=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Keeler%2C%20by%20his%20splendid%22&f=false
[10] "Vesto Melvin Slipher." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 03 Nov. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548821/Vesto-Melvin-Slipher>
[11] Lick Observatory, Heber Doust Curtis, William Wallace Campbell, Joseph
Haines Moore, Ralph , Elmer Wilson, William Hammond Wright, Studies of the
nebulae: made at the Lick Observatory, University of ...", 1918
http://books.google.com/books?id=HYnnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA50&dq=calcium+shift+nebulae&h
l=en&ei=peQcTYGrEov2tgOHxuWtAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6
AEwAA#v=onepage&q=calcium%20shift%20nebulae&f=false
(Percival Lowell's observatory) Flagstaff, Arizona, USA2   
85 YBN
[04/13/1915 AD] 4 5 		4817) The theory that the atomic nucleus is made of combinations of Hydrogen
and Helium atoms.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Harkins, William D., and Ernest D. Wilson. "The Structure of Complex
Atoms and the Changes of Mass and Weight Involved in Their Formation."
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1.5 (1915): 276. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1090802/
2. ^ Harkins, William D., and Ernest D. Wilson. "The Structure of
Complex Atoms and the Changes of Mass and Weight Involved in Their Formation."
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1.5 (1915): 276. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1090802/
3. ^ "Harkins, William Draper." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 117-119. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 1 Oct. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901863&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
4. ^ Harkins, William D., and Ernest D. Wilson. "The Structure of Complex Atoms
and the Changes of Mass and Weight Involved in Their Formation." Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1.5 (1915):
276. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1090802/
5. ^ "Harkins, William Draper." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 117-119. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 1 Oct. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901863&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1915}

MORE INFO
[1] "William Draper Harkins." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Oct. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/255369/William-Draper-Harkins>
[2] "William Draper Harkins". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Draper_Harkins
[3] William D. Harkins and Ernest D. Wilson, "The Structure of Complex Atoms
and the Changes of Mass and Weight Involved in Their Formation",Proc Natl Acad
Sci U S A. 1915 May; 1(5): 276–283.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1090802/pdf/pnas01974-0020.pdf
[4] Harkins WD., "THE BUILDING OF ATOMS AND THE NEW PERIODIC SYSTEM.", Science.
1919 Dec 26;50(1304):577-82. http://www.jstor.org/stable/i296627
(Kent Chemical Laboratory, University of Chicago) Chicago, Illinois, USA2 3
  
85 YBN
[12/04/1915 AD] 5 6 		4917) Bacteriophages {BaK-TER-E-u-FAJiZ1 } are identified; viruses that can
infect and kill bacteria.2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "bacteriophage." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 23 Jun.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/bacteriophage
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p667.
3. ^ Twort, “An
Investigation of the Nature of Ultra-Microscopic Viruses”, Lancet, V186,
I4814, 1915, 1241–1243.
http://books.google.com/books?id=LZVPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR24
AND http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T1B-49N2DJB-34G-1
&_cdi=4886&_user=4422&_pii=S0140673601203833&_origin=browse&_zone=rslt_list_item
&_coverDate=12%2F04%2F1915&_sk=998135185&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkzV&md5=349a66515aad41d7
d9b921e1bfb7b139&ie=/sdarticle.pdf {Twort_Frederick_19151204.pdf}
4. ^ Twort, “An Investigation of the Nature of Ultra-Microscopic Viruses”,
Lancet, V186, I4814, 1915, 1241–1243.
http://books.google.com/books?id=LZVPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR24
AND http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T1B-49N2DJB-34G-1
&_cdi=4886&_user=4422&_pii=S0140673601203833&_origin=browse&_zone=rslt_list_item
&_coverDate=12%2F04%2F1915&_sk=998135185&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkzV&md5=349a66515aad41d7
d9b921e1bfb7b139&ie=/sdarticle.pdf {Twort_Frederick_19151204.pdf}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p667. {12/04/1915}
6. ^ Twort, “An
Investigation of the Nature of Ultra-Microscopic Viruses”, Lancet, V186,
I4814, 1915, 1241–1243.
http://books.google.com/books?id=LZVPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR24
AND http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T1B-49N2DJB-34G-1
&_cdi=4886&_user=4422&_pii=S0140673601203833&_origin=browse&_zone=rslt_list_item
&_coverDate=12%2F04%2F1915&_sk=998135185&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkzV&md5=349a66515aad41d7
d9b921e1bfb7b139&ie=/sdarticle.pdf {Twort_Frederick_19151204.pdf} {12/04/1915}

MORE INFO
[1] "Twort, Frederick William." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 519-521. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904404&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[2] "Frederick Twort". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Twort
[3] "Félix d'Herelle". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_d%27Herelle
(Brown Institution) London, England4   
85 YBN
[1915 AD] 4 		4970) That thrust and propulsion can take place in a vacuum, needing no air to
push against, is proven.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/236716/Robert-Hutchings-Goddard>.
2. ^ Goddard, Robert (September 1924). "How my speed rocket can propel itself
in vacuum". Popular Science. p.
38. http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=DikDAAAAMBAJ&pg=38
AND http://books.google.com/books?id=DikDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38
3. ^ "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/236716/Robert-Hutchings-Goddard>.
4. ^ http://www.goddardmemorial.org/Goddard/timeline.html {1915}

MORE INFO
[1] "Goddard, Robert Hutchings." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 433-434. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901665&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[2] "Robert Goddard". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Goddard
[3] Goddard, “A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes”, Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections, 71, no. 2 (1919)
[4] Goddard, “Liquid-Propellant Rocket
Development,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 95, no. 3 (1936)
[5] Goddard,
"Goddard’s Rockets" (New York, 1946)
[6] U.S. Patent 1,102,653 - Rocket apparatus -
R. H. Goddard, http://www.google.com/patents?vid=1102653
[7] U.S. Patent 1,103,503 - Rocket apparatus - R. H.
Goddard, http://www.google.com/patents?vid=1103503
[8] "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-goddard
[9] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables
of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p427
(Clark University) Worcester, Massachusetts, USA3   
84 YBN
[01/26/1916 AD] 3 4 		4855) The theory of a "covalent bond", in which the chemical combination
between two atoms is the result of the sharing of a pair of electrons, with one
electron contributed by each atom.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Gilbert N. Lewis." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 29 Oct. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gilbert-newton-lewis
2. ^ "Gilbert N. Lewis." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 29 Oct. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/338142/Gilbert-N-Lewis>.
3. ^ GN Lewis, "THE ATOM AND THE MOLECULE.", Journal of the American Chemical
Society, 1916 - ACS
Publications http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja02261a002 {Lewis_Gilbert_19
160126.pdf} {01/26/1916}
4. ^ "Gilbert N. Lewis." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Oct. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/338142/Gilbert-N-Lewis>. {1916}

MORE INFO
[1] "Gilbert N. Lewis." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 29 Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/gilbert-newton-lewis
[2] "Gilbert Newton Lewis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis
[3]
http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/PortraitsHH_Detail.asp?HH_Lname=Lewis
[4] Lewis, "Valence and the structure of atoms and molecules",
1923 http://books.google.com/books?id=36zQAAAAMAAJ&q=Valence+and+the+Structure+
of+Atoms+and+Molecules&dq=Valence+and+the+Structure+of+Atoms+and+Molecules&hl=en
&ei=jlvLTKjIF4mosQORwrmNDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwA
A
(University of California at Berkeley) Berkeley, California, USA2   
84 YBN
[1916 AD] 4 5 		6616) The theory that the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom
determines the chemical properties of the atom.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kossel, Walther. "Über Molekülbildung als Frage des Atombaus." Annalen
der Physik 354.3 (1916): 229-362. Walther Kossel, "Molecule Formation as a
Question of Atomic Structure" English
translation: http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Kossel-1916.html
2. ^ "Kossel, Walther (Ludwig Julius Paschen Heinrich)" American Council of
Learned Societies. Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Scribner’s,
2000, p498.
3. ^ Kossel, W. "Bemerkungen zum Seriencharakter der Röntgenspektren."
Verhandlungen der Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft 18 (1916): 339-359.
Bemerkungen zum Seriencharakter der Röntgenspektren (but there is a scan
error) English: "Remarks about the serial nature of X-ray spectra"
4. ^ "Siegbahn, Karl
Manne Georg." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 18. Detroit:
Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 821-826. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 30
Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905333&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
5. ^ Kossel, W. "Bemerkungen zum Seriencharakter der Röntgenspektren."
Verhandlungen der Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft 18 (1916): 339-359.
Bemerkungen zum Seriencharakter der Röntgenspektren (but there is a scan
error) English: "Remarks about the serial nature of X-ray spectra"
  
83 YBN
[10/04/1917 AD] 6 		6508) The electric propulsion engine.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Choueiri, Edgar Y. "A critical history of electric propulsion: The first
50 years (1906-1956)." Journal of Propulsion and Power 20.2 (2004):
193-203. http://waterocket.explorer.free.fr/pdf/Electric%20Propulsion.choueiriJ
PP04a.pdf
2. ^ Goddard, R. H., "Method and Means for Producing Electrified Jets of Gas",
U.S. Patent No. 1,363,037, application filed Oct. 1917, granted
Dec. 1920. http://www.google.com/patents/US1363037
3. ^ Choueiri, Edgar Y. "A critical history of electric propulsion: The first
50 years (1906-1956)." Journal of Propulsion and Power 20.2 (2004):
193-203. http://waterocket.explorer.free.fr/pdf/Electric%20Propulsion.choueiriJ
PP04a.pdf
4. ^ Goddard, R. H., "Method and Means for Producing Electrified Jets of Gas",
U.S. Patent No. 1,363,037, application filed Oct. 1917, granted
Dec. 1920. http://www.google.com/patents/US1363037
5. ^ "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/236716/Robert-Hutchings-Goddard>.
6. ^ Goddard, R. H., "Method and Means for Producing Electrified Jets of Gas",
U.S. Patent No. 1,363,037, application filed Oct. 1917, granted
Dec. 1920. http://www.google.com/patents/US1363037

MORE INFO
[1] "Goddard, Robert Hutchings." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 433-434. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901665&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[2] "Robert Goddard". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Goddard
[3] Goddard, “A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes”, Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections, 71, no. 2 (1919) {Goddard_Robert_1946.pdf}
[4] Goddard, “Liquid-Propellant
Rocket Development,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 95, no. 3 (1936)
{Goddard_Robert_1946.pdf}
[5] Goddard, "Goddard’s Rockets" (New York, 1946)
[6] U.S. Patent 1,102,653 -
Rocket apparatus - R. H. Goddard, http://www.google.com/patents?vid=1102653
[7] U.S. Patent 1,103,503 - Rocket apparatus
- R. H. Goddard, http://www.google.com/patents?vid=1103503
[8] "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-goddard
[9] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables
of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p427
[10] Goebel, D.M., and
I. Katz. Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters. Wiley,
2008. JPL Space Science and Technology
Series. http://books.google.com/books?id=P5OGFXcBKcwC&pg=PA237
[11] R. H. Goddard, The Green Notebooks, vol. 1, The Dr. Robert H. Goddard
Collection at the Clark university Archives, Clark university, Worchester,
Massachusetts
Worcester, Massachusetts, USA (presumably)5   
83 YBN
[1917 AD] 11 		4761) Ultrasonic sound (sound with a frequency too high to be heard by the
human ear4 ) is produced by piezoelectricity and used to determine the location
of objects by reflection (sonar).5 6

Sonar can detect objects in air7 , and in water (for example a fetus inside the
womb,8 and objects in the ocean9 ).
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "ultrasonic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ultrasonic
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p638-639.
3. ^ "Paul Langevin." A
Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 26 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/paul-langevin
4. ^ "ultrasonic." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 25 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ultrasonic
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
p638-639.
6. ^ "Paul Langevin." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/paul-langevin
7. ^ Ted Huntington.
8. ^ "ultrasound." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Dec.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ultrasound
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p638-639.
10. ^ "Langevin, Paul."
Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles
Scribner's Sons, 2008. 9-14. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Aug.
2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902468&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
11. ^ "Langevin, Paul." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 9-14. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Web. 26 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902468&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1917}

MORE INFO
[1] "Paul Langevin". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Langevin
[2] P. Langevin, “Magnétisme et théeorie des électrons” in Annales de
chimie et de physique, 5 (1905), 70-127;
[3] "Curie, Pierre." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 26 Aug.
2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9028253>
(Collège de France) Paris, France10 (presumably)  
83 YBN
[1917 AD] 10 		4765) The theory that the universe is expanding.5 6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Willem de Sitter." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/willem-de-sitter
2. ^ de Sitter, W., "Einstein's theory of gravitation and its astronomical
consequences", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 76,
p.699-728. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1916MNRAS..76..699D {De_Sitter_Wille
m_part1_191608xx.pdf}
3. ^ de Sitter, W., "On Einstein's theory of gravitation and its astronomical
consequences. Second paper", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
Vol. 77,
p.155-184. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916MNRAS..77..155D {De_Sitter_Willem
_part2_191610xx.pdf}
4. ^ De Sitter, W., "Einstein's theory of gravitation and its astronomical
consequences. Third paper", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
Vol. 78,
p.3-28. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1917MNRAS..78....3D {De_Sitter_Willem_p
art3_191706xx.pdf}
5. ^ "Willem de Sitter." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/willem-de-sitter
6. ^ de Sitter, W., "Einstein's theory of gravitation and its astronomical
consequences", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 76,
p.699-728. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1916MNRAS..76..699D {De_Sitter_Wille
m_part1_191608xx.pdf}
7. ^ de Sitter, W., "On Einstein's theory of gravitation and its astronomical
consequences. Second paper", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
Vol. 77,
p.155-184. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916MNRAS..77..155D {De_Sitter_Willem
_part2_191610xx.pdf}
8. ^ De Sitter, W., "Einstein's theory of gravitation and its astronomical
consequences. Third paper", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
Vol. 78,
p.3-28. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1917MNRAS..78....3D {De_Sitter_Willem_p
art3_191706xx.pdf}
9. ^ "Willem de Sitter." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 27 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/willem-de-sitter
10. ^ "Willem de Sitter." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/willem-de-sitter {1917}

MORE INFO
[1] "Sitter, Willem de." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 27 Aug. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9068024>
[2] Kragh, Helge. "Sitter, Willem De." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 24. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 455-458. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 27 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830906095&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[3] "Willem de sitter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_de_sitter
(University of Leiden) Leiden, Netherlands9   
82 YBN
[04/??/1918 AD] 10 		5008) The Sun is determined to be in the outer part of our galaxy.5 6 7

The Cepheid variable-star method is used to determine that globular clusters
are distributed roughly in the shape of a sphere around a center in
Sagittarius, calculated to be 50,000 light years away.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p702-703.
2. ^ Shapley, "Remarks on the
Arrangement of the Sidereal Universe", Astrophysical Journal, 49 (1919),
311–336.
http://books.google.com/books?id=wX4OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=Remarks+on
+the+Arrangement+of+the+Sidereal+Universe&source=bl&ots=Akurl3Ntg9&sig=CIY6NgmTy
xBZqKK3RXWo3MWIr2U&hl=en&ei=hmMcTaKJK5SosAPG2ZDSAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result
&resnum=2&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Remarks%20on%20the%20Arrangement%20of%20th
e%20Sidereal%20Universe&f=false
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p702-703.
4. ^ Shapley, "Remarks on the
Arrangement of the Sidereal Universe", Astrophysical Journal, 49 (1919),
311–336.
http://books.google.com/books?id=wX4OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=Remarks+on
+the+Arrangement+of+the+Sidereal+Universe&source=bl&ots=Akurl3Ntg9&sig=CIY6NgmTy
xBZqKK3RXWo3MWIr2U&hl=en&ei=hmMcTaKJK5SosAPG2ZDSAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result
&resnum=2&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Remarks%20on%20the%20Arrangement%20of%20th
e%20Sidereal%20Universe&f=false
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p702-703.
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p702-703.
7. ^ Shapley, "Remarks on the Arrangement of the Sidereal
Universe", Astrophysical Journal, 49 (1919), 311–336.
http://books.google.com/books?id=wX4OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=Remarks+on
+the+Arrangement+of+the+Sidereal+Universe&source=bl&ots=Akurl3Ntg9&sig=CIY6NgmTy
xBZqKK3RXWo3MWIr2U&hl=en&ei=hmMcTaKJK5SosAPG2ZDSAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result
&resnum=2&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Remarks%20on%20the%20Arrangement%20of%20th
e%20Sidereal%20Universe&f=false
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p702-703.
9. ^ Shapley, H., "On the
Nature and Cause of Cepheid Variation", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 40, 1914,
p.448. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1914ApJ....40..448S {Shapley_Harlow_1914
0813.pdf}
10. ^ Shapley, "Remarks on the Arrangement of the Sidereal Universe",
Astrophysical Journal, 49 (1919), 311–336.
http://books.google.com/books?id=wX4OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=Remarks+on
+the+Arrangement+of+the+Sidereal+Universe&source=bl&ots=Akurl3Ntg9&sig=CIY6NgmTy
xBZqKK3RXWo3MWIr2U&hl=en&ei=hmMcTaKJK5SosAPG2ZDSAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result
&resnum=2&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Remarks%20on%20the%20Arrangement%20of%20th
e%20Sidereal%20Universe&f=false {04/1918}
(Mount Wilson Solar Observatory) Mount Wilson, California, USA9   
82 YBN
[06/21/1918 AD] 11 		6199) The first electronic read and write memory.7 8

Unlike other forms of information storage, with electronic memory the only
moving parts are electric current.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred Jordan, "Improvements in ionic
relays" British patent number: GB 148582 (filed: 21 June 1918; published: 5
August 1920).
http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=14
8582&KC=&FT=E {Eccles_William_Henry_electronic_memory_GB148582A_19180621.pdf}
2. ^ W. H. Eccles and F. W. Jordan (19 September 1919) "A trigger relay
utilizing three-electrode thermionic vacuum tubes." The Electrician, vol. 83,
page 298. {Eccles_flip-flop_19190919.pdf} Reprinted in: Radio Review, vol.
1, no. 3, pages 143–146 (December 1919) {Eccles_flip-flop_19191201.pdf}
3. ^ William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred
Jordan, "Improvements in ionic relays" British patent number: GB 148582 (filed:
21 June 1918; published: 5 August 1920).
http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=14
8582&KC=&FT=E {Eccles_William_Henry_electronic_memory_GB148582A_19180621.pdf}
4. ^ W. H. Eccles and F. W. Jordan (19 September 1919) "A trigger relay
utilizing three-electrode thermionic vacuum tubes." The Electrician, vol. 83,
page 298. {Eccles_flip-flop_19190919.pdf} Reprinted in: Radio Review, vol.
1, no. 3, pages 143–146 (December 1919) {Eccles_flip-flop_19191201.pdf}
5. ^ William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred
Jordan, "Improvements in ionic relays" British patent number: GB 148582 (filed:
21 June 1918; published: 5 August 1920).
http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=14
8582&KC=&FT=E {Eccles_William_Henry_electronic_memory_GB148582A_19180621.pdf}
6. ^ W. H. Eccles and F. W. Jordan (19 September 1919) "A trigger relay
utilizing three-electrode thermionic vacuum tubes." The Electrician, vol. 83,
page 298. {Eccles_flip-flop_19190919.pdf} Reprinted in: Radio Review, vol.
1, no. 3, pages 143–146 (December 1919) {Eccles_flip-flop_19191201.pdf}
7. ^ William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred
Jordan, "Improvements in ionic relays" British patent number: GB 148582 (filed:
21 June 1918; published: 5 August 1920).
http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=14
8582&KC=&FT=E {Eccles_William_Henry_electronic_memory_GB148582A_19180621.pdf}
8. ^ W. H. Eccles and F. W. Jordan (19 September 1919) "A trigger relay
utilizing three-electrode thermionic vacuum tubes." The Electrician, vol. 83,
page 298. {Eccles_flip-flop_19190919.pdf} Reprinted in: Radio Review, vol.
1, no. 3, pages 143–146 (December 1919) {Eccles_flip-flop_19191201.pdf}
9. ^ Ted Huntington.
10. ^ William Henry Eccles and
Frank Wilfred Jordan, "Improvements in ionic relays" British patent number: GB
148582 (filed: 21 June 1918; published: 5 August 1920).
http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=14
8582&KC=&FT=E {Eccles_William_Henry_electronic_memory_GB148582A_19180621.pdf}
11. ^ William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred Jordan, "Improvements in ionic
relays" British patent number: GB 148582 (filed: 21 June 1918; published: 5
August 1920).
http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=14
8582&KC=&FT=E {Eccles_William_Henry_electronic_memory_GB148582A_19180621.pdf}
{06/21/1918}
(City and Guilds Technical College) London, UK10   
82 YBN
[10/??/1918 AD] 5 		5880) Isobars are defined as elements with the same atomic mass but different
positions on the periodic table.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alfred W. Stewart, "Atomic Structure from the Physico-Chemical
Standpoint.", Phil Mag, 36, 326, 1918 {Stewart_Alfred_W_191810xx.pdf}
2. ^ Aston, "Isotopes", 1922, p12.
3. ^ Alfred
Walter Stewart, "Recent advances in physical and inorganic chemistry",
Longmans, Green and co., 1920 http://books.google.com/books?id=8CBDAAAAIAAJ
4. ^ Alfred W. Stewart, "Atomic Structure from
the Physico-Chemical Standpoint.", Phil Mag, 36, 326, 1918
{Stewart_Alfred_W_191810xx.pdf}
5. ^ Alfred W. Stewart, "Atomic Structure from the Physico-Chemical
Standpoint.", Phil Mag, 36, 326, 1918 {Stewart_Alfred_W_191810xx.pdf}
{10/1918}

MORE INFO
[1] "Alfred Walter Stewart", Journal of Chemical Education 1941 18 (10),
492 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed018p492
(University of Glasgow) Glasgow, Scotland4   
82 YBN
[1918 AD] 4 		5002) The first radioactive "tracer". A radioactive isotope of lead is used to
determine the solubility of lead salts.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p699-700.
2. ^ Georg V. Hevesy, Fritz
Paneth, "Die Löslichkeit des Bleisulfids und
Bleichromats" http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/zaac.19130820125/abstr
act "The solubility of lead sulphide and lead chromate"
3. ^ "Georg Charles von Hevesy."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 29 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/264499/Georg-Charles-von-Hevesy>.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p699-700. {1918}
(University of Budapest) Budapest, Hungary3   
81 YBN
[04/??/1919 AD] 19 		4750) Atomic transmutation and atomic fusion.12 13 14

When a high speed Alpha particle from Radium collides with an atom of nitrogen
gas, a proton is knocked lose from the nitrogen atom which causes a point of
light to appear on a zinc sulfate screen. In losing a proton, the nitrogen atom
is converted into an oxygen atom.15 This is the first time one element is
changed into another, which was a dream of the alchemists. This is also the
first "nuclear" reaction16 and the first atomic fusion; a larger atom being
made from smaller atoms.17
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil.
Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87.
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf}
2. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
3. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil.
Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87.
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf}
4. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
5. ^ "fusion>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"fusion." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company.
18 May. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fusion>.
6. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light
Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87.
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf}
7. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
8. ^ "fusion>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"fusion." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company.
18 May. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fusion>.
9. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light
Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87.
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf}
10. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
11. ^ "fusion>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"fusion." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company.
18 May. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fusion>.
12. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light
Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87.
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf}
13. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
14. ^ "fusion>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"fusion." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company.
18 May. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fusion>.
15. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light
Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87.
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf}
16. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p635-637.
17. ^ "fusion>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random
House, Inc. "fusion." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton
Mifflin Company. 18 May. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fusion>.
18. ^ Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with
Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37,
pp537-61. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.
pdf}
19. ^ Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June
1919, s6, 37, pp537-61.
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf}
{04/1919}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-rutherford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson
[2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford
[3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906
http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor
d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ
6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers,
1962, 3 volumes
[5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and
Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897,
189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si
d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343
[6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin
philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022
[7] Ernest Rutherford,
"The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian
Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the
birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18,
1906,
p123. http://books.google.com/books?id=wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=
gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false
[8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases
exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov
1897,
p422. http://books.google.com/books?id=utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an
d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+gases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h
l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6
AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org.nz/bibliography.htm
[10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical
Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati
on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produced+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad
iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduction%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false
[11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil
Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900.
http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-half-life.html
[12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395
[13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in
Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192
1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=oEwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad
ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the+Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b
l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnwX4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s
a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi
ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20the%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2
2&f=false
[14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665
[15] Rutherford and Soddy,
"The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of
Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902,
pp837-860. http://books.google.com/books?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q=rutherford&f=false
[16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive
Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902
[17] Ernest Rutherford, "The
Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil.
Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187.
http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic
+and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Absorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd
6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw&hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi
=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and
%20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Easily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f=
false
[18] "emanation." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation
[19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the condensation points of thorium and radium
emanations", Proc Chem Soc 219-20
1902. http://books.google.com/books?id=ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con
densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+emanations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C
w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2
0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thorium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false
[20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil Mag
ser 6, v 561-76 1903
[21] Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of
Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208
[22] Rutherford, "Radioactivity", ed 1
1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=xDwJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth
erford&hl=en&ei=u-dyTO3LC4m6sAOOhfTMDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ve
d=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[23] Rutherford, "Radioactivity" ,ed 2
1905. http://books.google.com/books?id=g0MNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth
erford&hl=en&ei=YudyTOL9E4nGsAP3ppzDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve
d=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
[24] E. Rutherford, H. Geiger, "A Method of Counting the Number of α Particles
from Radio-active Matter", Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical
Society, 1908, V52, N9, pp1-3
[25] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia
of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p687-688
[26]
Rutherford, "The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of the
Atom", Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4, 55,
03/07/1911, pp18-20
[27] Ernest Rutherford, "The Structure of the Atom", Phil Mag,
March 1914, s6, v27,
pp488-498. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-1914.html
[28] Rutherford, "Radiations from Exploding Atoms", Nature, 95, 1915,pp494-8
[29] Ernest
Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919,
s6, 37, pp581-87. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html
(University of Manchester) Manchester, England18   
81 YBN
[1919 AD] 4 		4906) The theory that fractional atomic weights are due to mixing of isotopes.1
2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Aston, Francis William." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 320-322. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 24 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900181&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
2. ^ F. W. Aston, "The Constitution of the Elements", Nature 106, 468 (09
December
1920). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v106/n2667/pdf/106468a0.pdf
AND http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/aston.html
3. ^ F. W. Aston, "The Constitution of the Elements", Nature 106, 468 (09
December
1920). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v106/n2667/pdf/106468a0.pdf
AND http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/aston.html
4. ^ F. W. Aston, "The Constitution of the Elements", Nature 106, 468 (09
December
1920). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v106/n2667/pdf/106468a0.pdf
AND http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/aston.html {12/06/1919}

MORE INFO
[1] "Francis William Aston." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 23 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/39838/Francis-William-Aston>
[2] "Francis William Aston." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 24 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/francis-william-aston
[3] "Francis William Aston". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_William_Aston
[4]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1922/aston-bio.html
[5] F. W. Aston, "A positive ray spectrograph", Philosophical Magazine Series
6, 1941-5990, Volume 38, Issue 228, 1919, Pages 707 –
714 http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/ftinterface~db=all~content=a910332967~full
text=713240928
(Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University) Cambridge, England3   
81 YBN
[1919 AD] 4 5 		5071) Increase in temperature is shown to increase the number of genetic
mutations in fruit flies.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p726-727.
2. ^ HJ Muller,"The
measurement of gene mutation rate in Drosophila, its high variability, and its
dependence upon temperature", Genetics,
1928 http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/13/4/279.pdf Muller_Hermann_19271025.
pdf}
3. ^ "Hermann Joseph Muller." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-joseph-muller
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p726-727. {1919}
5. ^ "Hermann Joseph
Muller." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 02 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-joseph-muller
{by 1918}

MORE INFO
[1] HJ Muller, "The Production of Mutations by X-Rays", Proc Natl Acad
Sci U S A. 1928 September; 14(9): 714–726.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1085688/pdf/pnas01821-0038.pdf
(Rice Institute) Houston, Texas3   
80 YBN
[06/03/1920 AD] 4 		4751) The theory of what will be called a neutron: that an electron can bind
more closely with a single Hydrogen nucleus to form a neutral atom of mass 1
with different properties than a neutral hydrogen atom.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Nuclear Constitution of Atoms Bakerian Lecture", The
Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 97, 1920, pp374-400. from The Collected
Papers of Lord Rutherford of Nelson, Vol 3, 1965, p14.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p635-637.
3. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Nuclear Constitution of Atoms
Backerian Lecture", The Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 97, 1920,
pp374-400.
4. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Nuclear Constitution of Atoms Backerian Lecture", The
Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 97, 1920, pp374-400. {06/03/1920}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-rutherford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson
[2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford
[3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906
http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor
d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ
6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers,
1962, 3 volumes
[5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and
Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897,
189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si
d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343
[6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin
philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022
[7] Ernest Rutherford,
"The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian
Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the
birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18,
1906,
p123. http://books.google.com/books?id=wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=
gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false
[8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases
exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov
1897,
p422. http://books.google.com/books?id=utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an
d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+gases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h
l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6
AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org.nz/bibliography.htm
[10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical
Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati
on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produced+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad
iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduction%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false
[11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil
Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900.
http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-half-life.html
[12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395
[13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in
Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192
1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=oEwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad
ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the+Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b
l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnwX4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s
a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi
ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20the%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2
2&f=false
[14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665
[15] Rutherford and Soddy,
"The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of
Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902,
pp837-860. http://books.google.com/books?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q=rutherford&f=false
[16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive
Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902
[17] Ernest Rutherford, "The
Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil.
Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187.
http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic
+and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Absorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd
6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw&hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi
=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and
%20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Easily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f=
false
[18] "emanation." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation
[19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the condensation points of thorium and radium
emanations", Proc Chem Soc 219-20
1902. http://books.google.com/books?id=ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con
densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+emanations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C
w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2
0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thorium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false
[20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil Mag
ser 6, v 561-76 1903
[21] Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of
Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208
[22] Rutherford, "Radioactivity", ed 1
1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=xDwJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth
erford&hl=en&ei=u-dyTO3LC4m6sAOOhfTMDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ve
d=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[23] Rutherford, "Radioactivity" ,ed 2
1905. http://books.google.com/books?id=g0MNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth
erford&hl=en&ei=YudyTOL9E4nGsAP3ppzDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve
d=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
[24] E. Rutherford, H. Geiger, "A Method of Counting the Number of α Particles
from Radio-active Matter", Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical
Society, 1908, V52, N9, pp1-3
[25] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia
of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p687-688
[26]
Rutherford, "The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of the
Atom", Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4, 55,
03/07/1911, pp18-20
[27] Ernest Rutherford, "The Structure of the Atom", Phil Mag,
March 1914, s6, v27,
pp488-498. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-1914.html
[28] "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[29] Rutherford, "Radiations from Exploding Atoms", Nature, 95, 1915,pp494-8
[30]
Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June 1919,
s6, 37, pp537-61
[31] Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms",
Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87
(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England3   
80 YBN
[08/??/1920 AD] 4 		4411) A list of the size of all atomic radii is published.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ W. L Bragg, "The Arrangement of Atoms in Crystals", Philosophical
Magazine. 6th ser., 40 (1920).
169-189. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/570391933-20948816/content~db=all~con
tent=a910337868 {Bragg_192008xx.pdf}
2. ^ "Bragg, Sir William Lawrence." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 15. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 61-64.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 June 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904839&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
3. ^ W. L Bragg, "The Arrangement of Atoms in Crystals", Philosophical
Magazine. 6th ser., 40 (1920).
169-189. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/570391933-20948816/content~db=all~con
tent=a910337868 {Bragg_192008xx.pdf}
4. ^ W. L Bragg, "The Arrangement of Atoms in Crystals",
Philosophical Magazine. 6th ser., 40 (1920).
169-189. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/570391933-20948816/content~db=all~con
tent=a910337868 {Bragg_192008xx.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "Bragg, Sir William." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 2 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9016145>
[2] "Sir William Henry Bragg." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University
Press, 2008. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-william-henry-bragg
[3] "William Henry Bragg". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg
[4] William Henry Bragg, The World of Sound (1920)
[5] William Henry Bragg, Concerning
the Nature of Things
(1925) http://books.google.com/books?id=-ysYrMza-ukC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Con
cerning+the+Nature+of+Things&source=bl&ots=oxGn9h6_Nh&sig=5iWXT3YPVpAsaRroIJp9lv
Tz250&hl=en&ei=3eEGTLTIL5X2NY3P9Y8J&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0
CBgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
[6] William Henry Bragg, Old Trades and New Knowledge (1926)
[7] William Henry Bragg,
An Introduction to Crystal Analysis (1928)
[8] William Henry Bragg, The Universe of
Light (1933)
[9] Bragg, “On the Absorption of X-rays, and on the Classification of
the X-rays of Radium,” in Philosophical Magazine, 6th ser., 8 (Dec. 1904),
719–725; http://books.google.com/books?id=9k8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA719&dq=On+the+Abs
orption+of+X-rays,+and+on+the+Classification+of+the+X-rays+of+Radium&hl=en&ei=VO
QGTLL9BIH48AaElfCRDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBA#v=on
epage&q&f=false
[10] Bragg and Kleeman. “On the lonization Curves of Radium,” Philosophical
Magazine, 726–738. Dated 8 September
1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=9k8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA726&dq=On+the+ionizati
on+Curves+of+Radium&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1904&as_maxm_is=0&a
s_maxy_is=1904&as_brr=0&cd=2#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20ionization%20Curves%20of%20R
adium&f=false
[11] Bragg, “The Consequences of the Corpuscular Hypothesis of γ and X-rays,
and the Range of β Rays”, Philosophical Magazine, 6th Ser., 20 (Sept. 1910),
385–416; Studies in Radio-activity
[12] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p592-593
[13] "Bragg,
William Henry." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 2. Detroit:
Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 397-400. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2
June 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900594&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[14] Bragg, "On the Properties and Natures of Various Electric Radiations",
Philosophical Magazine, 6th Ser., 14 (Oct. 1907), 429–449. Read before the
Royal Society of South Australia, 7 May and 4 June 1907.
http://books.google.com/books?id=EhQXBZ1r44AC&pg=PA429&dq=On+the+Properties+an
d+Natures+of+Various+Electric+Radiations&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_i
s=1907&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1907&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20Propert
ies%20and%20Natures%20of%20Various%20Electric%20Radiations&f=false
[15] William Lawrence Bragg, "The Specular Reflection of X-rays.", Nature, vol
90, num 2250, 12/12/1912,
p410. http://books.google.com/books?id=KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C
rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHTMiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r
esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit
le%3Anature&f=false
[16] William Lawrence Bragg, "X-rays and Crystals.", Nature, vol 90, num 2256,
1/23/1913,
p572. http://books.google.com/books?id=KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C
rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHTMiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r
esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit
le%3Anature&f=false
[17] W. H. Bragg and W. L. Bragg, “The Reflection of X-rays by Crystals,”
in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 88A (1 July 1913), 428–438,
received 7 April 1913; W. H. Bragg, “The Reflection of X-rays by Crystals
(II),” Nature., 89A (22 Sept. 1913), 246–248, received 21 June 1913
[18] W. H.
Bragg and W. L. Bragg, “The Structure of Diamond,” Nature (22 Sept. 1913),
277–291, received 30 July
[19] W. L. Bragg, "The diffraction of short
electromagnetic waves by a crystal", Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical
Society, 17 (1913), 43–57
[20] W. H. Bragg and W. L. Bragg, "The Structure of the
Diamond.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing
Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 610 (Sep. 22,
1913), pp.
277-291. http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/93489?seq=1&Search=yes&term=structure
&term=diamond&term=bragg&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3
Dthe%2Bstructure%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdiamond%2Bbragg%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3Dthe%2Bstructure
%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bdiamond%26Search%3DSearch%26hp%3D25%26wc%3Don&item=7&ttl=650&retur
nArticleService=showArticle&resultsServiceName=doBasicResultsFromArticle
[21] Bragg, W.H. and Bragg, W.L. "X-rays and Crystal Structure.", London: Bell,
1915. http://books.google.com/books?id=0D7PAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=
gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[22] # Bakerian Lecture: X-Rays and Crystal Structure # Author(s): W. H.
Bragg # Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.
Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character, Vol. 215,
(1915), pp. 253-274 http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/91108?seq=1
(University of Manchester) Manchester, England3   
80 YBN
[1920 AD] 4 		5045) Neutral molecular beams of Hydrogen and Helium are "diffracted" using a
Lithium Fluoride crystal.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ I. Estermann and O. Stern, "Beugung von Molekularstrahlen", Zeitschrift
für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, 1930, Volume 61, Numbers 1-2,
95-125. http://www.springerlink.com/content/u60q0jn868011015/ {Stern_Otto_1929
1214.pdf} "Diffraction of molecular beams"
2. ^ "Otto Stern." A Dictionary of
Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec.
2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/otto-stern
3. ^ "Stern, Otto." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 40-43. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Web. 31 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904156&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
4. ^ "Otto Stern." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/otto-stern
{1920}

MORE INFO
[1] O. Stern, "Eine direkte Messung der thermischen
Molekulargeschwindigkeit", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume
2, Number 1,
49-56. http://www.springerlink.com/content/u5507246w2x0k887/ "A direct
measurement of the thermal molecular velocity"
[2] W. Gerlach and O. Stern, "Der
experimentelle Nachweis des magnetischen Moments des Silberatoms", Zeitschrift
für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 8, Number 1,
110-111. http://www.springerlink.com/content/g635402018413p6g/ "The
experimental proof of the magnetic moment of the silver atom"
[3] Walther Gerlach and
Otto Stern, "The experimental proof of the directional quantization in the
magnetic field", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 9,
Number 1, 349-352. http://www.springerlink.com/content/p72218361287275g/
[4] Walther Gerlach and Otto Stern, "Der experimentelle Nachweis der
Richtungsquantelung im Magnetfeld", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and
Nuclei, Volume 9, Number 1,
349-352. http://www.springerlink.com/content/p72218361287275g/ "The
experimental proof of the direction of quantization in the magnetic field"
(University of Frankfurt) Frankfurt, Germany3   
79 YBN
[01/21/1921 AD] 4 5 		4924) Nuclear isomers are discovered, atoms that have identical nuclei but have
different half-lives.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p672-673
2. ^ "Hahn, Otto." Complete
Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons,
2008. 14-17. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901812&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
3. ^ O. Frisch, Lise Meitner, “Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons; a New
Type of Nuclear Reaction”, Nature, 143 (1939),
239-240. {Frisch_Otto_Meitner_Lise_19390116.pdf} {1921}
4. ^ Otto Hahn, "Über ein
neues radioaktives Zerfallsprodukt im Uran", Naturwissenschaften, Volume 9,
Number 5, 84, DOI:
10.1007/BF01491321 http://www.springerlink.com/content/uhukv60t536j7486/ {Hahn
_Otto_19210121.pdf} {01/21/1921}
5. ^ O. Frisch, Lise Meitner, “Disintegration of Uranium
by Neutrons; a New Type of Nuclear Reaction”, Nature, 143 (1939),
239-240. {Frisch_Otto_Meitner_Lise_19390116.pdf} {1921}

MORE INFO
[1] "Lise Meitner." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 25 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/373527/Lise-Meitner>
[2] "Lise Meitner." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008.
Answers.com 25 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/lise-meitner-1
[3] "Meitner, Lise." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 260-263.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902897&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[4] "Lise Meitner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lise_Meitner
[5] "Otto Robert Frisch". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Robert_Frisch
[6] "Frisch, Otto Robert." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
17. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 320-322. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 25 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905122&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[7] "Otto Robert Frisch." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 25 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/220450/Otto-Robert-Frisch>
[8] "Otto Robert Frisch." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/otto-robert-frisch-1
[9] "Otto Hahn." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 25 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/251675/Otto-Hahn>
[10] "Otto Hahn." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/otto-hahn
(Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instute fur Chemie) Berlin, Germany3   
79 YBN
[04/26/1921 AD] 4 		5239) The Crab nebula is found to be expanding from photographs spanning 8
years.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ John C. Duncan, "Changes Observed in the Crab Nebula in Taurus",
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, Vol. 7, No. 6 (Jun. 15, 1921), pp.
179-180. http://intl.pnas.org/content/7/6/179.full.pdf+html
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/84292
2. ^ Lampland, C. O., "Observed Changes in the Structure of the "Crab" Nebula
(N. G. C. 1952)", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol.
33, No. 192, p.79. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1921PASP...33...79L
3. ^ John C. Duncan, "Changes Observed in the Crab Nebula in
Taurus", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
of America, Vol. 7, No. 6 (Jun. 15, 1921), pp.
179-180. http://www.jstor.org/stable/84292
4. ^ John C. Duncan, "Changes Observed in the Crab Nebula in Taurus",
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, Vol. 7, No. 6 (Jun. 15, 1921), pp.
179-180. http://www.jstor.org/stable/84292 {04/26/1921}

MORE INFO
[1] J. J. L. D. and J. H. Oort, "The "Guest-Star" of 1054", T'oung Pao,
Second Series, Vol. 36, Livr. 2 (1941), pp.
174-180. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4527212
[2] Baade, W., "The Crab Nebula.", "Astrophysical Journal, vol. 96,
p.188. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1942ApJ....96..188B
[3] Ho Peng-Yokea, F.W. Paarb and P.W. Parsonsc, "The Chinese guest star of
A.D. 1054 and the Crab Nebula", Vistas in Astronomy, Volume 13, 1972, Pages
1-13. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TJG-473D842-N&
_user=4422&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1972&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=sear
ch&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=
4422&md5=006993bc94530f90974c9a4c518d5f2f&searchtype=a
[4] Mayall, N. U. & Oort, J. H., "Further Data Bearing on the Identification of
the Crab Nebula with the Supernova of 1054 A.D. Part II. The Astronomical
Aspects", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 54, No.
318, p.95-104. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1942PASP...54...95M
(Mount Wilson) Mount Wilson, California, USA3   
79 YBN
[07/??/1921 AD] 3 		4866) The atmosphere of Venus is found to have no oxygen or water vapor because
those absorption lines are not found in the spectrum of Venus.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Slipher, V.M., “The Spectrum of Venus, ” Lowell Obs. Bull. 3,
3.85-3.89 (1921) Bull. No. 84.
^. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1921LowOB...3...85S/0000086.000.htm
l
2. ^ "Vesto Melvin Slipher." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 03 Nov. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548821/Vesto-Melvin-Slipher>.
3. ^ Slipher, V.M., “The Spectrum of Venus, ” Lowell Obs. Bull. 3,
3.85-3.89 (1921) Bull. No. 84.
^. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1921LowOB...3...85S/0000086.000.htm
l {07/1921}

MORE INFO
[1] "Vesto Slipher." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 03 Nov. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vesto-slipher
[2] "Vesto Slipher." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 03 Nov. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vesto-slipher
[3] "Slipher, Vesto Melvin." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 454-456. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 3 Nov. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904042&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[4] "Vesto Melvin Slipher". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesto_Melvin_Slipher
[5] Slipher, V. M., "Detection of the rotation of Uranus", Lowell Observatory
Bulletin, vol. 1, pp.19-20. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1912LowOB...2...19S
[6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p556
[7] Lowell, P.,
"Spectroscopic discovery of the rotation period of Uranus", Lowell Observatory
Bulletin, vol. 1,
pp.17-18. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/LowOB/0002//0000018.000.
html
[8] Slipher, V. M., "On the Spectrum of the Nebula in the Pleiades", Popular
Astronomy, Vol. 21, 1913,
p.186. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1913PA.....21..186S
[9] Slipher, V. M., "The Radial Velocity of the Andromeda Nebula", Popular
Astronomy, vol. 22,
pp.19-21. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1914PA.....22...19S
and http://books.google.com/books?id=4QryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA19&dq=%22Keeler,+by+his+
splendid%22&hl=en&ei=yO_RTL74OYz4sAOWzqHhCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum
=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Keeler%2C%20by%20his%20splendid%22&f=false
[10] Slipher, V. M., "Spectrographic Observations of Nebulae", Popular
Astronomy, vol. 23,
pp.21-24. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1915PA.....23Q..21S http://books.goog
le.com/books?id=XgryAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21&dq=%22During+the+last+two+years,+the+spectr
ographic+work%22&hl=en&ei=iSDTTKiCNYL0tgPoopy7Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&r
esnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22During%20the%20last%20two%20years%2C%20th
e%20spectrographic%20work%22&f=false
[11] Slipher, V. M., "The spectrum of Lightning", Lowell Observatory Bulletin,
vol. 1,
pp.55-58. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1917LowOB...3...55S/0000056.
000.html
[12] Bibliography for V. M.
Slipher: http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Slipher/SlipherRefs.ht
ml
(Percival Lowell's observatory) Flagstaff, Arizona, USA2   
79 YBN
[09/??/1921 AD] 6 		4783) Neurotransmitters are discovered:1 2 chemicals that transmit nerve
impulses across a synapse.3 A fluid released when a frog's vagus nerve is
stimulated can stimulate another heart directly.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ O. Loewi und E. Navratil, Über humorale Übertragbarkeit der
Herznervenwirkung. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 189 (1921), pp. 239–242.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/x01314653605h385/ {Loewi_Otto_1921.pdf}
2. ^ Elliot S. Valenstein, "The Discovery of Chemical Neurotransmitters", Brain
and Cognition Volume 49, Issue 1, June 2002, Pages 73-95
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WBY-45XTFM6-7&_user
=4422&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_s
ort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&
md5=3e3897eee6f675c932cd1115cbc34de8&searchtype=a
3. ^ "neurotransmitter." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Apr.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/neurotransmitter
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p644-645.
5. ^ "Loewi, Otto." Complete
Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons,
2008. 451-457. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 8 Sept. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902655&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
6. ^ "Otto Loewi." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 08 Sep.
2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/otto-loewi {09/1921}

MORE INFO
[1] "Otto Loewi." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 Sep. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/otto-loewi
[2] "Otto Loewi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Loewi
[3] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1936/loewi-bio.html
(University of Graz) Graz, Austria5   
79 YBN
[1921 AD] 4 		4518) The system of antigens and antibodies is recognized.1 An antigen is a
substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an
antibody. Antigens include toxins, bacteria, and the cells of transplanted
organs.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Landsteiner, Karl." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 7.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 622-625. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 12 July 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902453&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1901}
2. ^ "antigen." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
13 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/antigen
3. ^ "Karl Landsteiner." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 12 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/karl-landsteiner
4. ^ "Landsteiner, Karl." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 622-625.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 12 July 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902453&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {1901} {1921}

MORE INFO
[1] "Karl Landsteiner." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 12 Jul. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/karl-landsteiner
[2] "Karl Landsteiner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner
[3] Karl Landsteiner, "Über agglutinationsercheinungen normalen menschlichen
blutes" ("On Agglutination Phenomena of Normal Human Blood"), Wien Klin Wschr,
14: 1132-4. 2, 1901. English
translation: http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=A1hChCwPefsC&oi=fnd&pg=
PA112&dq=normalen+landsteiner&ots=_vv7jEjQs9&sig=4hP7HU9JIYw7QIZdahl1pFdbdQQ#v=o
nepage&q=normalen%20landsteiner&f=false
(The Hague) Netherlands3   
78 YBN
[01/26/1922 AD] 3 		5103) Light is described as being made of "atoms of light" all having the same
"very low mass", and the equations E=hv (by Planck) and E=mc2 (by Einstein) are
equated to solve for the mass of the atom of light.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ De Broglie, "Rayonnement noir et quanta de lumière", Journal de Physique
et le Radium, S6, V3, N11, 11/1922,
p422. http://jphysrad.journaldephysique.org/index.php?option=com_toc&url=/artic
les/jphysrad/abs/1922/11/contents/contents.html {Broglie_Louis_De_ajp-jphysrad_
1922_3_11_422_0_19220126.pdf}
2. ^ Lacki, Jan. "Broglie, Louis (Victor Pierre Raymond) De." Complete
Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 19. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons,
2008. 409-415. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905527&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
3. ^ De Broglie, "Rayonnement noir et quanta de lumière", Journal de Physique
et le Radium, S6, V3, N11, 11/1922,
p422. http://jphysrad.journaldephysique.org/index.php?option=com_toc&url=/artic
les/jphysrad/abs/1922/11/contents/contents.html {Broglie_Louis_De_ajp-jphysrad_
1922_3_11_422_0_19220126.pdf} {01/26/1922}

MORE INFO
[1] L. De Broglie, "Matière et lumière" ("Matter and Light"),
1937. http://books.google.com/books?id=iGq4AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Matter%20and%20Light%
22&source=gbs_book_other_versions
(brother Maurice's lab) Paris, France (verify)2   
78 YBN
[03/01/1922 AD] 5 		5163) Separating isotopes by evaporative centrifuging is suggested, where a
material is heated into a vapour and separated by atomic mass in a rapidly
rotating tube.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p752-753.
2. ^ "Robert Sanderson
Mulliken." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999,
2003. Answers.com 22 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-sanderson-mulliken
3. ^ Robert S. Mulliken, "THE SEPARATION OF ISOTOPES BY THERMAL AND PRESSURE
DIFFUSION", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1922, 44 (5), pp
1033–1051. http://books.google.com/books?id=cQoSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1033
AND http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01426a015 {Mulliken_Robert_19220301.
pdf}
4. ^ Robert S. Mulliken, "THE SEPARATION OF ISOTOPES BY THERMAL AND PRESSURE
DIFFUSION", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1922, 44 (5), pp
1033–1051. http://books.google.com/books?id=cQoSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1033
AND http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01426a015 {Mulliken_Robert_19220301.
pdf}
5. ^ Robert S. Mulliken, "THE SEPARATION OF ISOTOPES BY THERMAL AND PRESSURE
DIFFUSION", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1922, 44 (5), pp
1033–1051. http://books.google.com/books?id=cQoSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1033
AND http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01426a015 {Mulliken_Robert_19220301.
pdf} {03/01/1922}
(University of Chicago) Chicago, Illinois, USA4   
78 YBN
[03/03/1922 AD] 3 		4324) The theory of an all-inertial universe where gravity is explained as a
result of particle collision.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Pickering, W. H., "Shall we Accept Relativity", Popular Astronomy, Vol.
30, 04/1922,
p.199. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=19
22PA.....30..199P&db_key=AST&page_ind=0&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREE
N_GIF&classic=YES
2. ^ Pickering, W. H., "Shall we Accept Relativity", Popular Astronomy, Vol.
30, 04/1922,
p.199. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=19
22PA.....30..199P&db_key=AST&page_ind=0&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREE
N_GIF&classic=YES
3. ^ Pickering, W. H., "Shall we Accept Relativity", Popular Astronomy, Vol.
30, 04/1922,
p.199. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=19
22PA.....30..199P&db_key=AST&page_ind=0&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREE
N_GIF&classic=YES {03/03/1922}

MORE INFO
[1] "Pickering, William Henry." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 11 May 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9059926>
[2] "William Henry Pickering." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 11 May. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-henry-pickering
[3] "William Henry Pickering." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 11 May. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-henry-pickering
[4] "Pickering, William Henry." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 10. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 601-602. Gale Virtual
Reference Library. Web. 11 May 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903408&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[5] Pickering, W. H., "Are Space and Time Really Infinite?", Popular Astronomy,
vol. 18, 08/1910,
pp.420-421. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1910PA.....18..420P and
pdf: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1910PA.....1
8..420P&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf
[6] Pickering, William H., "The Theory of Relativity", Popular Astronomy, vol.
28, 06/1920, pp. 334-344. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1920PA.....28..334P
[7] Pickering, William H., "a Suggestion Regarding
Gravitation, II", Popular Astronomy, Vol. 30, 05/1922,
p.272. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1922PA.....30..272P
[8] Pickering, William H., "Aberration and Relativity", Popular Astronomy, Vol.
30, 06/1922, p.340 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1922PA.....30..340P
[9] Pickering EC (1899-03-17). "A New Satellite of Saturn". 49.
Harvard College Observatory Bulletin.
http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/BHarO/0049//0000001.000.html
[10] "Phoebe (moon)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008
[11] "William Henry Pickering".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Pickering
[12] Ames, C. H., "Are Space and Time Infinite? The Affirmative Answer",
Popular Astronomy, vol. 19, 01/1911,
pp.31-35. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1911PA.....19...31A
Menton, France2   
78 YBN
[05/27/1922 AD] 4 		5197) The theory of "polar fronts": that the atmosphere of Earth is made of air
masses that are either warm tropical air or cold polar air, and the sharp
boundaries between them are called "fronts" (similar to battle lines in war).1
2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p759.
2. ^ J. Bjerknes, "Life cycle
of cyclones and the polar front theory of atmospheric circulation",
1922. http://meteora.ucsd.edu/~jnorris/sio217B/bjerknes.pdf {Bjerknes_Jacob_19
220527.pdf}
3. ^ "Jacob Bjerknes." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/jacob-bjerknes
4. ^ J. Bjerknes, "Life cycle of cyclones and the polar front theory of
atmospheric circulation",
1922. http://meteora.ucsd.edu/~jnorris/sio217B/bjerknes.pdf {Bjerknes_Jacob_19
220527.pdf} {05/27/1922}
(Geophysical Institute) Bergen, Norway3   
78 YBN
[12/13/1922 AD] 3 		5108) The "Compton effect": x-rays are found to have a lower frequency after
being reflected by graphite, which implies that a light quantum has momentum
that is lost to an electron from the collision.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ A. Compton, "A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-rays by Light
Elements", Phys. Rev. 21, 483–502 (1923)
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v21/i5/p483_1 {Compton_Arthur_19221213.pdf}
2. ^ A. Compton, "A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-rays by Light
Elements", Phys. Rev. 21, 483–502 (1923)
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v21/i5/p483_1 {Compton_Arthur_19221213.pdf}
3. ^ A. Compton, "A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-rays by Light
Elements", Phys. Rev. 21, 483–502 (1923)
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v21/i5/p483_1 {Compton_Arthur_19221213.pdf}
{12/13/1922}

MORE INFO
[1] A. Compton, "The Corpuscular Properties of Light", Rev. Mod. Phys.
V1, I1, p74–89 (1929) http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v1/i1/p74_1
[2] A. Compton, "The wave-length of hard gamma rays",
Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 41, Issue 245, 1921, Pages
770 – 777. {Compton_Arthur_19201201.pdf}
[3] A. Compton, "The total reflexion of X-rays", Philosophical
Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 45, Issue 270, 1923, Pages 1121 –
1131. {Compton_Arthur_19221209.pdf}
[4]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/compton-lecture.pdf
[5] A. H. Compton and R. L. Doan, "X-Ray Spectra from a Ruled Reflection
Grating", PNAS 1925 V11 (I10)
p598-601. http://www.pnas.org/content/11/10/598.full.pdf+html?sid=b32d2ed9-9fe5
-47ce-93b4-6e4248df2927
(Washington University) Saint Louis, Missouri, USA2   
77 YBN
[05/04/1923 AD] 3 		5004) Radioactive lead dissolved in water allows the absorption and
distribution of the lead in plants to be followed.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ G. Hevesy, "The Absorption and Translocation of Lead by Plants A
Contribution to the Application of the Method of Radioactive Indicators in the
Investigation of the Change of Substance in Plants", Biochem J. 1923; 17(4-5):
439–445.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1263906/ {Hevesy_Georg_19230504.p
df}
2. ^ G. Hevesy, "The Absorption and Translocation of Lead by Plants A
Contribution to the Application of the Method of Radioactive Indicators in the
Investigation of the Change of Substance in Plants", Biochem J. 1923; 17(4-5):
439–445.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1263906/ {Hevesy_Georg_19230504.p
df}
3. ^ G. Hevesy, "The Absorption and Translocation of Lead by Plants A
Contribution to the Application of the Method of Radioactive Indicators in the
Investigation of the Change of Substance in Plants", Biochem J. 1923; 17(4-5):
439–445.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1263906/ {Hevesy_Georg_19230504.p
df} {05/04/1923}

MORE INFO
[1] "Georg Charles von Hevesy." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 29 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/264499/Georg-Charles-von-Hevesy>
[2] Georg V. Hevesy, Fritz Paneth, "Die Löslichkeit des Bleisulfids und
Bleichromats" http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/zaac.19130820125/abstr
act "The solubility of lead sulphide and lead chromate"
[3] D. COSTER & G. HEVESY, "On
the new element hafnium", Nature, 111, 79-79 (20 January
1923). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v111/n2777/abs/111079a0.html
[4] "hafnium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hafnium
(University of Copenhagen) Copenhagen, Denmark2   
77 YBN
[06/14/1923 AD] 4 		3613) Electronic moving images are transmitted and received using radio.2
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ http://www.tvhistory.tv/C-Francis-Jenkins.htm ?
2. ^
http://www.tvhistory.tv/C-Francis-Jenkins.htm ?
3. ^
http://www.bairdtelevision.com/jenkins.html
4. ^ http://www.tvhistory.tv/C-Francis-Jenkins.htm ? {06/14/1923}

MORE INFO
[1] C. Francis JENKINS, "Transmitting Pictures by Electricity", The
Electrical Engineer, 25 July 1894
[2] http://histv2.free.fr/jenkins/jenkins1894.htm
[3] "television." Encyclopædia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1262241/television-technology>
[4] http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/J/htmlJ/jenkinschar/jenkinschar.htm
[5] Thomas Streissguth, "Communications: Sending the Message", Oliver
Press, Inc., 1997,
p104-105. http://books.google.com/books?id=YAf1UqOy9kcC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=C
harles+Francis+Jenkins+may+19+1922&source=web&ots=4fgBJlRleZ&sig=AeO7vUVl-YRerSI
DzuHYs3Syxes&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA105,M1
Washington, D.C., USA.3   
77 YBN
[09/03/1923 AD] 4 5 6 		4860) Acids are defined as substances that lose a hydrogen ion in solution and
bases as substances that accept a hydrogen ion in solution.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted, "Einige Bemerkungen über den Begriff der
Säuren und Basen.", Recueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas et de la
Belgique, 42 (1923), p718–728.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/recl.19230420815/abstract
{Bronsted_19230504.pdf}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p670-671.
3. ^ "Johannes Nicolaus
Brønsted." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25
Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/80949/Johannes-Nicolaus-Bronsted>.
4. ^ Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted, "Einige Bemerkungen über den Begriff der
Säuren und Basen.", Recueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas et de la
Belgique, 42 (1923), p718–728.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/recl.19230420815/abstract
{Bronsted_19230504.pdf}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p670-671. {1923}
6. ^ "Johannes
Nicolaus Brønsted." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 25 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/80949/Johannes-Nicolaus-Bronsted>.
{1923}

MORE INFO
[1] "Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford
University Press, 2008. Answers.com 26 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/johannes-nicolaus-br-nsted-1
[2] "Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Nicolaus_Br%C3%B8nsted
[3] Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted, “The Activity Coefficients of Ions in Very
Dilute Solutions.”, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 46 (1924),
p555–573. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01668a006
(University of Copenhagen) Copenhagen, Denmark3   
77 YBN
[09/10/1923 AD] 4 		5104) The mass of a light particle (or "atom of light") is calculated to be
less than 10-50 grams.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Louis De Broglie, " Ondes et quanta", Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris 177
(1923) pp.507. {Broglie_Louis_De_19230910.pdf} {09/10/1923}
2. ^ Louis De Broglie,"Waves
and quanta", Nature, 112, 540-540 (13 October
1923). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v112/n2815/abs/112540a0.html Engli
sh version (is shorter than French paper of same title)
3. ^ Lacki, Jan. "Broglie,
Louis (Victor Pierre Raymond) De." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 19. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 409-415. Gale Virtual
Reference Library. Web. 3 Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905527&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
4. ^ Louis De Broglie, "Ondes et quanta", Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris 177
(1923) pp.507. {Broglie_Louis_De_19230910.pdf} {09/10/1923}

MORE INFO
[1] L. De Broglie, "Matière et lumière" ("Matter and Light"),
1937. http://books.google.com/books?id=iGq4AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Matter%20and%20Light%
22&source=gbs_book_other_versions
(brother Maurice's lab) Paris, France (verify)3   
77 YBN
[1923 AD] 3 		4216) The consumer movie camera.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://www.kodak.com/global/en/corp/historyOfKodak/1878.jhtml?pq-path=2217/2687/
2695/2699
2. ^
http://www.kodak.com/global/en/corp/historyOfKodak/1878.jhtml?pq-path=2217/2687/
2695/2699
3. ^
http://www.kodak.com/global/en/corp/historyOfKodak/1878.jhtml?pq-path=2217/2687/
2695/2699 {1923}

MORE INFO
[1] "George Eastman." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/george-eastman
[2] "George Eastman." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/george-eastman
[3] "George Eastman." The Oxford Companion to the Photograph. Oxford University
Press, 2005. Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/george-eastman
[4] "George Eastman." The Reader's Companion to American History, Eric Foner
and John A. Garraty, Editors, published by. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991.
Answers.com 27 Jan. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/george-eastman
[5] "George Eastman." Encyclopedia of World
Biography. Vol. 5. 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 186. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 27 Jan. 2010
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>
[6] Eastman's gelatin film patent
#306,594 http://www.google.com/patents?id=5KFEAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4
&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[7] http://www.kodak.com/global/en/corp/historyOfKodak/eastmanTheMan.jhtml
[8] "Eastman, George." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 27 Jan. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9031830>
[9] Eastman's October 5, 1884
patent. http://www.google.com/patents?id=9edJAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&
source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[10] "George Eastman." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 27
Jan. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/george-eastman
[11] Reichenbach's Eastman celluloid patent
#417,202 http://www.google.com/patents?id=Bh1wAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4
&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[12] Carl W. Ackerman, "George Eastman: Founder of Kodak and the Photography
Business",
1930. http://books.google.com/books?id=BG2zCYDzdlkC&printsec=frontcover&source=
gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[13] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p552-553
(Eastman Kodak Company) NJ, USA2   
77 YBN
[1923 AD] 6 7 8 		4927) An electronic theory of acids and bases: an acid is defined as an
electron-pair acceptor and a base as an electron-pair donor.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Gilbert N. Lewis." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 29 Oct. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/338142/Gilbert-N-Lewis>.
2. ^ Lewis, Gilbert N. "Acids and bases." Journal of the Franklin Institute
226.3 (1938):
293-313. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00160032/226/3 {Lewis_ac
ids_and_bases_19380520.pdf}
3. ^ Lewis, "Valence and the structure of atoms and molecules", 1923,
p142. http://books.google.com/books?id=36zQAAAAMAAJ
AND http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b35072;view=1up;seq=5 {Lewis_Val
ence_1923.pdf}
4. ^ Lewis, Gilbert N. "Acids and bases." Journal of the Franklin Institute
226.3 (1938):
293-313. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00160032/226/3 {Lewis_ac
ids_and_bases_19380520.pdf}
5. ^ "Gilbert N. Lewis." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 29 Oct. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/338142/Gilbert-N-Lewis>.
6. ^ Lewis, "Valence and the structure of atoms and molecules", 1923,
p142. http://books.google.com/books?id=36zQAAAAMAAJ
AND http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b35072;view=1up;seq=5 {Lewis_Val
ence_1923.pdf}
7. ^ Lewis, Gilbert N. "Acids and bases." Journal of the Franklin Institute
226.3 (1938):
293-313. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00160032/226/3 {Lewis_ac
ids_and_bases_19380520.pdf}
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p656-657. {1938}

MORE INFO
[1] "Gilbert N. Lewis." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 29 Oct. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gilbert-newton-lewis
[2] "Gilbert N. Lewis." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 29
Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/gilbert-newton-lewis
[3] "Lewis, Gilbert Newton." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 289-294. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 29 Oct. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902598&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[4] "Gilbert Newton Lewis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis
[5]
http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/PortraitsHH_Detail.asp?HH_Lname=Lewis
[6] Lewis, "Valence and the structure of atoms and molecules",
1923 http://books.google.com/books?id=36zQAAAAMAAJ&q=Valence+and+the+Structure+
of+Atoms+and+Molecules&dq=Valence+and+the+Structure+of+Atoms+and+Molecules&hl=en
&ei=jlvLTKjIF4mosQORwrmNDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwA
A
[7] GN Lewis, "THE ATOM AND THE MOLECULE.", Journal of the American Chemical
Society, 1916 - ACS
Publications http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja02261a002
(University of California at Berkeley) Berkeley, California, USA4 5   
77 YBN
[1923 AD] 9 		5000) The ultracentrifuge.1 2 3 4 A centrifuge {SeN-Tre-FUJ5 } can force
colloidal {Ku-lOED-L6 } particles to settle out of a liquid, and can be used to
determine molecule size and mass.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p697-698.
2. ^ "electrophoresis." The
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/electrophoresis
3. ^Svedberg, Kolloid-Z., Zsigmondy-Festschrift, 1925, p. 53.
4. ^ The Svedberg,
Robin Fåhraeus, "A NEW METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF
THE PROTEINS", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1926, 48 (2), pp
430–438 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01413a019
{Svedberg_Theodor_19250804.pdf}
5. ^ "centrifuge." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 23 Jun. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/centrifuge>.
6. ^ "colloidal." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 23 Jun. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/colloidal>.
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p697-698.
8. ^ "electrophoresis." The
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/electrophoresis
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p697-698. {1923}
(University of Uppsala) Upsala, Sweden8   
76 YBN
[08/??/1924 AD] 5 		4896) A light ray device that can disable vehicles and burn people.1 2 3
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ " "Death Ray" is Carried by Shafts of Light", Popular Mechanics, Aug
1924,
p189. http://books.google.com/books?id=4toDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=popul
ar+mechanics+death+ray&source=bl&ots=_k8o3ZPfp0&sig=FBRNsl5KMsn40BSmKmNKNqmLLWU&
hl=en&ei=2DEBTZO9DoK-sQOjz-25Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&sqi=2&ved
=0CCYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false
2. ^ "Man's Most Terrible Invention", Popular Science, Vol. 105, No. 2, Aug
1924, p33. http://books.google.com/books?id=tikDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA33
3. ^ Barwell, Ernest H. G. The Death Ray Man: The Biography of Grindell
Matthews, Inventor and Pioneer. London: Hutchinson, 1943. Print.
{Death_Ray_Man_Grindell_Matthews_1943.pdf}
4. ^ " "Death Ray" is Carried by Shafts of Light", Popular Mechanics, Aug 1924,
p189. http://books.google.com/books?id=4toDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=popul
ar+mechanics+death+ray&source=bl&ots=_k8o3ZPfp0&sig=FBRNsl5KMsn40BSmKmNKNqmLLWU&
hl=en&ei=2DEBTZO9DoK-sQOjz-25Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&sqi=2&ved
=0CCYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false
5. ^ " "Death Ray" is Carried by Shafts of Light", Popular Mechanics, Aug 1924,
p189. http://books.google.com/books?id=4toDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=popul
ar+mechanics+death+ray&source=bl&ots=_k8o3ZPfp0&sig=FBRNsl5KMsn40BSmKmNKNqmLLWU&
hl=en&ei=2DEBTZO9DoK-sQOjz-25Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&sqi=2&ved
=0CCYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false {08/1924}
Chicago, Illinois, USA4   
76 YBN
[1924 AD] 7 		3614) Photographs are sent over the phone wire.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "telephone and telephone system." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585993/telephone>.
2. ^ "Pictures By Wire Sent With Success for the First Time", New York Times,
May 20, 1924
3. ^ "Electrical transmission of pictures", Electrical World, Volume
83, June 14, 1924, p1223.
4. ^ "Photos sent over telephone wires are accurately
reproduced.", Popular Mechanics, Volume 42, August 1924,
p187. books.google.com/books?id=4toDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA187
5. ^ "telephone and telephone system." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585993/telephone>.
6. ^ http://www.corp.att.com/attlabs/reputation/timeline/24fax.html
7. ^ "telephone and telephone system." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585993/telephone>. {1924}
Cleveland, OH, (to NYC, NY), USA5 6   
76 YBN
[1924 AD] 4 		4696) Tissue taken from one amphibian embryo and grafted onto another is shown
to assume the character of the host, losing its original nature.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Hans Spemann." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-spemann
2. ^ "Hans Spemann." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-spemann
3. ^ "Hans Spemann." Biographies. Answers
Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-spemann
4. ^ "Hans Spemann." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 28
Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-spemann {1924}

MORE INFO
[1] "Spemann, Hans." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 28 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9069062>
[2] "Hans Spemann". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Spemann
[3] Hans Spemann, "Embryonic Development and Induction", 1938 Note: all but
the last of Spemann's works are translated into English in this
book. http://books.google.com/books?id=4cJoPAAACAAJ&dq=Embryonic+Development+an
d+Induction&hl=en&ei=qA9STPaHCNCMnQe1xaC2Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum
=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ
[4] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1935/spemann-bio.html
(University of Freiburg) Breisgau, Germany2 3   
75 YBN
[01/01/1925 AD] 6 7 		5060) Spiral nebulae are proven to be other galaxies containing stars, and to
be very far away, by determining the distance of Cepheid variable stars.3 4
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p720-722.
2. ^ Hubble, E. P., "Cepheids
in spiral nebulae", The Observatory, Vol. 48, p. 139-142
(1925). http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1925Obs....48..139H from: Hub
ble, Publications of the American Astronomical Society V5, 1925, p261.
{Hubble_Edwin_19240101.pdf}
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p720-722.
4. ^ Hubble, E. P., "Cepheids
in spiral nebulae", The Observatory, Vol. 48, p. 139-142
(1925). http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1925Obs....48..139H from: Hub
ble, Publications of the American Astronomical Society V5, 1925, p261.
{Hubble_Edwin_19240101.pdf}
5. ^ Berendzen, R. & Hoskin, M., "Hubble's Announcement of Cepheids in Spiral
Nebulae", Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, Vol. 10, No. 504, p.
425-440
(1967). http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1971ASPL...10..425B/0000437.00
0.html
6. ^ Berendzen, R. & Hoskin, M., "Hubble's Announcement of Cepheids in Spiral
Nebulae", Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, Vol. 10, No. 504, p.
425-440
(1967). http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1971ASPL...10..425B/0000437.00
0.html {01/01/1925}
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p720-722. {1924}

MORE INFO
[1] Edwin Powell Hubble, "The realm of the nebulae",
1936. http://books.google.com/books?id=kgiXdDGLpFUC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=hubbl
e+1925+american+astronomical&source=bl&ots=jvr9ucBYoh&sig=0zvGhy7ZruZatNAYgEZ4fS
jD9DE&hl=en&ei=6y4fTdPNOJG0sAPI7YiwCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved
=0CCIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
(Mount Wilson) Mount Wilson, California, USA5   
75 YBN
[04/04/1925 AD] 3 		4754) Hydrogen nuclei are called "protons".1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Disintegration of Atomic Nuclei", Nature, April 4
1925, 115, pp493-4.
2. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Disintegration of Atomic Nuclei", Nature,
April 4 1925, 115, pp493-4.
3. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Disintegration of Atomic Nuclei",
Nature, April 4 1925, 115, pp493-4. {04/04/1925}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-rutherford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson
[2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford
[3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906
http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor
d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ
6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers,
1962, 3 volumes
[5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and
Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897,
189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si
d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343
[6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin
philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022
[7] Ernest Rutherford,
"The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian
Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the
birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18,
1906,
p123. http://books.google.com/books?id=wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=
gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false
[8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases
exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov
1897,
p422. http://books.google.com/books?id=utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an
d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+gases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h
l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6
AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org.nz/bibliography.htm
[10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical
Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati
on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produced+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad
iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduction%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false
[11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil
Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900.
http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-half-life.html
[12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395
[13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in
Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192
1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=oEwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad
ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the+Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b
l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnwX4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s
a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi
ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20the%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2
2&f=false
[14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665
[15] Rutherford and Soddy,
"The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of
Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902,
pp837-860. http://books.google.com/books?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q=rutherford&f=false
[16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive
Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902
[17] Ernest Rutherford, "The
Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil.
Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187.
http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic
+and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Absorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd
6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw&hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi
=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and
%20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Easily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f=
false
[18] "emanation." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation
[19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the condensation points of thorium and radium
emanations", Proc Chem Soc 219-20
1902. http://books.google.com/books?id=ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con
densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+emanations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C
w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2
0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thorium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false
[20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil Mag
ser 6, v 561-76 1903
[21] Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of
Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208
[22] Rutherford, "Radioactivity", ed 1
1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=xDwJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth
erford&hl=en&ei=u-dyTO3LC4m6sAOOhfTMDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ve
d=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[23] Rutherford, "Radioactivity" ,ed 2
1905. http://books.google.com/books?id=g0MNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth
erford&hl=en&ei=YudyTOL9E4nGsAP3ppzDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve
d=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
[24] E. Rutherford, H. Geiger, "A Method of Counting the Number of α Particles
from Radio-active Matter", Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical
Society, 1908, V52, N9, pp1-3
[25] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia
of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p687-688
[26]
Rutherford, "The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of the
Atom", Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4, 55,
03/07/1911, pp18-20
[27] Ernest Rutherford, "The Structure of the Atom", Phil Mag,
March 1914, s6, v27,
pp488-498. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-1914.html
[28] "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[29] Rutherford, "Radiations from Exploding Atoms", Nature, 95, 1915,pp494-8
[30]
Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June 1919,
s6, 37, pp537-61
[31] Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms",
Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87
[32] Ernest Rutherford, "Nuclear Constitution of
Atoms Backerian Lecture", The Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 97, 1920,
pp374-400
[33] Ernest Rutherford, "The Disintegration of Elements by α-Particles",
Nature, March 10, 1921, 107, p41
[34] Ernest Rutherford, "Artificial Disintegration
of the Elements", Proceedings of the Physical Society, August 1924, 36,
pp417-22
[35] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p729-730
(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England2   
75 YBN
[06/06/1925 AD] 4 5 6 		5024) The refraction of x-rays in glass is proven visually.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Manne Siegbahn." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/manne-siegbahn
2. ^ M Siegbahn, "La réflexion et la réfraction des rayons X", Journal de
Physique et le Radium,
1925. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00205211/en/ {Siegbahn_Manne_ajp-jph
ysrad_1925_6_7_228_0_19250606.pdf} http://jphysrad.journaldephysique.org/index.
php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/jphysrad/abs/192
5/07/jphysrad_1925__6_7_228_0/jphysrad_1925__6_7_228_0.html
3. ^ M Siegbahn, "La réflexion et la réfraction des rayons X", Journal de
Physique et le Radium,
1925. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00205211/en/ {Siegbahn_Manne_ajp-jph
ysrad_1925_6_7_228_0_19250606.pdf} http://jphysrad.journaldephysique.org/index.
php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/jphysrad/abs/192
5/07/jphysrad_1925__6_7_228_0/jphysrad_1925__6_7_228_0.html
4. ^ M Siegbahn, "La réflexion et la réfraction des rayons X", Journal de
Physique et le Radium,
1925. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00205211/en/ {Siegbahn_Manne_ajp-jph
ysrad_1925_6_7_228_0_19250606.pdf} http://jphysrad.journaldephysique.org/index.
php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/jphysrad/abs/192
5/07/jphysrad_1925__6_7_228_0/jphysrad_1925__6_7_228_0.html {06/06/1925}
5. ^ "Manne
Siegbahn." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/manne-siegbahn
{1925}
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p707-708. {1924}

MORE INFO
[1] "Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543192/Karl-Manne-Georg-Siegbahn>
[2] Manne Siegbahn, Einar Friman, "On an X-ray vacuum spectrograph",
Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 32, Issue 191, 1916, Pages
494 – 496
[3] Manne Siegbahn, "Precision-measurements in the X-ray spectra.",
Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 37, Issue 222, 1919, Pages
601 – 612
[4] Manne Siegbahn, "Precision-measurements in the X-ray spectra. Part
II", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 38, Issue 227, 1919,
Pages 639 – 646
[5] Manne Siegbahn; A. B. Leide, "LXIV. Precision-measurements in
the X-ray spectra. Part III", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990,
Volume 38, Issue 227, 1919, Pages 647 – 651
[6] Elis Hjalmar, "LIX.
Precision-measurements in the X-ray spectra. Part IV.—K-series, the elements
Cu—Na", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 41, Issue 244,
1921, Pages 675 – 681
[7] Siegbahn, Spectroscopy of X-rays (1925)
[8] Manne Siegbahn,
Einar Friman, "On the high-frequency spectra (L-series) of the elements
tantalum-uranium", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, Volume 32, Issue 187 July
1916 , pages 39 - 49
[9] M. Siegbahn, "Relations between the K and L Series of the
High-Frequency Spectra", Nature, Volume 96, Issue 2416, pp. 676
(1916). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v96/n2416/abs/096676b0.html
[10] E Bäcklin, M Siegbahn, “Semi-optical” lines in the X-ray spectra,
Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 49, Issue 292, 1925, Pages
752 – 753
(University of Uppsala) Uppsala, Sweden3   
75 YBN
[07/13/1925 AD] 5 		5059) A color image electronic scanning camera.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Vladimir Zworykin (filed 1925, patented 1928). "Television System".
Patent No. 1,691,324,. United States Patent Office.
http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=mZ9KAAAAEBAJ. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
2. ^ "Vladimir
Kosma Zworykin." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/658633/Vladimir-Kosma-Zworykin>.
3. ^ Vladimir Zworykin (filed 1925, patented 1928). "Television System". Patent
No. 1,691,324,. United States Patent Office.
http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=mZ9KAAAAEBAJ. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
4. ^ "Vladimir
Kosma Zworykin." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/658633/Vladimir-Kosma-Zworykin>.
5. ^ Vladimir Zworykin (filed 1925, patented 1928). "Television System". Patent
No. 1,691,324,. United States Patent Office.
http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=mZ9KAAAAEBAJ. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
{07/13/1925}

MORE INFO
[1] "Vladimir K. Zworykin." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vladimir-zworykin
[2] VK Zworykin, "Electric high-frequency signaling apparatus", US Patent
1,484,049,
1924 http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT1484049&id=vBFCAAAAEBAJ&o
i=fnd&dq=zworykin&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=zworykin&f=false
(Westinghouse Electric Corporation)   
75 YBN
[10/22/1925 AD] 10 		5292) The transistor or solid-state electronic switch and amplifier.5 6

This is the first non-vacuum tube (solid state) electronic switch and
amplifier, also known as a "field-effect transistor"7 and the first millimeter
size electronic switch.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bllilienfeld.htm
2. ^ Julius Lilienfeld, Patent number: 1745175, "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
CONTROLLING ELECTRIC CURRENTS", US Filing date: Oct 8, 1926, Canada filing
date: October 22, 1925, Issue date: Jan 28,
1930. http://www.google.com/patents?id=uBFMAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
3. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bllilienfeld.htm
4. ^ Julius Lilienfeld, Patent number: 1745175, "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
CONTROLLING ELECTRIC CURRENTS", US Filing date: Oct 8, 1926, Canada filing
date: October 22, 1925, Issue date: Jan 28,
1930. http://www.google.com/patents?id=uBFMAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
5. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bllilienfeld.htm
6. ^ Julius Lilienfeld, Patent number: 1745175, "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
CONTROLLING ELECTRIC CURRENTS", US Filing date: Oct 8, 1926, Canada filing
date: October 22, 1925, Issue date: Jan 28,
1930. http://www.google.com/patents?id=uBFMAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
7. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bllilienfeld.htm
8. ^ Ted Huntington.
9. ^ Julius Lilienfeld, Patent number: 1745175, "METHOD AND
APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING ELECTRIC CURRENTS", US Filing date: Oct 8, 1926,
Canada filing date: October 22, 1925, Issue date: Jan 28,
1930. http://www.google.com/patents?id=uBFMAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
10. ^ Julius Lilienfeld, Patent number: 1745175, "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
CONTROLLING ELECTRIC CURRENTS", US Filing date: Oct 8, 1926, Canada filing
date: October 22, 1925, Issue date: Jan 28,
1930. http://www.google.com/patents?id=uBFMAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false {10/22/1925}

MORE INFO
[1] "Julius Lilienfeld". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Lilienfeld
[2] Julius Lilienfeld, "Amplifier for Electronic Circuits", Patent number:
1877140, Filing date: Dec 8, 1928, Issue date: Sep 13,
1932 http://www.google.com/patents?id=jvhAAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[3] Julius Lilienfeld, "Device for Controlling Electric Current", Patent
number: 1900018, Filing date: Mar 28, 1928, Issue date: Mar 7
1933. http://www.google.com/patents?id=52BQAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] Julius Lilienfeld, "Rectifying Apparatus for Alternating Current", Patent
number: 1611653, Filing date: Mar 27, 1926, Issue date: Dec 21,
1926. http://www.google.com/patents?id=L7RrAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[5] Julius Lilienfeld, "Electrical Condenser Device", Patent number: 1906691,
Filing date: Mar 28, 1928, Issue date: May
1933. http://www.google.com/patents?id=SoZlAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
Brooklyn, New York City, New York, USA9   
74 YBN
[01/26/1926 AD] 3 		6264) A system of television is demonstrated publicly.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/resources/tvhistory/baird.shtml
{01/26/1926}
2. ^ http://www.helensburghheroes.com/heroes/john_logie_baird
3. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/resources/tvhistory/baird.shtml
{01/26/1926}

MORE INFO
[1] Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993,
p76
[2] "John Logie Baird." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 27 Nov.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/49348/John-Logie-Baird>
(Royal Institution) London, England2   
74 YBN
[03/06/1926 AD] 6 		5165) The concept of molecular orbitals.1 2 3 Atomic orbitals are thought to
become molecular orbitals, extending over two or more atoms in the molecule.4
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ Robert S. Mulliken, "The Assignment of Quantum Numbers for Electrons in
Molecules. I", Phys. Rev. 32, 186–222 (1928)
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v32/i2/p186_1 {Mulliken_Robert_19280430.pdf}

2. ^ "Friedrich Hund." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 22 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276471/Friedrich-Hund>.
3. ^ F. Hund, "Zur Deutung einiger Erscheinungen in den Molekelspektren" ("To
explain some phenomena in the Molecular Spectra."), Zeitschrift für Physik A
Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 36, Numbers 9-10,
657-67. http://www.springerlink.com/content/pg425m73j6k1vp3r/
4. ^ "Robert Sanderson Mulliken." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 22 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-sanderson-mulliken
5. ^ F. Hund, "Zur Deutung einiger Erscheinungen in den Molekelspektren" ("To
explain some phenomena in the Molecular Spectra."), Zeitschrift für Physik A
Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 36, Numbers 9-10,
657-67. http://www.springerlink.com/content/pg425m73j6k1vp3r/
6. ^ F. Hund, "Zur Deutung einiger Erscheinungen in den Molekelspektren" ("To
explain some phenomena in the Molecular Spectra."), Zeitschrift für Physik A
Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 36, Numbers 9-10,
657-67. http://www.springerlink.com/content/pg425m73j6k1vp3r/ {03/06/1926}

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p752-753
[2] Robert S. Mulliken, "THE
SEPARATION OF ISOTOPES BY THERMAL AND PRESSURE DIFFUSION", J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
1922, 44 (5), pp 1033–1051. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01426a015
[3] "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966". Nobelprize.org. 23
Jan 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1966/
[4] Simões, Ana. "Mulliken, Robert Sanderson." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 23. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 209-214.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905939&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
(University of Göttingen) Göttingen, Germany5   
74 YBN
[03/16/1926 AD] 3 4 5 		4968) The first flight of a liquid fuel rocket engine.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/236716/Robert-Hutchings-Goddard>.
2. ^ "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/236716/Robert-Hutchings-Goddard>.
3. ^ Goddard, “Liquid-Propellant Rocket Development,” Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections, 95, no. 3 (1936) Reprinted in: Goddard, "Rockets"
(New York, 1946). {Goddard_Robert_1946.pdf} {03/16/1926}
4. ^ "Robert Hutchings Goddard."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/236716/Robert-Hutchings-Goddard>.
{03/16/1926}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p688-689. {1926}

MORE INFO
[1] "Robert Hutchings Goddard." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-goddard
[2] "Goddard, Robert Hutchings." Complete Dictionary
of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.
433-434. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901665&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[3] "Robert Goddard". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Goddard
[4] Goddard, “A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes”, Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections, 71, no. 2 (1919) Reprinted in: Goddard, "Rockets"
(New York, 1946). {Goddard_Robert_1946.pdf}
[5] U.S. Patent 1,102,653 - Rocket apparatus - R. H. Goddard,
http://www.google.com/patents?vid=1102653
[6] U.S. Patent 1,103,503 - Rocket apparatus - R. H.
Goddard, http://www.google.com/patents?vid=1103503
[7] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p427
(Aunt Effie's Farm) Auburn, Massachusetts, USA2   
74 YBN
[09/16/1926 AD] 7 8 		5114) The space between ultra-violet and x-ray spectral lines is bridged
(around 10 nm).1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Dauvillier, A. "Spectrographic Junction between the X-ray Region and the
Extreme Ultra-Violet." Nature 118 (1926):
551. {Dauvillier_Alexandre_19260916.pdf}
2. ^ Dauvillier, A. "La spectrographie des rayons X de grande longueur d'onde.
S�ries N et O, et jonction avec l'ultraviolet extr�me." J. phys. radium 8.1
(1927):
1-12. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/20/52/77/PDF/ajp-jphysrad_1927_8_
1_1_0.pdf {Dauvillier_A_19261023.pdf}
3. ^ T. H. OSGOOD, "Soft X-ray Spectra", Nature 119, 817-817 (04 June
1927) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v119/n3005/abs/119817b0.html
{Osgood_TH_19270411.pdf}
4. ^ T. H. Osgood, "X-Ray Spectra of Long Wave-Length", Phys. Rev. 30,
567–573
(1927). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v30/i5/p567_1 {Osgood_TH_19270801.pdf
}
5. ^ Dauvillier, A. "Spectrographic Junction between the X-ray Region and the
Extreme Ultra-Violet." Nature 118 (1926):
551. {Dauvillier_Alexandre_19260916.pdf}
6. ^ T. H. Osgood, "X-Ray Spectra of Long Wave-Length", Phys. Rev. 30,
567–573
(1927). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v30/i5/p567_1 {Osgood_TH_19270801.pdf
}
7. ^ Dauvillier, A. "La spectrographie des rayons X de grande longueur d'onde.
S�ries N et O, et jonction avec l'ultraviolet extr�me." J. phys. radium 8.1
(1927):
1-12. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/20/52/77/PDF/ajp-jphysrad_1927_8_
1_1_0.pdf {Dauvillier_A_19261023.pdf}
8. ^ T. H. Osgood, "X-Ray Spectra of Long Wave-Length", Phys. Rev. 30,
567–573
(1927). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v30/i5/p567_1 {Osgood_TH_19270801.pdf
} {08/01/1927}

MORE INFO
[1] A. Compton, "The Corpuscular Properties of Light", Rev. Mod. Phys.
V1, I1, p74–89 (1929) http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v1/i1/p74_1
[2]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/compton-lecture.pdf
[3] A. H. Compton and R. L. Doan, "X-Ray Spectra from a Ruled Reflection
Grating", PNAS 1925 V11 (I10)
p598-601. http://www.pnas.org/content/11/10/598.full.pdf+html?sid=b32d2ed9-9fe5
-47ce-93b4-6e4248df2927
[4] A. Compton, "The Spectrum of Scattered X-Rays", Phys. Rev. V22, I5,
p409–413 (1923) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v22/i5/p409_1
[5] A. Compton, "A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-rays by
Light Elements", Phys. Rev. 21, 483–502 (1923)
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v21/i5/p483_1
[6] A. Compton, "The wave-length of hard gamma rays", Philosophical Magazine
Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 41, Issue 245, 1921, Pages 770 – 777
[7] "Compton,
Arthur Holly." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 3. Detroit:
Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 366-372. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 12
Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900965&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[8] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p735-736
[9] A. Compton, "The total
reflexion of X-rays", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 45,
Issue 270, 1923, Pages 1121 – 1131
(Laboratoire de Recherches Physiques) Paris, France5 |(University of Chicago)
Chicago, Illinois, USA6   
74 YBN
[1926 AD] 4 5 		4309) The concept of satellites and space stations.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p567-568.
2. ^
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrocketTsiolkovsky.htm
3. ^ "Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 482-484. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Apr. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904380&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
4. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrocketTsiolkovsky.htm
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p567-568. {1920}

MORE INFO
[1] "Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 26 Apr.
2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9073615>
Kaluga, Russia3 (presumably)  
74 YBN
[1926 AD] 3 		4871) Helium is solidified.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Willem Hendrik Keesom." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 05 Nov. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/314161/Willem-Hendrik-Keesom>.
2. ^ "Willem Hendrik Keesom." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 05 Nov. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/314161/Willem-Hendrik-Keesom>.
3. ^ "Willem Hendrik Keesom." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 05 Nov. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/314161/Willem-Hendrik-Keesom>. {1926}

MORE INFO
[1] "Willem Hendrik Keesom". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Hendrik_Keesom
(University of Leiden) Leiden, Netherlands2   
74 YBN
[1926 AD] 4 		5072) X-rays are found to greatly increase the rate of genetic mutation.1 2
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p726-727.
2. ^ HJ Muller, "The
Production of Mutations by X-Rays", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1928 September;
14(9): 714–726.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1085688/pdf/pnas01821-0038.pdf
{Muller_Hermann_19270424.pdf}
3. ^ "Hermann Joseph Muller." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 02 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396855/Hermann-Joseph-Muller>.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p726-727. {1926}

MORE INFO
[1] "Hermann Joseph Muller." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-joseph-muller
[2] HJ Muller,"The measurement of gene mutation rate in Drosophila, its high
variability, and its dependence upon temperature", Genetics,
1928 http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/13/4/279.pdf [Muller_Hermann_19271025
.pdf}
(University of Texas) Austin, Texas, USA3   
73 YBN
[03/03/1927 AD] 6 7 8 		4957) Electron beams are "diffracted" using a single crystal of nickel.1 2 3
Electron beam particle intervals are found to be equivalent to x-rays (100
pm).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ C. DAVISSON & L. H. GERMER, "The Scattering of Electrons by a Single
Crystal of Nickel", Nature 119, 558-560 (16 April 1927)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v119/n2998/abs/119558a0.html {Davisson_C
linton_19270416.pdf}
2. ^
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1937/davisson-lecture.pdf
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p685.
4. ^ C. DAVISSON & L. H.
GERMER, "The Scattering of Electrons by a Single Crystal of Nickel", Nature
119, 558-560 (16 April 1927)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v119/n2998/abs/119558a0.html {Davisson_C
linton_19270416.pdf}
5. ^ C. DAVISSON & L. H. GERMER, "The Scattering of Electrons by a Single
Crystal of Nickel", Nature 119, 558-560 (16 April 1927)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v119/n2998/abs/119558a0.html {Davisson_C
linton_19270416.pdf}
6. ^ C. DAVISSON & L. H. GERMER, "The Scattering of Electrons by a Single
Crystal of Nickel", Nature 119, 558-560 (16 April 1927)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v119/n2998/abs/119558a0.html {Davisson_C
linton_19270416.pdf} {03/03/1927}
7. ^
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1937/davisson-lecture.pdf
{1927}
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p685. {1925}

MORE INFO
[1] "Clinton Joseph Davisson." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/152874/Clinton-Joseph-Davisson>
[2] "Davisson, Clinton Joseph." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 597-598. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 28 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901093&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[3] "Clinton Joseph Davisson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Joseph_Davisson
[4] C. J. Davisson and C. J. Calbick, "Electron Lenses", Phys. Rev. 42,
580–580 (1932) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v42/i4/p580_1
[5] C. J. Davisson and L. H. Germer, "A Test for Polarization of
Electron Waves by Reflection", Phys. Rev. 33, 760–772 (1929)
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v33/i5/p760_1
[6] C. J. Davisson and L. H. Germer, "Reflection of Electrons by a Crystal of
Nickel", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1928 April; 14(4): 317–322
[7] Davisson, C. J., "The
Scattering of Electrons by Crystals", The Scientific Monthly, Volume 28, Issue
1, pp. 41-51. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1929SciMo..28...41D
[8] Francis X. Dercum, "On the Nature of Thought and Its Limitation",
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 68, No. 4 (1929), pp.
275-302. http://www.jstor.org/stable/984341
[9] Davisson and Germer, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 14, 317
(1928). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1085484/
(Bell Telephone Laboratories) New York City, New York, USA5   
73 YBN
[05/21/1927 AD] 2 		5291) A human crosses the Atlantic Ocean by plane (in 33 1/2 hours).1
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p786.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p786. {05/20/1972-05/21/1927}
  
73 YBN
[12/12/1927 AD] 4 		5113) The name "photon" is suggested for the light quantum.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p735-736.
2. ^ A. Compton, "X-rays as a
branch of optics",
12/12/1927. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/compton-l
ecture.pdf {Compton_Arthur_19271212.pdf}
3. ^
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/compton-bio.html
4. ^ A. Compton, "X-rays as a branch of optics",
12/12/1927. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/compton-l
ecture.pdf {Compton_Arthur_19271212.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] A. Compton, "The Corpuscular Properties of Light", Rev. Mod. Phys.
V1, I1, p74–89 (1929) http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v1/i1/p74_1
[2] A. Compton, "The Spectrum of Scattered X-Rays", Phys. Rev.
V22, I5, p409–413 (1923) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v22/i5/p409_1
[3] A. Compton, "A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of
X-rays by Light Elements", Phys. Rev. 21, 483–502 (1923)
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v21/i5/p483_1
[4] A. Compton, "The wave-length of hard gamma rays", Philosophical Magazine
Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 41, Issue 245, 1921, Pages 770 – 777
[5] A. Compton,
"The total reflexion of X-rays", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990,
Volume 45, Issue 270, 1923, Pages 1121 – 1131
[6] "Compton, Arthur Holly."
Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles
Scribner's Sons, 2008. 366-372. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 12 Jan.
2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900965&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[7] A. H. Compton and R. L. Doan, "X-Ray Spectra from a Ruled Reflection
Grating", PNAS 1925 V11 (I10)
p598-601. http://www.pnas.org/content/11/10/598.full.pdf+html?sid=b32d2ed9-9fe5
-47ce-93b4-6e4248df2927
(University of Chicago) Chicago, Illinois, USA3   
73 YBN
[1927 AD] 3 		4947) Sleep is induced in cats using electrodes directly connected to the
brain.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Akert K., "Walter Rudolf Hess (1881-1973) and His Contribution to
Neuroscience", Journal of the history of the neurosciences 0964-704X. ^ Akert
(1999) volume: 8 issue: 3 page:
248. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/jhin/1999/00000008/00000003/ar
t00004 {Hess_Rudolf_contributions_1999.pdf}
2. ^ "Walter Rudolf Hess." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/walter-rudolf-hess
3. ^ Akert K., "Walter Rudolf Hess (1881-1973) and His Contribution to
Neuroscience", Journal of the history of the neurosciences 0964-704X. ^ Akert
(1999) volume: 8 issue: 3 page:
248. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/jhin/1999/00000008/00000003/ar
t00004 {Hess_Rudolf_contributions_1999.pdf} {1927}

MORE INFO
[1] "Walter Rudolf Hess." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 27 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/264128/Walter-Rudolf-Hess>
[2] Hardcastle, Valerie Gray. "Hess, Walter Rudolf." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 21. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 302-306.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905745&v=2.1&u=&it=r&p=GVR
L&sw=w
[3] "Walter Rudolf Hess". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess
[4] Walter Rudolf Hess, The Biology of Mind (1964)
(University of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland2   
72 YBN
[02/16/1928 AD] 4 5 		5052) The "Raman effect": that light with visible frequencies reflected (or
scattered) off of some substances can change frequency.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ C. V. RAMAN., K. S. KRISHNAN, "A New Type of Secondary Radiation", Nature
121, 501-502
(1928). http://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/raman/index.html {Raman_Cha
ndrasekhara_19280216.pdf}
2. ^ C. V. RAMAN., K. S. KRISHNAN, "A New Type of Secondary Radiation", Nature
121, 501-502
(1928). http://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/raman/index.html {Raman_Cha
ndrasekhara_19280216.pdf}
3. ^ "Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 31 Dec.
2010.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/490449/Sir-Chandrasekhara-Venkata-Rama
n>.
4. ^ C. V. RAMAN., K. S. KRISHNAN, "A New Type of Secondary Radiation", Nature
121, 501-502
(1928). http://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/raman/index.html {Raman_Cha
ndrasekhara_19280216.pdf} {02/16/1928}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
p717-718. {1928}

MORE INFO
[1] C. V. RAMAN, "A Change of Wave-length in Light Scattering", Nature
V121, p619 (21 April
1928) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v121/n3051/pdf/121619b0.pdf
[2] CV Raman, NSN Nath, "The diffraction of waves by high frequency sound
waves. I, II", Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci,
1935 http://www.optics.rochester.edu/workgroups/opt256/raman.pdf
(University of Calcutta) Calcutta, India2 3   
72 YBN
[06/11/1928 AD] 3 		5789) The first rocket powered plane.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Shayler, D.J., and I.A. Moule. Women in Space: Following Valentina.
Springer London, Limited, 2005. Springer Praxis Books,
p114. http://books.google.com/books?id=pKENlNUWPEwC&pg=PA114
2. ^ Shayler, D.J., and I.A. Moule. Women in Space: Following Valentina.
Springer London, Limited, 2005. Springer Praxis Books,
p114. http://books.google.com/books?id=pKENlNUWPEwC&pg=PA114
3. ^ Shayler, D.J., and I.A. Moule. Women in Space: Following Valentina.
Springer London, Limited, 2005. Springer Praxis Books,
p114. http://books.google.com/books?id=pKENlNUWPEwC&pg=PA114

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.rexresearch.com/lippisch/lippisch.htm
[2] Video of Ente: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4_6P5ue2g4
Wasserkuppe (one of the Rhone mountains), Germany2   
72 YBN
[07/22/1928 AD] 3 		5830) The first scientific pregnancy test.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S. Aschheim and Bernhard Zondek, "Die Schwangerschaftsdiagnose aus dem
Harn Durch Nachweis des Hypophysenvorderlappenhormons", Journal of Molecular
Medicine, Volume 7, Number 30, 1404-1411, DOI:
10.1007/BF01749963 http://www.springerlink.com/content/k44141013t594541/ Engli
sh: "The solubility of lead sulfide and lead chromate, the diagnosis of
pregnancy from the urine detectable by the anterior
pituitary" {Zondek_Bernhard_19280722.pdf}
2. ^ S. Aschheim and Bernhard Zondek, "Die Schwangerschaftsdiagnose aus dem
Harn Durch Nachweis des Hypophysenvorderlappenhormons", Journal of Molecular
Medicine, Volume 7, Number 30, 1404-1411, DOI:
10.1007/BF01749963 http://www.springerlink.com/content/k44141013t594541/ Engli
sh: "The solubility of lead sulfide and lead chromate, the diagnosis of
pregnancy from the urine detectable by the anterior
pituitary" {Zondek_Bernhard_19280722.pdf}
3. ^ S. Aschheim and Bernhard Zondek, "Die Schwangerschaftsdiagnose aus dem
Harn Durch Nachweis des Hypophysenvorderlappenhormons", Journal of Molecular
Medicine, Volume 7, Number 30, 1404-1411, DOI:
10.1007/BF01749963 http://www.springerlink.com/content/k44141013t594541/ Engli
sh: "The solubility of lead sulfide and lead chromate, the diagnosis of
pregnancy from the urine detectable by the anterior
pituitary" {Zondek_Bernhard_19280722.pdf} {07/22/1928}
(Aus der Universitats-Frauenklinik der Charite zu Berlin) Berlin, Germany2
  
72 YBN
[1928 AD] 4 		6265) The infrared (or heat) movie camera;1 2 which can see through fog and
make visible images of heat.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/resources/tvhistory/baird.shtml
2. ^ Sheldon and Grisewood, "Television To-Day and To-Morrow",
1930. {Television_To-Day_And_To-Morrow_1930.pdf}
3. ^ Sheldon and Grisewood, "Television To-Day and To-Morrow",
1930. {Television_To-Day_And_To-Morrow_1930.pdf}
4. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/resources/tvhistory/baird.shtml {by
1928}

MORE INFO
[1] Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993,
p76
[2] "John Logie Baird." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 27 Nov.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/49348/John-Logie-Baird>
[3] http://www.helensburghheroes.com/heroes/john_logie_baird
[4] "television." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 26 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1262241/television-technology>
[5] Moseley and Chapple, "Television Present Methods of Picture Transmission",
1929
London, England (verify)  
72 YBN
[1928 AD] 3 		6266) The first regular television broadcasts.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "television." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 26 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1262241/television-technology>.
2. ^ http://www.ge.com/innovation/timeline/index.html
3. ^ http://www.ge.com/innovation/timeline/index.html {1928}
(General Electric, WGY) Schenectady, New York, USA2   
71 YBN
[01/17/1929 AD] 3 4 		5061) The radial velocities of other galaxies are found to be linearly related
to distance; the more distant the galaxy, the higher the radial velocity.1
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ E Hubble, "A relation between distance and radial velocity among
extra-galactic nebulae", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1929 March 15; 15(3):
168-173.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC522427/ {Hubble_Edwin_19290117.pd
f}
2. ^ E Hubble, "A relation between distance and radial velocity among
extra-galactic nebulae", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1929 March 15; 15(3):
168–173.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC522427/ {Hubble_Edwin_19290117.pd
f}
3. ^ E Hubble, "A relation between distance and radial velocity among
extra-galactic nebulae", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1929 March 15; 15(3):
168–173.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC522427/ {Hubble_Edwin_19290117.pd
f} {01/17/1929}
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p720-722. {1929}

MORE INFO
[1] Hubble, E. P., "Cepheids in spiral nebulae", The Observatory, Vol.
48, p. 139-142
(1925). http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1925Obs....48..139H from: Hub
ble, Publications of the American Astronomical Society V5, 1925, p261
[2] Berendzen,
R. & Hoskin, M., "Hubble's Announcement of Cepheids in Spiral Nebulae",
Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, Vol. 10, No. 504, p. 425-440
(1967). http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1971ASPL...10..4245B/0000437.0
00.html
[3] Edwin Powell Hubble, "The realm of the nebulae",
1936. http://books.google.com/books?id=kgiXdDGLpFUC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=hubbl
e+1925+american+astronomical&source=bl&ots=jvr9ucBYoh&sig=0zvGhy7ZruZatNAYgEZ4fS
jD9DE&hl=en&ei=6y4fTdPNOJG0sAPI7YiwCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved
=0CCIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] Edwin Hubble, "The Realm of the Nebulae", 1936
(Mount Wilson) Mount Wilson, California, USA2   
71 YBN
[04/22/1929 AD] 7 8 9 		4781) The electroencephalograph (or EEG).1 2 3 Oscillations of the electric
potential on the surface of the head are recognized and displayed graphically.4
 Changes in potential due to muscle movements are also detected.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "electroencephalography." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 31 Aug. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9032300>.
2. ^ Berger, "Über das Elektroenkephalogramm des Menschen.", Archiv für
Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 1929, 87:
527-570. http://www.springerlink.com/content/u1r1122ww6x285w6/ {Berger_Hans_19
29_cr.pdf}
3. ^ Hans Berger, tr: Pierre Gloor, "Hans Berger on the Electroencephalogram of
Man", 1969.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p644.
5. ^ Hans Berger, tr: Pierre
Gloor, "Hans Berger on the Electroencephalogram of Man", 1969.
6. ^ Berger, "Über
das Elektroenkephalogramm des Menschen.", Archiv für Psychiatrie und
Nervenkrankheiten, 1929, 87:
527-570. http://www.springerlink.com/content/u1r1122ww6x285w6/ {Berger_Hans_19
29_cr.pdf}
7. ^ Berger, "Über das Elektroenkephalogramm des Menschen.", Archiv für
Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 1929, 87:
527-570. http://www.springerlink.com/content/u1r1122ww6x285w6/ {Berger_Hans_19
29_cr.pdf} {04/19/1929}
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p644. {1929}
9. ^
"electroencephalography." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 31 Aug. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9032300>. {1929}

MORE INFO
[1] "Hans Berger". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Berger
(University of Jena) Jena, Germany6   
71 YBN
[08/23/1929 AD] 3 4 		6500) Direct neuron writing to the eye screen; a point on the occipital region
of the human brain is electrically stimulated and the human sees a small spot
of light.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ FOERSTER, 0tfrid. (1929). Beiträge zur Pathophysiologie der Sehbahn und
der Sehsphare. J. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, Leipzig. 39,
463-485.
http://books.google.com/books?id=PSXlAAAAMAAJ {Foerster_19290823.pdf}
2. ^ G. Brindley, W. Lewin (1968). "The sensation produced by electrical
stimulation of the visual cortex". Journal of Physiology 196:
479–93. http://jp.physoc.org/content/196/2/479.full.pdf
3. ^ FOERSTER, 0. (1929). Beiträge zur Pathophysiologie der Sehbahn und der
Sehsphare. J. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, Leipzig. 39, 463-485.
http://books.google.com/books?id=PSXlAAAAMAAJ {Foerster_19290823.pdf}
4. ^ G. Brindley, W. Lewin
(1968). "The sensation produced by electrical stimulation of the visual
cortex". Journal of Physiology 196:
479–93. http://jp.physoc.org/content/196/2/479.full.pdf
  
70 YBN
[02/??/1930 AD] 3 		5009) "Extragalactic nebulae" are renamed "galaxies".1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ H. Shapley, "The Super-Galaxy Hypothesis.", H Shapley - Harvard
College Observatory Circular,
1930. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1930HarCi.350....1S {Shapley_Harlow_19300
2xx.pdf}
3. ^ H. Shapley, "The Super-Galaxy Hypothesis.", H Shapley - Harvard College
Observatory Circular,
1930. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1930HarCi.350....1S {Shapley_Harlow_19300
2xx.pdf} {02/1930}

MORE INFO
[1] Shapley, "Remarks on the Arrangement of the Sidereal Universe",
Astrophysical Journal, 49 (1919), 311–336.
http://books.google.com/books?id=wX4OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=Remarks+on
+the+Arrangement+of+the+Sidereal+Universe&source=bl&ots=Akurl3Ntg9&sig=CIY6NgmTy
xBZqKK3RXWo3MWIr2U&hl=en&ei=hmMcTaKJK5SosAPG2ZDSAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result
&resnum=2&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Remarks%20on%20the%20Arrangement%20of%20th
e%20Sidereal%20Universe&f=false
[2] "parsec." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/parsec
[3] Shapley, H., "On the Nature and Cause of Cepheid Variation", Astrophysical
Journal, vol. 40, 1914,
p.448. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1914ApJ....40..448S
(Harvard College Observatory) Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA2   
70 YBN
[08/19/1930 AD] 3 		5177) Artificial radiation is induced by accelerating protons and molecules
into lead and beryllium using a voltage of 280 kV.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A,
Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 129, No. 811
(Nov. 3, 1930), pp.
477-489. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95496 {Cockcroft_John_19300819.pdf}
2. ^ J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A,
Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 129, No. 811
(Nov. 3, 1930), pp.
477-489. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95496 {Cockcroft_John_19300819.pdf}
3. ^ J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A,
Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 129, No. 811
(Nov. 3, 1930), pp.
477-489. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95496 {Cockcroft_John_19300819.pdf}
{08/19/1930}

MORE INFO
[1] "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcroft
[2] "Ernest Walton." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-walton
[3] H. GREINACHER, “Eneugung einer Gleichspannung vom vielfachen Betrag
einer Wechselspannung ohne Transformator,” Bull. SEV 11.59-66, (1920)
[4] J. D.
COCKCROFT and E. T. S. WALTON, “Experiments with High Velocity Ions,”
Proc. Roy. SOC. London, Series A 136, 619, (1932)
[5] "Cockcroft, John Douglas."
Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles
Scribner's Sons, 2008. 328-331. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 Jan.
2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900939&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England2   
70 YBN
[10/10/1930 AD] 14 		5268) The circular particle accelerator (the cyclotron) in which an
electromagnetic field accelerates and deflects the path of ions into circles.7
8 9 10 11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ E. O. Lawrence and N. E. Edlefsen, "On the Production of High Speed
protons", Science, 72, No. 1867, 376 (1930). {Lawrence_Ernest_19301010.pdf}
2. ^ Ernest O. Lawrence, METHOD AND
APPARATUS FOR THE ACCELERATION OF IONS, Patent 1948384, Filed:
01/26/1932. http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT1948384&id=egdOAAA
AEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=EO+Lawrence&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false
{Lawrence_Ernest_19320126.pdf}
3. ^ Ernest O. Lawrence and David H. Sloan, "The Production of High Speed Canal
Rays without the Use of High Voltages", Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Jan. 15, 1931), pp.
64-70. http://www.jstor.org/stable/86074 {Lawrence_Ernest_19301215.pdf}
4. ^ Ernest O. Lawrence and David H. Sloan, "The Production of Heavy High Speed
ions Without the Use of High Voltages", Phys. Rev. 38, 2021–2032
(1931). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v38/i11/p2021_1 {Lawrence_Ernest_1931
1019.pdf}
5. ^ Ernest O. Lawrence and M. Stanley Livingston, "The Production of High
Speed Protons Without the Use of High Voltages"Phys. Rev. 38, 834–834
(1931). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v38/i4/p834_1
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p780-781.
7. ^ E. O. Lawrence and N. E.
Edlefsen, "On the Production of High Speed protons", Science, 72, No. 1867, 376
(1930). {Lawrence_Ernest_19301010.pdf}
8. ^ Ernest O. Lawrence, METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE ACCELERATION OF IONS,
Patent 1948384, Filed:
01/26/1932. http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT1948384&id=egdOAAA
AEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=EO+Lawrence&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false
{Lawrence_Ernest_19320126.pdf}
9. ^ Ernest O. Lawrence and David H. Sloan, "The Production of High Speed Canal
Rays without the Use of High Voltages", Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Jan. 15, 1931), pp.
64-70. http://www.jstor.org/stable/86074 {Lawrence_Ernest_19301215.pdf}
10. ^ Ernest O. Lawrence and David H. Sloan, "The Production of Heavy High
Speed ions Without the Use of High Voltages", Phys. Rev. 38, 2021–2032
(1931). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v38/i11/p2021_1 {Lawrence_Ernest_1931
1019.pdf}
11. ^ Ernest O. Lawrence and M. Stanley Livingston, "The Production of High
Speed Protons Without the Use of High Voltages"Phys. Rev. 38, 834–834
(1931). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v38/i4/p834_1
12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p780-781.
13. ^ Ernest O. Lawrence and
David H. Sloan, "The Production of High Speed Canal Rays without the Use of
High Voltages", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Jan. 15, 1931), pp.
64-70. http://www.jstor.org/stable/86074 {Lawrence_Ernest_19301215.pdf}
14. ^ E. O. Lawrence and N. E. Edlefsen, "On the Production of High Speed
protons", Science, 72, No. 1867, 376 (1930). {Lawrence_Ernest_19301010.pdf}
{10/10/1930}

MORE INFO
[1] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939". Nobelprize.org. 6 Feb 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1939/
[2] Ernest O. Lawrence, "The Ionization of Atoms by Electron Impact", Phys.
Rev. 28, 947–961 (1926). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v28/i5/p947_1
[3] Ernest O. Lawrence and J. W. Beams, "On the Nature of
Light", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1927 April; 13(4):
207–212. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1084928/
[4] Lawrence, Ernest Orlando, "The Photoelectric Effect in Potassium Vapour as
a Function of the Frequency of Light.", Thesis (PH.D.)--YALE UNIVERSITY,
1925.Source: American Doctoral Dissertations, Source code: L1925., page: 0094
[5]
John H. Lawrence, Paul C. Aebersold, and Ernest O. Lawrence, "Comparative
Effects of X-Rays and Neutrons on Normal and Tumor Tissue", Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A. 1936 September; 22(9): 543–557.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1076813/
[6] John H. Lawrence and Ernest O. Lawrence, "The Biological Action of Neutron
Rays", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Feb. 15, 1936), pp.
124-133. http://www.jstor.org/stable/86398
(University of California) Berkeley, California, USA13   
70 YBN
[10/23/1930 AD] 6 7 8 		5077) Very penetrating radiation is found to be emitted from beryllium
bombarded with alpha particles, which will be shown later to be neutrons.1 2 3
4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p727-728.
2. ^ W Bothe, "The Nature of
the Penetrating Radiation", nature 123, 638-638 (27 April
1929. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v123/n3104/abs/123638a0.html
3. ^ W Bothe, W. KOLHÖRSTER, "Eine Kern-γ-Strahlung bei leichten Elementen",
Naturwissenschaften,
1930 http://www.springerlink.com/index/u7g05k4310132743.pdf "A nuclear
γ-radiation in light elements"
4. ^ W. Bothe,H. Becker, “Kunstliche Erregung von
Kern-γ-Strahlen”, Zertschrift für Physik, 66 (1930), 289–306 "Artificial
excitation of nuclear
γ-rays" http://www.springerlink.com/index/r3g8x8558826u77j.pdf {Bothe_Walther
_19301023.pdf}
5. ^ "Bothe, Walther Wilhelm Georg." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 2. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 337-339. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900555&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
6. ^ W. Bothe,H. Becker, “Kunstliche Erregung von Kern-γ-Strahlen”,
Zertschrift für Physik, 66 (1930), 289–306 "Artificial excitation of
nuclear
γ-rays" http://www.springerlink.com/index/r3g8x8558826u77j.pdf {Bothe_Walther
_19301023.pdf} {10/23/1930}
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p727-728. {1930}
8. ^
"Walther Bothe." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/walther-bothe {1930}

MORE INFO
[1] W Bothe, "Die Streuabsorption der Elektronenstrahlen", Zeitschrift
für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, 1929 -
Springer http://www.springerlink.com/content/w6547570xm23t365/ "The
absorption of the scattered electron"
(University of Berlin) Berlin, Germany5   
70 YBN
[1930 AD] 4 		6578) Women gain the right to vote in most major nations.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "woman suffrage". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Feb.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/646779/woman-suffrage>.
2. ^ "woman suffrage". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Feb.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/646779/woman-suffrage>.
3. ^ "woman suffrage". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Feb.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/646779/woman-suffrage>.
4. ^ "woman suffrage". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Feb.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/646779/woman-suffrage>.
  
69 YBN
[05/29/1931 AD] 3 		5299) The theory that an anti-electron, and anti-proton may exist with the same
mass, but opposite charge as an electron and proton, and the theory that a
light particle is a sphere that can collide with other light particles.1
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ P. A. M. Dirac, "Quantised Singularities in the Electromagnetic Field",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a
Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 133, No. 821 (Sep. 1, 1931), pp.
60-72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95639 {Dirac_Paul_19310529.pdf}
2. ^ P. A. M. Dirac, "Quantised Singularities in the Electromagnetic Field",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a
Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 133, No. 821 (Sep. 1, 1931), pp.
60-72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95639 {Dirac_Paul_19310529.pdf}
3. ^ P. A. M. Dirac, "Quantised Singularities in the Electromagnetic Field",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a
Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 133, No. 821 (Sep. 1, 1931), pp.
60-72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95639 {Dirac_Paul_19310529.pdf}
{05/29/1931}

MORE INFO
[1] Paul Dirac, "Quantum Theory of the Electron" (1928)
[2] Paul Dirac, "The
Principles of Quantum Mechanics" (1930; 3rd ed. 1947)
[3] P. A. M. Dirac, "The
Fundamental Equations of Quantum Mechanics", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A December 1,
1925
109:642-653. http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/109/752/642.citatio
n and http://www.jstor.org/stable/94441?&Search=yes&searchText=Equations&searc
hText=Mechanics&searchText=Quantum&searchText=Fundamental&searchText=dirac&list=
hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3Facc%3Don%26Query%3DThe%2BFundamental%
2BEquations%2Bof%2BQuantum%2BMechanics%2Bdirac%26gw%3Djtx%26acc%3Don%26prq%3DThe
%2BFundamental%2BEquations%2Bof%2BQuantum%2BMechanics%26Search%3DSearch%26hp%3D2
5%26wc%3Don%26acc%3Don&prevSearch=&item=25&ttl=1019&returnArticleService=showFul
lText
[4] P. A. M. Dirac, "On the Annihilation of Electrons and Protons",
Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (1930), 26:
361-375. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&a
id=2040316
[5] P. A. M. Dirac, "The basis of statistical quantum mechanics", Mathematical
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (1929), 25:
62-66. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid
=2024364
[6] Dirac, P. A. M., "The Proton.", Nature, Volume 126, Issue 3181, pp. 605-606
(1930). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1930Natur.126..605D
(St. John's College, University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England2   
69 YBN
[09/10/1931 AD] 18 		5446) The electron microscope, which uses magnetic fields to focus electron
beams similar to how a lens focuses light beams.9 10 11 12 13 14

This microscope is a "transmission electron microscope" (or TEM) which
transmits electrons through the specimen.15 16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ M. Knoll und E. Ruska, "Beitrag zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik.",
Ann. Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am
10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html {Rusk
a_Ernst_q004_19310910.pdf}
2. ^ M. Knoll and E. Ruska, "Das Elektronenmikroskop", Zeitschrift für Physik
A Hadrons and Nuclei,Volume 78, Numbers 5-6, 318-339, DOI:
10.1007/BF01342199 http://www.springerlink.com/content/x7l53h8685108383/ {Rusk
a_Ernst_19320616.pdf}
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p820-821.
4. ^ "Ernst Ruska." A
Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 05 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernst-ruska
5. ^ M. Knoll und E. Ruska, "Beitrag zur
geometrischen Elektronenoptik.", Ann. Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am
10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html {Rusk
a_Ernst_q004_19310910.pdf}
6. ^ M. Knoll and E. Ruska, "Das Elektronenmikroskop", Zeitschrift für Physik
A Hadrons and Nuclei,Volume 78, Numbers 5-6, 318-339, DOI:
10.1007/BF01342199 http://www.springerlink.com/content/x7l53h8685108383/ {Rusk
a_Ernst_19320616.pdf}
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p820-821.
8. ^ "Ernst Ruska." A
Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 05 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernst-ruska
9. ^ M. Knoll und E. Ruska, "Beitrag zur
geometrischen Elektronenoptik.", Ann. Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am
10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html {Rusk
a_Ernst_q004_19310910.pdf}
10. ^ M. Knoll and E. Ruska, "Das Elektronenmikroskop", Zeitschrift für Physik
A Hadrons and Nuclei,Volume 78, Numbers 5-6, 318-339, DOI:
10.1007/BF01342199 http://www.springerlink.com/content/x7l53h8685108383/ {Rusk
a_Ernst_19320616.pdf}
11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p820-821.
12. ^ "Ernst Ruska." A
Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 05 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernst-ruska
13. ^ http://ernst.ruska.de/daten_e/mainframe_e.html
14. ^ Max Knoll, et al, "Electron Microscope",
Patent number: 2131536 Filing date: Jun 23, 1934, Issue date: Sep 27,
1938 http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT2131536&id=g4VhAAAAEBAJ&o
i=fnd&dq=knoll+m&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=knoll%20m&f=false
15. ^ Knoll, Max (1935). "Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission
elektronenbestrahlter Körper". Zeitschrift für technische Physik 16:
467–475.
16. ^ Jeremy, B., M. Michael, and T. Rosemary. Under the Microscope: a Hidden
World Revealed. Cambridge University Press,
1987. http://books.google.com/books?id=30A5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA189
17. ^ M. Knoll und E. Ruska, "Beitrag zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik.",
Ann. Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am
10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html {Rusk
a_Ernst_q004_19310910.pdf}
18. ^ M. Knoll und E. Ruska, "Beitrag zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik.",
Ann. Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am
10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html {Rusk
a_Ernst_q004_19310910.pdf} {09/10/1931}

MORE INFO
[1] E. Ruska u. M. Knoll, Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 12, 389,
448, 1931
[2] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986". Nobelprize.org. 5 Mar 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/
[3] Ernst Ruska, "Über eine Berechnungsmethode des
Kathodenstrahloszillographen auf Grund der experimentell gefundenen
Abhängigkeit des Schreibfleckdurchmessers von der Stellung der
Konzentrierspule.", Studienarbeit Technische Hochschule Berlin, Lehrstuhl für
Hochspannungstechnik, eingereicht am
10.5.1929. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q001/q001.html
[4] E. Ruska und M. Knoll, "Die magnetische Sammelspule für schnelle
Elektronenstrahlen.", Z. techn. Physik 12 (1931) 389-400 und 448, eingegangen
am 28.4.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q003/q003.html
(Technischen Hochschule/Technical University) Berlin, Germany17   
69 YBN
[10/03/1931 AD] 6 7 		5161) The first synthetic rubber: neoprene.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Wallace Carothers." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 22 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/wallace-carothers
2. ^ Wallace H. Carothers, Ira. Williams, Arnold M. Collins, James E. Kirby,
"ACETYLENE POLYMERS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. II. A NEW SYNTHETIC RUBBER:
CHLOROPRENE AND ITS POLYMERS", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1931, 53 (11), pp
4203–4225. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01362a042 {Carothers_Wallac
e_19311003.pdf}
3. ^ "Wallace Carothers." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 22 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/wallace-carothers
4. ^ Wallace H. Carothers, Ira. Williams, Arnold M. Collins, James E. Kirby,
"ACETYLENE POLYMERS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. II. A NEW SYNTHETIC RUBBER:
CHLOROPRENE AND ITS POLYMERS", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1931, 53 (11), pp
4203–4225. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01362a042 {Carothers_Wallac
e_19311003.pdf}
5. ^ "Wallace Hume Carothers." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 22 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/96637/Wallace-Hume-Carothers>.
6. ^ Wallace H. Carothers, Ira. Williams, Arnold M. Collins, James E. Kirby,
"ACETYLENE POLYMERS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. II. A NEW SYNTHETIC RUBBER:
CHLOROPRENE AND ITS POLYMERS", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1931, 53 (11), pp
4203–4225. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01362a042 {Carothers_Wallac
e_19311003.pdf} {10/03/1931}
7. ^ "Wallace Carothers." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 22 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/wallace-carothers {1931}
( E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company) Wilmington, Delaware, USA5   
69 YBN
[1931 AD] 3 		5054) Vitamin A is synthesized.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p718.
2. ^ "Paul Karrer."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 31 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312666/Paul-Karrer>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p718. {1931}
(Chemical Institute) Zürich, Switzerland2   
68 YBN
[02/17/1932 AD] 6 7 		5086) The neutron is identified and distinguished from a hydrogen atom as
having slightly less mass.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. Chadwick, "The Existence of a Neutron", Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical
Character, Vol. 136, No. 830 (Jun. 1, 1932), pp.
692-708. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95816 {Chadwick_James_19320510.pdf}
2. ^ J. Chadwick, "Possible Existence of a Neutron", Nature, vol 129, 1932,
p312.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3252/pdf/129312a0.pdf {Chadwick_Ja
mes_19320217.pdf}
3. ^ J. Chadwick, "The Existence of a Neutron", Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical
Character, Vol. 136, No. 830 (Jun. 1, 1932), pp.
692-708. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95816 {Chadwick_James_19320510.pdf}
4. ^ J. Chadwick, "Possible Existence of a Neutron", Nature, vol 129, 1932,
p312.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3252/pdf/129312a0.pdf {Chadwick_Ja
mes_19320217.pdf}
5. ^ "Chadwick, James." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 17.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 143-148. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 2 Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905049&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
6. ^ J. Chadwick, "Possible Existence of a Neutron", Nature, vol 129, 1932,
p312.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3252/pdf/129312a0.pdf {Chadwick_Ja
mes_19320217.pdf} {possible neutron:) 02/17/1932}
7. ^ J. Chadwick, "The Existence of a
Neutron", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing
Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 136, No. 830 (Jun. 1,
1932), pp.
692-708. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95816 {Chadwick_James_19320510.pdf}
{full report: 05/10/1932}

MORE INFO
[1] J. Chadwick and M. Goldhaber, "The Nuclear Photoelectric Effect",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical
Sciences, Vol. 151, No. 873 (Sep. 2, 1935), pp.
479-493. http://www.jstor.org/stable/96561
[2] J Chadwick, M. Goldhaber, "Disintegration by slow neutrons", Mathematical
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, (1935), 31:
612-616. http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0305004100013621
[3] J Chadwick, "The Scattering of α-Particles in Helium", Proceedings of the
Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and
Physical Character, Vol. 128, No. 807 (Jul. 1, 1930), pp.
114-122. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95449
[4] J. Chadwick, P. M. S. Blackett and G. P. S. Occhialini, "Some Experiments
on the Production of positive Electrons", Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character,
Vol. 144, No. 851 (Mar. 1, 1934), pp. 235-249
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2935587
[5] J Chadwick, "The charge on the atomic nucleus and the law of force",
Philosophical Magazine Series 6, V40 (1920), 734-746
[6] Chadwick, J., Russell, A. S.,
"The Excitation of γ -Rays by the α -Rays of Ionium and Radiothorium",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a
Mathematical and Physical Character, Volume 88, Issue 602, pp.
217-229. http://www.jstor.org/stable/93322
[7] "radiothorium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/radiothorium
[8] J Chadwick, "An attempt to detect a neutral particle of small mass",
Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (1934), 30:
59-61. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid
=1735460
(Cavendish Lab University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England5   
68 YBN
[03/01/1932 AD] 3 		5342) The electric potential created in a single neuron in the eye of a
horse-shoe crab when light contacts the retina is measured; around 0.5
millivolts.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ H. KEFFER HARTLINE AND C. H. GRAHAM, "NERVE IMPULSES FROM SINGLE
RECEPTORS IN THE EYE", JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY, V1, Num
2, 1932, p227. Reprinted in: American Journal of Physiology, January 1938
vol. 121 no. 2
400-415. http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/content/121/2/400.full.pdf+html {Hart
line_Haldan_19320301.pdf}
2. ^ H. KEFFER HARTLINE AND C. H. GRAHAM, "NERVE IMPULSES FROM SINGLE RECEPTORS
IN THE EYE", JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY, V1, Num 2, 1932,
p227. Reprinted in: American Journal of Physiology, January 1938 vol. 121 no.
2
400-415. http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/content/121/2/400.full.pdf+html {Hart
line_Haldan_19320301.pdf}
3. ^ H. KEFFER HARTLINE AND C. H. GRAHAM, "NERVE IMPULSES FROM SINGLE RECEPTORS
IN THE EYE", JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY, V1, Num 2, 1932,
p227. Reprinted in: American Journal of Physiology, January 1938 vol. 121 no.
2
400-415. http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/content/121/2/400.full.pdf+html {Hart
line_Haldan_19320301.pdf} {03/01/1932}
(University of Pennsylvania) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA2   
68 YBN
[04/16/1932 AD] 12 		5182) Atomic fission and the first nuclear transformation by protons: Lithium
atoms are split by protons under 125 kilovolts into two Helium atoms.9 10
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcroft
2. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift
Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April
1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock
croft_John_19320416.pdf}
3. ^ "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcroft
4. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift
Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April
1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock
croft_John_19320416.pdf}
5. ^ "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcroft
6. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift
Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April
1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock
croft_John_19320416.pdf}
7. ^ "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcroft
8. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift
Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April
1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock
croft_John_19320416.pdf}
9. ^ "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcroft
10. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift
Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April
1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock
croft_John_19320416.pdf}
11. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift
Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April
1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock
croft_John_19320416.pdf}
12. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift
Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April
1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock
croft_John_19320416.pdf} {04/16/1932}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ernest Walton." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-walton
[2] H. GREINACHER, “Eneugung einer Gleichspannung vom vielfachen Betrag
einer Wechselspannung ohne Transformator,” Bull. SEV 11.59-66, (1920)
[3] H
Greinacher, "Erzeugung einer Gleichspannung vom veilfachen Betrag einer
Wechselspannung ohne Transformer" Bulletin des Schweizerischen
Elektrotechnischen Vereins, des Verbandes Schweizerischer Elektrizitätswerke,
V11, p59-66, 1920
[4] Joe W. Kwan, Oscar A. Anderson, Louis L. Reginato, Michael
C. Vella, Simon S. Yu, Electrostatic Quadrupole DC Accelerators for BNCT
Applications, 04/1994
[5] "Heinrich Greinacher". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Greinacher
[6] http://www.electrosuisse.ch/g3.cms/s_page/84410/s_name/greinacherh
[7] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A,
Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 129, No. 811
(Nov. 3, 1930), pp. 477-489. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95496
[8] Henry A. Barton, "Comparison of protons and electrons
in the excitation of x-rays by impact Original Research Article", Journal of
the Franklin Institute, Volume 209, Issue 1, January 1930, Pages
1-19. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V04-49WK9PH-4G
H&_user=4422&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F1930&_alid=1617078843&_rdoc=2&_fmt=high&_orig=
search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5636&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&
view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=7ed91ac1
a7c90f1548a87974be6c3ca8&searchtype=a
[9] "Cockcroft, John Douglas." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 328-331. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 23 Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900939&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[10] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951". Nobelprize.org. 24 Jan 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1951/
[11] J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Artificial Production of Fast
Protons", nature 129, 242-242 (13 February
1932. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3250/abs/129242a0.html
[12] J. D. COCKCROFT , C. W. GILBERT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Production of
Induced Radioactivity by High Velocity Protons", nature 133, 328-328 (03 March
1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n3357/abs/133328a0.html
[13] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions. (I) Further Developments in the Method of Obtaining High
Velocity Positive Ions", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A June 1, 1932 136:619-630;
doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0107 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/136/8
30/619.full.pdf+html
[14] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions. (I) Further Developments in the Method of Obtaining High
Velocity Positive Ions", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A June 1, 1932 136:619-630;
doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0107 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/136/8
30/619.full.pdf+html
(Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University) Cambridge, England11   
68 YBN
[05/08/1932 AD] 3 		5386) A light source from outside the solar system is found to emit radio
frequencies of light.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jansky, Karl G., "Radio Waves from Outside the Solar System", Nature,
Volume 132, Issue 3323, pp. 66
(1933). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933Natur.132...66J {Jansky_Karl_1932050
8.pdf}
2. ^ Jansky, Karl G., "Radio Waves from Outside the Solar System", Nature,
Volume 132, Issue 3323, pp. 66
(1933). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933Natur.132...66J {Jansky_Karl_1932050
8.pdf}
3. ^ Jansky, Karl G., "Radio Waves from Outside the Solar System", Nature,
Volume 132, Issue 3323, pp. 66
(1933). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933Natur.132...66J {Jansky_Karl_1932050
8.pdf} {05/08/1932}

MORE INFO
[1] Jansky, Karl G., "Directional Studies of Atmospherics at High
Frequencies", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, 1932, V20,
p1920. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2005ASPC..345....3J
(Bell Telephone Laboratories) New York City, New York, USA2   
68 YBN
[06/15/1932 AD] 3 		5183) A variety of elements are disintegrated using high-speed protons, for
example Fluorine into Oxygen and Sodium into Neon.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions. II. The Disintegration of Elements by High Velocity Protons",
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A July 1, 1932 137:229-242;
doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0133 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/137/8
31/229.full.pdf+html?sid=e2be827d-e445-4270-a941-c4c2aaa2a385
{Cockcroft_John_19320615.pdf}
2. ^ J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions. II. The Disintegration of Elements by High Velocity Protons",
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A July 1, 1932 137:229-242;
doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0133 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/137/8
31/229.full.pdf+html?sid=e2be827d-e445-4270-a941-c4c2aaa2a385
{Cockcroft_John_19320615.pdf}
3. ^ J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions. II. The Disintegration of Elements by High Velocity Protons",
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A July 1, 1932 137:229-242;
doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0133 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/137/8
31/229.full.pdf+html?sid=e2be827d-e445-4270-a941-c4c2aaa2a385
{Cockcroft_John_19320615.pdf} {06/15/1932}

MORE INFO
[1] "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcroft
[2] "Ernest Walton." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-walton
[3] H. GREINACHER, “Eneugung einer Gleichspannung vom vielfachen Betrag
einer Wechselspannung ohne Transformator,” Bull. SEV 11.59-66, (1920)
[4] J. D.
COCKCROFT and E. T. S. WALTON, “Experiments with High Velocity Ions,”
Proc. Roy. SOC. London, Series A 136, 619, (1932)
[5] H Greinacher, "Erzeugung einer
Gleichspannung vom veilfachen Betrag einer Wechselspannung ohne
Transformer" Bulletin des Schweizerischen Elektrotechnischen Vereins, des
Verbandes Schweizerischer Elektrizitätswerke, V11, p59-66, 1920
[6] Joe W. Kwan,
Oscar A. Anderson, Louis L. Reginato, Michael C. Vella, Simon S. Yu,
Electrostatic Quadrupole DC Accelerators for BNCT Applications, 04/1994
[7] "Heinrich
Greinacher". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Greinacher
[8] http://www.electrosuisse.ch/g3.cms/s_page/84410/s_name/greinacherh
[9] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A,
Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 129, No. 811
(Nov. 3, 1930), pp. 477-489. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95496
[10] Henry A. Barton, "Comparison of protons and electrons
in the excitation of x-rays by impact Original Research Article", Journal of
the Franklin Institute, Volume 209, Issue 1, January 1930, Pages
1-19. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V04-49WK9PH-4G
H&_user=4422&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F1930&_alid=1617078843&_rdoc=2&_fmt=high&_orig=
search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5636&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&
view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=7ed91ac1
a7c90f1548a87974be6c3ca8&searchtype=a
[11] "Cockcroft, John Douglas." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 328-331. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 23 Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900939&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[12] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951". Nobelprize.org. 24 Jan 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1951/
[13] J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Artificial Production of Fast
Protons", nature 129, 242-242 (13 February
1932. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3250/abs/129242a0.html
[14] J. D. COCKCROFT , C. W. GILBERT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Production of
Induced Radioactivity by High Velocity Protons", nature 133, 328-328 (03 March
1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n3357/abs/133328a0.html
[15] J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift
Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April
1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html
[16] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions. (I) Further Developments in the Method of Obtaining High
Velocity Positive Ions", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A June 1, 1932 136:619-630;
doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0107 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/136/8
30/619.full.pdf+html
[17] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions. III. The Disintegration of Lithium, Boron, and Carbon by Heavy
Hydrogen Ions", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A May 1, 1934 144:704-720;
doi:10.1098/rspa.1934.0078 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/144/8
53/704.full.pdf+html?sid=e2be827d-e445-4270-a941-c4c2aaa2a385
[18] J. D. Cockcroft, C. W. Gilbert, and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with
High Velocity Positive Ions. IV. The Production of Induced Radioactivity by
High Velocity Protons and Diplons", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A January 1, 1935
148:225-240;
doi:10.1098/rspa.1935.0015 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/148/8
63/225.full.pdf+html?sid=e2be827d-e445-4270-a941-c4c2aaa2a385
[19] J. D. Cockcroft and W. B. Lewis, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive
Ions. V. Further Experiments on the Disintegration of Boron", Proc. R. Soc.
Lond. A March 2, 1936 154:246-261;
doi:10.1098/rspa.1936.0049 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/154/8
81/246.full.pdf+html?sid=e2be827d-e445-4270-a941-c4c2aaa2a385
[20] J. D. Cockcroft and W. B. Lewis, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive
Ions. VI. The Disintegration of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen by Deuterons",
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A March 2, 1936 154:261-279;
doi:10.1098/rspa.1936.0050 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/154/8
81/261.full.pdf+html?sid=e2be827d-e445-4270-a941-c4c2aaa2a385
(Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University) Cambridge, England2   
68 YBN
[08/02/1932 AD] 6 		5381) The positive electron (the positron) is identified using a cloud
chamber.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Carl D. Anderson, "The Apparent Existence of Easily Deflectable
Positives", Science, 1932, V76, (pp.
238-239). http://www.jstor.org/stable/1658257 {Anderson_Carl_D_19320901.pdf}
2. ^ Carl D. Anderson, "The Positive Electron", Phys. Rev. 43, 491
(1933). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v43/i6/p491_1 {Anderson_Carl_19330228
.pdf}
3. ^ Carl D. Anderson, "The Apparent Existence of Easily Deflectable
Positives", Science, 1932, V76, (pp.
238-239). http://www.jstor.org/stable/1658257 {Anderson_Carl_D_19320901.pdf}
4. ^ Carl D. Anderson, "The Positive Electron", Phys. Rev. 43, 491
(1933). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v43/i6/p491_1 {Anderson_Carl_19330228
.pdf}
5. ^ Carl D. Anderson, "The Positive Electron", Phys. Rev. 43, 491
(1933). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v43/i6/p491_1 {Anderson_Carl_19330228
.pdf}
6. ^ Carl D. Anderson, "The Positive Electron", Phys. Rev. 43, 491
(1933). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v43/i6/p491_1 {Anderson_Carl_19330228
.pdf} {08/02/1932}
(California Institute of Technology) Pasadena, California5   
68 YBN
[1932 AD] 3 		6261) Plastic magnetic recording tape.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p71.
2. ^
http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/about-basf/history/1925-1944/index
3. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p71.
{1932}
(BASF) Ludwigshafen, Germany2   
67 YBN
[03/??/1933 AD] 4 		4164) The speed of light in a vacuum is measured.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Mysterious Variation in Speed of Light", Popular Science Monthly, March
1934,
p25 http://books.google.com/books?id=GSgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA25&dq=michelson+speed+li
ght+date:1933-1934&lr=&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=michelson%20speed%20light%20date%3A1
933-1934&f=false
2. ^ AA Michelson, FG Pease, F Pearson, "Measurement of the velocity of light
in a partial vacuum", The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 82, 1935,
p26. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1935ApJ....82...26M
3. ^ AA Michelson, FG Pease, F Pearson, "Measurement of the velocity of light
in a partial vacuum", The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 82, 1935,
p26. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1935ApJ....82...26M
4. ^ AA Michelson, FG Pease, F Pearson, "Measurement of the velocity of light
in a partial vacuum", The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 82, 1935,
p26. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1935ApJ....82...26M {frmo 09/1929-03/1933
results reported in 1935}

MORE INFO
[1] "Albert Abraham Michelson." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-abraham-michelson
[2] "Albert Abraham Michelson." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 07 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/albert-abraham-michelson
[3] "Albert Abraham Michelson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson
[4]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1907/michelson-bio.html
[5] Albert Michelson, "Interference phenomena in a new form of refractometer",
Philosophical magazine. 1882, volume: 13 issue: 81 page:
236 http://books.google.com/books?id=4JAOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA236&dq=intitle:philosoph
ical+intitle:Magazine+date:1882-1882+interference#v=onepage&q=intitle%3Aphilosop
hical%20intitle%3AMagazine%20date%3A1882-1882%20interference&f=false
and http://books.google.com/books?id=HPcQAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editio
ns:0ocaawEfuqDVXP3-kAaE4N&lr=#v=onepage&q=michelson&f=false
[6] Albert A. Michelson, "The relative motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous
ether", The American Journal of Science, Volume 122, 1881,
p120. http://books.google.com/books?id=S_kQAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit
ions:0ocaawEfuqDVXP3-kAaE4N&lr=#v=onepage&q=michelson&f=false
[7] Albert Michelson, "Studies in Optics", Chicago Universityt Press, 1927,
p156
[8] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p478
[9] "Michelson, A.A.."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 Nov. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9052478>
[10] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p530-531
[11] George FitzGerald, "The
Ether and the Earth's Atmosphere.", Science, Vol 13, Num 328, 1889,
p390. http://books.google.com/books?id=8IQCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA378&dq=intitle:science
+date:1889-1889#v=onepage&q=michelson&f=false
[12] Hendrik Lorentz, "The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Ether", Versl.
K. Akad. W. Amsterdam, 1, 74, 1892
[13] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
p543-544
[14] Albert Michelson, "Interference Phenomena in a new Form of Refractometer",
Philosophical Magazine, 1882,
p236. http://books.google.com/books?id=4JAOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA236&dq=intitle:philoso
phical+intitle:Magazine+date:1882-1882+interference#v=onepage&q=intitle%3Aphilos
ophical%20intitle%3AMagazine%20date%3A1882-1882%20interference&f=false
[15] Albert Michelson and Edward Morley, "On a Method of making the Wave-length
of Sodium Light the actual and practical standard of length", American Journal
of Science, V134, 1887,
p427. http://books.google.com/books?id=0_kQAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit
ions:0ocaawEfuqDVXP3-kAaE4N&lr=#v=onepage&q=michelson&f=false
[16] "Michelson, Albert Abraham." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 371-374. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 6 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>
[17] Albert-A. MICHELSON, "Comparaison du mètre international avec la longueur
d'onde de la lumière du cadmium.", Comptes Rendus, v116, 1893,
p790. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30724.r=michelson.f792.langEN tran
slation from French: Albert Michelson, "Comparison of the International Metre
with the Wave-Length of the Light of Cadmium.", Astronomy and astro-physics,
Volume 12,
1893. http://books.google.com/books?id=_iKKbuNsc34C&pg=RA2-PA556&dq=michelson+d
ate:1893-1893#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[18]
http://books.google.com/books?id=wjrOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA134&dq=michelson+betelgeuse+d
ate:1920-1920#v=onepage&q=michelson%20betelgeuse%20date%3A1920-1920&f=false
[19] A. A. Michelson, "On the Application of Interference Methods To
Astronomical Measurements", proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
vol 6, 1920,
p474. http://books.google.com/books?id=OxYLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA474&dq=michelson+date:
1920-1920#v=snippet&q=betelgeuse&f=false
[20] A. A. Michelson and F. G. Pease, "Measurement of the diameter of α
Orionis with the interferometer", The Astrophysical Journal, vol 53,
p49. http://books.google.com/books?id=vY0RAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA56&dq=betelgeuse+as
trophysical+journal+date:1920-1921#v=onepage&q=betelgeuse&f=false
[21] A. A. Michelson and Henry G. Gale, "The Rigidity of the Earth", The
Astrophysical Journal, v50,
p330. http://books.google.com/books?id=HhvOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA330&dq=michelson+water
+level&lr=#v=onepage&q=michelson%20water%20level&f=false
[22] John L. Coontz, "Find Mysterious Error in Speed of Light", Popular Science
Monthly, 12/1932,
p36. http://books.google.com/books?id=iigDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=michelson+speed+l
ight+date:1932-1934&lr=&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=michelson%20speed%20light%20date%3A
1932-1934&f=false
[23] Froome and Essen, "The Velocity of Light and Radio Waves", 1969, p v-vi
[24]
Froome and Essen, "The Velocity of Light and Radio Waves", 1969, p51
[25] Essen, L.
and Gordon-Smith, A. C. (1945) J. IEE, 92, Part III A, Num 9, p1374
[26] Smith,
Franklin, Whiting (1947) JIEE, 94, Part III, p391
[27] Aslakson, Nature, v64, 1949a,
p711
[28] Froome and Essen, "The Velocity of Light and Radio Waves", 1969, p75-80
Irvine, CA, USA3   
67 YBN
[07/30/1933 AD] 4 5 6 		5069) Frequency modulation (or FM) radio communication.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p725-726.
2. ^ Armstrong, E. H., U.S.
Patent 1,941,066,
1933 http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=uyFoAAAAEBAJ&dq=1941066
3. ^ Armstrong, E. H., U.S. Patent 1,941,066,
1933 http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=uyFoAAAAEBAJ&dq=1941066
4. ^ Armstrong, E. H., U.S. Patent 1,941,066,
1933 http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=uyFoAAAAEBAJ&dq=1941066
{07/30/1933}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p725-726. {1939}
6. ^ "Edwin H.
Armstrong." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/35567/Edwin-H-Armstrong>. {1933}

MORE INFO
[1] "Regenerative circuit". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_circuit
[2] Armstrong, E. H., U.S. Patent 1,113,149, Wireless receiving system,
1914. http://www.google.com/patents?vid=1113149
[3] "superheterodyne reception." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574335/superheterodyne-reception>
[4] Armstrong, E. H., U.S. Patent 1,342,885, Method of receiving high frequency
oscillation,
1922. http://www.google.com/patents?id=EZpBAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
New York City, New York, USA3   
66 YBN
[01/29/1934 AD] 4 5 6 		5192) The first chemical proof of atomic transmutation and atomic fusion.1 2
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ "Joliot, Frédéric." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 151-157. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 24 Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902211&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
2. ^ Curie, Ir�ne, and Fr�d�ric Joliot. "S�paration chimique des
nouveaux radio�l�ments �metteurs d��lectrons positifs." Comptes
rendus 198 (1934):
559-561. http://archive.org/details/ComptesRendusAcademieDesSciences0198 {Comp
tesRendusAcadmieDesSciences-Tome198-Janvier-juin1934_text.pdf}
3. ^ F. Joliot, "Les nouveaux radioéléments. Preuves chimiques des
transmutations", Journal de chimie physique, 31 (1934), 611.
{Joliot_Frederic_19341114.pdf}
4. ^ Curie, Ir�ne, and Fr�d�ric Joliot. "S�paration chimique des
nouveaux radio�l�ments �metteurs d��lectrons positifs." Comptes
rendus 198 (1934):
559-561. http://archive.org/details/ComptesRendusAcademieDesSciences0198 {Comp
tesRendusAcadmieDesSciences-Tome198-Janvier-juin1934_text.pdf}
5. ^ "Joliot-Curie, Irène." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
7. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 157-159. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 24 Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902212&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {01/15/1934}
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p771-772,758-759.
{1934}

MORE INFO
[1] "Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 24 Jan.
2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1353203/Frederic-and-Irene-Joliot-Curi
e>
[2] I. Curie, F. Joliot, "Artificially Produced Radioelements", Joint
Conference of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, and the
Physical Society, 1 (Cambridge, 1934)
(Radium Institute) Paris, France3   
66 YBN
[03/09/1934 AD] 8 		4755) The atomic fusion of two Hydrogen atoms into a Helium atom.4 5 6
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 10 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
2. ^ Ernest Rutherford, Marcus Oliphant, Paul Hartek, "Transmutation Effects
observed with Heavy Hydrogen", Nature, March 17, 1934, 133, p413.
www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n3359/abs/133407a0.html/abs/133413a0.html
AND http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-1934a/Rutherford-1934a.htm
l {Rutherford_19340309.pdf}
3. ^ M. L. E. Oliphant, P. Harteck and Lord Rutherford, "Transmutation
Effects Observed with Heavy Hydrogen", Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character,
Vol. 144, No. 853 (May 1, 1934), pp.
692-703 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2935553 {Oliphant_Marcus_19340414.pdf}
4. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 10 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
5. ^ Ernest Rutherford, Marcus Oliphant, Paul Hartek, "Transmutation Effects
observed with Heavy Hydrogen", Nature, March 17, 1934, 133, p413.
www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n3359/abs/133407a0.html/abs/133413a0.html
AND http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-1934a/Rutherford-1934a.htm
l {Rutherford_19340309.pdf}
6. ^ M. L. E. Oliphant, P. Harteck and Lord Rutherford, "Transmutation
Effects Observed with Heavy Hydrogen", Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character,
Vol. 144, No. 853 (May 1, 1934), pp.
692-703 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2935553 {Oliphant_Marcus_19340414.pdf}
7. ^ Ernest Rutherford, Marcus Oliphant, Paul Hartek, "Transmutation Effects
observed with Heavy Hydrogen", Nature, March 17, 1934, 133, p413.
www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n3359/abs/133407a0.html/abs/133413a0.html
AND http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-1934a/Rutherford-1934a.htm
l {Rutherford_19340309.pdf}
8. ^ Ernest Rutherford, Marcus Oliphant, Paul Hartek, "Transmutation Effects
observed with Heavy Hydrogen", Nature, March 17, 1934, 133, p413.
www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n3359/abs/133407a0.html/abs/133413a0.html
AND http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-1934a/Rutherford-1934a.htm
l {Rutherford_19340309.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-rutherford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson
[2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford
[3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906
http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor
d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ
6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers,
1962, 3 volumes
[5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and
Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897,
189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si
d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343
[6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin
philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022
[7] Ernest Rutherford,
"The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian
Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the
birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18,
1906,
p123. http://books.google.com/books?id=wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=
gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false
[8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases
exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov
1897,
p422. http://books.google.com/books?id=utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an
d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+gases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h
l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6
AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org.nz/bibliography.htm
[10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical
Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati
on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produced+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad
iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduction%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false
[11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil
Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900.
http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-half-life.html
[12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395
[13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in
Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192
1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=oEwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad
ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the+Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b
l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnwX4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s
a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi
ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20the%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2
2&f=false
[14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665
[15] Rutherford and Soddy,
"The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of
Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902,
pp837-860. http://books.google.com/books?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q=rutherford&f=false
[16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive
Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902
[17] Ernest Rutherford, "The
Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil.
Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187.
http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic
+and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Absorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd
6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw&hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi
=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and
%20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Easily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f=
false
[18] "emanation." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation
[19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the condensation points of thorium and radium
emanations", Proc Chem Soc 219-20
1902. http://books.google.com/books?id=ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con
densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+emanations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C
w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2
0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thorium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false
[20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil Mag
ser 6, v 561-76 1903
[21] Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of
Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208
[22] Rutherford, "Radioactivity", ed 1
1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=xDwJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth
erford&hl=en&ei=u-dyTO3LC4m6sAOOhfTMDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ve
d=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[23] Rutherford, "Radioactivity" ,ed 2
1905. http://books.google.com/books?id=g0MNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth
erford&hl=en&ei=YudyTOL9E4nGsAP3ppzDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve
d=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
[24] E. Rutherford, H. Geiger, "A Method of Counting the Number of α Particles
from Radio-active Matter", Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical
Society, 1908, V52, N9, pp1-3
[25] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia
of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p687-688
[26]
Rutherford, "The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of the
Atom", Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4, 55,
03/07/1911, pp18-20
[27] Ernest Rutherford, "The Structure of the Atom", Phil Mag,
March 1914, s6, v27,
pp488-498. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-1914.html
[28] "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[29] Rutherford, "Radiations from Exploding Atoms", Nature, 95, 1915,pp494-8
[30]
Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June 1919,
s6, 37, pp537-61
[31] Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms",
Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87
[32] Ernest Rutherford, "Nuclear Constitution of
Atoms Backerian Lecture", The Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 97, 1920,
pp374-400
[33] Ernest Rutherford, "The Disintegration of Elements by α-Particles",
Nature, March 10, 1921, 107, p41
[34] Ernest Rutherford, "Artificial Disintegration
of the Elements", Proceedings of the Physical Society, August 1924, 36,
pp417-22
[35] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p729-730
[36] Ernest Rutherford,
"Disintegration of Atomic Nuclei", Nature, April 4 1925, 115, pp493-4
[37] Rutherford,
Wynn-Williams, Lewis, Bowden, "Analysis of α-Rays by an Annular Magnetic
Field", Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 139, 1933, pp617-37
[38] Oliphant,
Rutherford, "Experiments on the Transmutation of Elements by Protons,
Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 141, 1933, pp259-81
[39] Oliphant, Harteck,
Rutherford, "Transmutation Effects observed with Heavy Hydrogen", Proceedings
of the Royal Society, A, 144, 1934, pp692-703
(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England7   
66 YBN
[03/19/1934 AD] 3 4 		5210) Supernovas are distinguished from ordinary novas.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p761-762.
2. ^ W. Baade and F. Zwicky,
"On Super-Novae", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1934 May; 20(5):
254–259. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1076395/pdf/pnas01745-00
06.pdf {Zwicky_Fritz_19340319.pdf}
3. ^ W. Baade and F. Zwicky, "On Super-Novae", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1934
May; 20(5):
254–259. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1076395/pdf/pnas01745-00
06.pdf {Zwicky_Fritz_19340319.pdf} {03/19/1934}
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
p761-762. {1934}
(Mount Wilson Observatory) Mount Wilson, California, USA2   
66 YBN
[05/??/1934 AD] 8 9 		5275) Atomic fission of uranium by neutrons.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ E Fermi, F Rasetti, "Sulla possibilità di produrre elementi di numero
atomico maggiore di 92", Ric. Sci., 1934, p452,536. E. Fermi, E. Amaldi, 0.
DAgostino, F. Rasetti, E. Segre, Rie. Sci. 5(1) (1934) 452;
2. ^ Enrico Fermi,
"Possible Production of Elements of Atomic Number Higher than 92", Nature 133,
898-899 (16 June
1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n3372/abs/133898a0.html {Ferm
i_Enrico_19340616.pdf}
3. ^ "Enrico Fermi - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 26 Mar 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/fermi-lecture.html {F
ermi_Enrico_19381212.pdf}
4. ^ E Fermi, F Rasetti, "Sulla possibilità di produrre elementi di numero
atomico maggiore di 92", Ric. Sci., 1934, p452,536. E. Fermi, E. Amaldi, 0.
DAgostino, F. Rasetti, E. Segre, Rie. Sci. 5(1) (1934) 452;
5. ^ Enrico Fermi,
"Possible Production of Elements of Atomic Number Higher than 92", Nature 133,
898-899 (16 June
1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n3372/abs/133898a0.html {Ferm
i_Enrico_19340616.pdf}
6. ^ "Enrico Fermi - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 26 Mar 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/fermi-lecture.html {F
ermi_Enrico_19381212.pdf}
7. ^ Enrico Fermi, "Possible Production of Elements of Atomic Number Higher
than 92", Nature 133, 898-899 (16 June
1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n3372/abs/133898a0.html {Ferm
i_Enrico_19340616.pdf} {06/16/1934}
8. ^ E Fermi, F Rasetti, "Sulla possibilità di produrre
elementi di numero atomico maggiore di 92", Ric. Sci., 1934, p452,536. E.
Fermi, E. Amaldi, 0. DAgostino, F. Rasetti, E. Segre, Rie. Sci. 5(1) (1934)
452; {05/1934}
9. ^ Enrico Fermi, "Possible Production of Elements of Atomic Number
Higher than 92", Nature 133, 898-899 (16 June
1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n3372/abs/133898a0.html {Ferm
i_Enrico_19340616.pdf} {06/16/1934}

MORE INFO
[1] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938". Nobelprize.org. 7 Feb 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/
[2] E Fermi, "Eine statistische Methode zur Bestimmung einiger Eigenschaften
des Atoms und ihre Anwendung auf die Theorie des periodischen Systems der
Elemente", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 48, Numbers
1-2, 73-79. "A statistical method for determining some properties of the atom
and its application to the theory of the periodic table of
elements" http://www.springerlink.com/content/v762582061464612/
[3] E. Fermi, "Zur Quantelung des idealen einatomigen Gases", Zeitschrift für
Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 36, Numbers 11-12, 902-912. "The
quantization of the ideal monatomic
gas" http://www.springerlink.com/content/k763270092273181/
[4] E. Fermi, "Argomenti pro e contro la ipotesi dei quanti di luce"
("Arguments for and against the hypothesis of quanta of light"), Il Nuovo
Cimento (1924-1942), Volume 3, Numbers 1-2,
xlvii-liv. http://www.springerlink.com/content/lm022085605043uh/
[5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p465
[6] E. Fermi, "Magnetic Moments of Atomic
Nuclei", Nature 125, 16-16 (04 January 1930)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v125/n3140/abs/125016a0.html
[7] E. Fermi, "Quantum Theory of Radiation", Rev. Mod. Phys. 4, 87–132
(1932). http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v4/i1/p87_1
[8] E. Fermi, E. Amaldi, B. Pontecorvo, E. Rasetti and E. Segré, La Ricerca
Scientifica, 2, No. 12; 1933
[9] "Versuch einer Theorie der β-Strahlen. I ",
Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 88, Numbers 3-4, 1933,
161-177. http://www.springerlink.com/content/wq2r06j058382226/
[10] "Chadwick, James." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 17.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 143-148. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 4 Feb. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905049&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[11] Fermi, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 5, p282 (1934); Fermi, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 1,
pp. 283, 330 (1934); Amaldi, D'Agostino, Fermi, Rasetti and Segre, 'Ric.
Scient.,' vol. 1, pp. 452, 652, 21 (1934); Fermi, Rasetti and D'Agostino, 'Ric.
Scient.,' vol. 1, pp. 533 (1934); Fermi, 'Nature,' "Radioactivity Induced by
Neutron Bombardment" vol. 133, N3368 pp. 757, 898 (1934). See also Fermi, '
Nuovo Cim.,' vol. 11, p. 429 (1934); Amaldi, Fermi, Rasetti and Segre, 'Nuovo
Cim.,' vol. 11, p. 442 (1934); Amaldi and Segre, 'Nuovo Cim.,' vol.11,. p. 452
(1934); ' D'Agostino ' Gazz. Chim. Ital.,' in press (1934)
[12] E. Fermi, E. Amaldi,
O. D'Agostino, F. Rasetti and E. Segre, "Artificial Radioactivity Produced by
Neutron Bombardment", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A,
Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 146, No. 857
(Sep. 1, 1934), pp. 483-500 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2935604
(University of Rome) Rome, Italy7   
66 YBN
[07/11/1934 AD] 3 		4248) The theory of particle beams as weapons that can destroy planes and kill
millions of people without a trace in an instant.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Tesla, at 78, Bares New 'Death-Beam"', New York Times, July 11, 1934, p.
18, c.
1 http://www.tesla-coil-builder.com/Articles/jul_11_1934a.htm {Tesla_articles.
pdf}
2. ^ "Tesla, at 78, Bares New 'Death-Beam"', New York Times, July 11, 1934, p.
18, c.
1 http://www.tesla-coil-builder.com/Articles/jul_11_1934a.htm {Tesla_articles.
pdf}
3. ^ "Tesla, at 78, Bares New 'Death-Beam"', New York Times, July 11, 1934, p.
18, c.
1 http://www.tesla-coil-builder.com/Articles/jul_11_1934a.htm {Tesla_articles.
pdf} {07/11/1934}

MORE INFO
[1] "Tesla, Nikola." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 22 Feb. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9071814>
[2] "Nikola Tesla." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 22 Feb.
2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/nikola-tesla
[3] "Nikola Tesla." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 22 Feb. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/nikola-tesla
[4] "Nikola Tesla". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla
[5] "commutator." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 23 Feb. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/commutator
[6] list of Tesla's patents: http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/317ntcp.htm
[7] Tesla Patent 334,823 Commutator For Dynamo-Electric
machines http://www.google.com/patents?id=Tm1BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4
&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[8] Tesla Patent 336,961 REGULATOR FOR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC
MACHINES http://www.google.com/patents?id=jk5EAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4
&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[9] Tesla patent 391,968 10/12/1887 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC
MOTOR http://www.google.com/patents?id=z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[10] Tesla patent 11/30/1887 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC
MOTOR http://www.google.com/patents?id=0JFhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[11]
http://www.teslauniverse.com/timeline-1861?PHPSESSID=3ejd9q8tm4gpsn4np06imifoe5;
#goto-1883
[12] "magnetic flux density." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Feb.
2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/magnetic-field-density
[13] "magnetic flux." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Feb.
2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/magnetic-flux
[14] Tesla Patent 381968
10/12/1887 http://www.google.com/patents?id=z5FhAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom
=4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[15] New York Times, 11 July 1935, p 23, c.8
[16] New York Herald Tribune, 11
September 1932
[17] Tesla patent 382280 10/12/1887 Electrical Transmission of
Power http://www.google.com/patents?id=1ipiAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[18] Tesla Patent 454622 files 04/25/1891 System of Electric
Lighting http://www.google.com/patents?id=wmBOAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4
&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[19] Tesla coil music http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sne_uI2Yq4
[20] "Tesla coil". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_coil
[21] http://www.pbs.org/tesla/index.html
(Hotel New Yorker) New York City, NY, USA2   
66 YBN
[08/18/1934 AD] 7 		5087) The first atomic fission caused by light particles:1 Gamma rays
disintegrate a deuterium atom (an isotope of hydrogen containing one proton and
one neutron2 ).3 4 From this the mass of a neutron is estimated to be more
than a hydrogen atom.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ LEO SZILARD, T. A. CHALMERS, "Detection of Neutrons Liberated from
Beryllium by Gamma Rays: a New Technique for Inducing Radioactivity", Nature
134, 494-495 (29 September
1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v134/n3387/pdf/134494b0.pdf
and http://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/szilard/index.html {Szilard_Leo
_19340917.pdf}
2. ^ "deuterium>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"deuterium." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin
Company. 19 May. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/deuterium>.
3. ^ J Chadwick, M Goldhaber, "A Nuclear Photo-effect:
Disintegration of the Diplon by γ-Rays", Volume 134 Number 3381
p237. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v134/n3381/pdf/134237a0.pdf
{Chadwick_James_19340818.pdf}
4. ^ J. Chadwick and M. Goldhaber, "The Nuclear Photoelectric Effect",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical
Sciences, Vol. 151, No. 873 (Sep. 2, 1935), pp.
479-493. http://www.jstor.org/stable/96561 {Chadwick_James_19350802.pdf}
5. ^ J Chadwick, M Goldhaber, "A Nuclear Photo-effect: Disintegration of the
Diplon by γ-Rays", Volume 134 Number 3381
p237. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v134/n3381/pdf/134237a0.pdf
{Chadwick_James_19340818.pdf}
6. ^ "Chadwick, James." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 17.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 143-148. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 2 Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905049&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
7. ^ J Chadwick, M Goldhaber, "A Nuclear Photo-effect: Disintegration of the
Diplon by γ-Rays", Volume 134 Number 3381
p237. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v134/n3381/pdf/134237a0.pdf
{Chadwick_James_19340818.pdf} {08/18/1934}

MORE INFO
[1] J. Chadwick, "The Existence of a Neutron", Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical
Character, Vol. 136, No. 830 (Jun. 1, 1932), pp.
692-708. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95816
[2] J Chadwick, M. Goldhaber, "Disintegration by slow neutrons", Mathematical
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, (1935), 31:
612-616. http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0305004100013621
[3] J Chadwick, "The Scattering of α-Particles in Helium", Proceedings of the
Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and
Physical Character, Vol. 128, No. 807 (Jul. 1, 1930), pp.
114-122. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95449
[4] J. Chadwick, P. M. S. Blackett and G. P. S. Occhialini, "Some Experiments
on the Production of positive Electrons", Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character,
Vol. 144, No. 851 (Mar. 1, 1934), pp. 235-249
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2935587
[5] J Chadwick, "The charge on the atomic nucleus and the law of force",
Philosophical Magazine Series 6, V40 (1920), 734-746
[6] Chadwick, J., Russell, A. S.,
"The Excitation of γ -Rays by the α -Rays of Ionium and Radiothorium",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a
Mathematical and Physical Character, Volume 88, Issue 602, pp.
217-229. http://www.jstor.org/stable/93322
[7] "radiothorium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/radiothorium
[8] "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Web. 2 Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[9] J. Chadwick, "Possible Existence of a Neutron", Nature, vol 129, 1932,
p312. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3252/pdf/129312a0.pdf
[10] J Chadwick, "An attempt to detect a neutral particle of small mass",
Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (1934), 30:
59-61. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid
=1735460
(Cavendish Lab University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England6   
66 YBN
[12/04/1934 AD] 5 		5126) That a heavier isotope tends to react more slowly than a lighter isotope
is used to build up quantities of rare isotopes.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p739-740.
2. ^ Harold C. Urey, Lotti J.
Greiff, "Isotopic Exchange Equilibria", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1935, 57 (2), pp
321–327. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01305a026 {Urey_Harold_193412
04.pdf}
3. ^ Harold C. Urey, F. G. Brickwedde, and G. M. Murphy, "A Hydrogen Isotope of
Mass 2", Physical Review, 39 (1932), 164.
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v39/i1/p164_1
and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/urey.html {Urey_Harold_19311205.pdf}
{12/05/1931}
4. ^ "Harold Clayton Urey." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 18 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/harold-c-urey
5. ^ Harold C. Urey, F. G. Brickwedde, and G. M. Murphy, "A Hydrogen Isotope of
Mass 2", Physical Review, 39 (1932), 164.
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v39/i1/p164_1
and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/urey.html {Urey_Harold_19311205.pdf}
{12/05/1931}

MORE INFO
[1] H. C. Urey, “Natural System of Atomic Nuclei”, Journal of the
American Chemical Society, 53 (1931), 2872
[2] H. C. Urey and Charles A. Bradley.
Jr., “On the Relative Abundances of Isotopes,” Physical Review, 38 (1931),
718–724
[3] H. C. Urey, C. F. G. Brickwedde and G. M. Murphy, “A Hydrogen Isotope of
Mass 2 and its Concentration,” Physical Review, 40 (1932),
1–15. http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.40.1
[4] "Urey, Harold Clayton." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
18. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 943-948. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 17 Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905374&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[5] HC Urey, "Atoms, molecules and quanta", Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 37 (1931),
506-507.
http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1931-37-07/S0002-9904-1931-05170-3/home.html
[6] HC Urey, "The separation and properties of the isotopes of hydrogen",
Science, Volume 78, Issue 2034, pp.
566-571. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1659134?origin=ads
[7] Edward W. Washburn and Harold C. Urey, "Concentration of the H2 Isotope of
Hydrogen by the Fractional Electrolysis of Water", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
1932 July; 18(7): 496–498.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1076263/
[8] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1934/
[9] A. Ruark and Harold Urey, "Atoms, Molecules, and Quanta", (New York,
1930)
(Columbia University) New York City, New York, USA3 4   
66 YBN
[1934 AD] 6 7 		5356) Cherenkov {Cu-reN-KoF1 } radiation: blue light is found emitted by
various liquids bombarded by gamma rays.2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "cherenkov." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jun. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cherenkov>.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p801.
3. ^ "Pavel Alekseevich
Cherenkov." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999,
2003. Answers.com 21 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pavel-alekseyevich-cherenkov
4. ^ PA Cherenkov, "The visible glow of pure liquids under the action of
gamma-rays", Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Sov. Phys. Dokl., V2, p451, 1934
5. ^
"Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pavel-alekseyevich-cherenkov
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p801. {1934}
7. ^ "Pavel Alekseevich
Cherenkov." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999,
2003. Answers.com 21 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pavel-alekseyevich-cherenkov {1934}

MORE INFO
[1] I Tamm, “Kogerentnoe izluchenie bystrogo elektrona v srede”
(“Coherent Radiation of Fast Electrons Passing Through Matter”), Doklady
Akademii nauk SSSR, 14, no. 3 (1937), 107 – 112
[2] I Tamm, I. M. Frank and P. A.
Cherenkov, "Svechenie chistykh zhidkostey pod deystviem bystrykh elektronov"
("Luminenscence of Pure Liquids Under the Influence of Fast Electrons"),
Izvestiya Akademii nauk SSSR, Seria fiz. (1938), nos. 1 – 2, 29
(Lebedev Institute of Physics) Moscow, (Soviet Union now) Russia5   
65 YBN
[02/??/1935 AD] 5 		5162) The artificial silk: nylon.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Furukawa, Yasu. "Carothers, Wallace Hume." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 20. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 47-50.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905560&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
2. ^ Julian W. Hill, Wallace H. Carothers, "Cyclic and Polymeric Formals", J.
Am. Chem. Soc., 1935, 57 (5), pp
925–928 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01308a045 {Caruthers_Wallace_1
9350321.pdf}
3. ^ Wallace Hume Carothers, patent 2130948 "Synthetic
Fiber" http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT2130948&id=crtfAAAAEBAJ
&oi=fnd&dq=W+Carothers+diamine&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false
4. ^ "Wallace Hume Carothers." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 22 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/96637/Wallace-Hume-Carothers>.
5. ^ Furukawa, Yasu. "Carothers, Wallace Hume." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 20. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 47-50.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905560&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {02/1935}

MORE INFO
[1] Wallace H. Carothers, Julian W. Hill, "STUDIES OF POLYMERIZATION AND
RING FORMATION. XII. LINEAR SUPERPOLYESTERS", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1932, 54 (4),
pp 1559–1566. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01343a048
[2] Wallace H. Carothers, Ira. Williams, Arnold M. Collins, James E. Kirby,
"ACETYLENE POLYMERS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. II. A NEW SYNTHETIC RUBBER:
CHLOROPRENE AND ITS POLYMERS", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1931, 53 (11), pp
4203–4225. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01362a042
(E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company) Wilmington, Delaware, USA4   
65 YBN
[10/22/1935 AD] 6 7 		5451) The scanning electron microscope (SEM), a device that moves a focused
electron beam in rows and columns over the surface of an object, and receives
both the electrons scattered by the object and the secondary electrons produced
by it.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Knoll, Max, "Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission elektronenbestrahlter
Körper". Zeitschrift für technische Physik 1935, 16: 467–475.
{Knoll_Max_19351022.pdf} English: "Charging potential and secondary
emission of bodies under electron irradiation"
2. ^ M. Knoll and R. Theile,
"Elektronenabtaster zur Strukturabbildung von Oberflächen und dünnen
Schichten", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 113, Numbers
3-4, 260-280, DOI:
10.1007/BF01341357 http://www.springerlink.com/content/g17gt38328152704/ {Knol
l_Max_19390503.pdf} English: "Charging potential and secondary emission of
bodies under electron irradiation"
3. ^ "Scanning electron microscope." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/scanning-electron-microscope
4. ^ "scanning electron microscope." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of
Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 07 Mar. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/scanning-electron-microscope
5. ^ Knoll, Max, "Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission elektronenbestrahlter
Körper". Zeitschrift für technische Physik 1935, 16: 467–475.
{Knoll_Max_19351022.pdf} English: "Charging potential and secondary
emission of bodies under electron irradiation"
6. ^ Knoll, Max, "Aufladepotentiel und
Sekundäremission elektronenbestrahlter Körper". Zeitschrift für technische
Physik 1935, 16: 467–475. {Knoll_Max_19351022.pdf} English: "Charging
potential and secondary emission of bodies under electron irradiation"
{10/22/1935}
7. ^ Knoll, Max, "Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission elektronenbestrahlter
Körper". Zeitschrift für technische Physik 1935, 16: 467–475.
{Knoll_Max_19351022.pdf} English: "Charging potential and secondary
emission of bodies under electron irradiation"

MORE INFO
[1] E. Ruska u. M. Knoll, Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 12, 389,
448, 1931
[2] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986". Nobelprize.org. 5 Mar 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/
[3] Ernst Ruska, "Über eine Berechnungsmethode des
Kathodenstrahloszillographen auf Grund der experimentell gefundenen
Abhängigkeit des Schreibfleckdurchmessers von der Stellung der
Konzentrierspule.", Studienarbeit Technische Hochschule Berlin, Lehrstuhl für
Hochspannungstechnik, eingereicht am
10.5.1929. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q001/q001.html
[4] E. Ruska und M. Knoll, "Die magnetische Sammelspule für schnelle
Elektronenstrahlen.", Z. techn. Physik 12 (1931) 389-400 und 448, eingegangen
am 28.4.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q003/q003.html
[5] "Microscope". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope
[6] M. Knoll und E. Ruska, "Beitrag zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik.", Ann.
Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am
10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html
[7] M. Knoll, J. Kugler, "Subjective Light Pattern Spectroscopy in the
Encephalographic Frequency Range", Nature, V184, N4701, 12/05/1959,
p1823-1824. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v184/n4701/pdf/1841823a0.pdf
(Technischen Hochschule/Technical University) Berlin, Germany5
(presumably)  
65 YBN
[11/19/1935 AD] 3 		5498) The theory that when an electric current is passed into a nerve, an
electric potential increases until a threshold voltage is reached, and
"excitation" occurs.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ A. V. Hill, "Excitation and Accommodation in Nerve", Proceedings of the
Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 119, No. 814 (Feb.
1, 1936), pp.
305-355. http://www.jstor.org/stable/81869 {Hill_Archibald_Vivian_19351119.pdf
}
2. ^ A. V. Hill, "Excitation and Accommodation in Nerve", Proceedings of the
Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 119, No. 814 (Feb.
1, 1936), pp.
305-355. http://www.jstor.org/stable/81869 {Hill_Archibald_Vivian_19351119.pdf
}
3. ^ A. V. Hill, "Excitation and Accommodation in Nerve", Proceedings of the
Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 119, No. 814 (Feb.
1, 1936), pp.
305-355. http://www.jstor.org/stable/81869 {Hill_Archibald_Vivian_19351119.pdf
} {11/19/1935}

MORE INFO
[1] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1922/hill.html
(University College) London, England2   
65 YBN
[1935 AD] 4 		4786) An artificial heart.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p473.
2. ^ "Alexis Carrel." A Dictionary of
Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 Sep.
2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexis-carrel
3. ^ "Alexis Carrel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
08 Sep. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexis-carrel
4. ^ "Alexis Carrel." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 08 Sep. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/alexis-carrel {1935}

MORE INFO
[1] "Carrel, Alexis." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 8 Sept. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9020489>
[2] "Alexis Carrel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel
[3] Quoted in Andrés Horacio Reggiani. Alexis Carrel, the Unknown: Eugenics
and Population Research under Vichy (French historical studies, 25:2 Spring
2002), p. 339. Also quoted in French by Didier Daeninckx in Quand le
négationnisme s’invite à l’université., on Amnistia.net website
[4] Quoted in
Szasz, Thomas. The Theology of Medicine New York: Syracuse University Press,
1977
[5] Carrel A, Guthrie CC., "Functions of a transplanted kidney, Science
1905;22:473 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/22/563/473.pdf?ijkey=3fd812ba
500b7242d35bdbf85fd806af00b43325
[6] Carrel, The Surgery of Blood Vessels, Bull., Johns Hopkins Hosp, 1907, v18,
p18
[7] Theodore Tuffier and Alexis Carrel, "PATCHING AND SECTION OF THE PULMONARY
ORIFICE OF THE HEART", J Exp Med 1914 20:3-8. Published July 1, 1914,
doi:10.1084/jem.20.1.3 http://jem.rupress.org/content/20/1/3.full.pdf+html
(The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research) New York City, New York, USA2
3   
65 YBN
[1935 AD] 4 		6627) Polyethylene is synthesized;1 2 the most widely used plastic on Earth.3

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "major industrial polymers." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 27 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/468698/industrial-polymers>.
2. ^ Fawcett, E. W. "Polymerisation of ethylene.", General Discussion, Trans.
Faraday Soc 32 (1936):
p119. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1936/tf/tf9363200115 {Fawc
ett_Polyethylene_1936.pdf}
3. ^ "polyethylene (PE)." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 27 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/468511/polyethylene>.
4. ^ "major industrial polymers." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 27 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/468698/industrial-polymers>.
  
64 YBN
[03/11/1936 AD] 3 		5496) Muscle contraction (in crabs) can be varied in strength by changing the
frequency of electrical current pulses on the nerve connected to the muscle.1
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Bernhard Katz, "Neuromuscular Transmission in Crabs", Journal of
Physiology, 1936,
p199 http://jp.physoc.org/content/87/3/199.full.pdf {Katz_Bernhard_19360311.pd
f}
3. ^ Bernhard Katz, "Neuromuscular Transmission in Crabs", Journal of
Physiology, 1936,
p199 http://jp.physoc.org/content/87/3/199.full.pdf {Katz_Bernhard_19360311.pd
f} {03/11/1936}

MORE INFO
[1] Bernhard Katz, "Multiple Response to Constant Current in Frog's
Medullated Nerve", Journal of Physiology, 1936, p239
(University College) London, England2   
64 YBN
[08/17/1936 AD] 3 		5336) Neutrons are "diffracted" with crystals of Magnesium oxide. A neutron
beam is shown to have a wavelength of 160 pm, similar to x-rays.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Dana P. Mitchell and Philip N. Powers, "Bragg Reflection of Slow
Neutrons", Phys. Rev. 50, 486–487
(1936). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v50/i5/p486_2 {Mitchell_Dana_19360817
.pdf}
2. ^ Dana P. Mitchell and Philip N. Powers, "Bragg Reflection of Slow
Neutrons", Phys. Rev. 50, 486–487
(1936). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v50/i5/p486_2 {Mitchell_Dana_19360817
.pdf}
3. ^ Dana P. Mitchell and Philip N. Powers, "Bragg Reflection of Slow
Neutrons", Phys. Rev. 50, 486–487
(1936). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v50/i5/p486_2 {Mitchell_Dana_19360817
.pdf} {08/17/1936}

MORE INFO
[1] E. Fermi, "Argomenti pro e contro la ipotesi dei quanti di luce"
("Arguments for and against the hypothesis of quanta of light"), Il Nuovo
Cimento (1924-1942), Volume 3, Numbers 1-2,
xlvii-liv. http://www.springerlink.com/content/lm022085605043uh/
[2] E. Fermi, "Zur Quantelung des idealen einatomigen Gases", Zeitschrift für
Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 36, Numbers 11-12, 902-912. "The
quantization of the ideal monatomic
gas" http://www.springerlink.com/content/k763270092273181/
[3] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p447
[4] E Fermi, "Eine statistische Methode zur
Bestimmung einiger Eigenschaften des Atoms und ihre Anwendung auf die Theorie
des periodischen Systems der Elemente", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and
Nuclei, Volume 48, Numbers 1-2, 73-79. "A statistical method for determining
some properties of the atom and its application to the theory of the periodic
table of elements" http://www.springerlink.com/content/v762582061464612/
[5] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938". Nobelprize.org. 7 Feb 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/
[6] E. Fermi, "Sulla quantizzazione del gas perfetto monoatomico", Ren. Lincei,
3, 1926, p145-149. reprinted in: Enrico Fermi, "Enrico Fermi, Collected
Papers", V1, p178
[7] E. Fermi, W. J. Sturm, and R. G. Sachs, "The Transmission of
Slow Neutrons through Microcrystalline Materials", Phys. Rev. 71, 589–594
(1947). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v71/i9/p589_1
[8] O. Halpern, M. Hamermesh, and M. H. Johnson, "The Passage of Neutrons
Through Crystals and Polycrystals", Phys. Rev. 59, 981–996
(1941). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v59/i12/p981_1
(Columbia University) New York City, New York, USA2   
64 YBN
[1936 AD] 4 5 		5422) A virus is cultured in vitro; in human embryonic nervous tissue.1 2
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ Sabin, "Cultivation of poliomyelitis virus in vitro in human embryonic
nervous tissue", Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and
Medicine, (1936) volume: 31 page: 357.
2. ^ "Albert Bruce Sabin." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011.
Web. 28 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/515055/Albert-Bruce-Sabin>.
3. ^ "Albert Bruce Sabin." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 28 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/515055/Albert-Bruce-Sabin>.
4. ^ Sabin, "Cultivation of poliomyelitis virus in vitro in human embryonic
nervous tissue", Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and
Medicine, (1936) volume: 31 page: 357.
5. ^ "Albert Bruce Sabin." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011.
Web. 28 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/515055/Albert-Bruce-Sabin>. {1936}
(Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research) New York City, New York, USA3
  
63 YBN
[03/17/1937 AD] 4 		5471) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is detected in a virus.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ F. C. Bawden and N. W. Pirie, "The Isolation and some Properties of
Liquid Crystalline Substances from Solanaceous Plants Infected with Three
Strains of Tobacco Mosaic Virus", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.
Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 123, No. 832 (Aug. 3, 1937), pp.
274-320. http://www.jstor.org/stable/82116 {Bawden_Frederick_19370317.pdf}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p827-828.
3. ^ F. C. Bawden and N. W.
Pirie, "The Isolation and some Properties of Liquid Crystalline Substances from
Solanaceous Plants Infected with Three Strains of Tobacco Mosaic Virus",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol.
123, No. 832 (Aug. 3, 1937), pp.
274-320. http://www.jstor.org/stable/82116 {Bawden_Frederick_19370317.pdf}
4. ^ F. C. Bawden and N. W. Pirie, "The Isolation and some Properties of Liquid
Crystalline Substances from Solanaceous Plants Infected with Three Strains of
Tobacco Mosaic Virus", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B,
Biological Sciences, Vol. 123, No. 832 (Aug. 3, 1937), pp.
274-320. http://www.jstor.org/stable/82116 {Bawden_Frederick_19370317.pdf}
{03/17/1937}
(Rothamsted Experimental Station) Harpenden, Hertfordshire, England3   
63 YBN
[04/??/1937 AD] 4 		6268) The turbo jet engine1 : a gas combustion engine that propels air vehicles
by hot exhaust gases from fuel burned with drawn in air.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Sir Frank Whittle." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 27 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/642958/Sir-Frank-Whittle>.
2. ^ "jet engine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Nov. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/jet-engine
3. ^ "Frank Whittle." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 27
Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/frank-whittle
4. ^ "Frank Whittle." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 27 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/frank-whittle {04/1937}
(British Thomson-Houston works) Rugby, England3   
63 YBN
[05/14/1937 AD] 6 		5548) The first transuranium elements. Elements 93 through 96 are identified
from the collision of neutrons with uranium.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ L. Meitner, O. Hahn and F. Strassmann, " Über die Umwandlungsreihen des
Urans, die durch Neutronenbestrahlung erzeugt werden", Zeitschrift für Physik
A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 3-4, 249-270, DOI:
10.1007/BF01340321 http://www.springerlink.com/content/r861050u50u85l00/ {Hahn
_Otto_19370514.pdf} English: "On the conversion of the uranium series,
produced by neutron irradiation"
2. ^ "Otto Hahn - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 26 Mar
2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/hahn-lecture.html {
Hahn_Otto_19461213.pdf}
3. ^ L. Meitner, O. Hahn and F. Strassmann, " Über die Umwandlungsreihen des
Urans, die durch Neutronenbestrahlung erzeugt werden", Zeitschrift für Physik
A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 3-4, 249-270, DOI:
10.1007/BF01340321 http://www.springerlink.com/content/r861050u50u85l00/ {Hahn
_Otto_19370514.pdf} English: "On the conversion of the uranium series,
produced by neutron irradiation"
4. ^ "Otto Hahn - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 26 Mar
2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/hahn-lecture.html {
Hahn_Otto_19461213.pdf}
5. ^ L. Meitner, O. Hahn and F. Strassmann, " Über die Umwandlungsreihen des
Urans, die durch Neutronenbestrahlung erzeugt werden", Zeitschrift für Physik
A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 3-4, 249-270, DOI:
10.1007/BF01340321 http://www.springerlink.com/content/r861050u50u85l00/ {Hahn
_Otto_19370514.pdf} English: "On the conversion of the uranium series,
produced by neutron irradiation"
6. ^ L. Meitner, O. Hahn and F. Strassmann, " Über die
Umwandlungsreihen des Urans, die durch Neutronenbestrahlung erzeugt werden",
Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 3-4, 249-270,
DOI:
10.1007/BF01340321 http://www.springerlink.com/content/r861050u50u85l00/ {Hahn
_Otto_19370514.pdf} English: "On the conversion of the uranium series,
produced by neutron irradiation" {05/14/1937}

MORE INFO
[1] "Lise Meitner." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 25 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/373527/Lise-Meitner>
[2] "Lise Meitner." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008.
Answers.com 25 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/lise-meitner-1
[3] "Meitner, Lise." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 260-263.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902897&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[4] "Lise Meitner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lise_Meitner
[5] "Otto Robert Frisch". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Robert_Frisch
[6] "Frisch, Otto Robert." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
17. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 320-322. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 25 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905122&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[7] "Otto Robert Frisch." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 25 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/220450/Otto-Robert-Frisch>
[8] "Otto Robert Frisch." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/otto-robert-frisch-1
[9] "Otto Hahn." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 25 Dec. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/251675/Otto-Hahn>
[10] "Otto Hahn." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/otto-hahn
[11] Otto Hahn, "Über ein neues
radioaktives Zerfallsprodukt im Uran", Naturwissenschaften, Volume 9, Number 5,
84, DOI:
10.1007/BF01491321 http://www.springerlink.com/content/uhukv60t536j7486/
(Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instute fur Chemie in Berlin-Dahlem) Berlin, Germany5   
63 YBN
[05/22/1937 AD] 16 17 		5515) The first image of individual atoms. Atoms are visually confirmed to be
about 100 pm in size.9 10
The field-emission electron microscope magnifies the
tip of a tungsten needle 200,000 times.11 12 13 14
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von
Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106,
Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI:
10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull
er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of
field cathode"
2. ^ "Erwin Wilhelm Müller." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396828/Erwin-Wilhelm-Muller>.
3. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von
Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106,
Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI:
10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull
er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of
field cathode"
4. ^ "Erwin Wilhelm Müller." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396828/Erwin-Wilhelm-Muller>.
5. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von
Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106,
Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI:
10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull
er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of
field cathode"
6. ^ "Erwin Wilhelm Müller." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396828/Erwin-Wilhelm-Muller>.
7. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von
Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106,
Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI:
10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull
er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of
field cathode"
8. ^ "Erwin Wilhelm Müller." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396828/Erwin-Wilhelm-Muller>.
9. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von
Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106,
Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI:
10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull
er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of
field cathode"
10. ^ "Erwin Wilhelm Müller." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396828/Erwin-Wilhelm-Muller>.
11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p839.
12. ^ "Erwin Mueller." A
Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 21 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/erwin-mueller
13. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische
Beobachtungen von Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei,
Volume 106, Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI:
10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull
er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of
field cathode"
14. ^
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TVX-46SXSBK-1T&_user=
4422&_coverDate=01%2F01%2F1978&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=gateway&_origin=gateway&_
sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422
&md5=90abdb4ffb2f0d4f68ef1bf267ac94d5&searchtype=a
15. ^ "Erwin Mueller." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Mar. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/erwin-mueller
16. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von
Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106,
Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI:
10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull
er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of
field cathode" {05/22/1937}
17. ^ "Erwin Mueller." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Mar. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/erwin-mueller {1936}

MORE INFO
[1] "Erwin Wilhelm Mueller". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Wilhelm_Mueller
(Siemens and Halske) Berlin, Germany15   
63 YBN
[06/30/1937 AD] 16 		5364) Element 43, the first completely artificial element, the radioactive
metal7 technetium {TeKnEsEuM8 } is created by particle collision.9 10 11 12 13

Technetium has no stable isotopes.14
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "technetium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/technetium
2. ^ "technetium." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 21 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/technetium>.
3. ^ C. Perrier and E. Segrè, "Some Chemical Properties of Element 43", J.
Chem. Phys. 5, 712
(1937). http://link.aip.org/link/jcpsa6/v5/i9/p712/s1 {Segre_Emilio_19370630.p
df}
4. ^ C. Perrier and E. Segrè, "Some Chemical Properties of Element 43. II", J.
Chem. Phys. 7, 155
(1939). http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=J
CPSA6000007000003000155000001&idtype=cvips&prog=normal {Segre_Emilio_19390110.p
df}
5. ^ E. Segrè, "Artificial Radioactivity and the Completion of the Periodic
System of the Elements", The Scientific monthly, (1943), volume: 57 page: 12.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/18209 {Segre_Emilio_194307xx.pdf}
6. ^ "Emilio Segrè." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/segr-emilio-gino
7. ^ "technetium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/technetium
8. ^ "technetium." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 21 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/technetium>.
9. ^ C. Perrier and E. Segrè, "Some Chemical Properties of Element 43", J.
Chem. Phys. 5, 712
(1937). http://link.aip.org/link/jcpsa6/v5/i9/p712/s1 {Segre_Emilio_19370630.p
df}
10. ^ C. Perrier and E. Segrè, "Some Chemical Properties of Element 43. II",
J. Chem. Phys. 7, 155
(1939). http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=J
CPSA6000007000003000155000001&idtype=cvips&prog=normal {Segre_Emilio_19390110.p
df}
11. ^ E. Segrè, "Artificial Radioactivity and the Completion of the Periodic
System of the Elements", The Scientific monthly, (1943), volume: 57 page: 12.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/18209 {Segre_Emilio_194307xx.pdf}
12. ^ "Emilio Segrè." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/segr-emilio-gino
13. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p803.
14. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p803.
15. ^ C. Perrier and E. Segrè, "Some Chemical Properties of
Element 43", J. Chem. Phys. 5, 712
(1937). http://link.aip.org/link/jcpsa6/v5/i9/p712/s1 {Segre_Emilio_19370630.p
df}
16. ^ C. Perrier and E. Segrè, "Some Chemical Properties of Element 43", J.
Chem. Phys. 5, 712
(1937). http://link.aip.org/link/jcpsa6/v5/i9/p712/s1 {Segre_Emilio_19370630.p
df} {06/30/1937}

MORE INFO
[1] "technetium (Tc)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Dec.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585354/technetium-Tc>
(Royal University) Polermo, Italy15   
63 YBN
[09/??/1937 AD] 4 5 		5525) The first radio telescope that has a reflector or radio dish.1 2
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p840-841.
2. ^ "Grote Reber."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2011. Web. 21 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/493316/Grote-Reber>.
3. ^ Grote Reber. "Early Radio Astronomy in Wheaton, Illinois." Proc. IRE, 46,
15,
1958. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/srchabstract.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4065216&q
ueryText%3DEarly+Radio+Astronomy+at+Wheaton%2C+Illinoiss*%26openedRefinements%3D
*%26searchField%3DSearch+All {Reber_Grote_19571105.pdf}
4. ^ Grote Reber. "Early Radio Astronomy in Wheaton, Illinois." Proc. IRE, 46,
15,
1958. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/srchabstract.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4065216&q
ueryText%3DEarly+Radio+Astronomy+at+Wheaton%2C+Illinoiss*%26openedRefinements%3D
*%26searchField%3DSearch+All {Reber_Grote_19571105.pdf} {09/1937}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p840-841. {1937}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.nrao.edu/whatisra/hist_reber.shtml
[2] G. Reber and E. H. Conklin, "UHF receivers", Radio, no. 225,
pp. 112 1938
[3] G. Reber, "Electric resonance chambers", Communications , vol.
18, pp. 5 1938
[4] G. Reber, "Electromagnetic horns", Communications , vol. 19,
pp. 13 1939
[5] G. Reber, Radio, no. 235, pp. 17 1939
[6] G. Reber, "Cosmic
static", Proc. Inst. Radio Eng., vol. 28, pp. 68 1940.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1687092&tag=1
[7] G. Reber, "Solar radiation at 480 Mc/sec.", Nature, vol. 158, pp. 945
1946
[8] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1265335
[9] http://www.nrao.edu/archives/Reber/reber_publist.shtml
Wheaton, Illinois, USA3   
63 YBN
[1937 AD] 7 		3622) The process of xerography {Zi-roG-ru-FE1 } (or electrophotography2 ),
which uses electrostatic charges and heat to copy documents;3 the basis of
photocopiers and laser printers.4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "xerography." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 27 Jun. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/xerography>.
2. ^
http://www.xerox.com/go/xrx/template/019a.jsp?view=Details&subject=Other+Photos&
Xcntry=USA&Xlang=en_US
3. ^ "photocopying machine." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 30 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/457786/photocopying-machine>.
4. ^ "photocopying machine." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 30 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/457786/photocopying-machine>.
5. ^ "laser printer." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company
Inc., 2008. Answers.com 30 Sep. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/laser-printer
6. ^ "Chester Carlson." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 30
Sep. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/chester-carlson
7. ^ "photocopying machine." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 30 Sep. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/457786/photocopying-machine>. {1937}

MORE INFO
[1] "Chester Carlson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Carlson
New York City NY, USA6   
62 YBN
[04/??/1938 AD] 4 		6271) Teflon is invented.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p82.
2. ^
Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p82.
3. ^ US
2230654, Plunkett, Roy J, "Tetrafluoroethylene polymers", issued 4 February
1941. http://www.google.com/patents?id=S1JQAAAAEBAJ and
http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2230654
4. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p82.
{04/1938}
(E. I. duPont de Nemours & Company) 2 Wilmington, Delaware, USA3   
62 YBN
[06/16/1938 AD] 10 		5382) Both positively and negatively charged particles with a mass in between
that of an electron and proton,4 5 are identified (from cosmic rays) and given
the name "mesotron"6 , which will later be changed to "meson" {meZoN7 }8 .
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p805-806.
2. ^ Seth H. Neddermeyer and
Carl D. Anderson, "Cosmic-Ray Particles of Intermediate Mass", Phys. Rev. 54,
88
(1938). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v54/i1/p88_2 {Anderson_Carl_D_1938061
6.pdf}
3. ^ Seth H. Neddermeyer and Carl D. Anderson, "Nature of Cosmic-Ray
Particles", Rev. Mod. Phys. 11, 191
(1939). http://rmp.aps.org/pdf/RMP/v11/i3-4/p191_1 {Anderson_Carl_D_193910xx.p
df}
4. ^ Seth H. Neddermeyer and Carl D. Anderson, "Cosmic-Ray Particles of
Intermediate Mass", Phys. Rev. 54, 88
(1938). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v54/i1/p88_2 {Anderson_Carl_D_1938061
6.pdf}
5. ^ Seth H. Neddermeyer and Carl D. Anderson, "Nature of Cosmic-Ray
Particles", Rev. Mod. Phys. 11, 191
(1939). http://rmp.aps.org/pdf/RMP/v11/i3-4/p191_1 {Anderson_Carl_D_193910xx.p
df}
6. ^ Robert A. Millikan, "Mesotron as the Name of the New Particle", Phys. Rev.
55, 105
(1939). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v55/i1/p104_1 {Anderson_Carl_D_193812
07.pdf}
7. ^ "meson." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Apr. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/meson
8. ^ Record ID5339. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington.
9. ^ Carl D. Anderson,
"The Positive Electron", Phys. Rev. 43, 491
(1933). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v43/i6/p491_1 {Anderson_Carl_19330228
.pdf}
10. ^ Seth H. Neddermeyer and Carl D. Anderson, "Cosmic-Ray Particles of
Intermediate Mass", Phys. Rev. 54, 88
(1938). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v54/i1/p88_2 {Anderson_Carl_D_1938061
6.pdf} {06/16/1938}

MORE INFO
[1] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936". Nobelprize.org. 22 Feb 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1936/
[2] Carl D. Anderson, "The Apparent Existence of Easily Deflectable Positives",
Science, 1932, V76, (pp. 238-239). http://www.jstor.org/stable/1658257
[3] Carl D. Anderson and Seth H. Neddermeyer, "Cloud
Chamber Observations of Cosmic Rays at 4300 Meters Elevation and Near
Sea-Level", Phys. Rev. 50, 263
(1936). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v50/i4/p263_1
(California Institute of Technology) Pasadena, California9   
62 YBN
[06/22/1938 AD] 9 		5448) The first image of a virus is captured.4 5 6

Viruses are confirmed to be about 150 nm in size.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in
übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938)
921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_
Ernst_19380622.pdf}
2. ^ B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in
übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938)
921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_
Ernst_19380622.pdf}
3. ^ B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in
übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938)
921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_
Ernst_19380622.pdf}
4. ^ B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in
übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938)
921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_
Ernst_19380622.pdf}
5. ^ http://helmut.ruska.de/?page_id=14
6. ^ Record ID5446. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington.
7. ^ B. v.
Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in übermikroskopischer
Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938)
921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_
Ernst_19380622.pdf}
8. ^ B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in
übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938)
921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_
Ernst_19380622.pdf}
9. ^ B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in
übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938)
921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_
Ernst_19380622.pdf} {06/22/1938}

MORE INFO
[1] E. Ruska u. M. Knoll, Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 12, 389,
448, 1931
[2] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986". Nobelprize.org. 5 Mar 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/
[3] M. Knoll and E. Ruska, "Das Elektronenmikroskop", Zeitschrift für Physik A
Hadrons and Nuclei,Volume 78, Numbers 5-6, 318-339, DOI:
10.1007/BF01342199 http://www.springerlink.com/content/x7l53h8685108383/
[4] Ernst Ruska, "Über eine Berechnungsmethode des
Kathodenstrahloszillographen auf Grund der experimentell gefundenen
Abhängigkeit des Schreibfleckdurchmessers von der Stellung der
Konzentrierspule.", Studienarbeit Technische Hochschule Berlin, Lehrstuhl für
Hochspannungstechnik, eingereicht am
10.5.1929. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q001/q001.html
[5] E. Ruska und M. Knoll, "Die magnetische Sammelspule für schnelle
Elektronenstrahlen.", Z. techn. Physik 12 (1931) 389-400 und 448, eingegangen
am 28.4.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q003/q003.html
[6] M. Knoll und E. Ruska, "Beitrag zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik.",
Ann. Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am
10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html
[7] Knoll, Max (1935). "Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission
elektronenbestrahlter Körper". Zeitschrift für technische Physik 16:
467–475
[8] "Microscope". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope
[9] E. Ruska, "Über Fortschritte im Bau und in der Leistung des magnetischen
Elektronenmikroskops.", Z. Phys. 87 (1934) 580-602. eingegangen am
12.12.1933. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q013/q013.html En
glish: "On progress in construction and performance of the magnetic electron
microscope."
[10] "Ernst Ruska." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513086/Ernst-Ruska>
(Berliner Medizinischen Gesellschaft/Berlin Medical Society) Berlin, Germany8
  
61 YBN
[04/30/1939 AD] 13 14 		5835) The bipedal (or two leg walking) robot.9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elektro1.htm
2. ^ N Sharkey, A Sharkey, "Electro-mechanical robots before the
computer", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Volume 223, Number 1 / 2009,
Pages 235-241. http://journals.pepublishing.com/content/j15unr6757440045/ {Sha
rkey_200901xx.pdf}
3. ^ http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elektro1.htm
4. ^ N Sharkey, A Sharkey, "Electro-mechanical robots before the
computer", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Volume 223, Number 1 / 2009,
Pages 235-241. http://journals.pepublishing.com/content/j15unr6757440045/ {Sha
rkey_200901xx.pdf}
5. ^ http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elektro1.htm
6. ^ N Sharkey, A Sharkey, "Electro-mechanical robots before the
computer", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Volume 223, Number 1 / 2009,
Pages 235-241. http://journals.pepublishing.com/content/j15unr6757440045/ {Sha
rkey_200901xx.pdf}
7. ^ http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elektro1.htm
8. ^ N Sharkey, A Sharkey, "Electro-mechanical robots before the
computer", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Volume 223, Number 1 / 2009,
Pages 235-241. http://journals.pepublishing.com/content/j15unr6757440045/ {Sha
rkey_200901xx.pdf}
9. ^ http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elektro1.htm
10. ^ N Sharkey, A Sharkey, "Electro-mechanical robots before the
computer", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Volume 223, Number 1 / 2009,
Pages 235-241. http://journals.pepublishing.com/content/j15unr6757440045/ {Sha
rkey_200901xx.pdf}
11. ^ Scott Schaut, Robots of Westinghouse 1924-today, 2006, p91,185.
12. ^ "Elektro".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektro
13. ^
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/new-york-worlds-fair-opens {around)
04/30/1939 (opening of World's Fair}
14. ^
http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elektro1.htm {1939 (verify}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuyTRbj8QSA&feature=related
[2] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ay225WkU4Gs&feature=related
[3] Scott Schaut, "Robots of Westinghouse, 1924-today",
Mansfield, Ohio : Scott Schautt, Mansfield Memorial Museum, 2006
[4]
http://www.archive.org/details/middleton_family_worlds_fair_1939
(Westinghouse Electric Corporation) Mansfield, Ohio, USA11 12   
60 YBN
[03/03/1940 AD] 3 		5462) That uranium-235 produces far more fissions per minute than uranium-238
is demonstrated.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alfred O. Nier, E. T. Booth, J. R. Dunning, and A. V. Grosse, "Nuclear
Fission of Separated Uranium Isotopes", .Phys. Rev. 57, 546–546
(1940). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v57/i6/p546_1 {Dunning_John_Ray_19400
303.pdf}
2. ^ Alfred O. Nier, E. T. Booth, J. R. Dunning, and A. V. Grosse, "Nuclear
Fission of Separated Uranium Isotopes", .Phys. Rev. 57, 546–546
(1940). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v57/i6/p546_1 {Dunning_John_Ray_19400
303.pdf}
3. ^ Alfred O. Nier, E. T. Booth, J. R. Dunning, and A. V. Grosse, "Nuclear
Fission of Separated Uranium Isotopes", .Phys. Rev. 57, 546–546
(1940). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v57/i6/p546_1 {Dunning_John_Ray_19400
303.pdf} {03/03/1940}

MORE INFO
[1] "John Dunning, 1st Baron Ashburton." A Dictionary of Scientists.
Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 Mar. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-dunning-1st-baron-ashburton
(Columbia University) New York City, New York, USA2   
60 YBN
[05/28/1940 AD] 4 		5285) Uranium and thorium are fissioned by γ-rays.1

This is the first fissioning of large atoms with light particles.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ R. O. Haxby, W. E. Shoupp, W. E. Stephens, and W. H. Wells,
"Photo-Fission of Uranium and Thorium, Phys. Rev. 58, 92–92
(1940). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v58/i1/p92_1 {Wells_W_H_19400528.pdf}

2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ R. O. Haxby, W. E. Shoupp, W. E. Stephens, and W. H. Wells,
"Photo-Fission of Uranium and Thorium", Phys. Rev. 59, 57–62
(1941). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v59/i1/p57_1 {Wells_W_H_19400830.pdf}

4. ^ R. O. Haxby, W. E. Shoupp, W. E. Stephens, and W. H. Wells, "Photo-Fission
of Uranium and Thorium, Phys. Rev. 58, 92–92
(1940). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v58/i1/p92_1 {Wells_W_H_19400528.pdf}
{05/28/1940}
(Westinghouse Research Laboratories) East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA3   
60 YBN
[06/14/1940 AD] 3 		5568) The spontaneous fission of uranium is observed.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p846.
2. ^ Flerov and Petrjak,
"Spontaneous Fission of Uranium", Phys. Rev. 58, 89–89
(1940). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v58/i1/p89_2
3. ^ Flerov and Petrjak, "Spontaneous Fission of Uranium", Phys. Rev. 58,
89–89 (1940). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v58/i1/p89_2 {06/14/1940}
(Physico Technical Institute and Radium Institute) Leningrad, (U.S.S.R. now)
Russia2   
60 YBN
[08/24/1940 AD] 6 7 		5217) An anti-bacterial form of the fungus Penicillin is found to be effective
against at least three kinds of bacteria in mice.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Sir Howard Walter Florey." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 31 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/howard-walter-florey
2. ^ E Chain, HW Florey, AD Gardner, NG Heatley, "Penicillin as a
Chemotherapeutic agent", Lancet, 1940
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T1B-49N2V2F-MY-1&_cd
i=4886&_user=4422&_pii=S0140673601087281&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_co
verDate=08%2F24%2F1940&_sk=997633895&wchp=dGLzVtb-zSkzS&md5=77efee12aba47b15f2f4
b87566fdacd3&ie=/sdarticle.pdf {Florey_Howard_19400824.pdf}
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p763-764.
4. ^ "Ernst Boris Chain."
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010.
Answers.com 28 Feb. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernst-boris-chain
5. ^ E Chain, HW Florey, AD Gardner, NG Heatley,
"Penicillin as a Chemotherapeutic agent", Lancet, 1940
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T1B-49N2V2F-MY-1&_cd
i=4886&_user=4422&_pii=S0140673601087281&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_co
verDate=08%2F24%2F1940&_sk=997633895&wchp=dGLzVtb-zSkzS&md5=77efee12aba47b15f2f4
b87566fdacd3&ie=/sdarticle.pdf {Florey_Howard_19400824.pdf}
6. ^ E Chain, HW Florey, AD Gardner, NG Heatley, "Penicillin as a
Chemotherapeutic agent", Lancet, 1940
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T1B-49N2V2F-MY-1&_cd
i=4886&_user=4422&_pii=S0140673601087281&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_co
verDate=08%2F24%2F1940&_sk=997633895&wchp=dGLzVtb-zSkzS&md5=77efee12aba47b15f2f4
b87566fdacd3&ie=/sdarticle.pdf {Florey_Howard_19400824.pdf} {08/24/1940}
7. ^ "Sir Howard
Walter Florey." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 31 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/howard-walter-florey {1939}
(University of Oxford) Oxford, England5   
60 YBN
[11/13/1940 AD] 5 		5524) A circular electron accelerator is built which creates artificial gamma
rays.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. W. Kerst, "The Acceleration of Electrons by Magnetic Induction", Phys.
Rev. 60, 47–53
(1941). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v60/i1/p47_1 {Kerst_Donald_William_19
410418.pdf}
2. ^ Donald W. Kerst et al, "MAGNETIC INDUCTION ACCELERATOR", Patent number:
2297305, Filing date: Nov 13, 1940, Issue date: Sep 29,
1942. http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT2297305&id=wk9oAAAAEBAJ&
oi=fnd&dq=%22DW+Kerst%22&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=%22DW%20Kerst%22&f=false
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p840.
4. ^ Donald W. Kerst et al,
"MAGNETIC INDUCTION ACCELERATOR", Patent number: 2297305, Filing date: Nov 13,
1940, Issue date: Sep 29,
1942. http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT2297305&id=wk9oAAAAEBAJ&
oi=fnd&dq=%22DW+Kerst%22&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=%22DW%20Kerst%22&f=false
5. ^ Donald W. Kerst et al, "MAGNETIC INDUCTION ACCELERATOR", Patent number:
2297305, Filing date: Nov 13, 1940, Issue date: Sep 29,
1942. http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT2297305&id=wk9oAAAAEBAJ&
oi=fnd&dq=%22DW+Kerst%22&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=%22DW%20Kerst%22&f=false
{11/13/1940}
(General Electric Company) Scotia, New York, USA4   
60 YBN
[12/02/1940 AD] 3 		5439) The first color television images are broadcast.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Peter Goldmark." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 04
Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/goldmark-peter-carl
2. ^ "Peter Goldmark." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 04 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/goldmark-peter-carl
3. ^ "Peter Goldmark." Biographies. Answers
Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/goldmark-peter-carl {12/02/1940}

MORE INFO
[1] Peter C. Goldmark, "Television", Patent number: 2329194, Filing date:
Jan 9, 1941, Issue date: Sep 14,
1943 http://www.google.com/patents?id=9dZuAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[2] Peter C. Goldmark, "COLOR TELEVISION", Patent number: 2435962, Filing date:
Nov 20, 1940, Issue date: Feb 17,
1948. http://www.google.com/patents?id=D6lLAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[3] Peter C. Goldmark, "COLOR TELEVISION", Patent number: 2304081, Filing date:
Sep 7, 1940, Issue date: Dec 8,
1942. http://www.google.com/patents?id=1K9LAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
(Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.) New York City, New York, USA2   
59 YBN
[01/23/1941 AD] 5 		5580) That the oxygen liberated in photosynthesis comes from the water molecule
and not from carbon dioxide is proven by using oxygen-18, a stable but rare
oxygen isotope.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Samuel Ruben, Merle Randall, Martin Kamen, James Logan Hyde, "Heavy
Oxygen (O18) as a Tracer in the Study of Photosynthesis", J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
1941, 63 (3), pp
877–879. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01848a512 {Kamen_Martin_D_194
10123.pdf}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p848.
3. ^ "Martin David Kamen." The
Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press.,
2011. Answers.com 28 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/martin-david-kamen
4. ^ Samuel Ruben, Merle Randall, Martin Kamen,
James Logan Hyde, "Heavy Oxygen (O18) as a Tracer in the Study of
Photosynthesis", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1941, 63 (3), pp
877–879. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01848a512 {Kamen_Martin_D_194
10123.pdf}
5. ^ Samuel Ruben, Merle Randall, Martin Kamen, James Logan Hyde, "Heavy Oxygen
(O18) as a Tracer in the Study of Photosynthesis", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1941, 63
(3), pp
877–879. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01848a512 {Kamen_Martin_D_194
10123.pdf} {01/23/1941}

MORE INFO
[1] S. Ruben, W. Z. Hassid, M. D. Kamen, "Radioactive Carbon in the Study
of Photosynthesis", Journal of the American Chemical Society 1939 61 (3),
661-663. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01872a034
[2] Samuel Ruben and Martin D. Kamen, "Radioactive Carbon of Long Half-Life",
Phys. Rev. 57, 549–549
(1940). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v57/i6/p549_1
(University of California) Berkeley, California, USA4   
59 YBN
[02/24/1941 AD] 3 		5283) Uranium is fissioned by Alpha-Particles under an electric potential of
32-Mev.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ E. Fermi and E. Segrè , "Fission of Uranium by Alpha-Particles", Phys.
Rev. 59, 680–681
(1941). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v59/i8/p680_2 {Fermi_Enrico_19410224.
pdf}
2. ^ E. Fermi and E. Segrè , "Fission of Uranium by Alpha-Particles", Phys.
Rev. 59, 680–681
(1941). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v59/i8/p680_2 {Fermi_Enrico_19410224.
pdf}
3. ^ E. Fermi and E. Segrè , "Fission of Uranium by Alpha-Particles", Phys.
Rev. 59, 680–681
(1941). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v59/i8/p680_2 {Fermi_Enrico_19410224.
pdf} {02/24/1941}

MORE INFO
[1] E. Fermi, "Argomenti pro e contro la ipotesi dei quanti di luce"
("Arguments for and against the hypothesis of quanta of light"), Il Nuovo
Cimento (1924-1942), Volume 3, Numbers 1-2,
xlvii-liv. http://www.springerlink.com/content/lm022085605043uh/
[2] E. Fermi, "Zur Quantelung des idealen einatomigen Gases", Zeitschrift für
Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 36, Numbers 11-12, 902-912. "The
quantization of the ideal monatomic
gas" http://www.springerlink.com/content/k763270092273181/
[3] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p447
[4] E Fermi, "Eine statistische Methode zur
Bestimmung einiger Eigenschaften des Atoms und ihre Anwendung auf die Theorie
des periodischen Systems der Elemente", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and
Nuclei, Volume 48, Numbers 1-2, 73-79. "A statistical method for determining
some properties of the atom and its application to the theory of the periodic
table of elements" http://www.springerlink.com/content/v762582061464612/
[5] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938". Nobelprize.org. 7 Feb 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/
[6] E. Fermi, "Sulla quantizzazione del gas perfetto monoatomico", Ren. Lincei,
3, 1926, p145-149. reprinted in: Enrico Fermi, "Enrico Fermi, Collected
Papers", V1, p178
[7] R. O. Haxby, W. E. Shoupp, W. E. Stephens, and W. H. Wells,
"Photo-Fission of Uranium and Thorium", Phys. Rev. 59, 57–62
(1941). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v59/i1/p57_1
(University of California) Berkeley, California, USA2   
59 YBN
[10/08/1941 AD] 5 		5331) That a sequence of DNA (a gene1 ) controls the production of a particular
protein, is proven when X-rays cause a genetic mutation in a bread mold which
results in the mold failing to make vitamin B6. This mutation is also shown to
be inherited.2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "gene." The Oxford Companion to the Body. Oxford University Press, 2001,
2003. Answers.com 29 Jun. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/gene
2. ^ G. W. BEADLE AND E. L. TATUM, "GENETIC
CONTROL OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN NEUROSPORA", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
1941 November 15; 27(11): 499–506.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1078370/ {Beadle_George_19411008.
pdf}
3. ^ "George Wells Beadle." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 18 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/george-wells-beadle
4. ^ G. W. BEADLE AND E. L. TATUM, "GENETIC CONTROL OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
IN NEUROSPORA", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1941 November 15; 27(11): 499–506.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1078370/ {Beadle_George_19411008.
pdf}
5. ^ G. W. BEADLE AND E. L. TATUM, "GENETIC CONTROL OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
IN NEUROSPORA", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1941 November 15; 27(11): 499–506.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1078370/ {Beadle_George_19411008.
pdf} {10/08/1941}
(Stanford University) Stanford, California, USA4   
59 YBN
[1941 AD] 5 		6648) The plastic polyester.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "polyester." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002.
Answers.com 21 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/polyester
2. ^ W. T. ASTBURY & C. J. BROWN. "Chemistry of
Terylene." Nature 158, 871-871 (14 December 1946) doi:10.1038/158871a0
3. ^ Whinfield, J. R.
"Chemistry of Terylene." Nature 158 (1946):
920-931. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4026/abs/158930a0.html
4. ^ Caron, F., P. Erker, and W. Fischer. Innovations in the European Economy
Between the Wars. De Gruyter, 1995,
p190. http://books.google.com/books?id=9xCGZs75b7YC&pg=PA190
5. ^ Caron, F., P. Erker, and W. Fischer. Innovations in the European Economy
Between the Wars. De Gruyter, 1995,
p190. http://books.google.com/books?id=9xCGZs75b7YC&pg=PA190
(Calico Printers' Association, Ltd.) England4   
58 YBN
[03/12/1942 AD] 3 		5428) The first detailed image of a virus is captured.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S. E. Luria and Thomas F. Anderson, "The Identification and
Characterization of Bacteriophages with the Electron Microscope", Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 28,
No. 4 (Apr. 15, 1942), pp.
127-130. http://www.jstor.org/stable/87648 {Luria_Salvador_Edward_19420312.pdf
}
2. ^ S. E. Luria and Thomas F. Anderson, "The Identification and
Characterization of Bacteriophages with the Electron Microscope", Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 28,
No. 4 (Apr. 15, 1942), pp.
127-130. http://www.jstor.org/stable/87648 {Luria_Salvador_Edward_19420312.pdf
}
3. ^ S. E. Luria and Thomas F. Anderson, "The Identification and
Characterization of Bacteriophages with the Electron Microscope", Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 28,
No. 4 (Apr. 15, 1942), pp.
127-130. http://www.jstor.org/stable/87648 {Luria_Salvador_Edward_19420312.pdf
} {03/12/1942}

MORE INFO
[1] http://helmut.ruska.de/?page_id=14
(RCA Research Laboratories) Camden, New Jersey, USA2   
58 YBN
[11/04/1942 AD] 4 		5289) The first explicit claim of a planet of a different star; recognized from
the movement in photos of the nearby star 61 Cygni.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Strand, K. A., "61 Cygni as a Triple System", Publications of the
Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 55, No. 322,
p.29-32. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/PASP./0055//0000030.000.h
tml {Strand_K_A_19421104.pdf}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p785.
3. ^ Strand, K. A., "61 Cygni
as a Triple System", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific,
Vol. 55, No. 322,
p.29-32. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/PASP./0055//0000030.000.h
tml {Strand_K_A_19421104.pdf}
4. ^ Strand, K. A., "61 Cygni as a Triple System", Publications of the
Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 55, No. 322,
p.29-32. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/PASP./0055//0000030.000.h
tml {Strand_K_A_19421104.pdf} {11/04/1942}

MORE INFO
[1] http://theperfectsilence.com/
(Sproul Observatory, Swartmore University), Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, USA3
  
58 YBN
[12/02/1942 AD] 12 		5277) A self-sustained uranium fission reaction.7 8 9

Cadmium rods are slowly withdrawn from a pile of graphite blocks with uranium
inside, and the first uranium fission chain reaction becomes self-sustaining,
driven only by neutrons spontaneously emitted by uranium.10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ E. Fermi, "Work Carried Out by the Physics Division", Report CP-387 for
month Ending December 15, 1942. Reprinted in "Enrico Fermi, Collected Papers,
v2, 1965, p270.
2. ^ "Experimental production of a Divergent Chain Reaction",
American Journal of Physics, 20, 1952,
536-558. http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v20/i9/p536_s1 {Fermi_Enrico_19
520627.pdf}
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p781-783.
4. ^ E. Fermi, "Work Carried
Out by the Physics Division", Report CP-387 for month Ending December 15, 1942.
Reprinted in "Enrico Fermi, Collected Papers, v2, 1965, p270.
5. ^ "Experimental
production of a Divergent Chain Reaction", American Journal of Physics, 20,
1952,
536-558. http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v20/i9/p536_s1 {Fermi_Enrico_19
520627.pdf}
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p781-783.
7. ^ E. Fermi, "Work Carried
Out by the Physics Division", Report CP-387 for month Ending December 15, 1942.
Reprinted in "Enrico Fermi, Collected Papers, v2, 1965, p270.
8. ^ "Experimental
production of a Divergent Chain Reaction", American Journal of Physics, 20,
1952,
536-558. http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v20/i9/p536_s1 {Fermi_Enrico_19
520627.pdf}
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p781-783.
10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p781-783.
11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p781-783.
12. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p781-783. {12/02/1942}

MORE INFO
[1] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938". Nobelprize.org. 7 Feb 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/
[2] E Fermi, "Eine statistische Methode zur Bestimmung einiger Eigenschaften
des Atoms und ihre Anwendung auf die Theorie des periodischen Systems der
Elemente", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 48, Numbers
1-2, 73-79. "A statistical method for determining some properties of the atom
and its application to the theory of the periodic table of
elements" http://www.springerlink.com/content/v762582061464612/
[3] E. Fermi, "Zur Quantelung des idealen einatomigen Gases", Zeitschrift für
Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 36, Numbers 11-12, 902-912. "The
quantization of the ideal monatomic
gas" http://www.springerlink.com/content/k763270092273181/
[4] E. Fermi, "Argomenti pro e contro la ipotesi dei quanti di luce"
("Arguments for and against the hypothesis of quanta of light"), Il Nuovo
Cimento (1924-1942), Volume 3, Numbers 1-2,
xlvii-liv. http://www.springerlink.com/content/lm022085605043uh/
[5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p465
[6] E. Fermi, "Magnetic Moments of Atomic
Nuclei", Nature 125, 16-16 (04 January 1930)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v125/n3140/abs/125016a0.html
[7] E. Fermi, "Quantum Theory of Radiation", Rev. Mod. Phys. 4, 87–132
(1932). http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v4/i1/p87_1
[8] E. Fermi, E. Amaldi, B. Pontecorvo, E. Rasetti and E. Segré, La Ricerca
Scientifica, 2, No. 12; 1933
[9] "Versuch einer Theorie der β-Strahlen. I ",
Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 88, Numbers 3-4, 1933,
161-177. http://www.springerlink.com/content/wq2r06j058382226/
[10] "Chadwick, James." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 17.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 143-148. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 4 Feb. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905049&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[11] Fermi, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 5, p282 (1934); Fermi, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 1,
pp. 283, 330 (1934); Amaldi, D'Agostino, Fermi, Rasetti and Segre, 'Ric.
Scient.,' vol. 1, pp. 452, 652, 21 (1934); Fermi, Rasetti and D'Agostino, 'Ric.
Scient.,' vol. 1, pp. 533 (1934); Fermi, 'Nature,' "Radioactivity Induced by
Neutron Bombardment" vol. 133, N3368 pp. 757, 898 (1934). See also Fermi, '
Nuovo Cim.,' vol. 11, p. 429 (1934); Amaldi, Fermi, Rasetti and Segre, 'Nuovo
Cim.,' vol. 11, p. 442 (1934); Amaldi and Segre, 'Nuovo Cim.,' vol.11,. p. 452
(1934); ' D'Agostino ' Gazz. Chim. Ital.,' in press (1934)
[12] E. Fermi, E. Amaldi,
O. D'Agostino, F. Rasetti and E. Segre, "Artificial Radioactivity Produced by
Neutron Bombardment", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A,
Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 146, No. 857
(Sep. 1, 1934), pp. 483-500 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2935604
[13] Enrico Fermi, "Possible Production of Elements of
Atomic Number Higher than 92", Nature 133, 898-899 (16 June
1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n3372/abs/133898a0.html
[14] E. Segre (Ed.): "Enrico Fermi: Collected Papers" (Nore e Memorie),
University of Chicago Press, Chicago (Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.
Roma) 1962, Vol. 1 , p. 640
[15] E Fermi, "Le ultime particelle costitutive della
materia", Societa italiana per il progresso, 1934
[16] Fermi, Amaldi, Pontecorvo,
Rasetti, Segre, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 2, p. 280 (1934);
[17] E. Amaldi, O. D'Agostino,
E. Fermi, B. Pontecorvo, F. Rasetti and E. Segrè, "Artificial Radioactivity
Produced by Neutron Bombardment. II", Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences Vol. 149, No. 868 (Apr.
10, 1935), pp. 522-558 http://www.jstor.org/stable/96379
[18] ENRICO FERMI, "Reactions Produced by Neutrons in Heavy
Elements", Nature 146, 640-642 (16 November
1940). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v146/n3707/abs/146640a0.html
[19] E. Amaldi and E. Fermi, "On the Absorption and the Diffusion of Slow
Neutrons", Phys. Rev. 50, 899–928
(1936). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v50/i10/p899_1
(University of Chicago) Chicago, Illinois, USA11   
57 YBN
[05/25/1943 AD] 5 		5578) Changes in light absorption spectral lines are used to determine that
molecular changes have occurred.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Britton Chance, "The kinetics of the enzyme-substrate compound of
peroxidase", Journal of biological chemistry, (1943) volume: 151 issue: 2
page: 553.
http://www.jbc.org/content/151/2/553.full.pdf+html?sid=d94bc504-c1d4-4a2e-b594
-e33b2c903bf6 {Chance_Britton_19430526.pdf}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p847-848.
3. ^
http://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/1900s/chance_britton.html
4. ^ Britton Chance, "The kinetics of the enzyme-substrate compound of
peroxidase", Journal of biological chemistry, (1943) volume: 151 issue: 2
page: 553.
http://www.jbc.org/content/151/2/553.full.pdf+html?sid=d94bc504-c1d4-4a2e-b594
-e33b2c903bf6 {Chance_Britton_19430526.pdf}
5. ^ Britton Chance, "The kinetics of the enzyme-substrate compound of
peroxidase", Journal of biological chemistry, (1943) volume: 151 issue: 2
page: 553.
http://www.jbc.org/content/151/2/553.full.pdf+html?sid=d94bc504-c1d4-4a2e-b594
-e33b2c903bf6 {Chance_Britton_19430526.pdf} {05/25/1943}

MORE INFO
[1] "Britton Chance." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Mar. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/britton-chance
(University of Pennsylvania) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA4   
57 YBN
[11/01/1943 AD] 5 		4916) The DNA molecule is recognized as being responsible for the creation and
inheritance of structural changes in a body,2 when a DNA molecule is found to
change a rough appearing bacteria into a smooth one, which is then passed onto
later generations.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Avery, MacLeod and McCarty. “Studies on the Chemical Nature of the
Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types. Induction of
Transformation by Deoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus
Type III”, Journal of Experimental Medicine, V79, N2, Feb, 1944,
137–158. http://jem.rupress.org/content/79/2/137.full.pdf {Avery_Oswald_1943
1101.pdf}
2. ^ Avery, MacLeod and McCarty. “Studies on the Chemical Nature of the
Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types. Induction of
Transformation by Deoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus
Type III”, Journal of Experimental Medicine, V79, N2, Feb, 1944,
137–158. http://jem.rupress.org/content/79/2/137.full.pdf {Avery_Oswald_1943
1101.pdf}
3. ^ Avery, MacLeod and McCarty. “Studies on the Chemical Nature of the
Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types. Induction of
Transformation by Deoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus
Type III”, Journal of Experimental Medicine, V79, N2, Feb, 1944,
137–158. http://jem.rupress.org/content/79/2/137.full.pdf {Avery_Oswald_1943
1101.pdf}
4. ^ Avery, MacLeod and McCarty. “Studies on the Chemical Nature of the
Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types. Induction of
Transformation by Deoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus
Type III”, Journal of Experimental Medicine, V79, N2, Feb, 1944,
137–158. http://jem.rupress.org/content/79/2/137.full.pdf {Avery_Oswald_1943
1101.pdf}
5. ^ Avery, MacLeod and McCarty. “Studies on the Chemical Nature of the
Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types. Induction of
Transformation by Deoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus
Type III”, Journal of Experimental Medicine, V79, N2, Feb, 1944,
137–158. http://jem.rupress.org/content/79/2/137.full.pdf {Avery_Oswald_1943
1101.pdf} {11/1/1943}

MORE INFO
[1] "Oswald Avery." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
25 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/oswald-avery
[2] "Avery, Oswald T." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 342-343. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900196&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[3] "Oswald Theodore Avery". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Theodore_Avery
[4] Maclyn McCarty and Oswald T. Avery, "STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE
SUBSTANCE INDUCING TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES: III. AN IMPROVED
METHOD FOR THE ISOLATION OF THE TRANSFORMING SUBSTANCE AND ITS APPLICATION TO
PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPES II, III, AND VI J Exp Med 1946 83:97-104. Published February
1, 1946, doi:10.1084/jem.83.2.97
http://jem.rupress.org/content/83/2/97.full.pdf
(Rockefeller Institute, now called Rockefeller University) New York City, New
York, USA4   
57 YBN
[1943 AD] 3 		4949) That direct electrical stimulation to the brain can cause cats to become
enraged or scared is shown.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Akert K., "Walter Rudolf Hess (1881-1973) and His Contribution to
Neuroscience", Journal of the history of the neurosciences 0964-704X. ^ Akert
(1999) volume: 8 issue: 3 page:
248. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/jhin/1999/00000008/00000003/ar
t00004 {Hess_Rudolf_contributions_1999.pdf}
2. ^ "Walter Rudolf Hess." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/walter-rudolf-hess
3. ^ Akert K., "Walter Rudolf Hess (1881-1973) and His Contribution to
Neuroscience", Journal of the history of the neurosciences 0964-704X. ^ Akert
(1999) volume: 8 issue: 3 page:
248. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/jhin/1999/00000008/00000003/ar
t00004 {Hess_Rudolf_contributions_1999.pdf} {1943}

MORE INFO
[1] Hardcastle, Valerie Gray. "Hess, Walter Rudolf." Complete Dictionary
of Scientific Biography. Vol. 21. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.
302-306. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905745&v=2.1&u=&it=r&p=GVR
L&sw=w
[2] "Walter Rudolf Hess". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess
[3] Walter Rudolf Hess, The Biology of Mind (1964)
[4] Hess WR, Brügger M (1943): Das
subkortikale Zentrum der affektiven Abwehr. Helv Physiol Pharmakol Acta 1:
33-52
[5] Hess WR (1942) Biomotorik als Organisationsproblem. Naturwissenschaften
30: 441-448,
537- 541. http://www.springerlink.com/content/r112270005657240/fulltext.pdf
(University of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland2   
55 YBN
[07/16/1945 AD] 6 		5311) The first atomic fission bomb is exploded;3 a plutonium bomb that
compares to about 21,000 tons of TNT.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "nuclear weapon." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/421827/nuclear-weapon>.
2. ^ "nuclear weapon." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/421827/nuclear-weapon>.
3. ^ "nuclear weapon." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/421827/nuclear-weapon>.
4. ^ "nuclear weapon." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/421827/nuclear-weapon>.
5. ^ http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/coldwar/p7_image.shtml
6. ^ http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/coldwar/p7_image.shtml
{07/16/1945}

MORE INFO
[1] "Manhattan Project." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 08 Mar. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/manhattan-project
[2] "Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)
(Alamogordo Test Range) Jornada del Muerto (Journey of Death) desert, New
Mexico, USA5   
55 YBN
[10/08/1945 AD] 7 		6272) The microwave oven.3

Microwave light frequencies are strongly absorbed by water molecules, and so
heat materials containing water.4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ US patent 2495429, Spencer, Percy L., "Method of treating foodstuffs",
issued 1950-January-24 www.google.com/patents?id=x_tuAAAAEBAJ
and http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2495429
2. ^ US patent 2495429, Spencer, Percy L., "Method of treating foodstuffs",
issued 1950-January-24 www.google.com/patents?id=x_tuAAAAEBAJ
and http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2495429
3. ^ US patent 2495429, Spencer, Percy L., "Method of treating foodstuffs",
issued 1950-January-24 www.google.com/patents?id=x_tuAAAAEBAJ
and http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2495429
4. ^ Physics. LETTS EDUCATIONAL, 2007. Revise GCSE,
p57. http://books.google.com/books?id=9eYqS2Fj76YC&pg=PT58
5. ^ "microwave oven." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002.
Answers.com 27 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/microwave-oven
6. ^ US patent 2495429, Spencer, Percy L., "Method of
treating foodstuffs", issued
1950-January-24 www.google.com/patents?id=x_tuAAAAEBAJ
and http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2495429
7. ^ US patent 2495429, Spencer, Percy L., "Method of treating foodstuffs",
issued 1950-January-24 www.google.com/patents?id=x_tuAAAAEBAJ
and http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2495429
{10/08/1945}
(Raytheon Manufacturing Company) Newton, Massachusetts, USA6   
54 YBN
[01/10/1946 AD] 3 4 		5528) Radio light is reflected off the moon and received back on Earth.1
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Dewitt, J.H., Jr.; Stodola, E.K.;, "Detection of Radio Signals Reflected
from the Moon", Proceedings of the IRE, March 1949, Volume: 37 Issue:3, p229 -
242. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1697973&tag=1 {Dewit
t_John_H_19480311.pdf}
2. ^ http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4218/ch1.htm
3. ^ Dewitt, J.H., Jr.; Stodola, E.K.;, "Detection of Radio Signals
Reflected from the Moon", Proceedings of the IRE, March 1949, Volume: 37
Issue:3, p229 -
242. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1697973&tag=1 {Dewit
t_John_H_19480311.pdf} {01/10/1946}
4. ^ http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4218/ch1.htm
{01/10/1946}

MORE INFO
[1] http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4217/ch2.htm
Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, USA2   
54 YBN
[02/??/1946 AD] 4 5 		5459) ENIAC, the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital
computer.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p823,870.
2. ^ "J. Presper Eckert."
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010.
Answers.com 08 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/j-presper-eckert
3. ^ "ENIAC." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/183842/ENIAC>.
4. ^ "ENIAC." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/183842/ENIAC>. {02/1946}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p823,870. {1946}

MORE INFO
[1] "History of computing hardware". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware
(University of Pennsylvania) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA3   
54 YBN
[06/01/1946 AD] 5 		5472) Radio-carbon dating. That C14 produced by cosmic-ray neutrons, can be
used to determine the age of the Earth's atmosphere, surface, and living matter
is recognized.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ W. F. Libby, "Atmospheric Helium Three and Radiocarbon from Cosmic
Radiation", Phys. Rev. 69, 671–672
(1946). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v69/i11-12/p671_2 {Libby_Willard_Fran
k_19460601.pdf}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p829-830.
3. ^ "Willard Frank Libby."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2011. Web. 09 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/338917/Willard-Frank-Libby>.
4. ^ W. F. Libby, "Atmospheric Helium Three and Radiocarbon from Cosmic
Radiation", Phys. Rev. 69, 671–672
(1946). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v69/i11-12/p671_2 {Libby_Willard_Fran
k_19460601.pdf}
5. ^ W. F. Libby, "Atmospheric Helium Three and Radiocarbon from Cosmic
Radiation", Phys. Rev. 69, 671–672
(1946). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v69/i11-12/p671_2 {Libby_Willard_Fran
k_19460601.pdf} {06/01/1946}

MORE INFO
[1] J. R. Arnold and W. F. Libby, "Age Determinations by Radiocarbon
Content: Checks with Samples of Known Age", Science, New Series, Vol. 110, No.
2869 (Dec. 23, 1949), pp. 678-680. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1677049
(University of Chicago) Chicago, Illinois, USA4   
54 YBN
[08/22/1946 AD] 4 		5697) Multiple telescopes are used in parallel to observe a larger area.1 2
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ M. RYLE & D. D. VONBERG, "Solar Radiation on 175 Mc./s", Nature 158,
339-340 (07 September 1946),
doi:10.1038/158339b0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4010/abs/158339
b0.html {Ryle_Martin_19460822.pdf}
2. ^ M. Ryle, "A New Radio Interferometer and Its Application to the
Observation of Weak Radio Stars", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.
Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 211, No. 1106 (Mar. 6,
1952), pp.
351-375 http://www.jstor.org/stable/98850 {Ryle_Martin_19511010.pdf}
3. ^ M. RYLE & D. D. VONBERG, "Solar Radiation on 175 Mc./s", Nature 158,
339-340 (07 September 1946),
doi:10.1038/158339b0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4010/abs/158339
b0.html {Ryle_Martin_19460822.pdf}
4. ^ M. RYLE & D. D. VONBERG, "Solar Radiation on 175 Mc./s", Nature 158,
339-340 (07 September 1946),
doi:10.1038/158339b0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4010/abs/158339
b0.html {Ryle_Martin_19460822.pdf} {08/22/1946}

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Martin Ryle." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 17 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/514574/Sir-Martin-Ryle>
(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England3   
54 YBN
[09/17/1946 AD] 4 		5742) Sexual reproduction (conjugation) is found in bacteria (E. Coli).1 2
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli",
Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_
Joshua_19460917.pdf}
2. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>.
3. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli",
Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_
Joshua_19460917.pdf}
4. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli",
Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_
Joshua_19460917.pdf} {09/17/1946}

MORE INFO
[1] Joshua Lederberg, Luigi L. Cavalli, and Esther M. Lederberg, "Sex
Compatibility in Escherichia Coli", Genetics. 1952 November; 37(6): 720–730.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1209583/
[2] Joshua Lederberg and E. L. Tatum, "Sex in Bacteria: Genetic Studies,
1945-1952",Science, New Series, Vol. 118, No. 3059 (Aug. 14, 1953), pp.
169-175. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1680189
(Yale University) New Haven, Connecticut, USA3   
54 YBN
[10/10/1946 AD] 3 		3848) The first solar spectrum is captured from the upper atmosphere by a
rocket which confirms that the atmosphere of Earth absorbs light with
ultraviolet frequency.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ E. O. HULBURT, "The Upper Atmosphere of the Earth," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 37,
405-405
(1947) http://www.opticsinfobase.org/josa/abstract.cfm?URI=josa-37-6-405
2. ^ E. O. HULBURT, "The Upper Atmosphere of the Earth," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 37,
405-405
(1947) http://www.opticsinfobase.org/josa/abstract.cfm?URI=josa-37-6-405
3. ^ E. O. HULBURT, "The Upper Atmosphere of the Earth," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 37,
405-405
(1947) http://www.opticsinfobase.org/josa/abstract.cfm?URI=josa-37-6-405
{10/10/1946}

MORE INFO
[1] Götz Hoeppe, John Stewart, "Why the Sky is Blue" ("Blau: Die Farbe
des Himmels",1999), Princeton University Press, 2007,
p247-250. http://books.google.com/books?id=-7inyeQbBjQC&pg=RA1-PA250&dq=chappui
s+ozone&ei=P6t_SZ3xLo3qkQTx9KXRBg#PRA1-PA250,M1
(White Sands proving area) New Mexico, USA2   
53 YBN
[01/10/1947 AD] 6 7 		5581) Radar is used to see meteor showers, even during daylight.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Prentice, J. P. M., Lovell, A. C. B., & Banwell, C. J., "Radio echo
observations of meteors", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
Vol. 107,
p.155. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1947MNRAS.107..155P {Lovell_Bernard_1947
0110.pdf}
2. ^ Clegg, J. A., Hughes, V. A., & Lovell, A. C. B., "The Daylight Meteor
Streams of 1947 May-August", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
Vol. 107, p.369 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1947MNRAS.107..369C
3. ^ Lovell, A. C. B., Banwell, C. J., & Clegg, J. A., "Radio echo
observations of the Giacobinids meteors, 1946", Monthly Notices of the Royal
Astronomical Society, Vol. 107,
p.164. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1947MNRAS.107..164L/0000164.000
.html
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p848.
5. ^ "Bernard Lovell." A
Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 28 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/bernard-lovell
6. ^ Prentice, J. P. M., Lovell, A. C. B., & Banwell,
C. J., "Radio echo observations of meteors", Monthly Notices of the Royal
Astronomical Society, Vol. 107,
p.155. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1947MNRAS.107..155P {Lovell_Bernard_1947
0110.pdf} {01/10/1947}
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p848. {1946}
(University of Manchester: Jodrell Bank) Cheshire, England5   
53 YBN
[06/26/1947 AD] 4 		5550) Elements 73 (tantalum) through 83 (bismuth) are fissioned with deuterons,
helium ions, or neutrons using up to 400 Mev.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ I. Perlman, R. H. Goeckermann, D. H. Templeton, and J. J. Howland,
"Fission of Bismuth, Lead, Thallium, Platinum, and Tantalum with High Energy
Particles", Phys. Rev. 72, 352–352
(1947). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v72/i4/p352_1 {Howland_J_J_19470626.p
df}
2. ^ I. Perlman, R. H. Goeckermann, D. H. Templeton, and J. J. Howland,
"Fission of Bismuth, Lead, Thallium, Platinum, and Tantalum with High Energy
Particles", Phys. Rev. 72, 352–352
(1947). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v72/i4/p352_1 {Howland_J_J_19470626.p
df}
3. ^ I. Perlman, R. H. Goeckermann, D. H. Templeton, and J. J. Howland,
"Fission of Bismuth, Lead, Thallium, Platinum, and Tantalum with High Energy
Particles", Phys. Rev. 72, 352–352
(1947). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v72/i4/p352_1 {Howland_J_J_19470626.p
df}
4. ^ I. Perlman, R. H. Goeckermann, D. H. Templeton, and J. J. Howland,
"Fission of Bismuth, Lead, Thallium, Platinum, and Tantalum with High Energy
Particles", Phys. Rev. 72, 352–352
(1947). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v72/i4/p352_1 {Howland_J_J_19470626.p
df} {06/26/1947}
(University of California) Berkeley, California, USA3   
53 YBN
[08/31/1947 AD] 5 		5582) Radio echos are captured off of an Aurora Borealis.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ A. C. B. LOVELL , J. A. CLEGG & C. D. ELLYETT, "Radio Echoes from the
Aurora Borealis", nature 160, 372-372 (13 September 1947),
doi:10.1038/160372a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v160/n4063/abs/160372
a0.html {Lovell_Bernard_19470831.pdf}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p848.
3. ^ "Bernard Lovell." A
Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 28 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/bernard-lovell
4. ^ A. C. B. LOVELL , J. A. CLEGG & C. D. ELLYETT,
"Radio Echoes from the Aurora Borealis", nature 160, 372-372 (13 September
1947),
doi:10.1038/160372a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v160/n4063/abs/160372
a0.html {Lovell_Bernard_19470831.pdf}
5. ^ A. C. B. LOVELL , J. A. CLEGG & C. D. ELLYETT, "Radio Echoes from the
Aurora Borealis", nature 160, 372-372 (13 September 1947),
doi:10.1038/160372a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v160/n4063/abs/160372
a0.html {Lovell_Bernard_19470831.pdf} {08/31/1947}

MORE INFO
[1] Lovell, A. C. B., Banwell, C. J., & Clegg, J. A., "Radio echo
observations of the Giacobinids meteors, 1946", Monthly Notices of the Royal
Astronomical Society, Vol. 107,
p.164. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1947MNRAS.107..164L/0000164.000
.html
[2] Clegg, J. A., Hughes, V. A., & Lovell, A. C. B., "The Daylight Meteor
Streams of 1947 May-August", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
Vol. 107, p.369 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1947MNRAS.107..369C
[3] Prentice, J. P. M., Lovell, A. C. B., & Banwell, C. J., "Radio
echo observations of meteors", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical
Society, Vol. 107, p.155. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1947MNRAS.107..155P
(University of Manchester: Jodrell Bank) Cheshire, England3 4   
53 YBN
[10/14/1947 AD] 3 		5603) An airplane moves faster than the speed of sound in air.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p895-896.
2. ^ "Chuck Yeager."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2011. Web. 30 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/652364/Chuck-Yeager>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p895-896. {1014/1947}
(over Rogers Dry Lake) Edwards, California, USA2   
52 YBN
[04/16/1948 AD] 4 5 		5417) The theory that the atomic nucleus consists of protons and neutrons
arranged in shells.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Maria G. Mayer, "On Closed Shells in Nuclei.", Physical Review, 2nd ser.,
74 (1948),
p235–239. http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v74/i3/p235_1 {Goeppert-Mayer_Mar
ia_19480801.pdf}
2. ^ Maria Goeppert Mayer, "On Closed Shells in Nuclei. II" Physical Review,
75, p1969–1970
(1949) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v75/i12/p1969_1 {Goeppert-Mayer_Maria_
19490204.pdf}
3. ^ Maria G. Mayer, "On Closed Shells in Nuclei.", Physical Review, 2nd ser.,
74 (1948),
p235–239. http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v74/i3/p235_1 {Goeppert-Mayer_Mar
ia_19480801.pdf}
4. ^ Maria G. Mayer, "On Closed Shells in Nuclei.", Physical Review, 2nd ser.,
74 (1948),
p235–239. http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v74/i3/p235_1 {Goeppert-Mayer_Mar
ia_19480801.pdf} {04/16/1948}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p813-814,823.
{1948}

MORE INFO
[1] http://alsos.wlu.edu/information.aspx?id=1193&search=Mayer,+Maria+
(Argonne Laboratory) Argonne, Illinois3   
52 YBN
[06/17/1948 AD] 6 7 		5295) The semiconductor transistor (or solid-state electric switch and
amplifier).3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. Bardeen and W. H. Brattain, "The Transistor, A Semi-Conductor Triode",
Phys. Rev. 74, 230–231
(1948). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v74/i2/p230_1 {Brattain_William_Barde
en_John_19480625.pdf}
2. ^ John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, "Three-Electrode Circuit Element
Utilizing Semiconductive Materials", Patent number: 2524035, Filing date: Jun
17, 1948, Issue date: Oct
1950. http://www.google.com/patents?id=FDhnAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
3. ^ J. Bardeen and W. H. Brattain, "The Transistor, A Semi-Conductor Triode",
Phys. Rev. 74, 230–231
(1948). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v74/i2/p230_1 {Brattain_William_Barde
en_John_19480625.pdf}
4. ^ John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, "Three-Electrode Circuit Element
Utilizing Semiconductive Materials", Patent number: 2524035, Filing date: Jun
17, 1948, Issue date: Oct
1950. http://www.google.com/patents?id=FDhnAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
5. ^ J. Bardeen and W. H. Brattain, "The Transistor, A Semi-Conductor Triode",
Phys. Rev. 74, 230–231
(1948). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v74/i2/p230_1 {Brattain_William_Barde
en_John_19480625.pdf}
6. ^ John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, "Three-Electrode Circuit Element
Utilizing Semiconductive Materials", Patent number: 2524035, Filing date: Jun
17, 1948, Issue date: Oct
1950. http://www.google.com/patents?id=FDhnAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false {06/17/1948}
7. ^ J. Bardeen and W. H.
Brattain, "The Transistor, A Semi-Conductor Triode", Phys. Rev. 74, 230–231
(1948). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v74/i2/p230_1 {Brattain_William_Barde
en_John_19480625.pdf} {06/25/1948}

MORE INFO
[1] "William Shockley." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 13 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-shockley
[2] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956". Nobelprize.org. 13 Feb 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1956/
[3] W. Shockley, "A "try simplest cases" approach to the heredity-poverty-crime
problem.", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1967 June; 57(6): 1767–1774.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC224545/
[4] Shockley, William B., "Negro IQ and Heredity." SCHOOL AND SOCIETY, 1968,
96:127-128
(Bell Telephone Laboratories) Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA5   
52 YBN
[06/21/1948 AD] 4 		6551) The first computer to run a stored program.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Rául Rojas; Ulf Hashagen (2002). The first computers: history and
architectures. MIT Press. p. 379. ISBN
978-0-262-68137-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=nDWPW9uwZPAC&pg=PA379#v=one
page&q&f=false
2. ^ Kilburn, T. "The University of Manchester universal high-speed digital
computing machine." Nature 164.4173 (1949):
684-687. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v164/n4173/abs/164684a0.html {Ki
lburn_19491022.pdf}
3. ^ Kilburn, T. "The University of Manchester universal high-speed digital
computing machine." Nature 164.4173 (1949): 684-687. {Kilburn_19491022.pdf}
4. ^ Rául Rojas; Ulf Hashagen
(2002). The first computers: history and architectures. MIT Press. p. 379. ISBN
978-0-262-68137-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=nDWPW9uwZPAC&pg=PA379#v=one
page&q&f=false
(Electrical Engineering Laboratories at the University of Manchester)
Manchester, England3   
52 YBN
[1948 AD] 3 		6273) The hook and loop fastener (Velcro).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p91.
2. ^
De Mestral, "Separable Fastening Device", Patent number: 3009235, Filing date:
May 9, 1958, Issue date: Nov 21,
1961 http://www.google.com/patents?id=mvJkAAAAEBAJ
3. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p91.
{1948}
Nyon, Switzerland2   
51 YBN
[07/27/1949 AD] 3 		6270) The first large passenger jet airplane (or jetliner) flies.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p79.
2. ^
Green, William and Gordon Swanborough, eds. "Jet Jubilee (Part 1)". Air
International, Vol. 12, No. 3, March 1977, pp. 124–131 (Part 2); Air
International, Vol. 12, No. 4, April 1977, pp. 171–180.
3. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100
Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p79. {07/27/1949}

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Frank Whittle." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 27
Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/642958/Sir-Frank-Whittle>
[2] "Frank Whittle." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 27 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/frank-whittle
[3] "jet engine." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica
Inc., 2011. Web. 27 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303238/jet-engine>
[4] "jet engine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Nov. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/jet-engine
Hatfield, England2   
51 YBN
[10/10/1949 AD] 4 		5539) A neutral Meson is identified.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ M. F. Kaplon, B. Peters, and H. L. Bradt, "Evidence for Multiple Meson
and γ-Ray Production in Cosmic-Ray Stars", Phys. Rev. 76, 1735–1736
(1949). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v76/i11/p1735_1 {Kaplon_M_F_19491010.
pdf}
2. ^ R. E. Marshak, "Remarks on Multiple Meson and Gamma-Ray Production", Phys.
Rev. 76, 1736–1736
(1949). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v76/i11/p1736_1 {Kaplon_M_F_19491010.
pdf}
3. ^ Eugene Gardner, Walter H. Barkas, F. M. Smith, Hugh Bradner, "Mesons
Produced by the Cyclotron", Science, New Series, Vol. 111, No. 2878 (Feb. 24,
1950), pp.
191-197. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1677433?&Search=yes&searchText=meson&searc
hText=neutral&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicResults%3Fla%3D%26wc%3Don%2
6acc%3Don%26gw%3Djtx%26Query%3Dmeson%2Bneutral%26sbq%3Dmeson%2Bneutral%26filter%
3Djid%253A10.2307%252Fj100000%26si%3D1%26jtxsi%3D1%26jcpsi%3D1%26artsi%3D1%26so%
3Dold%26Go.x%3D10%26Go.y%3D8%26Go%3DGo%26hp%3D25&prevSearch=&item=15&ttl=174&ret
urnArticleService=showFullText {Gardner_Eugene_19500224.pdf}
4. ^ M. F. Kaplon, B. Peters, and H. L. Bradt, "Evidence for Multiple Meson and
γ-Ray Production in Cosmic-Ray Stars", Phys. Rev. 76, 1735–1736
(1949). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v76/i11/p1735_1 {Kaplon_M_F_19491010.
pdf} {10/10/1949}

MORE INFO
[1] "Luis Alvarez - Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 24 Mar 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1968/alvarez-bio.html http
://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1968/alvarez-bio.html
[2] Eugene Gardner and C. M. G. Lattes, "Production of Mesons by the 184-Inch
Berkeley Cyclotron", Science, New Series, Vol. 107, No. 2776 (Mar. 12, 1948),
pp. 270-271. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1675815
(University of Rochester) Rochester, New York, USA  
51 YBN
[11/24/1949 AD] 3 4 		5228) That antibodies are only formed after birth is demonstrated.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ F. M. BURNET, JOYCE D. STONE AND MAEGARET EDNEY, "THE FAILURE OF ANTIBODY
PRODUCTION IN THE CHICK EMBRYO", Australian Journal of Experimental Biology
and Medical Science (1950) 28,
291–298. http://www.nature.com/icb/journal/v28/n3/abs/icb195029a.html {Burne
tt_Frank_19491124.pdf}
2. ^ F. M. BURNET, JOYCE D. STONE AND MAEGARET EDNEY, "THE FAILURE OF ANTIBODY
PRODUCTION IN THE CHICK EMBRYO", Australian Journal of Experimental Biology
and Medical Science (1950) 28,
291–298. http://www.nature.com/icb/journal/v28/n3/abs/icb195029a.html {Burne
tt_Frank_19491124.pdf}
3. ^ F. M. BURNET, JOYCE D. STONE AND MAEGARET EDNEY, "THE FAILURE OF ANTIBODY
PRODUCTION IN THE CHICK EMBRYO", Australian Journal of Experimental Biology
and Medical Science (1950) 28,
291–298. http://www.nature.com/icb/journal/v28/n3/abs/icb195029a.html {Burne
tt_Frank_19491124.pdf} {11/24/1949}
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia
of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p769-770.
{1949}

MORE INFO
[1] F. Burnett, "The Clonal Selection Theory of Acquired Immunity",
(1959)
[2] F. Burnett, "Immunological Surveillance", (1970)
(Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research) Melbourne, Australia2
  
50 YBN
[01/13/1950 AD] 3 		5237) The theory that there is a cloud of about 100 billion comets that
surrounds our Sun about halfway to the nearest stars.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Oort, J. H., "The structure of the cloud of comets surrounding the Solar
System and a hypothesis concerning its origin", Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth., vol.
11, p. 91-110 (1950). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1950BAN....11...91O
2. ^ Oort, J. H., "The structure of the cloud of comets
surrounding the Solar System and a hypothesis concerning its origin", Bull.
Astron. Inst. Neth., vol. 11, p. 91-110
(1950). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1950BAN....11...91O
3. ^ Oort, J. H., "The structure of the cloud of comets surrounding the Solar
System and a hypothesis concerning its origin", Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth., vol.
11, p. 91-110 (1950). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1950BAN....11...91O
{01/13/1950}

MORE INFO
[1] Oort, J. H., "Observational evidence confirming Lindblad's hypothesis
of a rotation of the galactic system", Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes
of the Netherlands, Vol. 3,
p.275. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1927BAN.....3..275O/0000275.000.
html
[2] Oort, J. H., "Investigations concerning the rotational motion of the
galactic system together with new determinations of secular parallaxes,
precession and motion of the equinox", Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes
of the Netherlands, Vol. 4,
p.79. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1927BAN.....4...79O
(Observatory at Leiden) Leiden, Netherlands2   
50 YBN
[03/07/1950 AD] 4 		5127) That the abundance of the O18 isotope in calcium carbonate varies with
the temperature at which it is deposited from water and so can be used to
create a temperature history of the past, is recognized.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ H. C UREY, H. A LOWENSTAM, S EPSTEIN and C. R McKINNEY, "MEASUREMENT OF
PALEOTEMPERATURES AND TEMPERATURES OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS OF ENGLAND, DENMARK,
AND THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES", BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF
AMERICA, VOL. 62. PP. 399-416, 1 FIG- 1 PL. APRIL
1951. http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/62/4/399.full.pdf+html {Urey_Haro
ld_19500307.pdf}
2. ^ SAMUEL EPSTEIN, RALPH BUCHSBAUM, HEINZ LOWENSTAM and HAROLD C UREY,
"CARBONATE-WATER ISOTOPIC TEMPERATURE SCALE", Geological Society of America
Bulletin
1951;62;417-426 http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/62/4/417.abstract {Urey
_Harold_19500308.pdf}
3. ^ H. C UREY, H. A LOWENSTAM, S EPSTEIN and C. R McKINNEY, "MEASUREMENT OF
PALEOTEMPERATURES AND TEMPERATURES OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS OF ENGLAND, DENMARK,
AND THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES", BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF
AMERICA, VOL. 62. PP. 399-416, 1 FIG- 1 PL. APRIL
1951. http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/62/4/399.full.pdf+html {Urey_Haro
ld_19500307.pdf}
4. ^ H. C UREY, H. A LOWENSTAM, S EPSTEIN and C. R McKINNEY, "MEASUREMENT OF
PALEOTEMPERATURES AND TEMPERATURES OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS OF ENGLAND, DENMARK,
AND THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES", BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF
AMERICA, VOL. 62. PP. 399-416, 1 FIG- 1 PL. APRIL
1951. http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/62/4/399.full.pdf+html {Urey_Haro
ld_19500307.pdf} {03/07/1950}

MORE INFO
[1] H. C. Urey, “Natural System of Atomic Nuclei”, Journal of the
American Chemical Society, 53 (1931), 2872
[2] H. C. Urey and Charles A. Bradley.
Jr., “On the Relative Abundances of Isotopes,” Physical Review, 38 (1931),
718–724
[3] H. C. Urey, C. F. G. Brickwedde and G. M. Murphy, “A Hydrogen Isotope of
Mass 2 and its Concentration,” Physical Review, 40 (1932),
1–15. http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.40.1
[4] "Urey, Harold Clayton." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
18. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 943-948. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 17 Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905374&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[5] HC Urey, "Atoms, molecules and quanta", Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 37 (1931),
506-507.
http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1931-37-07/S0002-9904-1931-05170-3/home.html
[6] HC Urey, "The separation and properties of the isotopes of hydrogen",
Science, Volume 78, Issue 2034, pp.
566-571. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1659134?origin=ads
[7] Edward W. Washburn and Harold C. Urey, "Concentration of the H2 Isotope of
Hydrogen by the Fractional Electrolysis of Water", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
1932 July; 18(7): 496–498.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1076263/
[8] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1934/
[9] A. Ruark and Harold Urey, "Atoms, Molecules, and Quanta", (New York,
1930)
[10] Harold C. Urey, F. G. Brickwedde, and G. M. Murphy, "A Hydrogen Isotope of
Mass 2", Physical Review, 39 (1932), 164.
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v39/i1/p164_1
and http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/urey.html
[11] Harold C. Urey, Lotti J. Greiff, "Isotopic Exchange Equilibria", J. Am.
Chem. Soc., 1935, 57 (2), pp
321–327. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01305a026
[12] Thomas Ivan Taylor and Harold C. Urey, "Fractionation of the Lithium and
Potassium Isotopes by Chemical Exchange with Zeolites", J. Chem. Phys. 6, 429
(1938). http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v6/i8/p429_s1
(University of Chicago) Chicago, Illinois, USA3   
50 YBN
[03/15/1950 AD] 4 		5553) The fission of medium weight elements (copper, bromine, silver, and tin)
by protons using 70 million electron volts.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Roger E. Batzel and Glenn T. Seaborg, "Fission of Medium Weight
Elements", Phys. Rev. 79, 528-528
(1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v79/i3/p528_1 {Seaborg_Glenn_T_195006
14.pdf}
2. ^ Roger E. Batzel and Glenn T. Seaborg, "Fission of Medium Weight Elements",
Phys. Rev. 79, 528-528
(1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v79/i3/p528_1 {Seaborg_Glenn_T_195006
14.pdf}
3. ^ S. G. Thompson, K. Street, Jr., A. Ghiorso, and G. T. Seaborg, "Element
98", Phys. Rev. 78, 298-299
(1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v78/i3/p298_2 {Seaborg_Glenn_T_195003
15.pdf}
4. ^ S. G. Thompson, K. Street, Jr., A. Ghiorso, and G. T. Seaborg, "Element
98", Phys. Rev. 78, 298-299
(1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v78/i3/p298_2 {Seaborg_Glenn_T_195003
15.pdf} {03/15/1950}

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p842-843
[2] "The Nobel Prize in
Chemistry 1951". Nobelprize.org. 25 Mar 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1951/
[3] "Glenn T. Seaborg." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 25 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/530808/Glenn-T-Seaborg>
[4] J. J. Livingood and G. T. Seaborg, "Radioactive Iodine Isotopes", Phys.
Rev. 53, 1015–1015 (1938). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v53/i12/p1015_2
[5]
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?start=0&q=author:%22GT+seaborg%22&hl=en&as_sdt
=0,5&as_ylo=1920&as_yhi=1942
[6] J. J. Livingood and G. T. Seaborg, "A Table of Induced Radioactivities",
Rev. Mod. Phys. 12, 30–46
(1940). http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v12/i1/p30_1
[7] J. W. Gofman and G. T. Seaborg, "Production and properties of U232 and
Pa232", Paper No. 19.14, The Transuranium Elements, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
Inc., New York, 1949, National Nuclear Energy Series, Division IV, Vol
14B. http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=5696929
[8] Enrico Fermi, "Possible Production of Elements of Atomic Number Higher than
92", Nature 133, 898-899 (16 June
1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n3372/abs/133898a0.html
[9] "Enrico Fermi - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 26 Mar 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/fermi-lecture.html
[10] "Glenn T. Seaborg - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 26 Mar 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1951/seaborg-lecture.html

[11] L. Meitner, O. Hahn and F. Strassmann, " Über die Umwandlungsreihen des
Urans, die durch Neutronenbestrahlung erzeugt werden", Zeitschrift für Physik
A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 3-4, 249-270, DOI:
10.1007/BF01340321 http://www.springerlink.com/content/r861050u50u85l00/ Eng
lish: "On the conversion of the uranium series, produced by neutron
irradiation"
[12] Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur C. Wahl, "The Chemical Properties of Elements 94
and 93", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1948, 70 (3), pp
1128–1134. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01183a076
[13] G. T. Sepborg, Ea M. McMillan, J. W. Kennedy, and A. C. Wahl, Phys. Rev.,
69, 366 (1946) (submitted January 28, 1941)
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v69/i7-8/p366_2
[14] G. T. Seaborg, A. C. Wahl and J. W. Kennedy, Physical Review, 69, 367
(1946) (submitted March 7,
1941). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v69/i7-8/p367_1
[15] Glenn T. Seaborg and Joseph G. Hamilton, "The Production of Elements 95
and 96", Science New Series, Vol. 102, No. 2657 (Nov. 30, 1945), p.
556. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1673521
[16] S. G. Thompson, A. Ghiorso, and G. T. Seaborg,
"Element 97", Phys. Rev. 77, 838–839
(1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v77/i6/p838_2
(University of California) Berkeley, California, USA3   
50 YBN
[04/26/1950 AD] 3 		5542) Negatively charged mesons are shown to disintegrate atoms.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Menon, Muirhead, Rochat, "Nuclear Reactions produced by Slow Negative π
Mesons.", Philosophical Magazine, S7, V41, N317, June 1950,
p583. {Rochat_O_19500426.pdf}
2. ^ Menon, Muirhead, Rochat, "Nuclear Reactions produced by Slow Negative π
Mesons.", Philosophical Magazine, S7, V41, N317, June 1950,
p583. {Rochat_O_19500426.pdf}
3. ^ Menon, Muirhead, Rochat, "Nuclear Reactions produced by Slow Negative π
Mesons.", Philosophical Magazine, S7, V41, N317, June 1950,
p583. {Rochat_O_19500426.pdf} {04/26/1950}
(University of Bristol) Bristol, England2   
50 YBN
[09/11/1950 AD] 6 		5555) The atomic fusion of large atoms.2

Accelerated carbon-12 ions collide and fuse with Aluminum-27 to produce
Chlorine-34, and with Gold-197 to produce Astatine-205 {aSTe-TEN3 }.4
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ J. F. Miller, J. G. Hamilton, T. M. Putnam, H. R. Haymond, and G. B.
Rossi, "Acceleration of Stripped C12 and C13 Nuclei in the Cyclotron", Phys.
Rev. 80, 486–486
(1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v80/i3/p486_1 {Rossi_G_B_19500911.pdf
}
2. ^ J. F. Miller, J. G. Hamilton, T. M. Putnam, H. R. Haymond, and G. B.
Rossi, "Acceleration of Stripped C12 and C13 Nuclei in the Cyclotron", Phys.
Rev. 80, 486–486
(1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v80/i3/p486_1 {Rossi_G_B_19500911.pdf
}
3. ^ "astatine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/astatine
4. ^ J. F. Miller, J. G. Hamilton, T. M. Putnam, H. R. Haymond, and G. B.
Rossi, "Acceleration of Stripped C12 and C13 Nuclei in the Cyclotron", Phys.
Rev. 80, 486–486
(1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v80/i3/p486_1 {Rossi_G_B_19500911.pdf
}
5. ^ J. F. Miller, J. G. Hamilton, T. M. Putnam, H. R. Haymond, and G. B.
Rossi, "Acceleration of Stripped C12 and C13 Nuclei in the Cyclotron", Phys.
Rev. 80, 486–486
(1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v80/i3/p486_1 {Rossi_G_B_19500911.pdf
}
6. ^ J. F. Miller, J. G. Hamilton, T. M. Putnam, H. R. Haymond, and G. B.
Rossi, "Acceleration of Stripped C12 and C13 Nuclei in the Cyclotron", Phys.
Rev. 80, 486–486
(1950). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v80/i3/p486_1 {Rossi_G_B_19500911.pdf
} {09/11/1950}

MORE INFO
[1] Luis W. Alvarez et al, "TWO-ELEMENT VARIABLE-POWER SPHERICAL LENS",
Patent number: 3305294, Filing date: Dec 3, 1964, Issue date: Feb 21,
1967 http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT3305294&id=3sRwAAAAEBAJ&o
i=fnd&dq=%22LW+alvarez%22+lens&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=%22LW%20alvarez%22%
20lens&f=false
[2] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968". Nobelprize.org. 20 Mar 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1968/
[3] Luis W. Alvarez and Robert Cornog, "He3 in Helium", Phys. Rev. 56,
379–379 (1939). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v56/i4/p379_2
(University of California) Berkeley, California, USA5   
50 YBN
[1950 AD] 5 		5298) That viruses can be coded in bacteria DNA is shown.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ LWOFF, A. 1951 "Conditions de l'efficacité inductrice du rayonnement
ultra-violet chez une bactérie lysogène." Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, 81,
370-388.
2. ^ "André Michel Lwoff." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 14 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/andre-michael-lwoff
3. ^ André Lwoff, "Lysogeny", Bacteriol Rev. 1953 December; 17(4):
269–337. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC180777/
4. ^ LWOFF, A. 1951 "Conditions de l'efficacité inductrice du rayonnement
ultra-violet chez une bactérie lysogène." Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, 81,
370-388.
5. ^ "André Lwoff - Biography". Nobelprize.org. 14 Feb 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1965/lwoff-bio.html
{1950}

MORE INFO
[1] LWOFF, A. 1952 "Cycle du bacteriophage chez une bacterie lysogone.",
Bull. World Health Organization, 6, 249-263.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2554171/
(Institut Pasteur) Paris, France4   
49 YBN
[11/11/1951 AD] 3 		6274) Moving images are recorded on magnetic tape (videotape).1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Tape Recording Used by Filmless 'Camera'," New York Times, Nov. 12,
1951, p. 21.
2. ^ Eric D. Daniel, C. Denis Mee, and Mark H. Clark (eds.), Magnetic
Recording: The First 100 Years, IEEE Press, 1998, p. 141. ISBN 0-07-041275-8
3. ^ Yenne and
Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p94. {1951}

MORE INFO
[1] http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blvideo.htm
[2] Stolaroff, Myron J. "Magnetic recording system." U.S. Patent No.
2,563,882. 14 Aug. 1951
[3] Camras, Marvin. "CAMRAS." U.S. Patent No. 2,585,913. 19
Feb. 1952
[4] Nmungwun, Aaron F. Video Recording Technology: Its Impact on Media and
Home Entertainment. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1989. Print
Los Angeles, California, USA  
49 YBN
[12/20/1951 AD] 6 7 		5444) The first atomic fission reactor to produce electricity.1 2
The heat from
uranium fission heats water to make steam which drives an electrical
generator.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Experimental Breeder Reactor 1 factsheet, Idaho National
Laboratory http://www.inl.gov/factsheets/ebr-1.pdf
2. ^ "Fifty years ago in December: Atomic reactor EBR-I produced first
electricity", American Nuclear Society Nuclear news, November
2001. http://www.ans.org/pubs/magazines/nn/docs/2001-11-2.pdf
3. ^ Experimental Breeder Reactor 1 factsheet, Idaho National
Laboratory http://www.inl.gov/factsheets/ebr-1.pdf
4. ^ "Experimental Breeder Reactor I#cite note-factsheet-2". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_I#cite_note-factsheet-
2
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Experimental Breeder Reactor 1 factsheet, Idaho National
Laboratory http://www.inl.gov/factsheets/ebr-1.pdf {12/20/1951}
7. ^ "Fifty years ago in
December: Atomic reactor EBR-I produced first electricity", American Nuclear
Society Nuclear news, November
2001. http://www.ans.org/pubs/magazines/nn/docs/2001-11-2.pdf {12/20/1951}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.nap.edu/readingroom.php?book=biomems&page=wzinn.html
[2] "Walter Henry Zinn." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 04 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/657413/Walter-Henry-Zinn>
[3] "breeder reactor." The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 05 Mar. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/breeder-reactor
[4] "Walter Henry Zinn." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Mar. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/walter-henry-zinn
[5] WH Zinn, "Introduction to nuclear engineering", American Journal of
Physics, January 1955 Volume 23, Issue 1, pp.
74. http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v23/i1/p74_s1
[6] W. H. ZINN, "FAST NEUTRON REACTION SYSTEM", Patent number: 2975117, Filing
date: Jan 9, 1947, Issue date: Mar 14,
1961. http://www.google.com/patents?id=xJhUAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[7] W. H. ZINN, "POWER REACTOR", Patent number: 2841545, Filing date: Jun 15,
1954, Issue date: Jul 1,
1958. http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=5n1MAAAAEBAJ&dq=zinn+w
(Experimental Breeder Reactor-1) Arco, Idaho4 (verify5 )  
49 YBN
[1951 AD] 5 		5876) That some genes can turn on or off another gene, and can control the rate
at which a gene is switched on and off is discovered.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Barbara McClintock, "CHROMOSOME ORGANIZATION AND GENIC EXPRESSION", Cold
Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1951 16:
13-47; http://symposium.cshlp.org/content/16/13.full.pdf+html
2. ^ "Barbara McClintock." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Jun. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/barbara-mcclintock
3. ^ "Barbara McClintock." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Jun. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/barbara-mcclintock
4. ^ Barbara McClintock, "CHROMOSOME ORGANIZATION AND GENIC EXPRESSION", Cold
Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1951 16:
13-47; http://symposium.cshlp.org/content/16/13.full.pdf+html
5. ^ Barbara McClintock, "CHROMOSOME ORGANIZATION AND GENIC EXPRESSION", Cold
Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1951 16:
13-47; http://symposium.cshlp.org/content/16/13.full.pdf+html

MORE INFO
[1] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983". Nobelprize.org. 4
Jun 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1983/
[2] L. F. Randolph and B. McClintock, "Polyploidy in Zea Mays L.", The
American Naturalist, Vol. 60, No. 666 (Jan. - Feb., 1926), pp.
99-102 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2456317
(Carnegie Institute of Washington) Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA4   
48 YBN
[11/01/1952 AD] 3 		5470) The first hydrogen fusion bomb is exploded.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "nuclear weapon." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/421827/nuclear-weapon>.
2. ^ http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/hbomb/page_13.shtml
3. ^ http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/hbomb/page_13.shtml {11/01/1952}

MORE INFO
[1] Video of
test: http://www.sonicbomb.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=184
and http://www.archive.org/details/OperationIVY1952
(Elugelab Island in the Enewatak Atoll of the) Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean2
  
48 YBN
[1952 AD] 4 5 		5123) The most distant galaxies are estimated to be 5 to 6 billion light years
away.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p737-739.
2. ^ W Baade, "A revision of
the extra-galactic distance scale", Transactions of the International
Astronomical Union, 1952, p397-398. {Baade_Walter_1952xxxx.pdf}
3. ^ Richardson, R. S., "A New Asteroid
with Smallest Known Mean Distance", Publications of the Astronomical Society of
the Pacific, Vol. 61, No. 361,
p.162. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1949PASP...61..162R/0000162.000
.html {Baade_Walter_19490626.pdf}
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p737-739. {1952}
5. ^ W Baade, "A
revision of the extra-galactic distance scale", Transactions of the
International Astronomical Union, 1952, p397-398. {Baade_Walter_1952xxxx.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] Baade, W., "NGC 147 and NGC 185, Two New Members of the Local Group
of Galaxies", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 100,
p.147. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1944ApJ...100..147B
[2] Baade, W., "Nova Ophiuchi of 1604 AS a Supernova.", Astrophysical Journal,
vol. 97,
p.119. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1943ApJ....97..119B/0000119.000
.html
[3] Baade, W., "The Resolution of Messier 32, NGC 205, and the Central Region
of the Andromeda Nebula.", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 100,
p.137. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1944ApJ...100..137B
(Mount Wilson Observatory) Mount Wilson, California, USA3   
47 YBN
[02/26/1953 AD] 5 		5397) The Perseus, Orion, and Sagittarius arms of the Milky Way Galaxy are
identified.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "William Wilson Morgan." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 26 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-wilson-morgan
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p809.
3. ^ Morgan, W. W., Whitford,
A. E., & Code, A. D., "Studies in Galactic Structure. I. a Preliminary
Determination of the Space Distribution of the Blue Giants.", Astrophysical
Journal, 1953, vol. 118,
p.318. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1953ApJ...118..318M
4. ^ Morgan, W. W., Whitford, A. E., & Code, A. D., "Studies in Galactic
Structure. I. a Preliminary Determination of the Space Distribution of the Blue
Giants.", Astrophysical Journal, 1953, vol. 118,
p.318. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1953ApJ...118..318M
5. ^ Morgan, W. W., Whitford, A. E., & Code, A. D., "Studies in Galactic
Structure. I. a Preliminary Determination of the Space Distribution of the Blue
Giants.", Astrophysical Journal, 1953, vol. 118,
p.318. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1953ApJ...118..318M {02/26/1953}
(Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago) Williams Bay, Wisconsin, USA4
  
47 YBN
[04/02/1953 AD] 24 		5660) The double helix structure of DNA is understood.13 14 15

The DNA molecule is a double helix made of a sugar-phosphate backbone, with the
connected nitrogenous bases (adenine {aDN-EN16 }, thymine {tI-mEN17 }, cytosine
{SITe-SEN18 } or guanine {GWo-nEN19 }) extending toward the center of the helix
from each of the two backbones. The double helix form requires that an adenine
can only pair with a thymine, and a cytosine can only pair with a guanine. The
process of copying (replication) can now be explained as the two strands of the
double helix being unwound, and each single helix then serves as a model for
its complement.20 21 22
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a
structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue:
4356 page:
737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and
also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_
Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887.
3. ^ "Francis Harry Compton
Crick." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/142894/Francis-Harry-Compton-Crick>.
4. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a
structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue:
4356 page:
737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and
also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_
Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887.
6. ^ "Francis Harry Compton
Crick." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/142894/Francis-Harry-Compton-Crick>.
7. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a
structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue:
4356 page:
737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and
also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_
Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf}
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887.
9. ^ "Francis Harry Compton
Crick." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/142894/Francis-Harry-Compton-Crick>.
10. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a
structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue:
4356 page:
737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and
also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_
Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf}
11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887.
12. ^ "Francis Harry Compton
Crick." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/142894/Francis-Harry-Compton-Crick>.
13. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a
structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue:
4356 page:
737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and
also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_
Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf}
14. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887.
15. ^ "Francis Harry Compton
Crick." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/142894/Francis-Harry-Compton-Crick>.
16. ^ "adenine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/adenine
17. ^ "thymine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/thymine
18. ^ "cytosine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cytosine
19. ^ "guanine." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/guanine
20. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887.
21. ^ "Francis Harry Compton
Crick." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/142894/Francis-Harry-Compton-Crick>.
22. ^ "Maurice Wilkins." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 11 Apr. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/maurice-wilkins
23. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a
structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue:
4356 page:
737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and
also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_
Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf}
24. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a
structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue:
4356 page:
737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and
also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_
Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf} {04/02/1953}
(Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England23   
47 YBN
[05/29/1953 AD] 5 		5700) A human reaches the top of Mount Everest, the highest point of Earth
(9000 meters or 29,000 feet- 5 miles up).1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.870-871.
2. ^ "Sir Edmund Hillary."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2011. Web. 17 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/265867/Sir-Edmund-Hillary>.
3. ^ "Mount Everest." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 18 Apr. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mount-everest
4. ^ "Sir Edmund Hillary." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 17 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/265867/Sir-Edmund-Hillary>.
5. ^ "Sir Edmund Hillary." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 17 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/265867/Sir-Edmund-Hillary>.
{05/29/1953}
Mount Everest, border between Nepal and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.3
4   
46 YBN
[01/21/1954 AD] 5 		5230) The first nuclear powered submarine is launched.1 2
The fuel supply of
uranium lasts for months without the need to surface to recharge batteries.3
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ "USS Nautilus." The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military.
Oxford University Press, 2001, 2002. Answers.com 31 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/uss-nautilus-1839
2. ^ http://www.ussnautilus.org/nautilus/index.shtml
3. ^ "USS Nautilus." The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military.
Oxford University Press, 2001, 2002. Answers.com 31 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/uss-nautilus-1839
4. ^ http://www.ussnautilus.org/nautilus/index.shtml
5. ^ "USS Nautilus." The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military.
Oxford University Press, 2001, 2002. Answers.com 31 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/uss-nautilus-1839 {01/21/1954}

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p770-771
Thames River, Connecticut, USA4   
46 YBN
[05/05/1954 AD] 33 34 		5649) The MASER (which stands for "microwave amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation").25 26 27 28 29 30

A beam of ammonia molecules emerges through a hole, passes through an
electrostatic field into a cavity with an oscillating electric potential at the
molecular transition frequency. This causes microwave light to be emitted by
the molecules in the cavity which then induces the transition to light emission
in the molecules entering the cavity causing self-sustained oscillations with a
very stable frequency. So the MASER can be used as a very stable oscillator (or
atomic clock), as an amplifier of microwaves near a molecular resonance, and as
a microwave spectrometer.31
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave
Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys.
Rev. 95, 282–284
(1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19
540505.pdf}
2. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "The Maser—New Type of
Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer", Phys. Rev. 99, 1264
(1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v99/i4/p1264_1
{Townes_Charles_Hard_19550504.pdf}
3. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, Proc. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.S.R.) 101,
47 (1945). (Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR) English:
4. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J.
Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 27, 431 (1954) English:
5. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov,
J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 28, 249 (1955) English: Soviet Phys. JETP
1, 184 (1955). {Basov_N_G_19541101.pdf}
6. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>.
7. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave
Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys.
Rev. 95, 282–284
(1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19
540505.pdf}
8. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "The Maser—New Type of
Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer", Phys. Rev. 99, 1264
(1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v99/i4/p1264_1
{Townes_Charles_Hard_19550504.pdf}
9. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, Proc. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.S.R.) 101,
47 (1945). (Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR) English:
10. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J.
Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 27, 431 (1954) English:
11. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov,
J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 28, 249 (1955) English: Soviet Phys. JETP
1, 184 (1955). {Basov_N_G_19541101.pdf}
12. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>.
13. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave
Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys.
Rev. 95, 282–284
(1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19
540505.pdf}
14. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "The Maser—New Type of
Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer", Phys. Rev. 99, 1264
(1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v99/i4/p1264_1
{Townes_Charles_Hard_19550504.pdf}
15. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, Proc. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.S.R.) 101,
47 (1945). (Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR) English:
16. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J.
Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 27, 431 (1954) English:
17. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov,
J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 28, 249 (1955) English: Soviet Phys. JETP
1, 184 (1955). {Basov_N_G_19541101.pdf}
18. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>.
19. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave
Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys.
Rev. 95, 282–284
(1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19
540505.pdf}
20. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "The Maser—New Type of
Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer", Phys. Rev. 99, 1264
(1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v99/i4/p1264_1
{Townes_Charles_Hard_19550504.pdf}
21. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, Proc. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.S.R.) 101,
47 (1945). (Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR) English:
22. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J.
Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 27, 431 (1954) English:
23. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov,
J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 28, 249 (1955) English: Soviet Phys. JETP
1, 184 (1955). {Basov_N_G_19541101.pdf}
24. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>.
25. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave
Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys.
Rev. 95, 282–284
(1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19
540505.pdf}
26. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "The Maser—New Type of
Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer", Phys. Rev. 99, 1264
(1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v99/i4/p1264_1
{Townes_Charles_Hard_19550504.pdf}
27. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, Proc. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.S.R.) 101,
47 (1945). (Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR) English:
28. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J.
Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 27, 431 (1954) English:
29. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov,
J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 28, 249 (1955) English: Soviet Phys. JETP
1, 184 (1955). {Basov_N_G_19541101.pdf}
30. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>.
31. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave
Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys.
Rev. 95, 282–284
(1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19
540505.pdf}
32. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave
Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys.
Rev. 95, 282–284
(1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19
540505.pdf}
33. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave
Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys.
Rev. 95, 282–284
(1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19
540505.pdf} {first publication:) 05/05/1954}
34. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011.
Web. 05 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>.
{12/1953}

MORE INFO
[1] "Charles Hard Townes." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Apr. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-townes
[2] K. Shimoda, T. C. Wang, and C. H. Townes, "Further Aspects of the Theory of
the Maser", Phys. Rev. 102, 1308
(1956). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v102/i5/p1308_1
[3] "Charles H. Townes - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 4 Apr 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1964/townes-lecture.html {
Townes_Charles_Hard_19641211.pdf}
[4] T. S. Jaseja, A. Javan, J. Murray, and C. H. Townes, "Test of Special
Relativity or of the Isotropy of Space by Use of Infrared Masers", Phys. Rev.
133, A1221 (1964). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v133/i5A/pA1221_1
(Columbia University) New York City, New York, USA32   
46 YBN
[10/21/1954 AD] 3 		5250) A single neuron is made to fire by electrical stimulation (direct neuron
writing).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ ARAKI, T. & OTANI, T. (1955). "Response of single motoneurons to direct
stimulation in toad's spinal cord." J. Neurophysiol. 18,
472-485. http://jn.physiology.org/content/18/5/472.full.pdf+html?sid=0ddda869-c
8ac-4438-b023-aabdae748ef4 {Araki_Tatsunosuke_19541021.pdf}
2. ^ ARAKI, T. & OTANI, T. (1955). "Response of single motoneurons to direct
stimulation in toad's spinal cord." J. Neurophysiol. 18,
472-485. http://jn.physiology.org/content/18/5/472.full.pdf+html?sid=0ddda869-c
8ac-4438-b023-aabdae748ef4 {Araki_Tatsunosuke_19541021.pdf}
3. ^ ARAKI, T. & OTANI, T. (1955). "Response of single motoneurons to direct
stimulation in toad's spinal cord." J. Neurophysiol. 18,
472-485. http://jn.physiology.org/content/18/5/472.full.pdf+html?sid=0ddda869-c
8ac-4438-b023-aabdae748ef4 {Araki_Tatsunosuke_19541021.pdf} {10/21/1954}

MORE INFO
[1] Granit R., "The components of the retinal action potential in mammals
and their relation to the discharge in the optic nerve.", J Physiol. 1933 Feb
8;77(3):207-39. http://jp.physoc.org/content/77/3/207.long
[2] R. Granit, Sensory Mechanisms of the Retina (1947)
[3] R. Granit, "The Visual
Pathway" (1962)
[4] Colour receptors of the frog's retina
[5] RAGNAR GRANIT, "The Spectral
Properties of the Visual Receptors of the Cat", Acta Physiologica Scandinavica,
Volume 5, Issue 2-3, pages 219–229, April
1943. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1943.tb02050.x/abs
tract
[6] RAGNAR GRANIT AND P. O. THERMAN., "EXCITATION AND INHIBITION IN THE RETINA
AND IN THE OPTIC NERVE.", J Physiol, 1935, p359
[7] RAGNAR GRANIT, A. MUNSTERHJELM
AND M. ZEWI, "THE RELATION BETWEEN CONCENTRATION OF VISUAL PURPLE AND RETINAL
SENSITIVITY TO LIGHT DURING DARK ADAPTATION", J. Physiol. (1939) 96, 31-44
[8] "The
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967". Nobelprize.org. 5 Feb 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1967/
[9] R Granit, "Principles and technique of the electrophysiological analysis of
colour reception with the aid of microelectrodes", Upsala läkareförenings
förhandlingar : Acta societatis medicorum Upsaliensis. 1 45, 161-177, 1939
[10]
ARAKI T, OTANI T, FURUKAWA T., "The electrical activities of single
motoneurones in toad's spinal cord, recorded with intracellular electrodes.",
Japan J Physiol. 1953 Dec 15;3(4):254-67
[11] R. GRANIT, D. KERNELL AND G. K. SHORTESS,
"QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF REPETITIVE FIRING OF MAMMALIAN MOTONEURONES, CAUSED
BY INJECTED CURRENTS", J. Physiol. (1963), 168, pp.
911-931. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1359475/
(Kyoto University) Kyoto, Japan2   
46 YBN
[1954 AD] 8 		5323) Progesterone {PrO-JeSTe-rON1 }, a female hormone2 , is found to prevent
ovulation (discharge of an ovum or ovule from the ovary3 ) in humans.4 This
leads to the first birth control pill for humans.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "progesterone." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Jun.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/progesterone
2. ^ "progesterone." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 10
May. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/progesterone>.
3. ^ "Ovulation." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 17 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ovulation-2
4. ^ "Gregory Goodwin Pincus." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 17 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gregory-goodwin-pincus
5. ^ "Gregory Goodwin Pincus." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 17 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gregory-goodwin-pincus
6. ^ Pincus G, Rock J, Garcia CR, Rice-Wray E, Paniagua M, Rodgriquez I (1958).
"Fertility control with oral medication". Am J Obstet Gynecol, June 1958, 75
(6): 1333–46. {Pincus_Gregory_195806xx.pdf}
7. ^ PINCUS G, CHANG MC., "The effects of progesterone and related
compounds on ovulation and early development in the rabbit.", Acta physiologica
latino americana,
1953;3(2-3):177-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13138262 {Pincus_Gregor
y_1953xxxx.pdf}
8. ^ "Gregory Goodwin Pincus." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 17 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gregory-goodwin-pincus {1954}

MORE INFO
[1] Gregory Pincus, "SOME EFFECTS OF PROGESTERONE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
UPON REPRODUCTION AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN MAMMALS",Acta Endocrinologica, 1956,
Vol 23, 4 Suppl,
S18-S36 http://www.eje-online.org/cgi/content/abstract/23/4_Suppl/S18
(Worchester Foundation for Experimental Biology) Shrewsbury, Massachusetts,
USA7   
45 YBN
[08/22/1955 AD] 7 		5710) Radioimmunoassay {rADE-O-iMye-nO-aSA1 }: a method to measure tiny amounts
of substances by comparing the quantity of binding of a radiolabeled substance
to an antibody.2 3 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "radioimmunoassay." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Jun.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/radioimmunoassay
2. ^ "radioimmunoassay." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
27 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/radioimmunoassay
3. ^ Solomon A. Berson, Rosalyn S. Yalow, Arthur Bauman, Marcus
A. Rothschild, Katharina Newerly, "INSULIN-I" METABOLISM IN HUMAN SUBJECTS:
DEMONSTRATION OF INSULIN BINDING GLOBULIN IN THE CIRCULATION OF INSULIN TREATED
SUBJECTS", J. Clin. Invest. 1956;
35(2):170. http://www.jci.org/articles/view/103262/version/1 {Yalow_Rosalyn_Su
ssman_19550822.pdf} {08/22/1955}
4. ^ "Rosalyn S. Yalow." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 23 Apr.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/651417/Rosalyn-S-Yalow>.
5. ^ "Rosalyn Yalow - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 24 Apr 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1977/yalow-lecture.html {
Yalow_Rosalyn_19771208.pdf}
6. ^ Solomon A. Berson, Rosalyn S. Yalow, Arthur Bauman, Marcus A. Rothschild,
Katharina Newerly, "INSULIN-I131 METABOLISM IN HUMAN SUBJECTS: DEMONSTRATION OF
INSULIN BINDING GLOBULIN IN THE CIRCULATION OF INSULIN TREATED SUBJECTS", J.
Clin. Invest. 1956;
35(2):170. http://www.jci.org/articles/view/103262/version/1 {Yalow_Rosalyn_Su
ssman_19550822.pdf}
7. ^ Solomon A. Berson, Rosalyn S. Yalow, Arthur Bauman, Marcus A. Rothschild,
Katharina Newerly, "INSULIN-I" METABOLISM IN HUMAN SUBJECTS: DEMONSTRATION OF
INSULIN BINDING GLOBULIN IN THE CIRCULATION OF INSULIN TREATED SUBJECTS", J.
Clin. Invest. 1956;
35(2):170. http://www.jci.org/articles/view/103262/version/1 {Yalow_Rosalyn_Su
ssman_19550822.pdf} {08/22/1955}

MORE INFO
[1] Solomon A. Berson, Rosalyn S. Yalow, Sidney S. Schreiber, Joseph
Post, "TRACER EXPERIMENTS WITH I131 LABELED HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN: DISTRIBUTION
AND DEGRADATION STUDIES", J. Clin. Invest. 1953;
32(8):746. http://www.jci.org/articles/view/102789/citation
(Veterans Administration Hospital) Bronx, New York, USA6   
45 YBN
[10/24/1955 AD] 5 6 		5366) The antiproton is identified by the impact of very high speed protons on
copper atoms.2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Owen Chamberlain, Emilio Segrè, Clyde Wiegand, and Thomas Ypsilantis,
"Observation of Antiprotons", Phys. Rev. 100, 947–950
(1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v100/i3/p947_1 {Segre_Emilio_19551024
.pdf}
2. ^ Owen Chamberlain, Emilio Segrè, Clyde Wiegand, and Thomas Ypsilantis,
"Observation of Antiprotons", Phys. Rev. 100, 947–950
(1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v100/i3/p947_1 {Segre_Emilio_19551024
.pdf}
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p803,873-874.
4. ^ Owen Chamberlain, Emilio
Segrè, Clyde Wiegand, and Thomas Ypsilantis, "Observation of Antiprotons",
Phys. Rev. 100, 947–950
(1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v100/i3/p947_1 {Segre_Emilio_19551024
.pdf}
5. ^ Owen Chamberlain, Emilio Segrè, Clyde Wiegand, and Thomas Ypsilantis,
"Observation of Antiprotons", Phys. Rev. 100, 947–950
(1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v100/i3/p947_1 {Segre_Emilio_19551024
.pdf} {10/24/1955}
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p803, 873-874. {1955}

MORE INFO
[1] "Emilio Segrè." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/segr-emilio-gino
[2] E. Segrè, "Artificial Radioactivity and the Completion of the Periodic
System of the Elements", The Scientific monthly, (1943), volume: 57 page: 12.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/18209
[3] "technetium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 21 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/technetium
[4] "technetium." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 21 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/technetium
[5] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959". Nobelprize.org. 21 Feb 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1959/
[6] Seidel, Robert. "Segrè, Emilio Gino." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 24. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 407-411. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 21 Feb. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830906083&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[7] C. Perrier and E. Segrè, "Some Chemical Properties of Element 43", J.
Chem. Phys. 5, 712 (1937). http://link.aip.org/link/jcpsa6/v5/i9/p712/s1
[8] C. Perrier and E. Segrè, "Some Chemical Properties of
Element 43. II", J. Chem. Phys. 7, 155
(1939). http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=J
CPSA6000007000003000155000001&idtype=cvips&prog=normal
[9] Corson, D. R.; MacKenzie, K. R.; Segrè, E. "Artificially Radioactive
Element 85". Phys. Rev. 1940, 58: 672–678.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.58.672
[10] O. Chamberlain, W. W. Chupp, G. Goldhaber, E. Segrè, C. Wiegand, E.
Amaldi, G. Baroni, C. Castagnoli, C. Franzinetti and A. Manfredini, "On the
observation of an antiproton star in emulsion exposed at the bevatron", Il
Nuovo Cimento (1955-1965), Volume 3, Number 2, 447-467, DOI:
10.1007/BF02745430. http://www.springerlink.com/content/74740076316k6m36/
(University of California) Berkeley, California, USA4   
44 YBN
[03/??/1956 AD] 7 8 9 		5688) A bacteria enzyme is found to synthesize DNA molecules using nucleotides
and ATP. This enzyme will be isolated and named "polymerase".1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ BESSMAN MJ, KORNBERG A, LEHMAN IR, SIMMS ES., "Enzymic synthesis of
deoxyribonucleic acid.", Biochim Biophys Acta. 1956
Jul;21(1):197-8. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B73G9
-47KPCGY-PM&_user=4422&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F1956&_alid=1720717197&_rdoc=2&_fmt=h
igh&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=11521&_sort=r&_st=13&_
docanchor=&view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&m
d5=b9049e182c61588c11e9dd3d40c56311&searchtype=a
{Kornberg_Arthur_19560502.pdf}
2. ^ A. KORNBERG, I. R. LEHMAN AND E. S. SIMMS, "Polydesoxyribonucleotide
synthesis by enzymes from Escherichia coli.", Federation Proceedings, 15 (1956)
291. {Kornberg_Arthur_195603xx.pdf}
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.866.
4. ^ "Arthur Kornberg."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2011. Web. 16 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/322505/Arthur-Kornberg>.
5. ^ A. KORNBERG, I. R. LEHMAN AND E. S. SIMMS, "Polydesoxyribonucleotide
synthesis by enzymes from Escherichia coli.", Federation Proceedings, 15 (1956)
291. {Kornberg_Arthur_195603xx.pdf}
6. ^ BESSMAN MJ, KORNBERG A, LEHMAN IR, SIMMS ES., "Enzymic synthesis of
deoxyribonucleic acid.", Biochim Biophys Acta. 1956
Jul;21(1):197-8. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B73G9
-47KPCGY-PM&_user=4422&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F1956&_alid=1720717197&_rdoc=2&_fmt=h
igh&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=11521&_sort=r&_st=13&_
docanchor=&view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&m
d5=b9049e182c61588c11e9dd3d40c56311&searchtype=a
{Kornberg_Arthur_19560502.pdf}
7. ^ A. KORNBERG, I. R. LEHMAN AND E. S. SIMMS, "Polydesoxyribonucleotide
synthesis by enzymes from Escherichia coli.", Federation Proceedings, 15 (1956)
291. {Kornberg_Arthur_195603xx.pdf} {03/1956}
8. ^ BESSMAN MJ, KORNBERG A, LEHMAN IR,
SIMMS ES., "Enzymic synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid.", Biochim Biophys Acta.
1956
Jul;21(1):197-8. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B73G9
-47KPCGY-PM&_user=4422&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F1956&_alid=1720717197&_rdoc=2&_fmt=h
igh&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=11521&_sort=r&_st=13&_
docanchor=&view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&m
d5=b9049e182c61588c11e9dd3d40c56311&searchtype=a
{Kornberg_Arthur_19560502.pdf} {05/02/1956}
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
p.866. {1956}
(Washington University) Saint Louis, Missouri, USA5 6   
44 YBN
[12/03/1956 AD] 4 		5703) The first solid maser (also the first multi-level and continuous maser).1
2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ H. E. D. Scovil, G. Feher, and H. Seidel, "Operation of a Solid State
Maser", Phys. Rev. 105, 762–763
(1957). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v105/i2/p762_1 {Seidel_Harold_1956120
3.pdf}
2. ^ J. O. Artman, N. Bloembergen, and S. Shapiro, "Operation of a Three-Level
Solid-State Maser at 21 cm", Phys. Rev. 109, 1392–1393
(1958). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v109/i4/p1392_1 {Bloembergen_Nicolaas
_19571226.pdf}
3. ^ H. E. D. Scovil, G. Feher, and H. Seidel, "Operation of a Solid State
Maser", Phys. Rev. 105, 762–763
(1957). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v105/i2/p762_1 {Seidel_Harold_1956120
3.pdf}
4. ^ H. E. D. Scovil, G. Feher, and H. Seidel, "Operation of a Solid State
Maser", Phys. Rev. 105, 762–763
(1957). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v105/i2/p762_1 {Seidel_Harold_1956120
3.pdf} {12/03/1956}

MORE INFO
[1] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981". Nobelprize.org. 18 Apr 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1981/
[2] "Nicolaas Bloembergen." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 18 Apr. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/nicolaas-bloembergen
(Bell Telephone Laboratories) Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA3   
44 YBN
[1956 AD] 4 		5408) Sound reflection is used to show that the mid-Atlantic ridge is a
mountain range extending throughout the oceans of the world and is some
64,000 km (or 40,000 miles) long.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Maurice Ewing." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/maurice-ewing
2. ^ Kendall Hunt,, "BSCS science & technology: Investigating earth systems",
2005,
p258 http://books.google.com/books?id=dnJL9kVhCa8C&pg=PA258-IA2&lpg=PA258-IA2&d
q=first+image+of+mountains+on+ocean+floor+Heezen&source=bl&ots=sdkQaLM5Mk&sig=Hh
BQAb9gvoboOT76OEQKJLcNYvI&hl=en&ei=3dC8Tf-fNZS4sAPG1bHZBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct
=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
3. ^ "Maurice Ewing." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/maurice-ewing
4. ^ "Maurice Ewing." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 27 Feb. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/maurice-ewing {1956}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ewing, William Maurice." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 17. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 275-279. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 27 Feb. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905107&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[2] WM Ewing, CL Pekeris…, "Propagation of sound in the ocean", 1948 -
Geological Society of America
[3] CL Pekeris, WM Ewing, "Propagation of sound in the
ocean: Explosion sounds in shallow water...", 1948 - Geological Society of
America
(Columbia University) New York City, New York, USA3   
43 YBN
[01/16/1957 AD] 4 		5711) Transfer RNA (T-RNA) is identified.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mahlon B. Hoagland, Mary Louise Stephenson, Jesse F. Scott, Liselotte I.
Hecht, and Paul C. Zamecnikm "A SOLUBLE RIBONUCLEIC ACID INTERMEDIATE IN
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS", J. Biol. Chem. 1958 231: 241-257.
http://intl.jbc.org/content/231/1 {Hoagland_Mahlon_Bush_19570927.pdf}
2. ^ "transfer RNA (tRNA)." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 23 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/602542/transfer-RNA>.
3. ^ Mahlon B. Hoagland, Paul C. Zamecnik, Mary L. Stephenson, "Intermediate
reactions in protein biosynthesis", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1957, V24,
p215-216. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00063002
4. ^ Mahlon B. Hoagland, Paul C. Zamecnik, Mary L. Stephenson, "Intermediate
reactions in protein biosynthesis", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1957, V24,
p215-216. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00063002 {01/16/1957}

MORE INFO
[1] M. B. Hoagland, E. B. Keller, and P. C. Zamecnik, J. Biol. Chem.,
218, 345, 1956
[2] Robert W. Holley, "An Alanine-dependent, Ribonuclease-inhibited
Conversion of AMP to ATP, and its Possible Relationship to Protein Synthesis",
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1957, 79 (3), pp 658–662 DOI:
10.1021/ja01560a040 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01560a040
(Harvard University, Massachusetts General Hospital) Boston, Massachusetts,
USA3   
43 YBN
[10/04/1957 AD] 8 		5486) The first human-made satellite.5

An 83-kg (or 184-pound) aluminum sphere that carries four antennas, reaches an
Earth orbit with an apogee (farthest point from Earth) of 940 km (or 584
miles), and circles Earth every 96 minutes.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561534/Sputnik>.
2. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561534/Sputnik>.
3. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561534/Sputnik>.
4. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561534/Sputnik>.
5. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561534/Sputnik>.
6. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561534/Sputnik>.
7. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1957-001B
8. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561534/Sputnik>. {10/04/1957}
(Baikonur Cosmodrome at Tyuratam) Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.7   
43 YBN
[11/03/1957 AD] 4 		5487) The first animal to orbit Earth; a dog.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561534/Sputnik>.
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1957-002A
3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1957-002A
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1957-002A
{11/03/1957}

MORE INFO
[1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1957-001B
(Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.3   
43 YBN
[1957 AD] 3 		6502) Direct neuron writing to hearing using an implanted electric device; the
first cochlear implants.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Djourno A, Eyries C. 1957. Prothese auditive par excitation electrique a
distance du nerf sensoriel a l’aide d’un bobinage inclus a demeure. Presse
médicale 35:14–17.
2. ^ Humayun, Mark S., et al. "Visual perception in a blind subject
with a chronic microelectronic retinal prosthesis." Vision research 43.24
(2003):
2573-2581. http://midas.inrf.uci.edu/groups/bats/uploads/Xsense/Weiland_AnnRevB
ioEng_2005.pdf
3. ^ Djourno A, Eyries C. 1957. Prothese auditive par excitation electrique a
distance du nerf sensoriel a l’aide d’un bobinage inclus a demeure. Presse
médicale 35:14–17.
  
42 YBN
[01/09/1958 AD] 7 		5772) The "Mössbauer {moS-BoUR1 } effect": when atoms are in a crystalline
lattice, the lattice prevents them from recoiling, and so the atoms can emit
and absorb gamma radiation of the same exact frequency (resonantly). This
phenomenon allows highly precise measurements of frequency.2 3 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Mössbauer." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 29 Jun.
2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Mössbauer>.
2. ^ Rudolf L. Mössbauer, "Kernresonanzfluoreszenz von Gammastrahlung in
Ir191", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 151, Number 2,
124-143 http://www.springerlink.com/content/p4335870w53k7834/ {Mossbauer_Rudol
f_Ludwig_19580109.pdf} English: "Nuclear resonance fluorescence of gamma
radiation in Ir191"
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.887-888.
4. ^ "Rudolf Ludwig
Mössbauer." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/393799/Rudolf-Ludwig-Mossbauer>.
5. ^ "Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 09 May. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/rudolf-ludwig-mossbauer-german-physicist
6. ^ Rudolf L. Mössbauer, "Kernresonanzfluoreszenz von Gammastrahlung in
Ir191", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 151, Number 2,
124-143 http://www.springerlink.com/content/p4335870w53k7834/ {Mossbauer_Rudol
f_Ludwig_19580109.pdf} English: "Nuclear resonance fluorescence of gamma
radiation in Ir191"
7. ^ Rudolf L. Mössbauer, "Kernresonanzfluoreszenz von
Gammastrahlung in Ir191", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume
151, Number 2,
124-143 http://www.springerlink.com/content/p4335870w53k7834/ {Mossbauer_Rudol
f_Ludwig_19580109.pdf} English: "Nuclear resonance fluorescence of gamma
radiation in Ir191" {01/09/1958}

MORE INFO
[1] Mössbauer, Rudolf L., "Kernresonanzabsorption von Gammastrahlung in
Ir191", Naturwissenschaften, 1958-01-01, V45, I22,
p538. http://www.springerlink.com/content/ph36815q8k930060/
[2] Rudolf L. Mössbauer and Werner H. Wiedemann, "Kernresonanzabsorption nicht
Doppler-verbreiterter Gammastrahlung in Re187", Zeitschrift für Physik A
Hadrons and Nuclei Volume 159, Number 1,
33-48. http://www.springerlink.com/content/p405hj776261p63v/
English: "Nuclear magnetic resonance absorption without Doppler-broadened
gamma radiation in Re187"
[3] Mössbauer, "Recoilless resonance absorption of gamma
quanta in solids", Soviet physics. Uspekhi (1961) volume: 4 issue: 6 page:
866 http://iopscience.iop.org/0038-5670/3/6/R05/pdf/PHU_3_6_R05.pdf
[4] P B Moon, "Resonant Nuclear Scattering of Gamma-Rays: Theory and
Preliminary Experiments", Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section A
Volume 64 Number 1, p76.
(1950) http://iopscience.iop.org/0370-1298/64/1/311 {Moon_Philip_Burton_195008
02.pdf}
(Institut fur Physik im Max-Planck-Institut fur medizinische Forschung
{Institute of Physics at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research})
Heidelberg, Germany6   
42 YBN
[05/01/1958 AD] 7 		5608) A high intensity of corpuscular radiation temporarily trapped in the
Earth's magnetic field is discovered. These layers will come to be called the
magnetosphere {maG-nE-Tu-SFER1 } or the "Van Allen" radiation belts.2 3 4
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ "magnetosphere." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 29 Jun.
2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/magnetosphere>.
2. ^ JAMES A. VAN ALLEN, LOUIS A. FRANK, "Radiation Around the Earth to a
Radial Distance of 107,400 km.", Nature 183, 430-434 (14 February 1959)
doi:10.1038/183430a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v183/n4659/pdf/183430
a0.pdf {Van_Allen_James_Alfred_19590214.pdf}
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p850-852.
4. ^ Van Allen, J. A., paper
presented at joint meeting of National Academy of Sciences and American
Physical Society on May 1, 1958.
5. ^ JAMES A. VAN ALLEN, LOUIS A. FRANK, "Radiation
Around the Earth to a Radial Distance of 107,400 km.", Nature 183, 430-434 (14
February 1959)
doi:10.1038/183430a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v183/n4659/pdf/183430
a0.pdf {Van_Allen_James_Alfred_19590214.pdf}
6. ^
http://books.google.com/books?id=NMk3adgqfawC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=may+1958+joi
nt+meeting+american+physical+society&source=bl&ots=hT0DTimGKV&sig=NaTG_FyNBx85ny
M23OULhn-l0WA&hl=en&ei=4LySTZmxMYa-sQOjt7m4Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resn
um=8&sqi=2&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q&f=false
7. ^ JAMES A. VAN ALLEN, LOUIS A. FRANK, "Radiation Around the Earth to a
Radial Distance of 107,400 km.", Nature 183, 430-434 (14 February 1959)
doi:10.1038/183430a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v183/n4659/pdf/183430
a0.pdf {Van_Allen_James_Alfred_19590214.pdf} {05/01/1958}

MORE INFO
[1] Timeline: http://www.astronautix.com/astros/vanallen.htm
[2] http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/rockoon.htm
[3] J. A. Van Allen and H. E. Tatel, "The Cosmic-Ray
Counting Rate of a Single Geiger Counter from Ground Level to 161 Kilometers
Altitude", Phys. Rev. 73, 245
(1948). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v73/i3/p245_1
[4] J. A. Van Allen and S. F. Singer, "On the Primary Cosmic-Ray Spectrum",
Phys. Rev. 78, 819 (1950) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v78/i6/p819_1
[5] L. H. Meredith, M. B. Gottlieb, and J. A. Van Allen,
"Direct Detection of Soft Radiation above 50 Kilometers in the Auroral Zone",
Phys. Rev. 97, 201 (1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v97/i1/p201_1
[6] Annual report - National Academy of Sciences, By
National Academy of Sciences (U.S.), National Research Council (U.S.), National
Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine (U.S.),
1958. http://books.google.com/books?id=30QrAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA91&dq=%22van+allen
%22&hl=en&ei=41yUTc7pAoPCsAPR-tTMBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0
CEQQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=%22van%20allen%22&f=false
(National Academy of Science and American Physical Society joint meeting)
Washington, D. C., USA5 6   
42 YBN
[08/01/1958 AD] 17 		5606) The first atomic explosion in empty space and first rocket launched
atomic explosion.11 12 13 14 15
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.scribd.com/doc/14162962/High-altitude-nuclear-explosions-HANE
2. ^ http://www.astronautix.com/sites/johsland.htm
3. ^ http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Hardtack1.html
4. ^ Operation Hardtack final report:
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CC4QFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fww
w.hss.energy.gov%2FHealthSafety%2FIHS%2Fmarshall%2Fcollection%2Fdata%2Fihp2a%2F1
028_a.pdf&rct=j&q=hardtack%20yucca%20april%201958%20site%3Agov%20first&ei=00GUTf
S6GJH6sAP4_Mi3BQ&usg=AFQjCNGK3bPUO2I9Vq085Kvryl8BnQKxBA&cad=rja
5. ^ Video of Hardtack Teak explosion:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBxpHNCDfZQ
6. ^ http://www.scribd.com/doc/14162962/High-altitude-nuclear-explosions-HANE
7. ^ http://www.astronautix.com/sites/johsland.htm
8. ^ http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Hardtack1.html
9. ^ Operation Hardtack final report:
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CC4QFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fww
w.hss.energy.gov%2FHealthSafety%2FIHS%2Fmarshall%2Fcollection%2Fdata%2Fihp2a%2F1
028_a.pdf&rct=j&q=hardtack%20yucca%20april%201958%20site%3Agov%20first&ei=00GUTf
S6GJH6sAP4_Mi3BQ&usg=AFQjCNGK3bPUO2I9Vq085Kvryl8BnQKxBA&cad=rja
10. ^ Video of Hardtack Teak explosion:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBxpHNCDfZQ
11. ^ http://www.scribd.com/doc/14162962/High-altitude-nuclear-explosions-HANE
12. ^ http://www.astronautix.com/sites/johsland.htm
13. ^ http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Hardtack1.html
14. ^ Operation Hardtack final report:
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CC4QFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fww
w.hss.energy.gov%2FHealthSafety%2FIHS%2Fmarshall%2Fcollection%2Fdata%2Fihp2a%2F1
028_a.pdf&rct=j&q=hardtack%20yucca%20april%201958%20site%3Agov%20first&ei=00GUTf
S6GJH6sAP4_Mi3BQ&usg=AFQjCNGK3bPUO2I9Vq085Kvryl8BnQKxBA&cad=rja
15. ^ Video of Hardtack Teak explosion:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBxpHNCDfZQ
16. ^ http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Hardtack1.html
17. ^
http://www.scribd.com/doc/14162962/High-altitude-nuclear-explosions-HANE
{08/01/1958}

MORE INFO
[1] "Hardtack Teak". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtack_Teak
(Johnson Island) Pacific Ocean16   
42 YBN
[1958 AD] 5 		6550) The integrated circuit (or IC).3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "integrated circuit (IC)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 26 Jan.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/289645/integrated-circuit-IC>.
2. ^ "integrated circuit (IC)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 26 Jan.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/289645/integrated-circuit-IC>.
3. ^ "integrated circuit (IC)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 26 Jan.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/289645/integrated-circuit-IC>.
4. ^ "integrated circuit (IC)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 26 Jan.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/289645/integrated-circuit-IC>.
5. ^ "integrated circuit (IC)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 26 Jan.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/289645/integrated-circuit-IC>.
(Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor)4   
41 YBN
[01/03/1959 AD] 4 		5596) The first ship to pass the moon.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-012A
2. ^
http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/10/dayintech_1007#
3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-012A
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-012A
{01/03/1959}

MORE INFO
[1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html
(Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.3   
41 YBN
[01/27/1959 AD] 4 		5672) The Earth is found to be slightly pear shaped from the motion of a 1 kg
(or 3 pound) satellite.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. A. O'Keefe, Ann Eckels, R. K. Squires, "Vanguard Measurements Give
Pear-Shaped Component of Earth's Figure", New Series, Vol. 129, No. 3348 (Feb.
27, 1959), pp.
565-566 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1757833 {O_Keefe_John_Aloysius_19590127.pd
f}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.862.
3. ^ Obituary: John Aloysius
O'Keefe, 1917(sic)-2000 Rubincam, David P.; Lowman, Paul D. Bulletin of the
American Astronomical Society, vol. 32, no. 4, p.
1683-1684 http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2000BAAS...32.1683R
4. ^ J. A. O'Keefe, Ann Eckels, R. K. Squires, "Vanguard Measurements Give
Pear-Shaped Component of Earth's Figure", New Series, Vol. 129, No. 3348 (Feb.
27, 1959), pp.
565-566 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1757833 {O_Keefe_John_Aloysius_19590127.pd
f} {01/27/1959}
  
41 YBN
[04/??/1959 AD] 6 		5787) Signals from life of other stars are searched for.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Frank Drake, "Project Ozma", Physics today, (1961) volume: 14 issue: 4
page:
40 http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PHTOAD0
00014000004000040000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes {Drake_Frank_196104xx.pdf}
2. ^ "Frank Drake." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 16 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/frank-drake
3. ^ "Drake equation." Britannica Concise
Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 16 May.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/drake-equation
4. ^ "Frank Drake." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 16 May. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/frank-drake
5. ^ Frank Drake, "Project Ozma", Physics today, (1961) volume: 14 issue: 4
page:
40 http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PHTOAD0
00014000004000040000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes {Drake_Frank_196104xx.pdf}
6. ^ "Frank Drake." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 16 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/frank-drake
{04/1959}

MORE INFO
[1] "Frank Donald Drake". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Donald_Drake
[2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.892
[3] "Drake equation."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 16 May. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/drake-equation
[4] http://www.lifeinuniverse.org/Drakeequation-07-02.html
(National Radio Astronomy Observatory) Green Bank, West Virginia, USA4 5   
41 YBN
[09/14/1959 AD] 8 		5597) A ship impacts the moon of Earth.5

The moon is shown to have no significant magnetic field or radiation belts.6
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A
3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A
4. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A
6. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A
7. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A
8. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A {09/14/1959}

MORE INFO
[1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-012A
[2]
http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/10/dayintech_1007#
[3] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html
(Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.7   
41 YBN
[10/18/1959 AD] 3 		5598) The first pictures of the far-side of the moon of Earth.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1959-008A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1959-008A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1959-008A {by
10/18/1959}

MORE INFO
[1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-012A
[2]
http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/10/dayintech_1007#
[3] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html
[4] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A
(Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan (U.S.S.R.)2   
41 YBN
[11/05/1959 AD] 5 		191) A device inside the body is controlled remotely; a radio controlled
artificial heart pacemaker.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Glenn WWL, Mauro A, Longo E, Lavietes PH, MacKay FJ The Radiofrequency
Cardiac Pacemaker. Remote stimulation of the heart by radiofrequency
transmission. Clinical application to a patient with Stoke-Adams Syndrome. New
Engl J Med
1959:262;948-951 http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM195911052611905
2. ^ Glenn WWL, Mauro A, Longo E, Lavietes PH, MacKay FJ The Radiofrequency
Cardiac Pacemaker. Remote stimulation of the heart by radiofrequency
transmission. Clinical application to a patient with Stoke-Adams Syndrome. New
Engl J Med
1959:262;948-951 http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM195911052611905
3. ^ Glenn WWL, Mauro A, Longo E, Lavietes PH, MacKay FJ The Radiofrequency
Cardiac Pacemaker. Remote stimulation of the heart by radiofrequency
transmission. Clinical application to a patient with Stoke-Adams Syndrome. New
Engl J Med
1959:262;948-951 http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM195911052611905
4. ^ Glenn WWL, Mauro A, Longo E, Lavietes PH, MacKay FJ The Radiofrequency
Cardiac Pacemaker. Remote stimulation of the heart by radiofrequency
transmission. Clinical application to a patient with Stoke-Adams Syndrome. New
Engl J Med
1959:262;948-951 http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM195911052611905
5. ^ Glenn WWL, Mauro A, Longo E, Lavietes PH, MacKay FJ The Radiofrequency
Cardiac Pacemaker. Remote stimulation of the heart by radiofrequency
transmission. Clinical application to a patient with Stoke-Adams Syndrome. New
Engl J Med
1959:262;948-951 http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM195911052611905
(Yale University School of Medicine) New Haven, New Jersey, USA4   
41 YBN
[12/07/1959 AD] 3 		5372) An X-ray telescope.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ RICCARDO GIACCONI and BRUNO ROSSI, "A 'Telescope' for Soft X-Ray
Astronomy", Journal of Geophysical Research, V65, N2, Feb 1960,
http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1960/JZ065i002p00773.shtml {Rossi_Bruno_1959
1207.pdf}
2. ^ RICCARDO GIACCONI and BRUNO ROSSI, "A 'Telescope' for Soft X-Ray
Astronomy", Journal of Geophysical Research, V65, N2, Feb 1960,
http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1960/JZ065i002p00773.shtml {Rossi_Bruno_1959
1207.pdf}
3. ^ RICCARDO GIACCONI and BRUNO ROSSI, "A 'Telescope' for Soft X-Ray
Astronomy", Journal of Geophysical Research, V65, N2, Feb 1960,
http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1960/JZ065i002p00773.shtml {Rossi_Bruno_1959
1207.pdf} {12/07/1959}

MORE INFO
[1] Bruno Rossi, "On the Magnetic Deflection of Cosmic Rays", Phys. Rev.
36, 606 (1930). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v36/i3/p606_1
[2] Bruno Rossi, "Directional Measurements on the Cosmic Rays Near the
Geomagnetic Equator", Phys. Rev. 45, 212
(1934). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v45/i3/p212_1
[3] Bruno Rossi, "Absorptionsmessungen der durchdringenden Korpuskularstrahlung
in einem Meter Blei", Naturwissenschaften, Volume 20, Number 4, 65, DOI:
10.1007/BF01503771. http://www.springerlink.com/content/qww043l2h7811222/ "Abs
orption measurements of particle radiation penetrating in a meter of lead."
[4] Clark,
George W. "Rossi, Bruno Benedetto." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 24. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 280-285. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830906055&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[5] G. Shearer, "The X-ray Microscope", British Journal of Radiology, (1936),
9, p30-37. http://bjr.birjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/9/97/30
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA2   
40 YBN
[01/23/1960 AD] 4 5 		4992) Humans reach around 11 km (or 7 miles) below sea level.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p694-695.
2. ^ "Auguste Piccard."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 29 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/459310/Auguste-Piccard>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p694-695.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p694-695. {01/23/1960}
5. ^ "Piccard, Auguste." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 10. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 597-598.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 29 Dec. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903405&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {01/23/1960}

MORE INFO
[1] "Auguste Piccard." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 29 Dec. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/auguste-piccard
Marianas Trench of the Pacific Ocean3   
40 YBN
[03/09/1960 AD] 9 		5774) Light is proven to have mass. Gravity is shown to change the frequency of
light proving that the speed of light is not constant.4 5 6

The Mössbauer effect is used (with radioactive Iron-57) to show that the
wavelength of a beam of light with gamma wavelength is increased (or
red-shifted) as the beam is sent from the top floor of a tower to the basement.
This is because of the stronger gravity field at the basement which is closer
to the center of Earth.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ T. E. Cranshaw, J. P. Schiffer, and A. B. Whitehead, "Measurement of the
Gravitational Red Shift Using the M�ssbauer Effect in Fe57", Phys. Rev.
Lett. 4, 163-164
(1960). http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i4/p163_1 {Whitehead_A_B_19600127.p
df}
2. ^ H. J. Hay, J. P. Schiffer*, T. E. Cranshaw, and P. A. Egelstaff,
"Measurement of the Red Shift in an Accelerated System Using the M�ssbauer
Effect in Fe57", Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 165-166 (1960)
http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i4/p165_1 {Whitehead_A_B_2_19600127.pdf}
3. ^ R. V. Pound and G. A. Rebka, Jr., "Apparent Weight of Photons", Phys. Rev.
Letters, 4 (1960)
337. http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i7/p337_1 {Rebka_Glen_Anderson_jr_1960
0309.pdf}
4. ^ T. E. Cranshaw, J. P. Schiffer, and A. B. Whitehead, "Measurement of the
Gravitational Red Shift Using the M�ssbauer Effect in Fe57", Phys. Rev.
Lett. 4, 163-164
(1960). http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i4/p163_1 {Whitehead_A_B_19600127.p
df}
5. ^ H. J. Hay, J. P. Schiffer*, T. E. Cranshaw, and P. A. Egelstaff,
"Measurement of the Red Shift in an Accelerated System Using the M�ssbauer
Effect in Fe57", Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 165-166 (1960)
http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i4/p165_1 {Whitehead_A_B_2_19600127.pdf}
6. ^ R. V. Pound and G. A. Rebka, Jr., "Apparent Weight of Photons", Phys. Rev.
Letters, 4 (1960)
337. http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i7/p337_1 {Rebka_Glen_Anderson_jr_1960
0309.pdf}
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.887-888.
8. ^ R. V. Pound and G. A.
Rebka, Jr., "Apparent Weight of Photons", Phys. Rev. Letters, 4 (1960)
337. http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i7/p337_1 {Rebka_Glen_Anderson_jr_1960
0309.pdf}
9. ^ R. V. Pound and G. A. Rebka, Jr., "Apparent Weight of Photons", Phys. Rev.
Letters, 4 (1960)
337. http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i7/p337_1 {Rebka_Glen_Anderson_jr_1960
0309.pdf} {03/09/1960}

MORE INFO
[1] Rudolf L. Mössbauer, "Kernresonanzfluoreszenz von Gammastrahlung in
Ir191", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 151, Number 2,
124-143 http://www.springerlink.com/content/p4335870w53k7834/
English: "Nuclear resonance fluorescence of gamma radiation in Ir191"
[2] P B Moon,
"Resonant Nuclear Scattering of Gamma-Rays: Theory and Preliminary
Experiments", Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section A Volume 64
Number 1, p76. http://iopscience.iop.org/0370-1298/64/1/311
[3] JASCHA HOFFMAN, "Robert Pound, Physicist Whose Work Advanced
Medicine, Is Dead at 90", NY TImes, April 19,
2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/20/us/20pound.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=130491
7624-dPEMK8cOyCU8ikOVg6k5pA
(Harvard University) Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA8   
40 YBN
[04/19/1960 AD] 6 		5665) An x-ray photograph of the Sun.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Blake, R. L., Chubb, T. A., Friedman, H., & Unzicker, A. E.,
"Interpretation of X-Ray Photograph of the Sun.", Astrophysical Journal, vol.
137,
p.3. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1963ApJ...137....3B/0000003.000.h
tml {Friedman_Herbert_19620829.pdf}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.861.
3. ^ "Herbert Friedman."
Dictionary of Astronomy, John Wiley . Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. Answers.com 11
Apr. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/herbert-friedman
4. ^ Gursky, H., "Obituary: Herbert Friedman, 1916-2000", Bulletin
of the American Astronomical Society, vol. 32, no. 4, p.
1665-1666. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2000BAAS...32.1665G
5. ^ Blake, R. L., Chubb, T. A., Friedman, H., & Unzicker, A. E.,
"Interpretation of X-Ray Photograph of the Sun.", Astrophysical Journal, vol.
137,
p.3. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1963ApJ...137....3B/0000003.000.h
tml {Friedman_Herbert_19620829.pdf}
6. ^ Blake, R. L., Chubb, T. A., Friedman, H., & Unzicker, A. E.,
"Interpretation of X-Ray Photograph of the Sun.", Astrophysical Journal, vol.
137,
p.3. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1963ApJ...137....3B/0000003.000.h
tml {Friedman_Herbert_19620829.pdf} {04/19/1960}

MORE INFO
[1] "Herbert Friedman." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 11 Apr. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/herbert-friedman
[2] Friedman, H., "Ultraviolet and X Rays from the Sun", Annual Review of
Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 1,
p.59. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1963ARA%26A...1...59F/0000059.00
0.html
[3] H. Friedman, S. W. Lichtman, and E. T. Byram, "Photon Counter Measurements
of Solar X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Light", Phys. Rev. 83, 1025–1030
(1951). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v83/i5/p1025_1
(U. S. Naval Research Laboratory) Washington, D. C., USA5   
40 YBN
[04/22/1960 AD] 9 		5768) The LASER (which stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission
of radiation"). Light is fed into a ruby cylinder from a flash lamp, and the
ruby emits light that is monochromatic (single frequency) and coherent (all the
beams are in a single direction). These coherent beams of light can travel
thousands of kilometers without spreading very far apart.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ T. H. Maiman, "Optical and Microwave-Optical Experiments in Ruby", Phys.
Rev. Lett. 4, 564–566 (1960)
http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i11/p564_1 {Maiman_Theodore_Harold_1960042
2.pdf}
2. ^ Theodore H. Mainman, "Ruby Laser Systems", Patent number: 3353115, Filing
date: Apr 13, 1961, Issue date: Nov 14,
1967 http://www.google.com/patents?id=b-lUAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
{Maimon_Theodore_Harold_19610413.pdf}
3. ^ T. H. Maiman, "Optical and Microwave-Optical Experiments in Ruby", Phys.
Rev. Lett. 4, 564–566 (1960)
http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i11/p564_1 {Maiman_Theodore_Harold_1960042
2.pdf}
4. ^ Theodore H. Mainman, "Ruby Laser Systems", Patent number: 3353115, Filing
date: Apr 13, 1961, Issue date: Nov 14,
1967 http://www.google.com/patents?id=b-lUAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
{Maimon_Theodore_Harold_19610413.pdf}
5. ^ T. H. Maiman, "Optical and Microwave-Optical Experiments in Ruby", Phys.
Rev. Lett. 4, 564–566 (1960)
http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i11/p564_1 {Maiman_Theodore_Harold_1960042
2.pdf}
6. ^ Theodore H. Mainman, "Ruby Laser Systems", Patent number: 3353115, Filing
date: Apr 13, 1961, Issue date: Nov 14,
1967 http://www.google.com/patents?id=b-lUAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
{Maimon_Theodore_Harold_19610413.pdf}
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.886.
8. ^ T. H. Maiman, "Optical
and Microwave-Optical Experiments in Ruby", Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 564–566
(1960)
http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i11/p564_1 {Maiman_Theodore_Harold_1960042
2.pdf}
9. ^ T. H. Maiman, "Optical and Microwave-Optical Experiments in Ruby", Phys.
Rev. Lett. 4, 564–566 (1960)
http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i11/p564_1 {Maiman_Theodore_Harold_1960042
2.pdf} {04/22/1960}

MORE INFO
[1] Douglas Martin (May 11, 2007). "Theodore Maiman, who built the first
laser, dies at 79". The New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/13/world/americas/13iht-obits.1.5685872.html
[2] T. H. MAIMAN, "Stimulated Optical Radiation in Ruby", Nature 187, 493 - 494
(06 August 1960);
doi:10.1038/187493a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v187/n4736/abs/187493
a0.html
[3] T. H. Maiman, "Stimulated Optical Emission in Fluorescent Solids. I.
Theoretical Considerations", Phys. Rev. 123, 1145–1150 (1961)
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v123/i4/p1145_1
[4] T. H. Maiman, R. H. Hoskins, I. J. D'Haenens, C. K. Asawa, and V. Evtuhov,
"Stimulated Optical Emission in Fluorescent Solids. II. Spectroscopy and
Stimulated Emission in Ruby", Phys. Rev. 123, 1151–1157 (1961)
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v123/i4/p1151_1
[5] "List of laser types". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_laser_types
(Hughes Research Laboratories) Malibu, California8   
40 YBN
[04/??/1960 AD] 4 		5073) A logical contradiction in the theory of space and time dilation is
identified in that time appears different depending on which of two clocks is
viewed as stationary, and the first recognition that spectral line position
changes as a result of a change in light source distance.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ H. Dingle, "Relativity and Electromagnetism: An Epistemological
Appraisal", Philosophy of Science, 27, p233-253 (1960).
http://www.jstor.org/stable/185967 Dingle_Herbert_196004xx.pdf}
2. ^ H. Dingle "Special Theory of Relativity", Nature 195, 985 - 986 (08
September
1962) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v195/n4845/abs/195985a0.html {Dingl
e_Herbert_19620908.pdf}
3. ^ H. Dingle, "Relativity and Electromagnetism: An Epistemological
Appraisal", Philosophy of Science, 27, p233-253 (1960).
http://www.jstor.org/stable/185967 Dingle_Herbert_196004xx.pdf}
4. ^ H. Dingle, "Relativity and Electromagnetism: An Epistemological
Appraisal", Philosophy of Science, 27, p233-253 (1960).
http://www.jstor.org/stable/185967 Dingle_Herbert_196004xx.pdf} {04/1960}

MORE INFO
[1] H Dingle, "Science at the Crossroads", 1972
[2] Bok, B. J., "Education in
and History of Modern Astronomy", Journal for the History of Astronomy, Vol. 4,
p.208. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/JHA../0004//0000208.000.htm
l
[3] "Herbert Dingle". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Dingle
(University of London) London, England3   
40 YBN
[08/12/1960 AD] 6 		5485) The first passive communication satellite.1 Stations on the surface of
Earth send and receive data from the satellite, a mylar polyester balloon.2 3 4

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p533.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
p833-834.
3. ^ "John Robinson Pierce." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/459821/John-Robinson-Pierce>.
4. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1738.html
5. ^ http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4308/ch6.htm
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p833-834. {08/12/1960}

MORE INFO
[1] Russell H. Varian and Sigurd F. Varian, "A High Frequency Oscillator
and Amplifier", J. Appl. Phys. 10, 321 (1939); doi:10.1063/1.1707311
http://jap.aip.org/resource/1/japiau/v10/i5/p321_s1
[2] Video news reel of Echo 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NO2LkmBDle4
(Launchpad 17) Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA5   
40 YBN
[08/30/1960 AD] 3 		5737) The principle of "Computerized axial tomography" (CAT) is described: a
thin line of x-rays is used to determine the density of the inside of objects
by measuring the difference in x-ray absorption from many angles around an
object.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Oldendorf, W. H., "Isolated Flying Spot Detection of Radiodensity
Dis-Continuities-Displaying the Internal Structural Pattern of a Complex
Object", Bio-Medical Electronics, IRE Transactions on, vol.8, no.1, pp.68-72,
Jan. 1961 doi: 10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322854 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4322854&isnumber=4322838
 {Oldendorf_William_H_19600830.pdf}
2. ^ Oldendorf, W. H., "Isolated Flying Spot Detection of Radiodensity
Dis-Continuities-Displaying the Internal Structural Pattern of a Complex
Object", Bio-Medical Electronics, IRE Transactions on, vol.8, no.1, pp.68-72,
Jan. 1961 doi: 10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322854 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4322854&isnumber=4322838
 {Oldendorf_William_H_19600830.pdf}
3. ^ Oldendorf, W. H., "Isolated Flying Spot Detection of Radiodensity
Dis-Continuities-Displaying the Internal Structural Pattern of a Complex
Object", Bio-Medical Electronics, IRE Transactions on, vol.8, no.1, pp.68-72,
Jan. 1961 doi: 10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322854 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4322854&isnumber=4322838
 {Oldendorf_William_H_19600830.pdf} {08/30/1960}
(University of California Medical Center) Los Angeles, California, USA2   
40 YBN
[12/28/1960 AD] 10 		5705) Messenger RNA and the system that regulates protein synthesis in the cell
(regulatory genes called "operons") are identified.5 6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jacob, F., Perrin, D., Sanchéz, C. & Monod, J. L'opéron: groupe de
gènes à expression coordonnée par un opérateur. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 250,
1727–1729 (1960)
2. ^ Jacob, F. & Monod, J. Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the
synthesis of proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 3, 318–356 (1961)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4Y39HH7-B&_user
=4422&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1961&_alid=1723143833&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&
_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&
_ct=5&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=c2699b72c7c5bee
4e2c31224c6261556&searchtype=a {Jacob_Francois_19601228.pdf}
3. ^ "François Jacob." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 18 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/298935/Francois-Jacob>.
4. ^ "operon." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 11 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/429974/operon>.
5. ^ Jacob, F., Perrin, D., Sanchéz, C. & Monod, J. L'opéron: groupe de
gènes à expression coordonnée par un opérateur. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 250,
1727–1729 (1960)
6. ^ Jacob, F. & Monod, J. Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the
synthesis of proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 3, 318–356 (1961)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4Y39HH7-B&_user
=4422&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1961&_alid=1723143833&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&
_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&
_ct=5&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=c2699b72c7c5bee
4e2c31224c6261556&searchtype=a {Jacob_Francois_19601228.pdf}
7. ^ "François Jacob." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 18 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/298935/Francois-Jacob>.
8. ^ "operon." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 11 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/429974/operon>.
9. ^ Jacob, F. & Monod, J. Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of
proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 3, 318–356 (1961)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4Y39HH7-B&_user
=4422&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1961&_alid=1723143833&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&
_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&
_ct=5&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=c2699b72c7c5bee
4e2c31224c6261556&searchtype=a {Jacob_Francois_19601228.pdf}
10. ^ Jacob, F. & Monod, J. Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of
proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 3, 318–356 (1961)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4Y39HH7-B&_user
=4422&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1961&_alid=1723143833&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&
_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&
_ct=5&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=c2699b72c7c5bee
4e2c31224c6261556&searchtype=a {Jacob_Francois_19601228.pdf} {12/28/1960
(verify - could be earlier in French paper}
(Pasteur Institute) Paris, France9   
40 YBN
[12/30/1960 AD] 4 		5769) The first gas laser (using a mixture of helium and neon).1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ A. Javan, W. R. Bennett, Jr., and D. R. Herriott, "Population Inversion
and Continuous Optical Maser Oscillation in a Gas Discharge Containing a He-Ne
Mixture", Phys. Rev. Lett. 6, 106–110 (1961)
http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v6/i3/p106_1 {Herriott_D_R_19601230.pdf}
2. ^ William R. Bennett jr, Ali
Javan, "GAS OPTICAL MASER", Patent number: 3149290, Filing date: Dec 28, 1960,
Issue date: Sep 15,
1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=r2pmAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
3. ^ A. Javan, W. R. Bennett, Jr., and D. R. Herriott, "Population Inversion
and Continuous Optical Maser Oscillation in a Gas Discharge Containing a He-Ne
Mixture", Phys. Rev. Lett. 6, 106–110 (1961)
http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v6/i3/p106_1 {Herriott_D_R_19601230.pdf}
4. ^ A. Javan, W. R. Bennett,
Jr., and D. R. Herriott, "Population Inversion and Continuous Optical Maser
Oscillation in a Gas Discharge Containing a He-Ne Mixture", Phys. Rev. Lett. 6,
106–110 (1961) http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v6/i3/p106_1
{Herriott_D_R_19601230.pdf} {12/30/1960}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/07/science/07bennett.html
(Bell Telephone Laboratories) Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA3   
40 YBN
[12/??/1960 AD] 4 5 6 		5412) The "seafloor spreading hypothesis": that continents are carried
passively on top of the spreading seafloor.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ H.N. Hess, History of ocean basins, Petrologic Studies: A Volume to Honor
A. F. Buddington, Geol. Soc. Amer.
(1962). http://en.scientificcommons.org/34150114
2. ^ "Hess, Harry Hammond." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
17. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 415-420. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 27 Feb. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905159&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
3. ^ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bohess.html
4. ^ "Hess, Harry Hammond." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 17. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 415-420. Gale Virtual
Reference Library. Web. 27 Feb. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905159&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {12/1960}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p812-813. {1962}
6. ^
H.N. Hess, History of ocean basins, Petrologic Studies: A Volume to Honor A. F.
Buddington, Geol. Soc. Amer. (1962). http://en.scientificcommons.org/34150114

MORE INFO
[1] Harry Hammond Hess, "Drowned ancient islands of the Pacific Basin",
American Journal of Science, Vol. 244, November 1946, P.772-791;
doi:10.2475/ajs.244.11.772. http://www.ajsonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/244/1
1/772
(Princeton University) Princeton, New Jersey, USA3   
39 YBN
[04/12/1961 AD] 7 		5601) The first human to orbit the Earth.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1961-012A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1961-012A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1961-012A
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1961-012A
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1961-012A
6. ^ "Google Maps - Vostok 1 Landing Site - Monument".
http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=51.270682+N,+45.9972
7+E&sll=51.270689,45.997599&sspn=0.003296,0.00868&ie=UTF8&ll=51.270716,45.997385
&spn=0.003296,0.00868&t=k&z=17.
7. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1961-012A
{04/12/1961}

MORE INFO
[1] "Yury Alekseyevich Gagarin." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 30 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/223437/Yury-Alekseyevich-Gagarin>
[2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p895-896
Saratovskaya oblast, U.S.S.R.6   
39 YBN
[08/03/1961 AD] 8 		5765) The first nucleic acid nucleotide is found to code for a specific amino
acid; a synthetic RNA molecule made of a single repeating nucleotide (uridylic
acid) {YR-e-Dil-iK1 } makes a protein containing only one amino acid
(phenylalanine) {FeNL-aL-u-nEN2 }.3 4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "uridylic acid." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 21 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/uridylic-acid
2. ^ "phenylalanine." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 21 May.
2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/phenylalanine>.
3. ^ Marshall W. Nirenberg and J. Heinrich Matthaei, "The Dependence of
Cell-Free Protein Synthesis in E. Coli upon Naturally Occurring or Synthetic
Polyribonucleotides", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1961 October; 47(10):
1588–1602.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC223178/ {Nirenberg_Marshall_W_196
10803.pdf}
4. ^ Samuel H. Barondes and Marshal W. Nirenberg, "Fate of a Synthetic
Polynucleotide Directing Cell-Free Protein Synthesis I. Characteristics of
Degradation", Science, New Series, Vol. 138, No. 3542 (Nov. 16, 1962), pp.
810-813. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1709375 {Nirenberg_Marshall_W_19621116.pd
f}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.885.
6. ^ "Marshall Warren
Nirenberg." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 07 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/415902/Marshall-Warren-Nirenberg>.
7. ^ Marshall W. Nirenberg and J. Heinrich Matthaei, "The Dependence of
Cell-Free Protein Synthesis in E. Coli upon Naturally Occurring or Synthetic
Polyribonucleotides", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1961 October; 47(10):
1588–1602.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC223178/ {Nirenberg_Marshall_W_196
10803.pdf}
8. ^ Marshall W. Nirenberg and J. Heinrich Matthaei, "The Dependence of
Cell-Free Protein Synthesis in E. Coli upon Naturally Occurring or Synthetic
Polyribonucleotides", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1961 October; 47(10):
1588–1602.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC223178/ {Nirenberg_Marshall_W_196
10803.pdf} {08/03/1961}

MORE INFO
[1] Matthaei, J. H., and M. W. Nirenberg, "The dependence of cell-free
protein synthesis in image upon RNA prepared from ribosomes", Biochemical and
Biophysical Research Communications, 4, 404 (1961).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WBK-4DXKBG4-BY/2/d38f90b32dc95a
88bda87758f55e7cdf
[2] Matthaei, J. H., and M. WV. Nirenberg, Fed. Proc., 20, 391 (1961)
(National Institutes of Health) Bethesda, Maryland, USA7   
39 YBN
[12/30/1961 AD] 4 		5663) That three DNA nucleotides code for one amino acid in a protein is
understood.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ F. H. C. CRICK, LESLIE BARNETT, S. BRENNER & R. J. WATTS-TOBIN, "General
Nature of the Genetic Code for Proteins", Nature 192, 1227 - 1232 (30 December
1961);
doi:10.1038/1921227a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v192/n4809/abs/19212
27a0.html {Crick_Francis_Harry_Compton_19611230.pdf}
2. ^ F. H. C. CRICK, LESLIE BARNETT, S. BRENNER & R. J. WATTS-TOBIN,
"General Nature of the Genetic Code for Proteins", Nature 192, 1227 - 1232 (30
December 1961);
doi:10.1038/1921227a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v192/n4809/abs/19212
27a0.html {Crick_Francis_Harry_Compton_19611230.pdf}
3. ^ F. H. C. CRICK, LESLIE BARNETT, S. BRENNER & R. J. WATTS-TOBIN,
"General Nature of the Genetic Code for Proteins", Nature 192, 1227 - 1232 (30
December 1961);
doi:10.1038/1921227a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v192/n4809/abs/19212
27a0.html {Crick_Francis_Harry_Compton_19611230.pdf}
4. ^ F. H. C. CRICK, LESLIE BARNETT, S. BRENNER & R. J. WATTS-TOBIN,
"General Nature of the Genetic Code for Proteins", Nature 192, 1227 - 1232 (30
December 1961);
doi:10.1038/1921227a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v192/n4809/abs/19212
27a0.html {Crick_Francis_Harry_Compton_19611230.pdf} {12/30/1961}

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887
(Cavendish Lab University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England3   
39 YBN
[1961 AD] 4 5 		5706) The Bacteria Escherichia Coli is shown to have a single chromosome, which
is in the shape of a circle.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ JACOB, F.; WOLLMAN, E. L., "Sexuality and the genetics of bacteria.",
1961 pp. xv + 374 pp.
http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19621605699.html?freeview=true
{Wollman_Elie_L_1961xxxx.pdf}
2. ^ François Jacob, Nadine Peyrieras, Michel Morange, "Travaux scientifiques
de François Jacob", Odile Jacob, 2002,
p573. http://books.google.com/books?id=0bTvkp5QvwsC&pg=PA537#v=onepage&q&f=fals
e
3. ^ JACOB, F.; WOLLMAN, E. L., "Sexuality and the genetics of bacteria.", 1961
pp. xv + 374 pp.
http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19621605699.html?freeview=true
{Wollman_Elie_L_1961xxxx.pdf}
4. ^ François Jacob, Nadine Peyrieras, Michel Morange, "Travaux scientifiques
de François Jacob", Odile Jacob, 2002,
p573. http://books.google.com/books?id=0bTvkp5QvwsC&pg=PA537#v=onepage&q&f=fals
e {1961}
5. ^ JACOB, F.; WOLLMAN, E. L., "Sexuality and the genetics of bacteria.",
1961 pp. xv + 374 pp.
http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19621605699.html?freeview=true {Wollman_El
ie_L_1961xxxx.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965". Nobelprize.org. 18
Apr 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1965/
[2] Jacob, F., Perrin, D., Sanchéz, C. & Monod, J. L'opéron: groupe
de gènes à expression coordonnée par un opérateur. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris
250, 1727–1729 (1960)
[3] Jacob, F. & Monod, J. Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the
synthesis of proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 3, 318–356 (1961)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4Y39HH7-B&_user
=4422&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1961&_alid=1723143833&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&
_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&
_ct=5&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=c2699b72c7c5bee
4e2c31224c6261556&searchtype=a
[4]
http://www.nature.com/milestones/geneexpression/milestones/articles/milegene02.h
tml
[5] Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et
al. New York: W. H. Freeman;
2000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21683/
(Pasteur Institute) Paris, France3   
38 YBN
[06/16/1962 AD] 5 		5662) That RNA has a helical structure is recognized.1 2 RNA is usually
single-stranded but can fold back on itself to form a double helix as is the
case for tRNA and rRNA.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ M. SPENCER, W. FULLER, M. H. F. WILKINS & G. L. BROWN, "Determination of
the Helical Configuration of Ribonucleic Acid Molecules by X-Ray Diffraction
Study of Crystalline Amino-Acid–transfer Ribonucleic Acid", Nature 194, 1014
- 1020 (16 June 1962);
doi:10.1038/1941014a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v194/n4833/abs/19410
14a0.html {Wilkins_Maurice_Hugh_Frederick_19620616.pdf}
2. ^ "Maurice Wilkins - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 11 Apr 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/wilkins-lecture.html
 {Wilkins_Maurice_Hugh_Frederick_19621211.pdf}
3. ^ Batmanian, L., W.W. Batmanian, S. Worrall, and J. Ridge 2011Biochemistry
for Health Professionals. Elsevier Australia.
p102. http://books.google.com/books?id=IihR3DkZ_fkC&pg=PA102
4. ^ M. SPENCER, W. FULLER, M. H. F. WILKINS & G. L. BROWN, "Determination of
the Helical Configuration of Ribonucleic Acid Molecules by X-Ray Diffraction
Study of Crystalline Amino-Acid–transfer Ribonucleic Acid", Nature 194, 1014
- 1020 (16 June 1962);
doi:10.1038/1941014a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v194/n4833/abs/19410
14a0.html {Wilkins_Maurice_Hugh_Frederick_19620616.pdf}
5. ^ M. SPENCER, W. FULLER, M. H. F. WILKINS & G. L. BROWN,
"Determination of the Helical Configuration of Ribonucleic Acid Molecules by
X-Ray Diffraction Study of Crystalline Amino-Acid–transfer Ribonucleic Acid",
Nature 194, 1014 - 1020 (16 June 1962);
doi:10.1038/1941014a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v194/n4833/abs/19410
14a0.html {Wilkins_Maurice_Hugh_Frederick_19620616.pdf} {06/16/1962}

MORE INFO
[1] "Maurice Wilkins." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 11 Apr. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/maurice-wilkins
[2] "Balantidium." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 11 Apr. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/balantidium
[3] "Balantidium." The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 11 Apr. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/balantidium
[4] M. H. F. WILKINS, A. R. STOKES & H. R. WILSON , "Molecular Structure of
Nucleic Acids: Molecular Structure of Deoxypentose Nucleic Acids", Nature,
(1953) volume: 171 issue: 4356 page:
738. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/pdf/171738a0.pdf
[Wilkins_Maurice_Hugh_Frederick_19530402.pdf}
[5] ROSALIND E. FRANKLIN & R. G. GOSLING, "Molecular Configuration in Sodium
Thymonucleate", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue: 4356 page:
740. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/pdf/171740a0.pdf
[6] Pauling, L., and Corey, R. B., Nature, 171, 346 (1953); Proc. U.S. Nat.
Acai Sci., 39, 84 (1953)
[7] Furberg, S., Acta Chem. Scand., 3, 634 (1952)
[8] Chargaff, E.,
for references see Zamenhof, S., Brawerman, G., and Chargaff, E., Biochim. et
Biophys. Acta, 9,402 (1952)
[9] 4. Wyatt, G. R.,J. Gen. Physiol, 36, 201 (1952)
[10] Astbury, W.
T., Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1, Nucleic Acid, 66 (Camb. Univ. Press, 1947)
[11] Wilkins, M. H.
F., and Randall, J. T, Biochim. et Biophys. Acta, 10, 192 (1953)
[12] "James Dewey
Watson." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/637603/James-Dewey-Watson>
[13] http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/19/science/19watson.html
(King's College) London, England4   
38 YBN
[09/24/1962 AD] 7 		5656) The semiconductor {SeME-KeN-DuK-TR1 } LASER.2 3 4 A forward biased
Gallium-Arsenide p-n junction emits a monochromatic microwave light.5
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ "semiconductor." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Jun.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/semiconductor
2. ^ Hall, Fenner, Kingsley, Soltys and Carlson, "Coherent Light Emission
From GaAs Junctions", Phys. Rev. Letters, 9 (1962) 366.
http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v9/i9/p366_1 {Carlson_R_O_19620924.pdf}
3. ^ "Charles H. Townes - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 4 Apr 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1964/townes-lecture.html {
Townes_Charles_Hard_19641211.pdf}
4. ^ Dupuis, R.; , "An introduction to the development of the semiconductor
laser," Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of , vol.23, no.6, pp. 651- 657, Jun
1987 doi: 10.1109/JQE.1987.1073450 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1073450&isnumber=23107
{Dupuis_Russell_198706xx.pdf}
5. ^ Hall, Fenner, Kingsley, Soltys and Carlson, "Coherent Light Emission From
GaAs Junctions", Phys. Rev. Letters, 9 (1962) 366.
http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v9/i9/p366_1 {Carlson_R_O_19620924.pdf}
6. ^ Hall, Fenner, Kingsley, Soltys and Carlson, "Coherent Light Emission From
GaAs Junctions", Phys. Rev. Letters, 9 (1962) 366.
http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v9/i9/p366_1 {Carlson_R_O_19620924.pdf}
7. ^ Hall, Fenner, Kingsley, Soltys and Carlson, "Coherent Light Emission From
GaAs Junctions", Phys. Rev. Letters, 9 (1962) 366.
http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v9/i9/p366_1 {Carlson_R_O_19620924.pdf}
{09/24/1962}

MORE INFO
[1] J. I. Pankove and M. Massoulie. "Recombination Radiation in a Gallium
Arsenide P-N Junction," The Electrochem. Soc., Electronics Div. (Abstracts),
vol. 11, pp. 71-75, Spring Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif.; May 6-10, 1962
[2] J. R.
Haynes and H. B. Briggs, "Radiation produced in Germanium and Silicon by
Electron-Hole Recombination.", Physical Review, vol 86, April-June 1952, p647.
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v86/i4/p637_1
[3] William E. Bradley, "Electronic Cooling Device and Method For the
Fabrication Thereof", Patent number: 2898743, Filing date: Jul 23, 1956, Issue
date: Aug 11,
1959. http://www.google.com/patents?id=HEcCAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] Keyes, R.J.; Quist, T.M., "Radiation emitted by gallium arsenide diodes",
Electron Devices, IRE Transactions, 1962, Volume: 9 , Issue: 6,
503. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/srchabstract.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1473258&qu
eryText%3Dkeyes+quist%26openedRefinements%3D*%26sortType%3Dasc_Publication+Year%
26searchField%3DSearch+All
(General Electric Research Laboratory) Schenectady, New York, USA6   
38 YBN
[10/12/1962 AD] 3 		5376) X-ray sources from outside the solar system are observed.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Bruno B. Rossi, Riccardo Giacconi, Herbert Gursky, and Frank R. Paolini,
"Evidence for x Rays From Sources Outside the Solar System", Phys. Rev. Lett.
9, 439–443
(1962). http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v9/i11/p439_1 {Rossi_Bruno_19621012.pd
f}
2. ^ Bruno B. Rossi, Riccardo Giacconi, Herbert Gursky, and Frank R. Paolini,
"Evidence for x Rays From Sources Outside the Solar System", Phys. Rev. Lett.
9, 439–443
(1962). http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v9/i11/p439_1 {Rossi_Bruno_19621012.pd
f}
3. ^ Bruno B. Rossi, Riccardo Giacconi, Herbert Gursky, and Frank R. Paolini,
"Evidence for x Rays From Sources Outside the Solar System", Phys. Rev. Lett.
9, 439–443
(1962). http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v9/i11/p439_1 {Rossi_Bruno_19621012.pd
f} {10/12/1962}

MORE INFO
[1] Bruno Rossi, "On the Magnetic Deflection of Cosmic Rays", Phys. Rev.
36, 606 (1930). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v36/i3/p606_1
[2] Bruno Rossi, "Directional Measurements on the Cosmic Rays Near the
Geomagnetic Equator", Phys. Rev. 45, 212
(1934). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v45/i3/p212_1
[3] Bruno Rossi, "Absorptionsmessungen der durchdringenden Korpuskularstrahlung
in einem Meter Blei", Naturwissenschaften, Volume 20, Number 4, 65, DOI:
10.1007/BF01503771. http://www.springerlink.com/content/qww043l2h7811222/ "Abs
orption measurements of particle radiation penetrating in a meter of lead."
[4] Clark,
George W. "Rossi, Bruno Benedetto." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 24. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 280-285. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830906055&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[5] G. Shearer, "The X-ray Microscope", British Journal of Radiology, (1936),
9, p30-37. http://bjr.birjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/9/97/30
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA2   
38 YBN
[10/26/1962 AD] 6 		6201) Laser writing and reading of data. Data is written to and read from
plastic film.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Wayne R. Johnson, "High Speed, High Density, Optical Recording System",
Patent number: 3154370 Filing date: Oct 26, 1962, Issue date: Oct 27,
1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=H9x0AAAAEBAJ
2. ^ Wayne R. Johnson, "High Speed, High Density, Optical Recording System",
Patent number: 3154370 Filing date: Oct 26, 1962, Issue date: Oct 27,
1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=H9x0AAAAEBAJ
3. ^ Wayne R. Johnson, "High Speed, High Density, Optical Recording System",
Patent number: 3154370 Filing date: Oct 26, 1962, Issue date: Oct 27,
1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=H9x0AAAAEBAJ
4. ^ Wayne R. Johnson, "High Speed, High Density, Optical Recording System",
Patent number: 3154370 Filing date: Oct 26, 1962, Issue date: Oct 27,
1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=H9x0AAAAEBAJ
5. ^ Wayne R. Johnson, "High Speed, High Density, Optical Recording System",
Patent number: 3154370 Filing date: Oct 26, 1962, Issue date: Oct 27,
1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=H9x0AAAAEBAJ
6. ^ Wayne R. Johnson, "High Speed, High Density, Optical Recording System",
Patent number: 3154370 Filing date: Oct 26, 1962, Issue date: Oct 27,
1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=H9x0AAAAEBAJ {10/26/1962}

MORE INFO
[1] Carl H. Becker, "LASER RECORDER WITH VAPORIZABLE FILM", Patent
number: 3314073, Filing date: Oct 20, 1964, Issue date: Apr 11,
1967. http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT3314073
[2] Joseph T. Mcnaney, "SYSTEM FOR EFFECTING TRANSFER OF CATHODE RAY TUBE
DISPLAYS ONTO A RECORD MEDIUM", Patent number: 2898176, Filing date: Aug 26,
1957, Issue date: Aug 4, 1959 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6DsCAAAAEBAJ
[3] David Paul Gregg, "TRANSPARENT RECORDING DISC",
Patent number: 3430966, Filing date: Apr 3, 1967, Issue date: Mar 4,
1969. http://www.google.com/patents?id=H6JnAAAAEBAJ
[4] Jan van der Veen et al, "Optical recording medium and method of optically
recording information thereon", Patent number: 4298975, Filing date: Mar 19,
1979, Issue date: Nov 3,
1981 http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4298975&id=IRcCAAAAEBAJ&o
i=fnd&dq=laser+recording+philips&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=laser%20recording
%20philips&f=false
[5] Charles M. Goldstein, "Optical Disk Technology and Information",
Science, New Series, Vol. 215, No. 4534 (Feb. 12, 1982), pp.
862-868. Published by: American Association for the Advancement of
Science Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1687481
(Winston Research Corporation) Los Angeles, California, USA5   
38 YBN
[1962 AD] 4 		5490) An undersea station where humans live for prolonged periods of time.1 2
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.cousteau.org/technology/conshelf
2. ^ "Jacques-Yves Cousteau." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 14 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/140955/Jacques-Yves-Cousteau>.
3. ^ http://www.cousteau.org/technology/conshelf
4. ^ http://www.cousteau.org/technology/conshelf {1962}

MORE INFO
[1] "aqualung." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 14 Mar. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/aqualung-engineering
[2] Emile Gagnon, Jacques Yves Cousteau, "Compressed Gas Container With
Reducing Valve and Auxillary Opening Means Therefor", Patent number: 2598248,
Filing date: Dec 11, 1946, Issue date: May 27, 1952. Filing Date in France
12/15/1945. http://www.google.com/patents?id=L9RnAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoo
m=4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[3] "SELF-PROPELLED SUBMERSIBLE VESSEL", Patent number: 3103195, Filing date:
Jul 12, 1960, Issue date: Sep 10,
1963. http://www.google.com/patents?id=PWdQAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] "Jacques-Yves Cousteau." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 14 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/jacques-yves-cousteau
[5] "Continental Shelf Station Two". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Shelf_Station_Two
(off coast of) Marseilles, France3   
38 YBN
[1962 AD] 3 		6628) That charged particles are emitted by the Sun in all directions following
the lines of force of the Sun's magnetic field is confirmed.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Parker, E. (1959), Extension of the Solar Corona into Interplanetary
Space, J. Geophys. Res., 64(11), 1675–1681, doi:10.1029/JZ064i011p01675.
http://www.agu.org/journals/ABS/1959/JZ064i011p01675.shtml Parker_Eugene_1959
11xx.pdf}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.886.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p.886.
  
37 YBN
[03/04/1963 AD] 5 		5750) Quasars (quasi-stellar radio sources) are identified;1 2 extragalactic
objects, starlike in appearance and having spectra with characteristically
large redshifts, that are thought to be the most distant and most luminous
objects in the universe.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Matthews, T. A. & Sandage, A. R., "Optical Identification of 3c 48, 3c
196, and 3c 286 with Stellar Objects.", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 138, p.30,
1963ApJ...138...30M http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1963ApJ...138...30M {Sandag
e_Allan_Rex_19630304.pdf}
2. ^ "Allan Rex Sandage." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 02 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/522020/Allan-Rex-Sandage>.
3. ^ "quasar." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 May. 2011.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/quasar>.
4. ^ Matthews, T. A. & Sandage, A. R., "Optical Identification of 3c 48, 3c
196, and 3c 286 with Stellar Objects.", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 138, p.30,
1963ApJ...138...30M http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1963ApJ...138...30M {Sandag
e_Allan_Rex_19630304.pdf}
5. ^ Matthews, T. A. & Sandage, A. R., "Optical Identification of 3c 48, 3c
196, and 3c 286 with Stellar Objects.", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 138, p.30,
1963ApJ...138...30M http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1963ApJ...138...30M {Sandag
e_Allan_Rex_19630304.pdf} {03/04/1963}

MORE INFO
[1] "Allan Rex Sandage." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 15 Apr. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/allan-rex-sandage
(Wilson and Palomar Observatories, Carnegie institute of Washington and
California Institute of Technology) Pasadena, California, USA4   
37 YBN
[06/16/1963 AD] 3 		5602) The first woman to orbit the Earth.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Article?anchor=toc9071753". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/587896/Valentina-Tereshkova/587896main
/Article?anchor=toc9071753
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1963-023A
3. ^ "Article?anchor=toc9071753". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/587896/Valentina-Tereshkova/587896main
/Article?anchor=toc9071753 {06/16/1963}
(Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan (U.S.S.R.)2   
36 YBN
[07/15/1964 AD] 4 		5770) A carbon dioxide laser is invented1 ; the most powerful commercial gas
laser2 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Patel, C. K. N. (1964). "Continuous-Wave Laser Action on
Vibrational-Rotational Transitions of CO2". Physical Review 136 (5A):
A1187–A1193.
doi:10.1103/PhysRev.136.A1187. http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v136/i5A/pA1187
_1
2. ^ "laser." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/330874/laser>.
3. ^ Patel, C. K. N. (1964). "Continuous-Wave Laser Action on
Vibrational-Rotational Transitions of CO2". Physical Review 136 (5A):
A1187–A1193.
doi:10.1103/PhysRev.136.A1187. http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v136/i5A/pA1187
_1
4. ^ Patel, C. K. N. (1964). "Continuous-Wave Laser Action on
Vibrational-Rotational Transitions of CO2". Physical Review 136 (5A):
A1187–A1193.
doi:10.1103/PhysRev.136.A1187. http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v136/i5A/pA1187
_1 {07/15/1964}

MORE INFO
[1] C. K. N. Patel, W. R. Bennett, Jr., W. L. Faust, and R. A. McFarlane,
"Infrared Spectroscopy Using Stimulated Emission Techniques", Phys. Rev. Lett.
9, 102 (1962) http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v9/i3/p102_1
[2] W. L. Faust, R. A. McFarlane, C. K. N. Patel, and C. G. B. Garrett,
"Noble Gas Optical Maser Lines at Wavelengths between 2 and 35 μ", Phys. Rev.
133, A1476 (1964) http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v133/i6A/pA1476_1
(Bell Telephone Laboratories) Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA3   
36 YBN
[12/17/1964 AD] 6 		5585) That a virus inserts its DNA into the DNA of the host cell which makes
the cell a cancer cell that produces more cancer cells is shown.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ R. Dulbecco, L. H. Hartwell, and M. Vogt, "INDUCTION OF CELLULAR DNA
SYNTHESIS BY POLYOMA VIRUS", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1965 February; 53(2):
403–410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC219527/
{Dulbecco_Renato_19641217.pdf}
2. ^ Lionel Crawford, Renato Dulbecco, Mike Fried, Luc Montagnier, and Michael
Stoker, "CELL TRANSFORMATION BY DIFFERENT FORMS OF POLYOMA VIRUS DNA", Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1964 July; 52(1): 148–152.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC300587/ {Dulbecco_Renato_19640511
.pdf}
3. ^ "Renato Dulbecco." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Mar. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/renato-dulbecco
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p849.
5. ^ R. Dulbecco, L. H.
Hartwell, and M. Vogt, "INDUCTION OF CELLULAR DNA SYNTHESIS BY POLYOMA VIRUS",
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1965 February; 53(2): 403–410.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC219527/
{Dulbecco_Renato_19641217.pdf}
6. ^ R. Dulbecco, L. H. Hartwell, and M. Vogt, "INDUCTION OF CELLULAR DNA
SYNTHESIS BY POLYOMA VIRUS", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1965 February; 53(2):
403–410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC219527/
{Dulbecco_Renato_19641217.pdf} {12/17/1964}
(The Salk Institute For Biological Studies) San Diego, California, USA5   
36 YBN
[1964 AD] 6 		3980) The liquid crystal display (LCD),2 which uses less electricity, weighs
less, and is thinner than a Cathode Ray Tube display.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ George H. Heilmeier, "Liquid crystal displays: An experiment in
interdisciplinary research that worked", vol 23, Num 7, July
1976. http://ucelinks.cdlib.org:8888/sfx_local?sid=google&auinit=GH&aulast=Heil
meier&atitle=Liquid+crystal+displays:+An+experiment+in+interdisciplinary+researc
h+that+worked&title=IEEE+transactions+on+electron+devices&volume=23&issue=7&date
=1976&spage=780&issn=0018-9383 {Heilmeier_George_LCD_1976.pdf}
2. ^ George H. Heilmeier, "Liquid crystal displays: An experiment in
interdisciplinary research that worked", vol 23, Num 7, July
1976. http://ucelinks.cdlib.org:8888/sfx_local?sid=google&auinit=GH&aulast=Heil
meier&atitle=Liquid+crystal+displays:+An+experiment+in+interdisciplinary+researc
h+that+worked&title=IEEE+transactions+on+electron+devices&volume=23&issue=7&date
=1976&spage=780&issn=0018-9383 {Heilmeier_George_LCD_1976.pdf}
3. ^ George H. Heilmeier, "Liquid crystal displays: An experiment in
interdisciplinary research that worked", vol 23, Num 7, July
1976. http://ucelinks.cdlib.org:8888/sfx_local?sid=google&auinit=GH&aulast=Heil
meier&atitle=Liquid+crystal+displays:+An+experiment+in+interdisciplinary+researc
h+that+worked&title=IEEE+transactions+on+electron+devices&volume=23&issue=7&date
=1976&spage=780&issn=0018-9383 {Heilmeier_George_LCD_1976.pdf}
4. ^ George H. Heilmeier, "Liquid crystal displays: An experiment in
interdisciplinary research that worked", vol 23, Num 7, July
1976. http://ucelinks.cdlib.org:8888/sfx_local?sid=google&auinit=GH&aulast=Heil
meier&atitle=Liquid+crystal+displays:+An+experiment+in+interdisciplinary+researc
h+that+worked&title=IEEE+transactions+on+electron+devices&volume=23&issue=7&date
=1976&spage=780&issn=0018-9383 {Heilmeier_George_LCD_1976.pdf}
5. ^
http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/RCA_Laboratories_at_Princeton,_New_Jersey
6. ^ George H. Heilmeier, "Liquid crystal displays: An experiment in
interdisciplinary research that worked", vol 23, Num 7, July
1976. http://ucelinks.cdlib.org:8888/sfx_local?sid=google&auinit=GH&aulast=Heil
meier&atitle=Liquid+crystal+displays:+An+experiment+in+interdisciplinary+researc
h+that+worked&title=IEEE+transactions+on+electron+devices&volume=23&issue=7&date
=1976&spage=780&issn=0018-9383 {Heilmeier_George_LCD_1976.pdf} {1964}
RCA Labs4 , Princeton, New Jersey, USA5   
35 YBN
[01/08/1965 AD] 4 		5719) The first sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid are determined.1 2
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ Robert W. Holley, Jean Apgar, George A. Everett, James T. Madison, Mark
Marquisee, Susan H. Merrill, John Robert Penswick and Ada Zamir, "Structure of
a Ribonucleic Acid", Science, New Series, Vol. 147, No. 3664 (Mar. 19, 1965),
pp. 1462-1465. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1715055
{Holley_Robert_William_19650108.pdf}
2. ^ "Robert William Holley." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 24 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/269391/Robert-William-Holley>.
3. ^ Robert W. Holley, Jean Apgar, George A. Everett, James T. Madison, Mark
Marquisee, Susan H. Merrill, John Robert Penswick and Ada Zamir, "Structure of
a Ribonucleic Acid", Science, New Series, Vol. 147, No. 3664 (Mar. 19, 1965),
pp. 1462-1465. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1715055
{Holley_Robert_William_19650108.pdf}
4. ^ Robert W. Holley, Jean Apgar, George A. Everett, James T. Madison, Mark
Marquisee, Susan H. Merrill, John Robert Penswick and Ada Zamir, "Structure of
a Ribonucleic Acid", Science, New Series, Vol. 147, No. 3664 (Mar. 19, 1965),
pp. 1462-1465. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1715055
{Holley_Robert_William_19650108.pdf} {01/08/1965}

MORE INFO
[1] Jean Apgar, Robert W. Holley, and Susan H. Merrill, "Purification of
the Alanine-, Valine-, Histidine-, and Tyrosine-acceptor Ribonucleic Acids from
Yeast", March 1, 1962 The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 237, 796-802.
http://www.jbc.org/content/237/3/796.full.pdf+html
[2] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968". Nobelprize.org. 24 Apr
2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/
[3] "Robert W. Holley." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 24 Apr. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/holley-robert-william
(Cornell University) Ithaca, New York, USA3   
35 YBN
[05/13/1965 AD] 5 		5797) The finding of "background radiation" and the claim that this supports
the "Big Bang" expanding universe theory.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Penzias, A. A. & Wilson, R. W., "A Measurement of Excess Antenna
Temperature at 4080 Mc/s.", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 142,
p.419-421. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1965ApJ...142..419P {Penzia
s_Arno_19650513.pdf}
2. ^ Dicke, R. H., Peebles, P. J. E., Roll, P. G., & Wilkinson, D. T., "Cosmic
Black-Body Radiation.", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 142,
p.414-419. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1965ApJ...142..414D {Dicke_
Robert_H_19650507.pdf}
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.895, 897.
4. ^ Penzias, A. A. &
Wilson, R. W., "A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s.",
Astrophysical Journal, vol. 142,
p.419-421. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1965ApJ...142..419P {Penzia
s_Arno_19650513.pdf}
5. ^ Penzias, A. A. & Wilson, R. W., "A Measurement of Excess Antenna
Temperature at 4080 Mc/s.", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 142,
p.419-421. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1965ApJ...142..419P {Penzia
s_Arno_19650513.pdf} {05/13/1965}
(Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.) Crawford Hill, Holmdel, New Jersey, USA4
  
35 YBN
[06/05/1965 AD] 5 6 		5714) Two "termination" codons (nucleotide triplets1 ) (UAG and UAA) are
identified as signals in messenger RNA for terminating a polypeptide chain.2 3

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "codon." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/codon
2. ^ S. BRENNER, A. O. W. STRETTON & S. KAPLAN, "Genetic Code: The 'Nonsense'
Triplets for Chain Termination and their Suppression", Nature, 5 June 1965 Vol
206 No 4988
p994. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v206/n4988/index.html {Kaplan_Samue
l_19650605.pdf}
3. ^ Spirin, A.S. Ribosomes. Springer, 1999. Cellular Organelles,
p261. http://books.google.com/books?id=Rpu4L98Yd7MC&pg=PA261
4. ^ S. BRENNER, A. O. W. STRETTON & S. KAPLAN, "Genetic Code: The 'Nonsense'
Triplets for Chain Termination and their Suppression", Nature, 5 June 1965 Vol
206 No 4988
p994. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v206/n4988/index.html {Kaplan_Samue
l_19650605.pdf}
5. ^ MARTIN G. WEIGERT & ALAN GAREN, "Base Composition of Nonsense Condons in
E. coli: Evidence from Amino-Acid Substitutions at a Tryptophan Site in
Alkaline Phosphatase", Nature, 5 June 1965 Vol 206 No 4988
p992. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v206/n4988/index.html {Garen_Alan_1
9650605.pdf} {06/05/1965}
6. ^ S. BRENNER, A. O. W. STRETTON & S. KAPLAN, "Genetic Code: The
'Nonsense' Triplets for Chain Termination and their Suppression", Nature, 5
June 1965 Vol 206 No 4988
p994. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v206/n4988/index.html {Kaplan_Samue
l_19650605.pdf} {06/05/1965}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://books.google.com/books?id=UzYiLVvaNwYC&pg=PA298&lpg=PA298&dq=sydney+brenn
er+kaplan+dna&source=bl&ots=79OjKisgG8&sig=44I6pHU-WqY7dyJKuMfTMpAPu8g&hl=en&ei=
M9SzTei3KI66sQPa1M3wCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&sqi=2&ved=0CEkQ6AE
wBQ
(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England4   
35 YBN
[07/14/1965 AD] 6 		5615) The first ship to reach Mars and to return images of the surface;3 the
first images of another planet ever returned from deep space.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A
6. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A
{07/14/1965}
Planet Mars5   
35 YBN
[1965 AD] 2 		6276) A head-mounted computer display (for virtual reality).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.zakros.com/ucb/histS99/Notes/Class6/Class6.html
2. ^ http://www.zakros.com/ucb/histS99/Notes/Class6/Class6.html {1965}
  
34 YBN
[02/03/1966 AD] 3 		5616) The first ship from Earth to make a soft landing on another world (the
Moon), and the first ship to return images from the surface of another world.1

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1966-006A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1966-006A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1966-006A {02/03/1966}
Moon of Earth2   
34 YBN
[03/01/1966 AD] 6 		5613) The first ship to impact a different planet; planet Venus.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1965-092A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1965-092A
3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1965-092A
4. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1965-092A
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1965-092A
6. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1965-092A
{03/01/1966}
Planet Venus5   
34 YBN
[04/04/1966 AD] 5 		5599) The first ship to orbit a body beyond the Earth; the Moon.2 The ship
turns around 8000 km (or 5000 miles) from the Moon, fires its rockets to slow
down, and enters lunar orbit.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1966-027A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1966-027A
3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1966-027A
4. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1966-027A
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1966-027A {04/04/1966}

MORE INFO
[1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-012A
[2]
http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/10/dayintech_1007#
[3] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html
[4] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A
[5] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1959-008A
(Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.4   
33 YBN
[04/03/1967 AD] 3 		6202) Laser writing to a disk.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ David Paul Gregg, "TRANSPARENT RECORDING DISC", Patent number: 3430966,
Filing date: Apr 3, 1967, Issue date: Mar 4,
1969. http://www.google.com/patents?id=H6JnAAAAEBAJ
2. ^ David Paul Gregg, "TRANSPARENT RECORDING DISC", Patent number: 3430966,
Filing date: Apr 3, 1967, Issue date: Mar 4,
1969. http://www.google.com/patents?id=H6JnAAAAEBAJ
3. ^ David Paul Gregg, "TRANSPARENT RECORDING DISC", Patent number: 3430966,
Filing date: Apr 3, 1967, Issue date: Mar 4,
1969. http://www.google.com/patents?id=H6JnAAAAEBAJ {04/03/1967}

MORE INFO
[1] http://inventors.about.com/od/ofamousinventions/a/Optical_Disk.htm
[2] Bricot, C.; Lehureau, J.C.; Puech, C.; Le Carvennec, F.; ,
"Optical Readout of Videodisc," Consumer Electronics, IEEE Transactions on ,
vol.CE-22, no.4, pp.304-308, Nov. 1976 doi: 10.1109/TCE.1976.266827 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4042892&isnumber=4042879

[3] Lou, D.; Zernike, F.; Kenney, G.; Chan, A.; Janssen, P.; McFarlane, R.;
Wagner, J.; , "A prototype optical disk recorder," Quantum Electronics, IEEE
Journal of , vol.13, no.9, pp. 827, Sep 1977 doi:
10.1109/JQE.1977.1069481 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1069481&isnumber=22976
[4] W Barrett, "Developments in optical disc technology and the implications
for information storage and retrieval", The British Library Research &
Development Reports #5623, 1981 {Barrett_198106xx.pdf}
(Gauss Electrophysics, Inc), Santa Monica, California, USA2   
33 YBN
[12/03/1967 AD] 3 4 		5725) The first successful heart transplant.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Barnard, "A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful
operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town", SAMJ. South African
medical journal, (1967) volume: 41 page:
1271 http://archive.samj.org.za/index.php?path=/1967%20VOL%20XLI%20Jul-Dec/Arti
cles/12%20December {Barnard_Christiaan_Neethling.pdf}
2. ^ Barnard, "A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful
operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town", SAMJ. South African
medical journal, (1967) volume: 41 page:
1271 http://archive.samj.org.za/index.php?path=/1967%20VOL%20XLI%20Jul-Dec/Arti
cles/12%20December {Barnard_Christiaan_Neethling.pdf}
3. ^ Barnard, "A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful
operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town", SAMJ. South African
medical journal, (1967) volume: 41 page:
1271 http://archive.samj.org.za/index.php?path=/1967%20VOL%20XLI%20Jul-Dec/Arti
cles/12%20December {Barnard_Christiaan_Neethling.pdf} {12/03/1967}
4. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.877-878. {12/03/1967}
(University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital) Cape Town, South Africa2
  
33 YBN
[1967 AD] 3 		5341) Tissue compatibility is found to be determined by specific genes.1
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p557.
2. ^ Snell, "Histocompatibility genes of
mice VII. H-13, a new histocompatibility locus in the fifth linkage group",
Transplantation, (1967), volume: 5 issue: 3 page:
492. http://journals.lww.com/transplantjournal/abstract/1967/05000/histocompati
bility_genes_of_mice_vii__h_13,_a_new.11.aspx {Snell_George_D_19661114.pdf}
3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan
Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991,
p557. {1967}

MORE INFO
[1] Snell, "The H-2 locus of the mouse: observations and speculations
concerning its comparative genetics and its polymorphism.", Folia biologica,
(1968) volume: 14 issue: 5 page: 335 -58
(Oak Ridge National Laboratory) Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA2   
33 YBN
[1967 AD] 3 4 		5845) The first handheld calculator.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://education.ti.com/educationportal/sites/US/nonProductSingle/about_press_re
lease_news37.html
2. ^ "Texas Instruments." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language
Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/texas-instruments
3. ^
http://education.ti.com/educationportal/sites/US/nonProductSingle/about_press_re
lease_news37.html {1967}
4. ^ "Texas Instruments." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia.
Computer Language Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/texas-instruments {1967}

MORE INFO
[1] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p567
(Texas Instruments) Dallas, Texas, USA2   
33 YBN
[1967 AD] 2 		6344) The theory that a chip inside the body could enable radio communication
of sound to and from thought.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Theodore Flicker, "The President's Analyst", Paramount Pictures,
1967. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUa3np4CKC4&feature=player_embedded#!
2. ^ Theodore Flicker, "The President's Analyst", Paramount Pictures,
1967. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUa3np4CKC4&feature=player_embedded#!
  
32 YBN
[01/29/1968 AD] 3 		6501) Direct neuron writing to the eye screen using an implanted electronic
device.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ G. Brindley, W. Lewin (1968). "The sensation produced by electrical
stimulation of the visual cortex". Journal of Physiology 196:
479–93. http://jp.physoc.org/content/196/2/479.full.pdf
2. ^ G. Brindley, W. Lewin (1968). "The sensation produced by electrical
stimulation of the visual cortex". Journal of Physiology 196:
479–93. http://jp.physoc.org/content/196/2/479.full.pdf
3. ^ G. Brindley, W. Lewin (1968). "The sensation produced by electrical
stimulation of the visual cortex". Journal of Physiology 196:
479–93. http://jp.physoc.org/content/196/2/479.full.pdf
(Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge and the Department of
Neurological Surgery and Neurology, United Cambridge Hospitals) Cambridge,
England2   
32 YBN
[02/09/1968 AD] 8 		5739) Pulsars, stars that emit regularly timed bursts of radio light with a
small interval, are identified.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ A. HEWISH, S. J. BELL, J. D. H. PILKINGTON, P. F. SCOTT, R. A. COLLINS,
"Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source", Nature 217, 709-713 (24
February 1968)
doi:10.1038/217709a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v217/n5130/abs/217709
a0.html {Hewish_Antony_19680209.pdf}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.880-881.
3. ^ "Antony Hewish."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2011. Web. 30 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/264514/Antony-Hewish>.
4. ^ A. HEWISH, S. J. BELL, J. D. H. PILKINGTON, P. F. SCOTT, R. A. COLLINS,
"Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source", Nature 217, 709-713 (24
February 1968)
doi:10.1038/217709a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v217/n5130/abs/217709
a0.html {Hewish_Antony_19680209.pdf}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.880-881.
6. ^ "Antony Hewish."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2011. Web. 30 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/264514/Antony-Hewish>.
7. ^ A. HEWISH, S. J. BELL, J. D. H. PILKINGTON, P. F. SCOTT, R. A. COLLINS,
"Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source", Nature 217, 709-713 (24
February 1968)
doi:10.1038/217709a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v217/n5130/abs/217709
a0.html {Hewish_Antony_19680209.pdf}
8. ^ A. HEWISH, S. J. BELL, J. D. H. PILKINGTON, P. F. SCOTT, R. A. COLLINS,
"Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source", Nature 217, 709-713 (24
February 1968)
doi:10.1038/217709a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v217/n5130/abs/217709
a0.html {Hewish_Antony_19680209.pdf} {02/09/1968}

MORE INFO
[1] "Pulsar". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
(Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England7   
32 YBN
[02/27/1968 AD] 4 		5759) A multi-wire solid-state particle detector increases the speed of
particle detection.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ G. Charpak, R. Bouclier, T. Bressani, J. Favier, C. Zupancic, "The use of
multiwire proportional counters to select and localize charged particles",
Nuclear Instruments and Methods, Volume 62, Issue 3, 1 July 1968, Pages
262-268, ISSN 0029-554X, DOI:
10.1016/0029-554X(68)90371-6. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B73D
N-471XD1F-CJ/2/71c9ab633c73f6dbb74ef64e572ad93f {Charpak_Georges_19680227.pdf}
2. ^ "Georges Charpak." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/107627/Georges-Charpak>.
3. ^ G. Charpak, R. Bouclier, T. Bressani, J. Favier, C. Zupancic, "The use of
multiwire proportional counters to select and localize charged particles",
Nuclear Instruments and Methods, Volume 62, Issue 3, 1 July 1968, Pages
262-268, ISSN 0029-554X, DOI:
10.1016/0029-554X(68)90371-6. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B73D
N-471XD1F-CJ/2/71c9ab633c73f6dbb74ef64e572ad93f {Charpak_Georges_19680227.pdf}
4. ^ G. Charpak, R. Bouclier, T. Bressani, J. Favier, C. Zupancic, "The use of
multiwire proportional counters to select and localize charged particles",
Nuclear Instruments and Methods, Volume 62, Issue 3, 1 July 1968, Pages
262-268, ISSN 0029-554X, DOI:
10.1016/0029-554X(68)90371-6. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B73D
N-471XD1F-CJ/2/71c9ab633c73f6dbb74ef64e572ad93f {Charpak_Georges_19680227.pdf}
{02/27/1968}
(CERN) Geneva, Switzerland3   
32 YBN
[12/24/1968 AD] 3 		5604) The first humans to orbit the moon.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1968-118A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1968-118A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1968-118A {12/24/1968}
Moon of Earth2   
31 YBN
[03/21/1969 AD] 6 		5776) The first known structure of an antibody is determined; a protein
molecule containing 1330 amino acids.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Gerald M. Edelman, Bruce A. Cunningham, W. Einar Gall, Paul D. Gottlieb,
Urs Rutishauser, and Myron J. Waxdal, "THE COVALENT STRUCTURE OF AN ENTIRE γG
IMMUNOGLOBULIN MOLECULE", PNAS May 1, 1969 vol. 63 no. 1 78-85
http://www.pnas.org/content/63/1/78.short {Edelman_Gerald
Maurice_19690321.pdf}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.889.
3. ^ "Gerald Maurice Edelman."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2011. Web. 09 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/178959/Gerald-Maurice-Edelman>.
4. ^ Gerald M. Edelman, Bruce A. Cunningham, W. Einar Gall, Paul D. Gottlieb,
Urs Rutishauser, and Myron J. Waxdal, "THE COVALENT STRUCTURE OF AN ENTIRE γG
IMMUNOGLOBULIN MOLECULE", PNAS May 1, 1969 vol. 63 no. 1 78-85
http://www.pnas.org/content/63/1/78.short {Edelman_Gerald
Maurice_19690321.pdf}
5. ^ "Gerald Maurice Edelman." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 09 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/178959/Gerald-Maurice-Edelman>.
6. ^ Gerald M. Edelman, Bruce A. Cunningham, W. Einar Gall, Paul D. Gottlieb,
Urs Rutishauser, and Myron J. Waxdal, "THE COVALENT STRUCTURE OF AN ENTIRE γG
IMMUNOGLOBULIN MOLECULE", PNAS May 1, 1969 vol. 63 no. 1 78-85
http://www.pnas.org/content/63/1/78.short {Edelman_Gerald
Maurice_19690321.pdf} {03/21/1969}
(The Rockefeller University) New York City, New York, USA4 5   
31 YBN
[07/21/1969 AD] 8 		655) Humans land and walk on the surface of the moon of Earth.5
The first
crewed vehicle to land on the Moon. Two humans spend about 21 hours on the moon
and return 8 days after lift off.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.892.
7. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C
8. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C
{07/21/1969} {Armstrong walks on Moon on:) 07/21/1969}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMINSD7MmT4
Moon of Earth7   
31 YBN
[09/15/1969 AD] 12 		5753) A DNA molecule is broken with an enzyme; ("restriction enzymes").6 7 8 9
10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Smith, H. 0. & Wilcox, K. W. (1969). Fed.Proc. 28, 465.
2. ^ Hamilton O.
Smith, K. W. Welcox, A Restriction enzyme from Hemophilus influenzae : I.
Purification and general properties, Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 51,
Issue 2, 28 July 1970, Pages 379-391, ISSN 0022-2836, DOI:
10.1016/0022-2836(70)90149-X. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W
K7-4DM0XG8-4B/2/8311e74ce9394a10f0307ba6aac6f0d1) {Smith_Hamilton_O_19690915.pd
f}
3. ^ Thomas J. Kelly Jr., Hamilton O. Smith, A restriction enzyme from
Hemophilus influenzae : II. Base sequence of the recognition site, Journal of
Molecular Biology, Volume 51, Issue 2, 28 July 1970, Pages 393-409, ISSN
0022-2836, DOI:
10.1016/0022-2836(70)90150-6. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W
K7-4DM0XG8-4C/2/e72b69d6b9adac3ce561df0c581747e3) {Smith_Hamilton_O_19700218.pd
f}
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.887,893.
5. ^ "Hamilton Othanel
Smith." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549744/Hamilton-Othanel-Smith>.
6. ^ Smith, H. 0. & Wilcox, K. W. (1969). Fed.Proc. 28, 465.
7. ^ Hamilton O. Smith,
K. W. Welcox, A Restriction enzyme from Hemophilus influenzae : I. Purification
and general properties, Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 51, Issue 2, 28
July 1970, Pages 379-391, ISSN 0022-2836, DOI:
10.1016/0022-2836(70)90149-X. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W
K7-4DM0XG8-4B/2/8311e74ce9394a10f0307ba6aac6f0d1) {Smith_Hamilton_O_19690915.pd
f}
8. ^ Thomas J. Kelly Jr., Hamilton O. Smith, A restriction enzyme from
Hemophilus influenzae : II. Base sequence of the recognition site, Journal of
Molecular Biology, Volume 51, Issue 2, 28 July 1970, Pages 393-409, ISSN
0022-2836, DOI:
10.1016/0022-2836(70)90150-6. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W
K7-4DM0XG8-4C/2/e72b69d6b9adac3ce561df0c581747e3) {Smith_Hamilton_O_19700218.pd
f}
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.887,893.
10. ^ "Hamilton Othanel
Smith." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549744/Hamilton-Othanel-Smith>.
11. ^ Hamilton O. Smith, K. W. Welcox, A Restriction enzyme from Hemophilus
influenzae : I. Purification and general properties, Journal of Molecular
Biology, Volume 51, Issue 2, 28 July 1970, Pages 379-391, ISSN 0022-2836, DOI:
10.1016/0022-2836(70)90149-X. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W
K7-4DM0XG8-4B/2/8311e74ce9394a10f0307ba6aac6f0d1) {Smith_Hamilton_O_19690915.pd
f}
12. ^ Hamilton O. Smith, K. W. Welcox, A Restriction enzyme from Hemophilus
influenzae : I. Purification and general properties, Journal of Molecular
Biology, Volume 51, Issue 2, 28 July 1970, Pages 379-391, ISSN 0022-2836, DOI:
10.1016/0022-2836(70)90149-X. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W
K7-4DM0XG8-4B/2/8311e74ce9394a10f0307ba6aac6f0d1) {Smith_Hamilton_O_19690915.pd
f} {09/15/1969}

MORE INFO
[1] W Arber, and S Linn, "DNA Modification and Restriction", Annual
Review of Biochemistry, Vol. 38: 467-500 (Volume publication date July 1969),
DOI:
10.1146/annurev.bi.38.070169.002343 http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.114
6/annurev.bi.38.070169.002343
[2] Werner Arber, "Host-controlled modification of bacteriophage", Annual
review of microbiology, (1965) volume: 19 issue: 1 page:
365. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.mi.19.100165.002053
[3] Matthew Meselson and Robert Yuan, "DNA restriction enzyme from E. coli",
Nature, (1968) volume: 217 issue: 5134 page:
1110. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v217/n5134/abs/2171110a0.html
(Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine) Baltimore, Maryland, USA11
  
31 YBN
[1969 AD] 3 		5840) A walking robot that uses pneumatic (air-filled) rubber artificial
muscles.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.humanoid.waseda.ac.jp/booklet/kato_4.html
2. ^ http://www.waseda.jp/eng/campus/map.html
3. ^ http://www.humanoid.waseda.ac.jp/booklet/kato_4.html {1969}
(Waseda Univerity) Tokyo, Japan2   
31 YBN
[1969 AD] 8 		5851) The Internet (people use computers to communicate over the telephone wire
network).5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "ARPAnet." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc.,
2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/arpanet
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ "ARPAnet." Computer Desktop
Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/arpanet
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ "ARPAnet." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language
Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/arpanet
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
7. ^ "Internet." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 30 May. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/internet
8. ^ "ARPAnet." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc.,
2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/arpanet {1969}
(University of California at Los Angeles) Los Angeles, California,
USA|(Stanford Research Institute) Stanford, California, USA|(University of
California Santa Barbara) Santa Barbara, California, USA|(University of Utah)
Salt Lake City, Utah, USA7   
30 YBN
[01/29/1970 AD] 12 		5836) The digital electronic camera.7 8 9

The Charged Coupled Device (or CCD); an electronic memory that can be charged
by light.10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ W. S. Boyle and G. E. Smith (April 1970). "Charge Coupled Semiconductor
Devices". Bell System Technical Journal 49 (4): 587–593.
http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol49-1970/articles/bstj49-4-587.pdf {Smit
h_George_E_19700129.pdf}
2. ^ G. F. Amelio, M. F. Tompsett, and G. E. Smith, "Experimental Verification
of the Charge Coupled Device Concept", Bell Sys. Tech. J., 49, 593,
(1970). http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol49-1970/articles/bstj49-4-593.pdf
} {Smith_George_E_19700205.pdf}
3. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bldigitalcamera.htm
4. ^ W. S. Boyle and G. E. Smith (April 1970). "Charge Coupled
Semiconductor Devices". Bell System Technical Journal 49 (4): 587–593.
http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol49-1970/articles/bstj49-4-587.pdf {Smit
h_George_E_19700129.pdf}
5. ^ G. F. Amelio, M. F. Tompsett, and G. E. Smith, "Experimental Verification
of the Charge Coupled Device Concept", Bell Sys. Tech. J., 49, 593,
(1970). http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol49-1970/articles/bstj49-4-593.pdf
} {Smith_George_E_19700205.pdf}
6. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bldigitalcamera.htm
7. ^ W. S. Boyle and G. E. Smith (April 1970). "Charge Coupled
Semiconductor Devices". Bell System Technical Journal 49 (4): 587–593.
http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol49-1970/articles/bstj49-4-587.pdf {Smit
h_George_E_19700129.pdf}
8. ^ G. F. Amelio, M. F. Tompsett, and G. E. Smith, "Experimental Verification
of the Charge Coupled Device Concept", Bell Sys. Tech. J., 49, 593,
(1970). http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol49-1970/articles/bstj49-4-593.pdf
} {Smith_George_E_19700205.pdf}
9. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bldigitalcamera.htm
10. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/CCD.htm
11. ^ W. S. Boyle and G. E. Smith (April 1970). "Charge Coupled
Semiconductor Devices". Bell System Technical Journal 49 (4): 587–593.
http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol49-1970/articles/bstj49-4-587.pdf {Smit
h_George_E_19700129.pdf}
12. ^ W. S. Boyle and G. E. Smith (April 1970). "Charge Coupled Semiconductor
Devices". Bell System Technical Journal 49 (4): 587–593.
http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol49-1970/articles/bstj49-4-587.pdf {Smit
h_George_E_19700129.pdf} {01/29/1970}

MORE INFO
[1] "Willard S. Boyle - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 29 May 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/boyle-lecture.html
{Boyle_Willard_S_20091208.pdf
[2] Jeffrey, Davene. "Willard Boyle, Nova Scotian Nobel Prize winner, dies at
86". The Chronicle Herald.ca. http://thechronicleherald.ca/Front/1242428.html.
Retrieved 9 May 2011
(Bell Telephone Laboratories) Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA11   
30 YBN
[06/16/1970 AD] 11 		5716) Two DNA molecules are combined using an enzyme (ligase {lI-GAS6 }).7
Using this enzyme, the first artificial gene is synthesized from DNA segments;
the gene for a tRNA molecule.8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ K. L. AGARWAL, H. BÜCHI, M. H. CARUTHERS, N. GUPTA, H. G. KHORANA, K.
KLEPPE, A. KUMAR, E. OHTSUKA, U. L. RAJBHANDARY, J. H. VAN DE SANDE, V.
SGARAMELLA, H. WEBER & T. YAMADA, "Total synthesis of the gene for an alanine
transfer ribonucleic acid from yeast", Nature 227, 27 - 34 (04 July 1970);
doi:10.1038/227027a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v227/n5253/abs/227027
a0.html {Khorana_Har_Gobind_19700616.pdf}
2. ^ "Har Gobind Khorana." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 24 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316846/Har-Gobind-Khorana>.
3. ^ V. Sgaramella, J. H. van de Sande, and H. G. Khorana, "Studies on
Polynucleotides, C. A Novel Joining Reaction Catalyzed by the T4-Polynucleotide
Ligase", PNAS November 1, 1970 vol. 67 no. 3 1468-1475
http://www.pnas.org/content/67/3/1468.short {Khorana_Har_Gobind_19700831.pdf}

4. ^ K. L. AGARWAL, H. BÜCHI, M. H. CARUTHERS, N. GUPTA, H. G. KHORANA, K.
KLEPPE, A. KUMAR, E. OHTSUKA, U. L. RAJBHANDARY, J. H. VAN DE SANDE, V.
SGARAMELLA, H. WEBER & T. YAMADA , "Total synthesis of the gene for an alanine
transfer ribonucleic acid from yeast", Nature 227, 27 - 34 (04 July 1970);
doi:10.1038/227027a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v227/n5253/abs/227027
a0.html {Khorana_Har_Gobind_19700616.pdf}
5. ^ "Har Gobind Khorana." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 24 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316846/Har-Gobind-Khorana>.
6. ^ "ligase." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ligase
7. ^ V. Sgaramella, J. H. van de Sande, and H. G. Khorana, "Studies on
Polynucleotides, C. A Novel Joining Reaction Catalyzed by the T4-Polynucleotide
Ligase", PNAS November 1, 1970 vol. 67 no. 3 1468-1475
http://www.pnas.org/content/67/3/1468.short {Khorana_Har_Gobind_19700831.pdf}

8. ^ K. L. AGARWAL, H. BÜCHI, M. H. CARUTHERS, N. GUPTA, H. G. KHORANA, K.
KLEPPE, A. KUMAR, E. OHTSUKA, U. L. RAJBHANDARY, J. H. VAN DE SANDE, V.
SGARAMELLA, H. WEBER & T. YAMADA , "Total synthesis of the gene for an alanine
transfer ribonucleic acid from yeast", Nature 227, 27 - 34 (04 July 1970);
doi:10.1038/227027a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v227/n5253/abs/227027
a0.html {Khorana_Har_Gobind_19700616.pdf}
9. ^ "Har Gobind Khorana." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 24 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316846/Har-Gobind-Khorana>.
10. ^ K. L. AGARWAL, H. BÜCHI, M. H. CARUTHERS, N. GUPTA, H. G. KHORANA, K.
KLEPPE, A. KUMAR, E. OHTSUKA, U. L. RAJBHANDARY, J. H. VAN DE SANDE, V.
SGARAMELLA, H. WEBER & T. YAMADA , "Total synthesis of the gene for an alanine
transfer ribonucleic acid from yeast", Nature 227, 27 - 34 (04 July 1970);
doi:10.1038/227027a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v227/n5253/abs/227027
a0.html {Khorana_Har_Gobind_19700616.pdf}
11. ^ K. L. AGARWAL, H. BÜCHI, M. H. CARUTHERS, N. GUPTA, H. G. KHORANA, K.
KLEPPE, A. KUMAR, E. OHTSUKA, U. L. RAJBHANDARY, J. H. VAN DE SANDE, V.
SGARAMELLA, H. WEBER & T. YAMADA , "Total synthesis of the gene for an alanine
transfer ribonucleic acid from yeast", Nature 227, 27 - 34 (04 July 1970);
doi:10.1038/227027a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v227/n5253/abs/227027
a0.html {Khorana_Har_Gobind_19700616.pdf} {06/16/1970}

MORE INFO
[1] "Har Gobind Khorana." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 24 Apr. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/har-gobind-khorana
[2] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968". Nobelprize.org. 24 Apr
2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/
[3] "H. Gobind Khorana - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 24 Apr 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/khorana-lecture.html
[4] R. Lohrmann, D. Söll, H. Hayatsu, E. Ohtsuka, H. G. Khorana, "Studies on
Polynucleotides. LI. Syntheses of the 64 Possible Ribotrinucleotides Derived
from the Four Major Ribomononucleotides", Khorand, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 88, 819
(1966) http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja00956a039
[5] H.G.Khorana, H.Büchi, T.M. Jacob, H.Kössel, S.A.Narang and E.Ohtsuka,
"Studies on Polynucleotides. LXI.' Polynucleotide Synthesis in Relation to the
Genetic Code. General Introduction" J. Am.Chem.Soc., 89 (1967)
2154. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja00985a031
[6] H. G. Khorana, Federation Proc., 24, 1473 (1965)
[7] H. Kössel, A. R. Morgan and
H. G. Khorana, "Studies on polynucleotides: LXXIII. Synthesis in vitro of
polypeptides containing repeating tetrapeptide sequences dependent upon
DNA-like polymers containing repeating tetranucleotide sequences: Direction of
reading of messenger RNA", Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 26, Issue 3, 28
June 1967, Pages
449-475. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4DM1GS1
-13&_user=4422&_coverDate=06%2F28%2F1967&_alid=1728726947&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_ori
g=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor
=&view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=4856df
9c96658f9c5733d2b24ae007f7&searchtype=a
[8] S. BRENNER, A. O. W. STRETTON & S. KAPLAN, "Genetic Code: The 'Nonsense'
Triplets for Chain Termination and their Suppression", Nature, 5 June 1965 Vol
206 No 4988 p994. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v206/n4988/index.html
[9] MARTIN G. WEIGERT & ALAN GAREN, "Base Composition of Nonsense
Condons in E. coli: Evidence from Amino-Acid Substitutions at a Tryptophan Site
in Alkaline Phosphatase", Nature, 5 June 1965 Vol 206 No 4988
p992. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v206/n4988/index.html
[10] "kinase." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/kinase
(University of Wisconsin) Madison, Wisconsin, USA10   
30 YBN
[09/08/1970 AD] 5 		5574) A protein with the same amino acid sequence as the human growth hormone
is synthesized and displays growth-promoting activity.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Choh Hao Li, Donald Yamashiro, "Synthesis of a protein possessing
growth-promoting and lactogenic activities", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1970, 92 (26),
pp
7608–7609. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja00729a028 {Li_Choh_Hao_1970
0908.pdf}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p846-847.
3. ^
http://www.nap.edu/readingroom.php?book=biomems&page=cli.html
4. ^ Choh Hao Li, Donald Yamashiro, "Synthesis of a protein possessing
growth-promoting and lactogenic activities", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1970, 92 (26),
pp
7608–7609. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja00729a028 {Li_Choh_Hao_1970
0908.pdf}
5. ^ Choh Hao Li, Donald Yamashiro, "Synthesis of a protein possessing
growth-promoting and lactogenic activities", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1970, 92 (26),
pp
7608–7609. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja00729a028 {Li_Choh_Hao_1970
0908.pdf} {09/08/1970}

MORE INFO
[1] Choh Hao Li, "PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF A HIGHLY ACTIVE
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE PREPARATION", Journal of the American Chemical
Society 1952 74 (8),
2124-2125. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01128a526
[2] Anthony L. Levy, Irving I. Geschwind, and Choh Hao Li, "CORTICOTROPINS
(ACTH): II. AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF α-CORTICOTROPIN", J. Biol. Chem. 1955
213: 187-196. http://www.jbc.org/content/213/1/187.full.pdf+html
[3] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p868
[4] Irving I. Geschwind,
Choh Hao Li, Livio Barnafi, "ISOLATION AND STRUCTURE OF MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING
HORMONE FROM PORCINE PITUITARY GLANDS", Journal of the American Chemical
Society 1956 78 (17),
4494-4495. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01598a085
[5] Timeline: http://www.nap.edu/readingroom.php?book=biomems&page=cli.html
[6] CHOH HAO LI and HAROLD PAPKOFF, "Preparation and Properties
of Growth Hormone from Human and Monkey Pituitary Glands", Science, 28 December
1956: 1293-1294. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1752401
[7] Donald. Yamashiro, Choh Hao. Li, "Adrenocorticotropins. 44. Total
synthesis of the human hormone by the solid-phase method.", J. Am. Chem. Soc.
95: 1310-15. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja00785a049
(University of California) San Francisco, California, USA4   
30 YBN
[09/24/1970 AD] 3 		5600) A robotic ship from Earth returns samples from another body (the moon of
Earth).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1970-072A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1970-072A
3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1970-072A
{04/04/1966}

MORE INFO
[1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-012A
[2]
http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/10/dayintech_1007#
[3] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html
[4] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A
[5] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1959-008A
[6] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1966-027A
Dzhezkazgan, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.2   
30 YBN
[12/15/1970 AD] 3 		5617) The first ship to soft land on another planet (Venus) and the first to
transmit data after landing.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1970-060A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1970-060A
3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1970-060A
{12/15/1970}
Planet Venus2   
29 YBN
[04/19/1971 AD] 3 		5667) The first orbiting ("space") station.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Salyut program." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 11 Apr. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/salyut-2
2. ^ http://www.aerospaceguide.net/spacestation/salyut1.html
3. ^ "space station." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 11 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/557473/space-station>. {04/19/1971}
(Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.2 (verify)  
29 YBN
[11/14/1971 AD] 7 		5618) The first ship to orbit another planet (Mars).4 The first global mapping
of the surface of Mars and detailed views of the Mars moons.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-051A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-051A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-051A
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-051A
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-051A
6. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-051A
7. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-051A {11/14/1971}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.astronomy.csdb.cn/ceps/rpif/mariner9/mariner9_archive.htm
Planet Mars6   
29 YBN
[11/27/1971 AD] 6 		5619) A ship impacts Mars.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-045A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-045A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-045A
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-045A
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-045A
6. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-045D
{11/27/1971}
Planet Mars5   
29 YBN
[11/??/1971 AD] 5 6 		5844) The first microprocessor and central processing unit (CPU);1 an
integrated circuit which contains 2,300 transistors with a clock rate of 740
kHz, has 46 instructions, and uses external RAM and ROM.2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p567.
2. ^
http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/museum-story-of-intel-4004.html
3. ^ http://www.intel.com/Assets/PDF/DataSheet/4004_datasheet.pdf
4. ^ Faggin, Federico; Hoff, Marcian E., Jr.; Mazor, Stanley; Shima,
Masatoshi (December 1996). "The History of the 4004". IEEE Micro 16 (6):
10–20. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=546561.
5. ^ Faggin, Federico; Hoff, Marcian E., Jr.; Mazor, Stanley; Shima,
Masatoshi (December 1996). "The History of the 4004". IEEE Micro 16 (6):
10–20. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=546561.
{11/1971}
6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p567. {1971}
(Intel Corporation) Santa Clara, California, USA4   
29 YBN
[12/02/1971 AD] 7 		5620) The first ship to soft land on planet Mars and return data.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F
6. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F
7. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F {12/02/1971}
Planet Mars6   
29 YBN
[12/03/1971 AD] 7 		5838) Light particle communication using liquid filled glass fiber (fiber optic
communication).1 2 3 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Stone, J.; , "Optical transmission loss in liquid-core hollow fibers,"
Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of , vol.8, no.3, pp. 386- 388, Mar
1972 doi: 10.1109/JQE.1972.1076966 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1076966&isnumber=23229
{Stone_19711203.pdf}
2. ^ J. Stone, "Optical transmission in liquid-core quartz fibers", Appl. Phys.
Lett. 20, 239-240 (1972).
http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/20/239/1 {Stone_J_19711213.pdf}
3. ^ W. A. Gambling, D. N. Payne, and H. Matsumura, "Gigahertz bandwidths in
multimode, liquid-core, optical fibre waveguide", Opt. Commun. 6, 317–322
(1972). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0030401872901459
4. ^ G. J. Ogilvie, R. J. Esdaile, and G. P. Kidd, "Transmission loss
of tetrachloroethylene-filled liquid-core-fibre light guide", Electron. Lett.
8, 533–534 (1972).
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4235852&tag=1
5. ^ R. Altkorn, I. Koev, R. P. Van Duyne, and M. Litorja, "Low-loss
liquid-core optical fiber for low-refractive-index liquids: fabrication,
characterization, and application in Raman spectroscopy", Applied Optics, Vol.
36, Issue 34, pp. 8992-8998 (1997)
doi:10.1364/AO.36.008992 http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?&id=67764
6. ^ Stone, J.; , "Optical transmission loss in liquid-core hollow fibers,"
Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of , vol.8, no.3, pp. 386- 388, Mar
1972 doi: 10.1109/JQE.1972.1076966 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1076966&isnumber=23229
{Stone_19711203.pdf}
7. ^ Stone, J.; , "Optical transmission loss in liquid-core hollow fibers,"
Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of , vol.8, no.3, pp. 386- 388, Mar
1972 doi: 10.1109/JQE.1972.1076966 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1076966&isnumber=23229
{Stone_19711203.pdf}
(Bell Telephone Laboratories) Holmdel, New Jersey, USA6   
29 YBN
[1971 AD] 4 5 		5852) The first e-mail (electronic mail) program.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Internet." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 30 May. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/internet
2. ^ Eberhart, G.M. The Whole Library Handbook 4. American Library Assoc.,
2006. Whole Library Handbook,
p419. http://books.google.com/books?id=6jIjcUMP4CcC&pg=PA419
3. ^ Eberhart, G.M. The Whole Library Handbook 4. American Library Assoc.,
2006. Whole Library Handbook,
p419. http://books.google.com/books?id=6jIjcUMP4CcC&pg=PA419
4. ^ "Internet." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 30 May. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/internet {1971}
5. ^ Eberhart, G.M. The Whole Library
Handbook 4. American Library Assoc., 2006. Whole Library Handbook,
p419. http://books.google.com/books?id=6jIjcUMP4CcC&pg=PA419

MORE INFO
[1] "ARPAnet." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company
Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/arpanet
(Bolt, Beranek, and Newman engineering) Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA3   
28 YBN
[07/15/1972 AD] 3 		5621) A ship passes the meteor belt between Mars and Jupiter.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A
3. ^
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2003/03_25HQ.html {07/15/1972}
Planet Mars2   
28 YBN
[07/31/1972 AD] 10 		5751) Proteins are synthesized by using a virus to add DNA into bacteria.5 6

This is the beginning of genetic engineering.7

One result of this "recombinant" technology are bacteria that contain the gene
for producing the mammalian hormone insulin.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ David A. Jackson, Robert H. Symons, and Paul Berg, "Biochemical Method
for Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular
SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of
Escherichia coli", PNAS October 1, 1972 vol. 69 no. 10 2904-2909
http://www.pnas.org/content/69/10/2904.short {Berg_Paul_19720731.pdf}
2. ^ "Paul Berg." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 02 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/61698/Paul-Berg>.
3. ^ David A. Jackson, Robert H. Symons, and Paul Berg, "Biochemical Method for
Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40
DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of
Escherichia coli", PNAS October 1, 1972 vol. 69 no. 10 2904-2909
http://www.pnas.org/content/69/10/2904.short {Berg_Paul_19720731.pdf}
4. ^ "Paul Berg." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 02 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/61698/Paul-Berg>.
5. ^ David A. Jackson, Robert H. Symons, and Paul Berg, "Biochemical Method for
Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40
DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of
Escherichia coli", PNAS October 1, 1972 vol. 69 no. 10 2904-2909
http://www.pnas.org/content/69/10/2904.short {Berg_Paul_19720731.pdf}
6. ^ "Paul Berg." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 02 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/61698/Paul-Berg>.
7. ^ Ted Huntington.
8. ^ "Paul Berg." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 02 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/61698/Paul-Berg>.
9. ^ David A. Jackson, Robert H. Symons, and Paul Berg, "Biochemical Method for
Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40
DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of
Escherichia coli", PNAS October 1, 1972 vol. 69 no. 10 2904-2909
http://www.pnas.org/content/69/10/2904.short {Berg_Paul_19720731.pdf}
10. ^ David A. Jackson, Robert H. Symons, and Paul Berg, "Biochemical Method
for Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular
SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of
Escherichia coli", PNAS October 1, 1972 vol. 69 no. 10 2904-2909
http://www.pnas.org/content/69/10/2904.short {Berg_Paul_19720731.pdf}
{07/31/1972}
(Stanford University Medical Center) Stanford, California, USA9   
28 YBN
[1972 AD] 4 		5790) Two streams of high-velocity electrons are collided head on, and
electrons are collided with positrons.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.slac.stanford.edu/gen/grad/GradHandbook/slac.html
2. ^ http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28865
3. ^ http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28865
4. ^ http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28865 {1972}

MORE INFO
[1] "Burton Richter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 16 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/502853/Burton-Richter>
[2] http://www6.slac.stanford.edu/AboutSLAC.aspx
(Stanford University Stanford Linear Accelerator Center {SLAC}) Stanford,
California, USA3   
27 YBN
[12/03/1973 AD] 8 		5622) A ship reaches Jupiter and sends the first close-up images.5
The giant
planet's radiation belts and magnetic field are also mapped.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A
6. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2003/03_25HQ.html
7. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A
8. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2003/03_25HQ.html
{12/03/1973}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.aerospaceguide.net/pioneer10.html
Planet Jupiter7   
26 YBN
[03/29/1974 AD] 3 		5614) The first ship to reach Mercury, to return closeup images, and to use the
gravitational pull of one planet (Venus) to reach another planet (Mercury).1
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1973-085A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1973-085A
3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1973-085A
{03/29/1974}
Planet Mercury2   
26 YBN
[1974 AD] 9 10 		5846) The personal computer.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p577.
2. ^ "Altair." Computer Desktop
Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/altair
3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p577.
4. ^ "Altair." Computer Desktop
Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/altair
5. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p577.
6. ^ "Altair." Computer Desktop
Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/altair
7. ^ "Altair." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc.,
2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/altair
8. ^ "Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry
Systems". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Instrumentation_and_Telemetry_Systems
9. ^ "Altair." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc.,
2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/altair {1974}
10. ^
Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition,
Simon and Schuster, 1991, p577. {1975}
(Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems) Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA7 8
(verify)  
26 YBN
[1974 AD] 3 		5896) A multi-window computer program with moveable windows.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://arstechnica.com/old/content/2005/05/gui.ars/3
2. ^ http://arstechnica.com/old/content/2005/05/gui.ars/3
3. ^ http://arstechnica.com/old/content/2005/05/gui.ars/3 {1974}
(Xerox Palo Alto Research Center) Palo Alto, California, USA2   
25 YBN
[10/20/1975 AD] 11 		5623) The first ship to orbit and land on Venus, and to transmit the first
image from the surface of another planet.7 8

The temperature at the surface is 460°C (or 860°F); atmospheric pressure is
90 times that at the surface of Earth.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-050A
2. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Venera_09
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-050A
4. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Venera_09
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-050A
6. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Venera_09
7. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-050A
8. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Venera_09
9. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Venera_09
10. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-050A
11. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-050A
{10/20/1975}
Planet Venus10   
25 YBN
[1975 AD] 4 		6371) An external object is moved by thought (electricity in the brain).3
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ "The Incredible Human Machine", National Geographic (1975)
2. ^ "The Incredible
Human Machine", National Geographic (1975)
3. ^ "The Incredible Human Machine",
National Geographic (1975)
4. ^ "The Incredible Human Machine", National Geographic
(1975)

MORE INFO
[1]
http://news.yahoo.com/paralyzed-woman-uses-her-mind-control-robot-arm-181141007-
-finance.html
[2] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4396387.stm
  
24 YBN
[07/20/1976 AD] 4 		5624) The first images and soil samples from the surface of Mars.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-075C
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-075C
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-075C
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-075C
{07/20/1976}

MORE INFO
[1] Video of Mars rotating:
http://www.nasaimages.org/luna/servlet/detail/NSVS~3~3~9446~109446:Mars-Rotate--
True-Color-
Planet Mars3   
24 YBN
[11/30/1976 AD] 5 		5695) The complete DNA sequence of a virus is determined;2 a small virus with
5,375 nucleotide pairs which codes for nine different proteins.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Sanger, F., Air, G.M., Barrell, B.G., Brown, N.L., Coulson, A.R., Fiddes,
J.C., Hutchison III, C.A., Slocombe, P.M. and Smith, M., 1977. Nature (London)
265, pp.
687–695. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html {
Sanger_Frederick_19761130.pdf}
2. ^ Sanger, F., Air, G.M., Barrell, B.G., Brown, N.L., Coulson, A.R., Fiddes,
J.C., Hutchison III, C.A., Slocombe, P.M. and Smith, M., 1977. Nature (London)
265, pp.
687–695. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html {
Sanger_Frederick_19761130.pdf}
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.868.
4. ^ Sanger, F., Air, G.M.,
Barrell, B.G., Brown, N.L., Coulson, A.R., Fiddes, J.C., Hutchison III, C.A.,
Slocombe, P.M. and Smith, M., 1977. Nature (London) 265, pp.
687–695. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html {
Sanger_Frederick_19761130.pdf}
5. ^ Sanger, F., Air, G.M., Barrell, B.G., Brown, N.L., Coulson, A.R., Fiddes,
J.C., Hutchison III, C.A., Slocombe, P.M. and Smith, M., 1977. Nature (London)
265, pp.
687–695. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v265/n5596/abs/265687a0.html {
Sanger_Frederick_19761130.pdf} {11/30/1976}

MORE INFO
[1] "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958". Nobelprize.org. 17 Apr 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1958/
[2] "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980". Nobelprize.org. 17 Apr 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/
[3] F. Sanger, "The free amino groups of insulin", Biochem J. 1945; 39(5):
507–515. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1258275/
[4] "Frederick Sanger." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 17 Apr. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/frederick-sanger
[5] F. Sanger and E. O. P. Thompson, "The amino-acid sequence in the glycyl
chain of insulin. 1. The identification of lower peptides from partial
hydrolysates", Biochem J. 1953 February; 53(3): 353–366.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1198157/
[6] F. Sanger and E. O. P. Thompson, "The amino-acid sequence in the glycyl
chain of insulin. 2. The investigation of peptides from enzymic hydrolysates",
Biochem J. 1953 February; 53(3): 366–374.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1198158/
[7] "insulin." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Apr. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/insulin
(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England4   
23 YBN
[05/19/1977 AD] 5 		5771) The first x-ray LASER.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ilyukhin, A. A., Peregudov, G. V., Ragozin, E. N., Sobslman, 1.1, and
Chirkov, V. A., "Concerning the problem of lasers for the far ultraviolet λ
~500-700 A", 1977, Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters, 95,
536. http://www.jetpletters.ac.ru/ps/1416/article_21489.shtml {Ilyukhin_A_A_19
770519.pdf}
2. ^ Hagelstein, P.L., "Review of short wavelength lasers", Conference: 9.
international conference on atomic physics, Seattle, WA, USA, 23 Jul
1984 http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=5780959 {H
agelstein_Peter_L_198407xx.pdf}
3. ^ Ilyukhin, A. A., Peregudov, G. V., Ragozin, E. N., Sobslman, 1.1, and
Chirkov, V. A., "Concerning the problem of lasers for the far ultraviolet λ
~500-700 A", 1977, Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters, 95,
536. http://www.jetpletters.ac.ru/ps/1416/article_21489.shtml {Ilyukhin_A_A_19
770519.pdf}
4. ^ http://www.lebedev.ru/en/
5. ^ Ilyukhin, A. A., Peregudov, G. V., Ragozin, E. N., Sobslman, 1.1, and
Chirkov, V. A., "Concerning the problem of lasers for the far ultraviolet λ
~500-700 A", 1977, Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters, 95,
536. http://www.jetpletters.ac.ru/ps/1416/article_21489.shtml {Ilyukhin_A_A_19
770519.pdf} {05/19/1977}
(P. N. Lebedev Physics Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences) Moscow, U.S.S.R.3 4
  
23 YBN
[1977 AD] 13 		6312) A self-driving car.7 8 9 10 11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S. Tsugawa. “Vision-based Vehicles in Japan: The Machine Vision Systems
and Driving Control Systems.” Industrial Electronics, 1993. Conference
Proceedings, ISIE’93 - Budapest., IEEE International Symposium On. 1993.
278–285. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=26879
5
2. ^ Tsugawa, S.; , "Vision-based vehicles in Japan: machine vision systems and
driving control systems," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on ,
vol.41, no.4, pp.398-405, Aug 1994 doi: 10.1109/41.303790 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=303790&isnumber=7476
3. ^ http://www.markelic.de/professional/milestonesDrivingTable.html
4. ^ Todd Lassa, "Autonomous Car Technology 4Lurches Forward", Motor
Trend, June
2011. http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2011/1106_autonomous_car_tec
hnology_lurches_forward/viewall.html
5. ^ S. Tsugawa, et al.: An Automobile with Artificial
Intelligence, Proceedings of the 6th International Joint Conference on
Artificial Intelligence, pp.893-895 (1979).
6. ^ Sadayuki Tsugawa, "A History of
Automated Highway Systems in Japan and Future Issues", Proceedings of the 2008
IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety Columbus,
OH, USA. September 22-24,
2008 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=04640914
7. ^ S. Tsugawa. “Vision-based Vehicles in Japan: The Machine Vision Systems
and Driving Control Systems.” Industrial Electronics, 1993. Conference
Proceedings, ISIE’93 - Budapest., IEEE International Symposium On. 1993.
278–285. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=26879
5
8. ^ Tsugawa, S.; , "Vision-based vehicles in Japan: machine vision systems and
driving control systems," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on ,
vol.41, no.4, pp.398-405, Aug 1994 doi: 10.1109/41.303790 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=303790&isnumber=7476
9. ^ http://www.markelic.de/professional/milestonesDrivingTable.html
10. ^ Todd Lassa, "Autonomous Car Technology 4Lurches Forward", Motor
Trend, June
2011. http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2011/1106_autonomous_car_tec
hnology_lurches_forward/viewall.html
11. ^ S. Tsugawa, et al.: An Automobile with Artificial
Intelligence, Proceedings of the 6th International Joint Conference on
Artificial Intelligence, pp.893-895 (1979).
12. ^ Sadayuki Tsugawa, "A History of
Automated Highway Systems in Japan and Future Issues", Proceedings of the 2008
IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety Columbus,
OH, USA. September 22-24,
2008 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=04640914
13. ^ Todd Lassa, "Autonomous Car Technology Lurches Forward", Motor Trend,
June
2011. http://www.motortrend.com/features/auto_news/2011/1106_autonomous_car_tec
hnology_lurches_forward/viewall.html
(Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Lab) Japan  
22 YBN
[07/25/1978 AD] 3 		5810) The successful birth of a human baby after in vitro fertilization.1
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ P. C. Steptoe and R. G. Edwards, "BIRTH AFTER THE REIMPLANTATION OF A
HUMAN EMBRYO", The Lancet Volume 312, Issue 8085, 12 August 1978, Page 366
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673678929574 {Edwards_R
obert_G_19780812.pdf}
2. ^ P. C. Steptoe and R. G. Edwards, "BIRTH AFTER THE REIMPLANTATION OF A
HUMAN EMBRYO", The Lancet Volume 312, Issue 8085, 12 August 1978, Page 366
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673678929574 {Edwards_R
obert_G_19780812.pdf}
3. ^ P. C. Steptoe and R. G. Edwards, "BIRTH AFTER THE REIMPLANTATION OF A
HUMAN EMBRYO", The Lancet Volume 312, Issue 8085, 12 August 1978, Page 366
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673678929574 {Edwards_R
obert_G_19780812.pdf} {07/25/1978}
(General Hostpial) Oldham, UK2   
21 YBN
[03/05/1979 AD] 3 		5630) The first close-up images of the moons of Jupiter.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-084A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-084A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-084A {03/05/1979}

MORE INFO
[1] "Voyager 1". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
[2] http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Siomoons.htm
Planet Jupiter2   
21 YBN
[09/01/1979 AD] 7 		388) A ship reaches Saturn and sends the first close-up images.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html
2. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html
3. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html
4. ^
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html
5. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html
6. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html
7. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html
{09/01/1979}
Planet Saturn6   
20 YBN
[09/12/1980 AD] 10 		6189) The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (or STM).5 6 Individual atoms and
molecules of many kinds can be seen.7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, "Scanning tunneling microscope", Patent number:
4343993, Filing date: Sep 12, 1980, Issue date: Aug 10,
1982. http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4343993
2. ^ Heinrich Rohrer - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 27 Aug 2011
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/rohrer-lecture.htm
l
3. ^ G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, "Surface Studies by
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy", Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 57–61
(1982). http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v49/i1/p57_1
4. ^ G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, "Tunneling through a
controllable vacuum gap", Appl. Phys. Lett. 40, 178 (1982);
doi:10.1063/1.92999 http://apl.aip.org/resource/1/applab/v40/i2/p178_s1
5. ^ G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, "Scanning tunneling microscope", Patent number:
4343993, Filing date: Sep 12, 1980, Issue date: Aug 10,
1982. http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4343993
6. ^ Heinrich Rohrer - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 27 Aug 2011
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/rohrer-lecture.htm
l
7. ^ G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, "Surface Studies by
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy", Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 57–61
(1982). http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v49/i1/p57_1
8. ^ G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, "Tunneling through a
controllable vacuum gap", Appl. Phys. Lett. 40, 178 (1982);
doi:10.1063/1.92999 http://apl.aip.org/resource/1/applab/v40/i2/p178_s1
9. ^ G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, "Tunneling through a
controllable vacuum gap", Appl. Phys. Lett. 40, 178 (1982);
doi:10.1063/1.92999 http://apl.aip.org/resource/1/applab/v40/i2/p178_s1
10. ^ G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, "Scanning tunneling microscope", Patent number:
4343993, Filing date: Sep 12, 1980, Issue date: Aug 10,
1982. http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4343993 {09/12/1980}

MORE INFO
[1] Gerd Binnig & Heinrich Rohrer, "The Scanning Tunneling Microscope",
Scientific American 253, 50 - 56 (1985) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0885-50
(IBM Zurich Research Laboratory) Ruschlikon, Zurich, Switzerland9
(presumably)  
20 YBN
[11/12/1980 AD] 4 		5631) The first close-up images of the moons of Saturn.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-084A
2. ^
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Target=Jupiter&MCode=Voyager_1&
Display=ReadMore
3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-084A
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-084A
{11/12/1980}

MORE INFO
[1] "Voyager 1". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Planet Saturn3   
19 YBN
[04/??/1981 AD] 5 		6649) Beams of protons and antiprotons are collided head on.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Christine Sutton, "CERN pushes open the door to a new physics", New
Scientist, 04/16/1981. http://books.google.com/books?id=41GAXuhHkK8C&pg=PA139
2. ^ Christine Sutton, "CERN pushes open the door to a new physics",
New Scientist,
04/16/1981. http://books.google.com/books?id=41GAXuhHkK8C&pg=PA139
3. ^ "CERN." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia
University Press., 2013. Answers.com 22 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cern
4. ^ "CERN." Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security. The Gale
Group, Inc, 2004. Answers.com 22 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cern
5. ^ Christine Sutton, "CERN pushes
open the door to a new physics", New Scientist,
04/16/1981. http://books.google.com/books?id=41GAXuhHkK8C&pg=PA139
CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire), Geneva, Switzerland2 3 4
  
19 YBN
[11/12/1981 AD] 3 		5805) The first reuse of a space craft.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p588.
2. ^
http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/nasafact/pads.htm
3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p588. {11/12/1981}

MORE INFO
[1] http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-2/mission-sts-2.html
[2] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDQpSFaszpY
(Launch Pad 39A) Merritt Island, Florida, USA2   
18 YBN
[03/01/1982 AD] 4 		5626) The first Venus soil samples and sound recording of another planet.1 2
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ "Timeline of space exploration". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_space_exploration
2. ^ http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_Venera11.htm
3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1981-106D
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1981-106D
{03/01/1982}
Planet Venus3   
17 YBN
[06/13/1983 AD] 3 		5627) The first ship from Earth to fly farther than all known planets of this
star system.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Pioneer_10&Display=ReadMo
re
2. ^
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Pioneer_10&Display=ReadMo
re
3. ^
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Pioneer_10&Display=ReadMo
re {06/13/1983}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.aerospaceguide.net/pioneer10.html
[2] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A
[3] "Timeline of space exploration". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_space_exploration
Planet Neptune2   
17 YBN
[10/25/1983 AD] 4 		5811) Humans are shown to be genetically closer to chimpanzees than other
primates.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Charles G. Sibley and Jon E. Ahlquist, " The phylogeny of the hominoid
primates, as indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization", Journal of Molecular
Evolution, Volume 20, Number 1, 2-15, DOI:
10.1007/BF02101980 http://www.springerlink.com/content/g3020651ml536640/ {Ahlq
uist_Jon_E_19831025.pdf}
2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p592.
3. ^ Charles G. Sibley and Jon E. Ahlquist,
" The phylogeny of the hominoid primates, as indicated by DNA-DNA
hybridization", Journal of Molecular Evolution, Volume 20, Number 1, 2-15,
DOI:
10.1007/BF02101980 http://www.springerlink.com/content/g3020651ml536640/ {Ahlq
uist_Jon_E_19831025.pdf}
4. ^ Charles G. Sibley and Jon E. Ahlquist, " The phylogeny of the hominoid
primates, as indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization", Journal of Molecular
Evolution, Volume 20, Number 1, 2-15, DOI:
10.1007/BF02101980 http://www.springerlink.com/content/g3020651ml536640/ {Ahlq
uist_Jon_E_19831025.pdf} {10/25/1983}
(Yale University) New Haven, Connecticut, USA3   
16 YBN
[03/10/1984 AD] 10 		5814) A multicellular organism is "cloned" (genetically identical copies are
made).5 6

The nucleus in an ovum is replaced with the nucleus from an embryo cell and
reimplanted to produce genetically identical animals (sheep).7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ SM Willadsen and RA Godke, "A simple procedure for the production of
identical sheep twins", Veterinary Record 1984;114:240-243
doi:10.1136/vr.114.10.240
http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/114/10/240.abstract
{Willadsen_Steen_M_19840310.pdf}
2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p594.
3. ^ SM Willadsen and RA Godke, "A simple
procedure for the production of identical sheep twins", Veterinary Record
1984;114:240-243 doi:10.1136/vr.114.10.240
http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/114/10/240.abstract
{Willadsen_Steen_M_19840310.pdf}
4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p594.
5. ^ SM Willadsen and RA Godke, "A simple
procedure for the production of identical sheep twins", Veterinary Record
1984;114:240-243 doi:10.1136/vr.114.10.240
http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/114/10/240.abstract
{Willadsen_Steen_M_19840310.pdf}
6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p594.
7. ^ SM Willadsen and RA Godke, "A simple
procedure for the production of identical sheep twins", Veterinary Record
1984;114:240-243 doi:10.1136/vr.114.10.240
http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/114/10/240.abstract
{Willadsen_Steen_M_19840310.pdf}
8. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p594.
9. ^ SM Willadsen and RA Godke, "A simple
procedure for the production of identical sheep twins", Veterinary Record
1984;114:240-243 doi:10.1136/vr.114.10.240
http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/114/10/240.abstract
{Willadsen_Steen_M_19840310.pdf} {03/1984}
10. ^ SM Willadsen and RA Godke, "A simple procedure for the production of
identical sheep twins", Veterinary Record 1984;114:240-243
doi:10.1136/vr.114.10.240
http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/114/10/240.abstract
{Willadsen_Steen_M_19840310.pdf} {03/1984} {03/10/1984}
(AFRC Institute of Animal Physiology) Cambridge, UK9   
16 YBN
[06/25/1984 AD] 4 		5815) Copies are made of DNA sequences from an extinct species.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Russell Higuchi, Barbara Bowman, Mary Freiberger, Oliver A. Ryder & Allan
C. Wilson, "DNA sequences from the quagga, an extinct member of the horse
family", Nature, 312, 282 - 284 (15 November 1984);
doi:10.1038/312282a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v312/n5991/abs/312282
a0.html {Higuchi_Russell_19840625.pdf}
2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p594.
3. ^ Russell Higuchi, Barbara Bowman, Mary
Freiberger, Oliver A. Ryder & Allan C. Wilson, "DNA sequences from the quagga,
an extinct member of the horse family", Nature, 312, 282 - 284 (15 November
1984);
doi:10.1038/312282a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v312/n5991/abs/312282
a0.html {Higuchi_Russell_19840625.pdf}
4. ^ Russell Higuchi, Barbara Bowman, Mary Freiberger, Oliver A. Ryder & Allan
C. Wilson, "DNA sequences from the quagga, an extinct member of the horse
family", Nature, 312, 282 - 284 (15 November 1984);
doi:10.1038/312282a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v312/n5991/abs/312282
a0.html {Higuchi_Russell_19840625.pdf} {06/25/1984}
(University of California) Berkeley, California, USA3   
16 YBN
[08/31/1984 AD] 4 5 		6190) A DNA molecule is imaged at the atomic scale.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ G. Binnig and H. Rohrer, "Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy" in Janta, J.
Trends In Physics, 1984 :: Proceedings of the 6th General Conference of the
European Physical Society : 27-31 August 1984, Prague, Czechoslovakia. Prague:
Union of Czechoslovak Mathematicians and Physicists, 1984, p38.
http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008933716/Home
{Binnig_Rohrer_19840831001.pdf}
2. ^ Arscott, P.G., and V.A. Bloomfield. “Scanning tunnelling microscopy of
nucleic acids and polynucleotides.” Ultramicroscopy 33.2 (1990) :
127-131. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030439919090015E
3. ^ G. Binnig and H. Rohrer, "Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy" in Janta, J.
Trends In Physics, 1984 :: Proceedings of the 6th General Conference of the
European Physical Society : 27-31 August 1984, Prague, Czechoslovakia. Prague:
Union of Czechoslovak Mathematicians and Physicists, 1984, p38.
http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008933716/Home
{Binnig_Rohrer_19840831001.pdf}
4. ^ G. Binnig and H. Rohrer, "Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy" in Janta, J.
Trends In Physics, 1984 :: Proceedings of the 6th General Conference of the
European Physical Society : 27-31 August 1984, Prague, Czechoslovakia. Prague:
Union of Czechoslovak Mathematicians and Physicists, 1984, p38.
http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008933716/Home {08/27/1984-08/31/1984}
{Binnig_Rohrer_19840831001.pdf}
5. ^ Driscoll, Robert J., Michael G. Youngquist, and John D. Baldeschwieler.
“Atomic-scale imaging of DNA using scanning tunnelling microscopy.” Nature
346.6281 (1990) :
294-296. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v346/n6281/abs/346294a0.html
{07/19/1990} {other image)07/19/1990} {other later more detailed
image)07/19/1990}

MORE INFO
[1] G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, "Tunneling through a
controllable vacuum gap", Appl. Phys. Lett. 40, 178 (1982);
doi:10.1063/1.92999 http://apl.aip.org/resource/1/applab/v40/i2/p178_s1
[2] G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, "Scanning tunneling microscope", Patent number:
4343993, Filing date: Sep 12, 1980, Issue date: Aug 10,
1982. http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4343993
(IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, Switzerland, presented in) Prague,
Czechoslovakia3   
16 YBN
[11/16/1984 AD] 5 		5813) "Genetic fingerprinting": certain sequences of DNA unique to each
organism can be used to identify individual organisms and also to determine
family relationships.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alec J. Jeffreys, Victoria Wilson & Swee Lay Thein, "Hypervariable
'minisatellite' regions in human DNA", Nature 314, 67 - 73 (07 March 1985);
doi:10.1038/314067a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v314/n6006/abs/314067
a0.html {Jeffreys_Alec_J_19841116.pdf}
2. ^ A. J. Jeffreys, V. Wilson & S. L. Thein, "Individual-specific
'fingerprints' of human DNA", Nature 316, 76 - 79 (04 July 1985);
doi:10.1038/316076a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v316/n6023/abs/316076
a0.html
3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p594.
4. ^ Alec J. Jeffreys, Victoria Wilson &
Swee Lay Thein, "Hypervariable 'minisatellite' regions in human DNA", Nature
314, 67 - 73 (07 March 1985);
doi:10.1038/314067a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v314/n6006/abs/314067
a0.html {Jeffreys_Alec_J_19841116.pdf}
5. ^ Alec J. Jeffreys, Victoria Wilson & Swee Lay Thein, "Hypervariable
'minisatellite' regions in human DNA", Nature 314, 67 - 73 (07 March 1985);
doi:10.1038/314067a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v314/n6006/abs/314067
a0.html {Jeffreys_Alec_J_19841116.pdf} {11/16/1984}
(University of Leicester) Leicester, UK4   
15 YBN
[09/20/1985 AD] 15 		5804) Polymerase {PoL-u-mu-rAS7 } chain reaction (PCR), a simple technique that
allows a specific segment of DNA to be copied billions of times in a few
hours.8 9 10 11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Polymerase>.
2. ^ "Kary B. Mullis." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 22 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396935/Kary-B-Mullis>.
3. ^ Mullis KB "Process for amplifying nucleic acid sequences." U.S. Patent
4,683,202. http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4683202&id=fSYMAAAA
EBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=%22KB+Mullis%22+&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false
4. ^ Mullis, KB et al. "Process for amplifying, detecting, and/or-cloning
nucleic acid sequences." U.S. Patent
4,683,195. http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4683195&id=fCYMAAAA
EBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=%22KB+Mullis%22+&printsec=abstract
5. ^ R. K. Saiki et al., "Enzymatic Amplification of β-Globin Genomic
Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia",
Science 230, 1350
(1985). http://www.jstor.org/stable/1696982?origin=JSTOR-pdf {Mullis_Kary_Bank
s_19850920.pdf}
6. ^ K. B. Mullis and F. A. Faloona, "Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a
polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction", Methods Enzymol. 155, 335 (1987).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0076687987550236 {Mullis_Kar
y_Banks_1987xxxx.pdf}
7. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Polymerase>.
8. ^ "Kary B. Mullis." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 22 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396935/Kary-B-Mullis>.
9. ^ Mullis KB "Process for amplifying nucleic acid sequences." U.S. Patent
4,683,202. http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4683202&id=fSYMAAAA
EBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=%22KB+Mullis%22+&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false
10. ^ Mullis, KB et al. "Process for amplifying, detecting, and/or-cloning
nucleic acid sequences." U.S. Patent
4,683,195. http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4683195&id=fCYMAAAA
EBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=%22KB+Mullis%22+&printsec=abstract
11. ^ R. K. Saiki et al., "Enzymatic Amplification of β-Globin Genomic
Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia",
Science 230, 1350
(1985). http://www.jstor.org/stable/1696982?origin=JSTOR-pdf {Mullis_Kary_Bank
s_19850920.pdf}
12. ^ K. B. Mullis and F. A. Faloona, "Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a
polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction", Methods Enzymol. 155, 335 (1987).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0076687987550236 {Mullis_Kar
y_Banks_1987xxxx.pdf}
13. ^ Mullis KB "Process for amplifying nucleic acid sequences." U.S. Patent
4,683,202. http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4683202&id=fSYMAAAA
EBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=%22KB+Mullis%22+&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false
14. ^ "Kary Mullis." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993,
1999, 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/kary-mullis
15. ^ R. K. Saiki et al., "Enzymatic
Amplification of β-Globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for
Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia", Science 230, 1350
(1985). http://www.jstor.org/stable/1696982?origin=JSTOR-pdf {Mullis_Kary_Bank
s_19850920.pdf} {09/20/1985}

MORE INFO
[1] Randall K. Saiki, David H. Gelfand, Susanne Stoffel, Stephen J.
Scharf, Russell Higuchi, Glenn T. Horn, Kary B. Mullis, Henry A. Erlich,
"Primer-Directed Enzymatic Amplification of DNA with a Thermostable DNA
Polymerase", New Series, Vol. 239, No. 4839 (Jan. 29, 1988), pp.
487-491 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1700278
(Cetus Corporation) Emeryville, California, USA13 14   
14 YBN
[01/24/1986 AD] 12 		5628) A ship reaches Uranus and sends the first close-up images of the planet,
its moons, and its rings.9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
2. ^ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uranus.html
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
4. ^ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uranus.html
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
6. ^ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uranus.html
7. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
8. ^ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uranus.html
9. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
10. ^ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uranus.html
11. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
12. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
{01/24/1986}

MORE INFO
[1] "Voyager 2". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2
Planet Uranus11   
12 YBN
[12/14/1988 AD] 7 		6194) A microscopic electric motor.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic
micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest.,
International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415
2. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic
micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest.,
International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415
3. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic
micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest.,
International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415
4. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic
micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest.,
International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415
5. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic
micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest.,
International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415
6. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic
micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest.,
International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415
7. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic
micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest.,
International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415
{12/11/1988-12/14/1988}
(University of California at Berkeley), Berkeley, California, USA6   
11 YBN
[08/25/1989 AD] 7 		5629) A ship reaches Neptune and sends the first close-up images of the planet,
its moons and rings.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
6. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
7. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A {08/25/1989}

MORE INFO
[1] "Voyager 2". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2
Planet Neptune6   
10 YBN
[01/17/1990 AD] 7 		6191) Individual atoms are moved. An STM is used at low temperatures to form
the letters "IBM" in xenon atoms.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning
tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990);
doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524
a0.html
2. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning
tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990);
doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524
a0.html
3. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning
tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990);
doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524
a0.html
4. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning
tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990);
doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524
a0.html
5. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning
tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990);
doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524
a0.html
6. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning
tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990);
doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524
a0.html
7. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning
tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990);
doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524
a0.html {01/17/1990}

MORE INFO
[1] Driscoll, Robert J., Michael G. Youngquist, and John D.
Baldeschwieler. "Atomic-scale imaging of DNA using scanning tunnelling
microscopy."� Nature 346.6281 (1990) :
294-296. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v346/n6281/abs/346294a0.html
[2] G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, "Tunneling through a
controllable vacuum gap", Appl. Phys. Lett. 40, 178 (1982);
doi:10.1063/1.92999 http://apl.aip.org/resource/1/applab/v40/i2/p178_s1
(IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center) San Jose, California, USA6
  
10 YBN
[01/29/1990 AD] 5 6 		6278) A light particle (or optical) computer processor.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993,
p107.
2. ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-8100728.html
3. ^
http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-01-30/business/9001080923_1_optical-proc
essor-electrons-copper-wires
4. ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-8100728.html
5. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993,
p107. {01/29/1990}
6. ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-8100728.html {01/29/1990}

MORE INFO
[1] Streibl, N.; Brenner, K.-H.; Huang, A.; Jahns, J.; Jewell, J.;
Lohmann, A.W.; Miller, D.A.B.; Murdocca, M.; Prise, M.E.; Sizer, T.; , "Digital
optics," Proceedings of the IEEE , vol.77, no.12, pp.1954-1969, Dec 1989 doi:
10.1109/5.48834 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=48834&isnumber=1815
(AT&T Bell Labs) Holmdel, New Jersey, United States4   
10 YBN
[02/14/1990 AD] 3 		5632) The first ship to capture an image of the entire star system (Sun and all
planets) in one picture.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-084A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-084A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-084A {02/14/1990}

MORE INFO
[1] "Voyager 1". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Outside star system2   
10 YBN
[04/25/1990 AD] 4 		5828) A telescope is placed in Earth orbit.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://hubble.nasa.gov/
2. ^
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-31.html
3. ^ http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/nasafact/pads.htm
4. ^ http://hubble.nasa.gov/ {04/25/1990}
Earth Orbit (Launched from Launch Pad 39B) Merritt Island, Florida, USA2 3
  
9 YBN
[10/29/1991 AD] 8 		5635) The first ship to reach and send close-up images of an asteroid.4 5 6
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/gallery/top10science-3.cfm
2. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/index.cfm
3. ^ "Galileo End of Mission Press Kit" (PDF). Retrieved
2011-05-15. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/docs/galileo-end.pdf
4. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/gallery/top10science-3.cfm
5. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/index.cfm
6. ^ "Galileo End of Mission Press Kit" (PDF). Retrieved
2011-05-15. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/docs/galileo-end.pdf
7. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/gallery/top10science-3.cfm
8. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/gallery/top10science-3.cfm
{10/29/1991}
Asteroid Gaspra7 (Ida encounter must occur later)  
9 YBN
[1991 AD] 2 		5857) The World Wide Web is released to the public by way of FTP.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Internet." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 30 May. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/internet
2. ^ "Internet." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 30 May. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/internet {1991}

MORE INFO
[1] "ARPAnet." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company
Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/arpanet
  
8 YBN
[1992 AD] 2 		5859) The first free videophone program.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Videoconferencing". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencing
2. ^ "Videoconferencing". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencing {1992}
  
7 YBN
[08/28/1993 AD] 8 9 		5636) A ship discovers the first known moon of an asteroid.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/gallery/top10science-3.cfm
2. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/index.cfm
3. ^ "Galileo End of Mission Press Kit" (PDF). Retrieved
2011-05-15. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/docs/galileo-end.pdf
4. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/gallery/top10science-3.cfm
5. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/index.cfm
6. ^ "Galileo End of Mission Press Kit" (PDF). Retrieved
2011-05-15. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/docs/galileo-end.pdf
7. ^ http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/images/ida.html
8. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/jupiter-timeline.cfm
9. ^ http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/images/ida.html
Asteroid Ida7   
7 YBN
[1993 AD] 2 		5858) The first Internet browser.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Internet." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 30 May. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/internet
2. ^ "Internet." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 30 May. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/internet {1993}

MORE INFO
[1] "ARPAnet." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company
Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/arpanet
  
5 YBN
[12/07/1995 AD] 6 7 		396) The first ship to orbit Jupiter.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1989-084B
2. ^http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1989-084B
3. ^http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1989-084B
4. ^http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1989-084B
5. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1989-084B
6. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1989-084B
{12/07/1995}
7. ^ http://www.sandia.gov/LabNews/LN02-09-01/galileo/timeline_story.htm

MORE INFO
[1] "Galileo End of Mission Press Kit" (PDF). Retrieved
2011-05-15. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/docs/galileo-end.pdf
[2] http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/gallery/top10science-3.cfm
Jupiter5   
4 YBN
[11/25/1996 AD] 6 		186) An animal is cloned by replacing the nucleus of an ovum with the nucleus
from a somatic cell, and then stimulating the ovum with electrical pulses to
start dividing.3 This proves that the DNA of the differentiated somatic cell
does not involve an irreversible modification for the embryo to develop.4
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ Wilmut, I. et al. "Viable Offspring Derived from Fetal and Adult
Mammalian Cells." Nature 385.6619 (1997):
810–813. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385810a0.html
{Wilmut_19961125.pdf}
2. ^ Wilmut, I. et al. "Viable Offspring Derived from Fetal and Adult Mammalian
Cells." Nature 385.6619 (1997):
810–813. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385810a0.html
{Wilmut_19961125.pdf}
3. ^ Wilmut, I. et al. "Viable Offspring Derived from Fetal and Adult Mammalian
Cells." Nature 385.6619 (1997):
810–813. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385810a0.html
{Wilmut_19961125.pdf}
4. ^ I. Wilmut, A. E. Schnieke*, J. McWhir, A. J. Kind* & K. H. S. Campbell,
"Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells", Nature 385,
810 - 813 (27 February 1997);
doi:10.1038/385810a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385810
a0.html {Wilmut_Ian_19961125.pdf}
5. ^ I. Wilmut, A. E. Schnieke*, J. McWhir, A. J. Kind* & K. H. S. Campbell,
"Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells", Nature 385,
810 - 813 (27 February 1997);
doi:10.1038/385810a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385810
a0.html {Wilmut_Ian_19961125.pdf}
6. ^ Wilmut, I. et al. "Viable Offspring Derived from Fetal and Adult Mammalian
Cells." Nature 385.6619 (1997):
810–813. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385810a0.html {
Wilmut_19961125.pdf}
(University of Edinburgh, Roslin Institute), Roslin Midlothian, UK5   
1 YBN
[09/15/1999 AD] 		3887) The first images read directly from neurons.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Garrett B. Stanley, Fei F. Li, and Yang Dan, "Reconstruction of Natural
Scenes from Ensemble Responses in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus", The Journal
of Neuroscience, September 15, 1999,
19(18):8036-8042. http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/19/18/8036
2. ^ Garrett B. Stanley, Fei F. Li, and Yang Dan, "Reconstruction of Natural
Scenes from Ensemble Responses in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus", The Journal
of Neuroscience, September 15, 1999,
19(18):8036-8042. http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/19/18/8036
(University of California, Berkeley) Berkeley, CA, USA2   
1 YBN
[09/20/1999 AD] 3 		5833) Embryonic stem cells transplanted onto spinal cord tissue, are shown to
differentiate, integrate with, and promote recovery in the spinal cord of
injured rats.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ JOHN W. MCDONALD, XIAO-ZHONG LIU, YUN QU, SU LIU, SHANNON K.
MICKEY, DOROTHY TURETSKY, DAVID I. GOTTLIEB, & DENNIS W. CHOI, "Transplanted
embryonic stem cells survive, differentiate and promote recovery in injured rat
spinal cord", Nature medicine, (1999) volume: 5 issue: 12 page:
1410 http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v5/n12/full/nm1299_1410.html {Choi_Denni
s_W_19990920.pdf}
2. ^ JOHN W. MCDONALD, XIAO-ZHONG LIU, YUN QU, SU LIU, SHANNON K.
MICKEY, DOROTHY TURETSKY, DAVID I. GOTTLIEB, & DENNIS W. CHOI, "Transplanted
embryonic stem cells survive, differentiate and promote recovery in injured rat
spinal cord", Nature medicine, (1999) volume: 5 issue: 12 page:
1410 http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v5/n12/full/nm1299_1410.html {Choi_Denni
s_W_19990920.pdf}
3. ^ JOHN W. MCDONALD, XIAO-ZHONG LIU, YUN QU, SU LIU, SHANNON K.
MICKEY, DOROTHY TURETSKY, DAVID I. GOTTLIEB, & DENNIS W. CHOI, "Transplanted
embryonic stem cells survive, differentiate and promote recovery in injured rat
spinal cord", Nature medicine, (1999) volume: 5 issue: 12 page:
1410 http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v5/n12/full/nm1299_1410.html {Choi_Denni
s_W_19990920.pdf} {09/20/1999}
(Washington University School of Medicine) St. Louis, Missouri, USA2   
0 YAN
[02/14/2000 AD] 3 		5638) A ship orbits an asteroid.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1996-008A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1996-008A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1996-008A {02/14/2000}
Asteroid Eros2   
0 YAN
[12/05/2000 AD] 3 		5823) The human genome is sequenced.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. Craig Venter, et al, "The Sequence of the Human Genome", Science, New
Series, Vol. 291, No. 5507 (Feb. 16, 2001), pp.
1304-1351 http://www.jstor.org/stable/3083494 {Venter_J_Craig_20001205.pdf}
2. ^ J. Craig Venter, et al, "The Sequence of the Human Genome", Science, New
Series, Vol. 291, No. 5507 (Feb. 16, 2001), pp.
1304-1351 http://www.jstor.org/stable/3083494 {Venter_J_Craig_20001205.pdf}
3. ^ J. Craig Venter, et al, "The Sequence of the Human Genome", Science, New
Series, Vol. 291, No. 5507 (Feb. 16, 2001), pp.
1304-1351 http://www.jstor.org/stable/3083494 {Venter_J_Craig_20001205.pdf}
{12/05/2000}
(Celera Genomics) Rockville, Maryland, USA (and 13 other locations)2   
1 YAN
[02/12/2001 AD] 5 		5639) The first ship to land on an asteroid.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1996-008A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1996-008A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1996-008A
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1996-008A
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1996-008A
{02/12/2001}
Asteroid Eros4   
1 YAN
[06/28/2001 AD] 7 		6192) A microscopic radio chip (an RFID chip).5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/030902.html
2. ^ http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/030902.html
3. ^ http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/030902.html
4. ^ http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/030902.html
5. ^ http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/030902.html
6. ^ "World's smallest RFID IC,the “µ-chip” "
http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/E/2001/0628/index.html {Hitachi_u-chip_20010
628.pdf}
7. ^ "World's smallest RFID IC,the “µ-chip” "
http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/E/2001/0628/index.html {Hitachi_u-chip_20010
628.pdf} {06/28/2001}

MORE INFO
[1] "World's tiniest RFID tag unveiled", BBC,
02/23/2007 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6389581.stm
[2] http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/337
[3]
http://www.thelibertyvoice.com/hitachi-develops-a-new-rfid-with-embedded-antenna
-%C2%B5-chip
(Hitachi) Japan6   
2 YAN
[02/16/2002 AD] 6 		6332) A remote control device emits drugs inside a human body.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Farra, Robert et al. “First-in-Human Testing of a Wirelessly Controlled
Drug Delivery Microchip.” Science Translational Medicine (2012): n.
pag. http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/early/2012/02/15/scitranslmed.3003276
2. ^ LAURAN NEERGAARD, "Remote-controlled chip implant delivers bone drug",
02/16/2012 AP
article. http://news.yahoo.com/remote-controlled-chip-implant-delivers-bone-dru
g-190616595.html
3. ^ Farra, Robert et al. “First-in-Human Testing of a Wirelessly Controlled
Drug Delivery Microchip.” Science Translational Medicine (2012): n.
pag. http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/early/2012/02/15/scitranslmed.3003276
4. ^ LAURAN NEERGAARD, "Remote-controlled chip implant delivers bone drug",
02/16/2012 AP
article. http://news.yahoo.com/remote-controlled-chip-implant-delivers-bone-dru
g-190616595.html
5. ^ Farra, Robert et al. “First-in-Human Testing of a Wirelessly Controlled
Drug Delivery Microchip.” Science Translational Medicine (2012): n.
pag. http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/early/2012/02/15/scitranslmed.3003276
6. ^ Farra, Robert et al. “First-in-Human Testing of a Wirelessly Controlled
Drug Delivery Microchip.” Science Translational Medicine (2012): n.
pag. http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/early/2012/02/15/scitranslmed.3003276

MORE INFO
[1]
http://news.yahoo.com/photos/health-1316123812-slideshow/device-may-someday-allo
w-patients-avoid-daily-injections-photo-191903806.html
(CCBR-SYNARC) Denmark5   
3 YAN
[04/04/2003 AD] 6 		6195) A nanometer scale electric motor.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ A. M. Fennimore, T. D. Yuzvinsky, Wei-Qiang Han, M. S. Fuhrer, J. Cumings
& A. Zettl, “Rotational actuators based on carbon nanotubes.” Nature
424.6947 (2003) :
408-410. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v424/n6947/abs/nature01823.html
2. ^ Fennimore, A. M. et al. “Rotational actuators based on carbon
nanotubes.” Nature 424.6947 (2003) :
408-410. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v424/n6947/abs/nature01823.html
3. ^ Fennimore, A. M. et al. “Rotational actuators based on carbon
nanotubes.” Nature 424.6947 (2003) :
408-410. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v424/n6947/abs/nature01823.html
4. ^ Fennimore, A. M. et al. “Rotational actuators based on carbon
nanotubes.” Nature 424.6947 (2003) :
408-410. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v424/n6947/abs/nature01823.html
5. ^ Fennimore, A. M. et al. “Rotational actuators based on carbon
nanotubes.” Nature 424.6947 (2003) :
408-410. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v424/n6947/abs/nature01823.html
6. ^ Fennimore, A. M. et al. “Rotational actuators based on carbon
nanotubes.” Nature 424.6947 (2003) :
408-410. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v424/n6947/abs/nature01823.html
{04/04/2003}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.mpoweruk.com/motorsspecial.htm
(University of California at Berkeley), Berkeley, California, USA5   
4 YAN
[07/01/2004 AD] 7 		5641) The first ship to orbit Saturn.4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh
lights/
2. ^
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh
lights/
3. ^
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh
lights/
4. ^
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh
lights/
5. ^ "Cassini-Huygens." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 01 Jan. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cassini-huygens
6. ^
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh
lights/
7. ^
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh
lights/ {07/01/2004}

MORE INFO
[1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1997-061A
Planet Saturn6   
4 YAN
[07/22/2004 AD] 4 		6655) The first image of a planet of a different star.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "A giant planet candidate near a young brown dwarf. Direct VLT/NACO
observations using IR wavefront sensing", G. Chauvin, A.-M. Lagrange, C. Dumas,
B. Zuckerman, D. Mouillet, I. Song, J.-L. Beuzit, P. Lowrance, Astronomy and
Astrophysics, 425 (October 2004), pp. L29�L32. Bibcode: 2004A&A...425L..29C
doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A200400
056
2. ^ "A giant planet candidate near a young brown dwarf. Direct VLT/NACO
observations using IR wavefront sensing", G. Chauvin, A.-M. Lagrange, C. Dumas,
B. Zuckerman, D. Mouillet, I. Song, J.-L. Beuzit, P. Lowrance, Astronomy and
Astrophysics, 425 (October 2004), pp. L29�L32. Bibcode: 2004A&A...425L..29C
doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A200400
056
3. ^ "A giant planet candidate near a young brown dwarf. Direct VLT/NACO
observations using IR wavefront sensing", G. Chauvin, A.-M. Lagrange, C. Dumas,
B. Zuckerman, D. Mouillet, I. Song, J.-L. Beuzit, P. Lowrance, Astronomy and
Astrophysics, 425 (October 2004), pp. L29�L32. Bibcode: 2004A&A...425L..29C
doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A200400
056
4. ^ "A giant planet candidate near a young brown dwarf. Direct VLT/NACO
observations using IR wavefront sensing", G. Chauvin, A.-M. Lagrange, C. Dumas,
B. Zuckerman, D. Mouillet, I. Song, J.-L. Beuzit, P. Lowrance, Astronomy and
Astrophysics, 425 (October 2004), pp. L29�L32. Bibcode: 2004A&A...425L..29C
doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A200400
056

MORE INFO
[1] "Ross 458(AB) c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia.
Exoplanet.eu. http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/?f=%22imaging%22+IN+detection
(European Southern Observatory) Santiago, Chili3   
4 YAN
[11/29/2004 AD] 		5832) Stem cells are used to repair damaged nerves, allowing a paralyzed human
to walk.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Stem cell therapy brings paralyzed to feet",
ChinaDaily http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-11/29/content_395570.h
tm
2. ^ "Stem cell therapy brings paralyzed to feet",
ChinaDaily http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-11/29/content_395570.h
tm
3. ^ "Stem cell therapy brings paralyzed to feet",
ChinaDaily http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-11/29/content_395570.h
tm
4. ^ "Stem cell therapy brings paralyzed to feet",
ChinaDaily http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-11/29/content_395570.h
tm

MORE INFO
[1] Kang KS, Kim SW, Oh YH, et al. (2005). "A 37-year-old spinal
cord-injured female patient, transplanted of multipotent stem cells from human
UC blood, with improved sensory perception and mobility, both functionally and
morphologically: a case study". Cytotherapy 7 (4): 368–73.
DOI:10.1080/14653240500238160. PMID 16162459
[2] "team co-headed by researchers at
Chosun University", Seoul National University and the Seoul Cord Blood Bank
(SCB) Umbilical cord cells 'allow paralysed woman to walk' By Roger Highfield,
Science Editor. Last Updated: 1:28AM GMT 30 Nov 2004
(Chosun University) Kwangju, South Korea4   
5 YAN
[01/14/2005 AD] 5 		5642) A ship lands on a moon of Saturn (Titan).3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh
lights/
2. ^
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh
lights/
3. ^
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh
lights/
4. ^
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh
lights/
5. ^
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh
lights/ {01/14/2005}

MORE INFO
[1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1997-061A
Planet Saturn, moon Titan4   
8 YAN
[06/10/2008 AD] 3 		6582) That mass and motion cannot be converted into each other is recognized.1

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington, "Mass is Conserved, and Velocity is Conserved, but can
Mass and Velocity be Exchanged?",
06/10/2008. http://www.tedhuntington.com/paper_mass_velocity.htm
2. ^ Ted Huntington, "Mass is Conserved, and Velocity is Conserved, but can
Mass and Velocity be Exchanged?",
06/10/2008. http://www.tedhuntington.com/paper_mass_velocity.htm
3. ^ Ted Huntington, "Mass is Conserved, and Velocity is Conserved, but can
Mass and Velocity be Exchanged?",
06/10/2008. http://www.tedhuntington.com/paper_mass_velocity.htm
(UC Irvine) Irvine, CA, USA2   
8 YAN
[12/10/2008 AD] 8 		3886) The first remote neuron reading. An image of what the eyes are seeing is
captured remotely using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).5

Different syllables of thought-audio are also distinguished remotely.6
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H.
C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human
brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron,
60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6
2. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito,
Y., Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction
from human brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image
decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929.
http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6
3. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H.
C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human
brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron,
60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6
4. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito,
Y., Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction
from human brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image
decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929.
http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6
5. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H.
C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human
brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron,
60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6
6. ^ personal communication, see most of Kamatani's email
correspondence with me at:
http://www.tedhuntington.com/neuron_reading_and_writing.htm
7. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H.
C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human
brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron,
60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6
8. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito,
Y., Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction
from human brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image
decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929.
http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6 {12/10/2008}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.nerdgrind.com/dream-and-thought-recorder-created-by-japanese-research
-team/
[2]
http://gizmodo.com/5107377/new-technology-could-display-your-dreams-on-screen
(Collaboration between researchers at two Japanese Universities, two research
Institutes, and ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories) Kyoto, Japan7
  
12 YAN
[01/31/2012 AD] 8 9 		276) Sound a brain hears is recorded directly from the brain.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Pasley BN, David SV, Mesgarani N, Flinker A, Shamma SA, et al. (2012)
Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex. PLoS Biol 10(1): e1001251.
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251
http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001251

2. ^ "Researchers tune into what brain hears", ABC News, 02/01/2012.
http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2012/02/01/3419795.htm
3. ^ "Science decodes 'internal voices"', BBC News,
01/31/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16811042
4. ^ Pasley BN, David SV, Mesgarani N, Flinker A, Shamma SA, et al. (2012)
Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex. PLoS Biol 10(1): e1001251.
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251
http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001251

5. ^ "Researchers tune into what brain hears", ABC News, 02/01/2012.
http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2012/02/01/3419795.htm
6. ^ "Science decodes 'internal voices"', BBC News,
01/31/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16811042
7. ^ Pasley BN, David SV, Mesgarani N, Flinker A, Shamma SA, et al. (2012)
Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex. PLoS Biol 10(1): e1001251.
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251
http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001251

8. ^ Pasley BN, David SV, Mesgarani N, Flinker A, Shamma SA, et al. (2012)
Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex. PLoS Biol 10(1): e1001251.
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251
http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001251

9. ^ Ted Huntington. {2015}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
(University of California at Berkeley) Berkeley, CA, USA7   
13 YAN
[03/23/2013 AD] 3 		6640) The theory that globular clusters are the inevitable result of highly
adapted living objects.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington, "Are living objects in globular clusters collecting other
stars to consume, and should we be doing that too?",
03/23/2013. http://www.tedhuntington.org/paper_globular_collecting.htm
2. ^ Ted Huntington, "Are living objects in globular clusters collecting other
stars to consume, and should we be doing that too?",
03/23/2013. http://www.tedhuntington.org/paper_globular_collecting.htm
3. ^ Ted Huntington, "Are living objects in globular clusters collecting other
stars to consume, and should we be doing that too?",
03/23/2013. http://www.tedhuntington.org/paper_globular_collecting.htm
(University of California) Irvine, California, USA2   
13 YAN
[05/15/2013 AD] 5 		6647) Stem cells are created by replacing the nucleus of an ovum with the
nucleus of a skin cell. This method allows people to be their own stem cell
donor.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Tachibana et al., Human Embryonic Stem Cells Derived by Somatic Cell
Nuclear Transfer, Cell V153, p1-11,
06/06/2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.006 {Tachibana_20130606.p
df}
2. ^ Maggie Fox, "Cloning technique produces human stem cells for the first
time",
http://vitals.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/15/18277298-cloning-technique-produces
-human-stem-cells-for-the-first-time?lite
3. ^ Sharon Begley, "Scientists create human stem cells through cloning",
Reuters, Wed, May 15,
2013. http://news.yahoo.com/scientists-create-human-stem-cells-cloning-16051218
9.html
4. ^ Tachibana et al., Human Embryonic Stem Cells Derived by Somatic Cell
Nuclear Transfer, Cell V153, p1-11,
06/06/2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.006 {Tachibana_20130606.p
df}
5. ^ Tachibana et al., Human Embryonic Stem Cells Derived by Somatic Cell
Nuclear Transfer, Cell V153, p1-11,
06/06/2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.006 {Tachibana_20130606.p
df}

MORE INFO
[1] Yu, Junying et al. �Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Derived
from Human Somatic Cells.� Science 318.5858 (2007):
1917�1920. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/318/5858/1917.short
(Oregon Health & Science University), Oregon, USA4   
FUTURE
15 YAN
[2015 AD] 6 		332) Sound a brain hears is recorded remotely and played out loud.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {2015}
  
15 YAN
[2015 AD] 		6394) A microscopic radio (or particle transmitter and receiver).
  
18 YAN
[2018 AD] 		6208) A radio device functions inside a cell. The first human-made cell
organelle. A device like a microscopic RFID chip exists inside an individual
cell and can send and receive information with a remote external device.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
20 YAN
[2020 AD] 4 		4559) Walking robots are produced in mass quantity, and are available for the
public to buy.2

This is the start of the "robot revolution"; how robots replace humans in most
manual labor tasks, greatly increasing the quantity of food produced and the
population of humans.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington. {2020}
  
20 YAN
[2020 AD] 		4573) Humans synthesize artificial milk and cheese.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
20 YAN
[2020 AD] 		6197) The first remote control microscopic flying device.
  
20 YAN
[2020 AD] 		6632) Humans move an asteroid by capturing the asteroid inside a container.1
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.space.com/20610-nasa-asteroid-capture-mission-infographic.html
  
23 YAN
[2023 AD] 		6552) The first wireless microscopic microphone. The "micro-mic".

MORE INFO
[1]
  
25 YAN
[2025 AD] 		337) Remote neuron writing using microscopic devices in neurons. Microscopic
devices enter the human body by the lung, enter the blood circulation which
connects directly to all cells, and position themselves as organelles inside
each neuron. External devices communicate with the intracellular devices to
read the voltage and to remotely make the neuron cell fire.5

Sounds, images, smells, touches, emotions, and muscle contractions can now be
remotely activated in a brain by sending light particles to intracellular
devices.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.nerdgrind.com/dream-and-thought-recorder-created-by-japanese-research
-team/
[2]
http://gizmodo.com/5107377/new-technology-could-display-your-dreams-on-screen
[3] personal communication, see most of Kamatani's email correspondence with me
at: http://www.tedhuntington.com/neuron_reading_and_writing.htm
  
25 YAN
[2025 AD] 		6193) The first wireless microscopic camera. The "micro-cam".

MORE INFO
[1]
  
25 YAN
[2025 AD] 		6198) The first remote controlled microscopic flying camera.
  
25 YAN
[2025 AD] 		6375) The wireless microscopic maser.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
25 YAN
[2025 AD] 		6395) The wireless nanometer scale radio transmitter and receiver (the
nano-radio).

MORE INFO
[1]
  
30 YAN
[2030 AD] 6 		365) The first thought-audio is recorded. Thought-audio is recorded using
remote neuron reading and played out loud publicly. The first recorded thought
audio may sound like this: "1 2 3". Humans start to communicate by
thought-image and thought-sound only.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Ted Huntington. {2025}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
  
30 YAN
[2030 AD] 1 		366) The first artificial muscle bipedal robots. These robots are lighter and
more electrically efficient, than motor robots.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2040}
  
30 YAN
[2030 AD] 6 		680) The first images of thought are seen. Thought-images are recorded remotely
using remote neuron reading and shown publicly.5

The first thought-image may be the image of a triangle.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Ted Huntington. {2025}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
  
30 YAN
[2030 AD] 4 		791) Bipedal robots start replacing humans in most low-skill jobs (for example
as walking security cameras, in fast-food, and fruit picking).3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington
3. ^ Ted Huntington
4. ^ Ted Huntington (my own estimate)
  
30 YAN
[2030 AD] 		6391) The first wireless nanometer scale camera. The "nano-cam".

MORE INFO
[1]
  
40 YAN
[2040 AD] 2 		4561) Walking robots can wash dishes, wash clothing, and do most other simple
household tasks.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2040}
  
40 YAN
[2040 AD] 		6553) The first use of remote writing to motor neurons to stop an act of
violence.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
2. ^
  
45 YAN
[2045 AD] 		6630) Obesity is cured with microscopic devices.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
  
50 YAN
[2050 AD] 6 		790) Humans walk around with robot servants.5 These robots perform tasks like
carrying objects and protection.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington
3. ^ Ted Huntington
4. ^ Ted Huntington
5. ^ Ted Huntington
6. ^ Ted Huntington. {2050 (my
own estimate}
  
50 YAN
[2050 AD] 3 		4564) An artificial muscle robot can fly by flapping wings.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2050}
  
50 YAN
[2050 AD] 3 		4566) The first air highway, for autopiloted flying cars, is established.2

The flying cars are extremely safe with emergency parachutes, airbags,
emergency landing thrusters, and have complete auto-navigation.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2050}
  
50 YAN
[2050 AD] 		6298) An artificial muscle wing flapping passenger plane.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
50 YAN
[2050 AD] 1 		6300) Bacteria are identified and destroyed by microscopic devices inside an
animal body.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2500} {2100} {2050}
  
51 YAN
[2051 AD] 7 8 9 		6520) There are 10 billion humans on Earth.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One
Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
2. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
3. ^
Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million
B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
4. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
5. ^
Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million
B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
6. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
7. ^ Ted
Huntington.
8. ^ http://geography.about.com/od/obtainpopulationdata/a/worldpopulation.htm
9. ^ Ted Huntington
  
55 YAN
[2055 AD] 1 		6302) Cancer cell growth is stopped by microscopic devices.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2055}

MORE INFO
[1] Schroeder, Avi et al. “Treating Metastatic Cancer with
Nanotechnology.” Nat Rev Cancer 12.1 (2012):
39–50. http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v12/n1/full/nrc3180.html?WT.ec_id=NR
C-201201
  
60 YAN
[2060 AD] 1 		6301) A virus is identified and destroyed by microscopic devices.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2060}
  
75 YAN
[2075 AD] 3 		6445) Humans stop unwanted weather (for example tornadoes and hurricanes), by
changing air temperature using millions of distributed remote control nanometer
sized devices.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
80 YAN
[2080 AD] 		6392) Accelerated nanocamera ships reach another planet and return closeup
images.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
100 YAN
[2100 AD] 		367) Most humans communicate only by images and sounds of thought.

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
  
100 YAN
[2100 AD] 6 		793) Helicopter-cars form a second line of traffic above the streets.5
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington
3. ^ Ted Huntington
4. ^ Ted Huntington
5. ^ Ted Huntington
6. ^ Ted Huntington (my own
estimate) {2100 my own estimate}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.sdi.gov/curtis/Trans_Trends.html
[2] future_est.xls
  
100 YAN
[2100 AD] 1 		794) 100 ships with humans orbit Earth. Eventually, Earth orbit will be filled
with single family houses and stores.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls
  
100 YAN
[2100 AD] 1 		4569) Most vehicles are machine controlled. Humans only determine the
destination.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
100 YAN
[2100 AD] 4 		4575) Robots walk on the moon of Earth and build buildings.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
moon of Earth  
100 YAN
[2100 AD] 4 		4613) Humans conquer all bacteria and viruses. Nanoscale devices can identify
and destroy all known bacteria and viruses anywhere inside or outside of the
body.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington. {2500} {2100}
  
120 YAN
[2120 AD] 3 		4583) Robots land and walk on an asteroid.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2220}
  
120 YAN
[2120 AD] 		4584) Robots walk and build buildings on Mars.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
Mars  
140 YAN
[2140 AD] 2 		687) Large scale atomic transmutation: Humans can convert most common atoms
(like Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, and Calcium) into much more useful atoms (like
Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen). This allows many humans to live independently
of Earth, in ships, and on planets and moons without air or water, because they
can produce all the air, fuel, water and food they need from the common atoms
of planets and moons.

Because of large scale transmutation large self-sufficient cities of humans can
be created on airless and waterless planets and moons.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
[2] future_est.xls
  
140 YAN
[2140 AD] 1 		6377) Robots build buildings on an asteroid.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
150 YAN
[2150 AD] 1 		659) The first major nation of Earth to be fully and constantly democratic,
where the people vote directly on the laws.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. (50 years to get progressive president, 50 years to get
pro fully democratic, 50 years for actual full democracy to be integrated (in
courts, military, laws))
  
150 YAN
[2150 AD] 		4592) The first humans land on Mars.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
Mars  
150 YAN
[2150 AD] 		6223) The first "Moon colony". Humans permanently live on the Moon of Earth.
  
150 YAN
[2150 AD] 1 		6304) Nucleic Acids are changed by remote control nanoscale devices. This will
lead to making physical changes to the shape of a body that originate at the
cellular level.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2058} {2150}
  
160 YAN
[2160 AD] 3 		4590) Robots land and walk on planet Mercury.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
Mercury  
160 YAN
[2160 AD] 3 		4591) Robots land and walk on a moon of Jupiter.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2250}
Jupiter  
160 YAN
[2160 AD] 3 		6642) Humans orbit Venus.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
Venus  
180 YAN
[2180 AD] 2 		4593) Robots land and walk on the surface of Saturn and its moons.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
Saturn  
180 YAN
[2180 AD] 		4594) Humans live permanently on Mars. The first Mars colony. The first city of
another planet.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
Mars  
190 YAN
[2190 AD] 4 		4606) Humans land on Mercury.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
Mercury  
200 YAN
[2200 AD] 8 		792) Robots and other machines have replaced humans in most manual labor tasks
(driving, cleaning, and food planting, harvesting, preparing and serving).6
Robots also do the most dangerous parts of military, police, and fire
fighting.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington
3. ^ Ted Huntington
4. ^ Ted Huntington
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Ted Huntington
7. ^ Ted Huntington.
8. ^ Ted
Huntington (my own estimate) {2200 my own estimate}
  
200 YAN
[2200 AD] 6 		795) 1000 human-filled ships orbit Earth.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls
2. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls
3. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls
4. ^ Ted
Huntington future_est.xls
5. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls
6. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls (my own
estimate)
  
200 YAN
[2200 AD] 		4562) Hugging, kissing, sleeping together, and other non-sexual forms of
pleasure for money are decriminalized for adults in most developed nations.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
200 YAN
[2200 AD] 3 		4607) The first Mercury colony: humans live permanently under and on the
surface of Mercury.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2350}
Mercury  
200 YAN
[2200 AD] 		6305) Microscopic devices repair, regrow, and reshape damaged cells.
  
210 YAN
[2210 AD] 3 		4585) Humans land and walk on an asteroid.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2240}
  
220 YAN
[2220 AD] 2 		4596) Robots land and walk on Uranus and its moons.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2280}
Uranus  
250 YAN
[2250 AD] 2 		4567) The end of all arrests for information-sharing crimes, although many
secrets still remain.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2250}
  
250 YAN
[2250 AD] 2 		4586) Humans live permanently on an asteroid.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2250}
  
250 YAN
[2250 AD] 3 		4589) The end of arrests for recreational drugs in most major nations.2
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2250}
  
250 YAN
[2250 AD] 5 		4611) Humans reach Jupiter and land on a moon.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
Jupiter  
260 YAN
[2260 AD] 2 		4601) Robots land and walk on Neptune and its moons.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2300}
Triton, Neptune  
275 YAN
[2275 AD] 		661) Most humans are not religious.

MORE INFO
[1] "ESTIMATING THE RELIGIOUS COMPOSITION OF ALL NATIONS: AN EMPIRICAL
ASSESSMENT", Becky Hsu, Amy Reynolds, Conrad Hackett, James Gibbon Princeton
University November 2, 2005 Religions_estimating.pdf
[2] MODERNIZATION, CULTURAL CHANGE, AND THE
PERSISTENCE OF TRADITIONAL VALUES* Ronald Inglehart University of
Michigan Wayne E. Baker University of Michigan religion_inglehart_backer.pdf
[3] future_est.xls
  
280 YAN
[2280 AD] 3 		4595) All money is electronic.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2280}
  
280 YAN
[2280 AD] 4 		4598) Humans live permanently in a ship that orbits the Sun.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington. {2280}
  
280 YAN
[2280 AD] 2 		4620) Humans land on Saturn and its moons.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2700} {2701}
Saturn  
283 YAN
[2283 AD] 3 		6521) There are 100 billion humans.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One
Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
2. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
3. ^ Ted
Huntington.

MORE INFO
[1]
http://geography.about.com/od/obtainpopulationdata/a/worldpopulation.htm
  
290 YAN
[2290 AD] 3 		4599) The first ships that regularly transport humans from Earth to the moon of
Earth.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2290}
  
300 YAN
[2300 AD] 3 		4581) The end of arrests for nudity in public.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2200}
  
300 YAN
[2300 AD] 5 		4627) Humans land on Uranus and its moons.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington. {2800}
Uranus  
350 YAN
[2350 AD] 3 		4609) Humans switch to a single time system for all places in the universe.2
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2350}
  
350 YAN
[2350 AD] 3 4 		4630) Humans reach and land on Neptune and its moons.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington. {2900}
Neptune  
350 YAN
[2350 AD] 		6393) The first ships to reach another star (Alpha Centauri) and to return the
first closeup images of the planets around another star. These nanocamera ships
are very small, and are accelerated to very high speeds, perhaps even half the
speed of light, allowing them to reach another star in under 10 years. There
need to be many ships in order to relay images over the long distances.

Possibly nanometer ships may work together to assemble larger structures from
the atoms around other stars.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
370 YAN
[2370 AD] 1 		6209) Living objects on planets of a different star are identified (bacteria
made of DNA on planets around Centauri).
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2760} {2765}
Alpha Centauri  
400 YAN
[2400 AD] 4 		4612) Humans send ships with robots to the stars of Alpha Centauri.2
These
large scale ships may only go 1% the speed of light and take 400 years to get
to Centauri.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington. {2400}
  
420 YAN
[2420 AD] 		779) Most humans in developed nations reject the theory of gods.

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/services/index.html
[2] future_est.xls
  
500 YAN
[2500 AD] 1 2 		683) The removal and conversion of the Venus atmosphere is started.

This is the first major "conversion of a gas atmosphere" engineering work of
humans.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html
2. ^ future_est.xls
  
500 YAN
[2500 AD] 8 9 		686) The end of death by aging.6
Using genetic editing, humans can reach any
developmental stage, and then hold that body shape indefinitely, dying only
from physical destruction. Humans now live for thousands of years. This causes
the human population to grow at an extremely fast rate.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
7. ^ Ted Huntington
8. ^
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {2500}
9. ^ future_est.xls
  
500 YAN
[2500 AD] 		4588) The end of arrests for all forms of trading money for consensual physical
pleasure.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
500 YAN
[2500 AD] 		6546) Microscopic ships reach Barnard's star, the second closest star, 6 light
years away, and send back the first images of the planets there.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
500 YAN
[2500 AD] 		6554) The end of homicide, by remote neuron writing.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
2. ^
  
600 YAN
[2600 AD] 1 		4617) An asteroid is moved by propulsion, either by cables or by embedded
engines.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
600 YAN
[2600 AD] 		6547) Microscopic ships reach Sirius, 8 light years away, and send back the
first images of the planets there.

MORE INFO
[1]
Sirius  
650 YAN
[2650 AD] 6 		4619) Humans create atoms from light particles. Photon fusion: the reverse of
separating atoms into light particles.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Ted Huntington. {2650}
  
650 YAN
[2650 AD] 		6555) The first images of large living objects on a planet of another star are
seen.

MORE INFO
[1]
Alpha Centauri  
700 YAN
[2700 AD] 		4605) Robots land and walk on Venus.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
Venus  
750 YAN
[2750 AD] 1 		4622) The first large ship to reach a different star (Alpha Centauri).

Smaller robot ships then land on all the planets and moons of Centauri.

Robots start mining and building to prepare for the many millions of humans
that will eventually arrive.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
Alpha Centauri  
800 YAN
[2800 AD] 		24) Humans consume an asteroid.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
800 YAN
[2800 AD] 3 		4615) Humans live on Venus. The first Venus colony.
Humans live on and under the
surface of Venus in cooled buildings.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2550}
Venus  
800 YAN
[2800 AD] 1 		4624) Ships containing humans leave for the stars of Alpha Centauri and will
arrive successfully perhaps 400 years later. This begins the colonization of
other stars.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2800}
  
800 YAN
[2800 AD] 1 		4628) Humans change the motion of a moon; perhaps a moon of Jupiter or Mars.
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2800}
Jupiter  
850 YAN
[2850 AD] 3 		4580) Humans change the motion of a planet (planet Earth). The large quantity
of ships in orbit causes the motion of Earth to be carefully monitored and
periodically changed using organized ship movements. By this time the Earth and
Moon are visibly surrounded by millions of orbiting ships.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2800} {2850}
Earth  
900 YAN
[2900 AD] 1 		29) A ship impacts the surface of Jupiter. The first image of the surface of
Jupiter is captured. The solid and liquid body of Jupiter is confirmed to be 6
times the diameter of Earth.
The surface of Jupiter may appear to be molten
liquid like the surface of the Sun and the interior of the other planets.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
Jupiter  
900 YAN
[2900 AD] 		775) A ship from Centauri leaves for Earth carrying matter from Centauri. This
is part of a long term project of bringing back matter from around Centauri to
be used around the star Earth orbits where consumable atoms are in great
demand.

MORE INFO
[1]
Alpha Centauri  
900 YAN
[2900 AD] 1 		4629) Human anatomical changes start to become apparent as a result of living
many generations in low gravity. Humans may start to look like ocean organisms
which do not walk but instead move by pushing the surrounding medium using
their appendages. Humans may also develop more and larger sex-related organs of
both genders.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
1,000 YAN
[3000 AD] 		4631) The start of the removal of the Jupiter atmosphere. Many humans may fear
Jupiter exploding. The removal of the atmosphere is a natural result of ships
"feeding" on the matter of Jupiter; the lost mass is replaced by added ships
and people.

MORE INFO
[1]
Jupiter  
1,150 YAN
[3150 AD] 2 		4638) Ships with robots reach the second closest star, Barnard's star 6 light
years away. Robots land on the planets and start building more ships.1
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {3150}
Barnard's Star  
1,200 YAN
[3200 AD] 		4614) A ship from Centauri reaches Earth and returns the first objects from a
different star. Robots around Centauri build ships to go to other stars and
pull them closer.

MORE INFO
[1]
Earth System  
1,200 YAN
[3200 AD] 6 		4637) Humans reach a different star (Alpha Centauri). Humans now live around
two star systems and so the chance of extinction is greatly decreased. Humans
will start to reproduce at an exponential rate around the three stars of
Centauri.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Ted Huntington. {3100} {3200
(100 years per light year 400 years}
Alpha Centauri  
1,200 YAN
[3200 AD] 1 		4639) Humans completely control the motion of planet Mercury.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
Mercury  
1,300 YAN
[3300 AD] 		777) The end of major religions. Most humans belong to no major religion.

MORE INFO
[1] future_est.xls
[2] "MODERNIZATION, CULTURAL CHANGE, AND THE PERSISTENCE OF
TRADITIONAL VALUES" Ronald Inglehart University of Michigan Wayne E.
Baker University of Michigan religion_inglehart_baker.pdf
[3] "ESTIMATING THE RELIGIOUS COMPOSITION OF ALL
NATIONS: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT", Becky Hsu, Amy Reynolds, Conrad Hackett,
James Gibbon Princeton University November 2, 2005 Religions_estimating.pdf
  
1,350 YAN
[3350 AD] 2 		4640) Ships with robots reach Sirius.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {3350}
Sirius  
1,400 YAN
[3400 AD] 4 		4643) Humans control the motion of Mars.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington. {3600}
Mars  
1,400 YAN
[3400 AD] 1 		6568) Humans reach Barnard's star.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {3150}
Barnard's Star  
1,500 YAN
[3500 AD] 1 2 		684) Much of the atmosphere of Venus has been removed and the surface has
cooled down. Nitrogen and Oxygen gases are now released into the atmosphere.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
2. ^ future_est.xls
Venus  
1,600 YAN
[3600 AD] 1 		6569) Humans reach Sirius.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {3350}
Sirius  
1,800 YAN
[3800 AD] 4 		4645) The motion of Jupiter is controlled by orbiting ships.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington. {3800}
Jupiter  
2,000 YAN
[4000 AD] 		4644) The atmosphere of Jupiter is completely removed, which causes the surface
to solidify and be more easily mined. Humans may add a nitrogen and oxygen
atmosphere or may simply mine Jupiter for matter, most of which is exported to
humans orbiting Jupiter or the Sun.

MORE INFO
[1]
Jupiter  
2,000 YAN
[4000 AD] 		4646) Humans have robot ships at 10 different stars.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
2,200 YAN
[4200 AD] 1 		4651) The rings of Saturn are consumed by humans living there.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {4200}
Saturn  
2,300 YAN
[4300 AD] 4 		6379) Humans land on the surface of Jupiter.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington. {4300}
Jupiter  
2,500 YAN
[4500 AD] 1 2 		4579) The Venus atmosphere is like the atmosphere of Earth. Venus becomes a
second Earth (although without oceans and much more efficiently organized).
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {4500}
2. ^ future_est.xls {4500}
Venus  
2,500 YAN
[4500 AD] 3 		4652) The first ships to hold an orbit above or below the planetary plane.
Ships can get closer to the Sun by occupying an orbit above or below the
planetary plane. These ships may hold a horizontal orbit by thrusting against
the y component of the Sun's gravity. Alternatively they may maintain a
thrustless orbit that crosses the planetary plane.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {4200}
  
2,500 YAN
[4500 AD] 		4655) Humans live on the surface of Jupiter.
Jupiter  
2,500 YAN
[4500 AD] 3 		4662) The motions of all the planets are under human control.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {4500}
  
2,800 YAN
[4800 AD] 3 		4669) Jupiter is the most populated planet, overtaking the Earth in number of
humans living in, on, and in orbit of it.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {4800}
Jupiter  
3,000 YAN
[5000 AD] 		4656) The atmosphere of Jupiter is now Nitrogen and Oxygen, and heated to stay
gaseous.
Jupiter  
3,000 YAN
[5000 AD] 3 4 		4666) More humans live in ships than live in and on the surface of all the
planets, moons and asteroids.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington. {4700}
  
3,000 YAN
[5000 AD] 		4668) Humans have robot ships at 50 different stars.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
3,100 YAN
[5100 AD] 6 		4671) The first image of advanced living objects that evolved around a
different star. Their scientific technologies, constructions, and highly
adapted anatomies are of great interest. Obtaining this image is part of a
process that all advanced life must participate in; sending probe ships to
other stars and capturing images of any life that has evolved there.5
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Ted Huntington. {5100}
  
3,200 YAN
[5200 AD] 3 		4673) Humans inhabit 10 stars and have robot ships around 100 stars.2
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {5200}
  
3,500 YAN
[5500 AD] 		6176) The position of the Sun is under human control and is moved in the
direction of Centauri.
Sun  
4,000 YAN
[6000 AD] 		4674) The stars of Centauri are moved towards the Sun. This will make travel,
communication, and trading of matter between the two stars faster.

MORE INFO
[1]
Centauri  
4,000 YAN
[6000 AD] 6 		4675) Humans touch advanced living objects that evolved around a different
star. This will cause a large amount of excitement for the many billions of
organisms of both star systems.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Ted Huntington. {6000}
  
4,500 YAN
[6500 AD] 		4676) Humans form a cluster of 4 stars (the Sun and the three stars of
Centauri) and start to look like an "open cluster".

Each star is within 1 light year from each other.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
Sun-Centauri cluster  
5,000 YAN
[7000 AD] 1 2 		678) One trillion humans.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
2. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {15,505 YAN (rate=0.033%)
(at current rate is 2600}
  
9,000 YAN
[11000 AD] 3 		4680) Genetic engineering may produce humans that use photosynthesis, only
needing water, oxygen, and light.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {11000}
  
10,000 YAN
[12000 AD] 3 		4681) Humans may genetically remove the requirement to urinate, defecate,
sleep, and reproduce sexually.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {12000}
  
11,000 YAN
[13000 AD] 2 		4682) Humans may genetically remove the need for a constant supply of oxygen or
water.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {13000}
  
12,000 YAN
[14000 AD] 		679) One quadrillion humans (1015).

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
  
12,000 YAN
[14000 AD] 1 		4683) Our descendents probably will look very different from humans now,
adapted for efficiency and to low gravity space.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
15,000 YAN
[17000 AD] 		6570) More humans live around other stars than live around the Sun.

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
  
19,000 YAN
[21000 AD] 		6548) One quintillion humans (1018).

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
  
25,000 YAN
[27000 AD] 		4677) Humans have robot ships around 1000 stars, inhabit 100 stars, and form an
open cluster of 10 stars.
  
45,000 YAN
[47000 AD] 		4679) Humans have robot ships around 10,000 stars, inhabit 1000 stars and form
a cluster of 100 stars.
  
50,000 YAN
[52000 AD] 		4658) All asteroids are consumed.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
63,000 YAN
[65000 AD] 		6171) Humans reach the center of the Earth.

MORE INFO
[1] Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
Earth  
65,000 YAN
[67000 AD] 3 		6174) Earth is completely filled with living objects, and has a population of
10 quintillion {KWiNTiLYeN2 } (1019) humans.
There is no more molten material inside
the Earth. All the molten compressed matter was extracted, cooled and consumed,
mostly as building materials, fuel, and food. Earth is completely filled with
tunnels, rooms, and living objects.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "quintillion." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Jan.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/quintillion
2. ^ "quintillion." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Jan.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/quintillion
3. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
Earth  
70,000 YAN
[72000 AD] 		4684) Humans have robot ships at 100,000 stars, inhabit 10,000 stars, and form
a cluster of 1,000 stars.

Alternatively, the cluster of stars our descendents make, may be consumed by or
integrated with a larger star cluster, for example the Hyades or M13.
  
90,000 YAN
[92000 AD] 3 		6210) Humans form a globular cluster of 10,000 stars. This cluster starts to
leave the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy.

The human population is now around 50 sextillion (50 x 1021).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington based on 0.03% growth from 2000 to 90000
2. ^ Ted Huntington
based on 0.03% growth from 2000 to 90000
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {10000} {92,108 YAN
(0.01% growth rate) (was 10000}
  
100,000 YAN
6558) An object made by humans touches the surface of the Sun. By this time the
Sun is colder and much of the surface is solid. Matter of the Sun continues to
be removed for food, fuel and building materials.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
121,000 YAN
10 11 12 13 		681) The Moon of Earth population reaches the maximum possible (200
quadrillion, 200 x 1015 ).7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
2. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
3. ^ future_est.xls
4. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
5. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
6. ^ future_est.xls
7. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
8. ^
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
9. ^ future_est.xls
10. ^ Ted Huntington.
11. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
12. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {3800}
13. ^
future_est.xls {3800}
Moon of Earth  
125,500 YAN
4672) Planet Mercury is completely filled with living objects, and functions
like a large ship, perhaps even dividing into smaller separate ships.
Mercury  
127,000 YAN
10 11 12 		682) The population of humans on planet Mars reaches a physical maximum of 1
quintillion (1 x 1018) humans. 7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
2. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
3. ^ future_est.xls
4. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
5. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
6. ^ future_est.xls
7. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
8. ^
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
9. ^ future_est.xls
10. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
11. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
12. ^ future_est.xls
Mars  
138,000 YAN
4678) All the planets of the Sun are consumed.

All that remains are ships that orbit the Sun; most matter must now be taken
from the Sun and other stars.

MORE INFO
[1] Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
  
148,000 YAN
1 		100) The Sun is consumed.

That the planets and Sun will probably be consumed is evidence that a globular
cluster is made by an advanced organism that goes out and brings back other
stars to consume, the matter being converted into more of their species, ships,
food, and fuel.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
  
205,000 YAN
6317) Sirius is consumed.
Sirius  
630,000 YAN
106) Ten to the power 100 humans.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
1,000,000,000 YAN
4 5 		4685) All the stars in the Milky Way Galaxy belong to a globular cluster. The
Milky Way is now an elliptical galaxy.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington. {100002000}
Milky Way Galaxy  
25,000,000,000 YAN
4686) The star clusters in the outer areas are pulled closer to the center
making the galaxy more spherical, and the galaxy develops a massive propulsion
system in order to go get more matter to consume. The Milky Way is now a
spherical globular galaxy.

The galaxy may try to position itself behind another galaxy to consume its
emitted exhaust.
Milky Way Galaxy  
30,000,000,000 YAN
4687) The Milky Way Globular Galaxy integrates the matter of the two Magellanic
Cloud galaxies.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
Milky Way Galaxy  
40,000,000,000 YAN
4688) The Andromeda and Milky Way globular galaxies may merge into a single
larger galaxy, which then resumes the search for a smaller galaxy to consume.
Natural selection must also create a large scale "eat or be eaten",
"predator-prey" existence for galaxies similar to that on Earth. The Milky Way
may seek to consume galaxies that are smaller, while trying to move away from
galaxies that are larger.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
Milky Way Galaxy and Andromeda Galaxy  
"Universe, Life, Science, Future" is published under the GNU license, except where otherwise indicated or determined to be fair use, copyrighted, public domain, CC, GDFL or other license.
Main Page