UNIVERSE
that is made of an infinite amount of
space, matter and time.
[1] note
Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1
is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep
field high rez
edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble
Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer
kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom
Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen
Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16.
Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine
Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum
störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund
enthält. Man entschied sich für ein
Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im
Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English:
The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an
image of a small region of space in the
constellation Fornax, composited from
Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated
over a period from September 3, 2003
through January 16, 2004. The patch of
sky in which the galaxies reside was
chosen because it had a low density of
bright stars in the
near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra
Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de
una pequeña región del espacio en la
constelación Fornax, compuesta de
datos obtenidos por el telescopio
espacial Hubble durante el período
entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el
16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del
cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad
de estrellas brillantes en sus
proximidades. Français : Le champ
ultra profond de Hubble, une image
d'une petite portion du ciel dans la
constellation du Fourneau, prise par le
télescope spatial Hubble du 3
septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La
portion de ciel a été choisie car
elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes
proches. Date 2003-09-03 -
2004-01-16 Source
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar
chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au
thor NASA and the European Space
Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie
ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg
MORE INFO
[1]
[1] note
Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1
is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep
field high rez
edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble
Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer
kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom
Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen
Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16.
Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine
Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum
störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund
enthält. Man entschied sich für ein
Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im
Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English:
The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an
image of a small region of space in the
constellation Fornax, composited from
Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated
over a period from September 3, 2003
through January 16, 2004. The patch of
sky in which the galaxies reside was
chosen because it had a low density of
bright stars in the
near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra
Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de
una pequeña región del espacio en la
constelación Fornax, compuesta de
datos obtenidos por el telescopio
espacial Hubble durante el período
entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el
16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del
cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad
de estrellas brillantes en sus
proximidades. Français : Le champ
ultra profond de Hubble, une image
d'une petite portion du ciel dans la
constellation du Fourneau, prise par le
télescope spatial Hubble du 3
septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La
portion de ciel a été choisie car
elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes
proches. Date 2003-09-03 -
2004-01-16 Source
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar
chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au
thor NASA and the European Space
Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie
ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg
light.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] note
Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1
is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep
field high rez
edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble
Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer
kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom
Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen
Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16.
Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine
Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum
störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund
enthält. Man entschied sich für ein
Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im
Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English:
The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an
image of a small region of space in the
constellation Fornax, composited from
Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated
over a period from September 3, 2003
through January 16, 2004. The patch of
sky in which the galaxies reside was
chosen because it had a low density of
bright stars in the
near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra
Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de
una pequeña región del espacio en la
constelación Fornax, compuesta de
datos obtenidos por el telescopio
espacial Hubble durante el período
entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el
16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del
cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad
de estrellas brillantes en sus
proximidades. Français : Le champ
ultra profond de Hubble, une image
d'une petite portion du ciel dans la
constellation du Fourneau, prise par le
télescope spatial Hubble du 3
septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La
portion de ciel a été choisie car
elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes
proches. Date 2003-09-03 -
2004-01-16 Source
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar
chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au
thor NASA and the European Space
Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie
ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg
The same light particles that have
always been, continue to move in the
space that has always been.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] note
Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1
is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep
field high rez
edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble
Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer
kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom
Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen
Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16.
Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine
Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum
störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund
enthält. Man entschied sich für ein
Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im
Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English:
The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an
image of a small region of space in the
constellation Fornax, composited from
Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated
over a period from September 3, 2003
through January 16, 2004. The patch of
sky in which the galaxies reside was
chosen because it had a low density of
bright stars in the
near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra
Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de
una pequeña región del espacio en la
constelación Fornax, compuesta de
datos obtenidos por el telescopio
espacial Hubble durante el período
entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el
16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del
cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad
de estrellas brillantes en sus
proximidades. Français : Le champ
ultra profond de Hubble, une image
d'une petite portion du ciel dans la
constellation du Fourneau, prise par le
télescope spatial Hubble du 3
septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La
portion de ciel a été choisie car
elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes
proches. Date 2003-09-03 -
2004-01-16 Source
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar
chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au
thor NASA and the European Space
Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie
ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg
created, destroyed or exchanged.1
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] note
Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1
is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep
field high rez
edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble
Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer
kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom
Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen
Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16.
Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine
Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum
störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund
enthält. Man entschied sich für ein
Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im
Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English:
The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an
image of a small region of space in the
constellation Fornax, composited from
Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated
over a period from September 3, 2003
through January 16, 2004. The patch of
sky in which the galaxies reside was
chosen because it had a low density of
bright stars in the
near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra
Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de
una pequeña región del espacio en la
constelación Fornax, compuesta de
datos obtenidos por el telescopio
espacial Hubble durante el período
entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el
16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del
cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad
de estrellas brillantes en sus
proximidades. Français : Le champ
ultra profond de Hubble, une image
d'une petite portion du ciel dans la
constellation du Fourneau, prise par le
télescope spatial Hubble du 3
septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La
portion de ciel a été choisie car
elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes
proches. Date 2003-09-03 -
2004-01-16 Source
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar
chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au
thor NASA and the European Space
Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie
ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg
each other forming protons, stars and
galaxies.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] note
Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1
is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep
field high rez
edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble
Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer
kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom
Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen
Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16.
Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine
Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum
störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund
enthält. Man entschied sich für ein
Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im
Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English:
The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an
image of a small region of space in the
constellation Fornax, composited from
Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated
over a period from September 3, 2003
through January 16, 2004. The patch of
sky in which the galaxies reside was
chosen because it had a low density of
bright stars in the
near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra
Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de
una pequeña región del espacio en la
constelación Fornax, compuesta de
datos obtenidos por el telescopio
espacial Hubble durante el período
entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el
16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del
cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad
de estrellas brillantes en sus
proximidades. Français : Le champ
ultra profond de Hubble, une image
d'une petite portion du ciel dans la
constellation du Fourneau, prise par le
télescope spatial Hubble du 3
septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La
portion de ciel a été choisie car
elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes
proches. Date 2003-09-03 -
2004-01-16 Source
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar
chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au
thor NASA and the European Space
Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie
ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg
a tiny part of the universe. We will
never see most of the universe because
no light particles from there can ever
reach us.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
MORE INFO
[1] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl
Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles,
(1980). (estimate of how many galaxies)
[1] note
Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1
is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep
field high rez
edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble
Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer
kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom
Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen
Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16.
Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine
Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum
störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund
enthält. Man entschied sich für ein
Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im
Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English:
The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an
image of a small region of space in the
constellation Fornax, composited from
Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated
over a period from September 3, 2003
through January 16, 2004. The patch of
sky in which the galaxies reside was
chosen because it had a low density of
bright stars in the
near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra
Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de
una pequeña región del espacio en la
constelación Fornax, compuesta de
datos obtenidos por el telescopio
espacial Hubble durante el período
entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el
16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del
cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad
de estrellas brillantes en sus
proximidades. Français : Le champ
ultra profond de Hubble, une image
d'une petite portion du ciel dans la
constellation du Fourneau, prise par le
télescope spatial Hubble du 3
septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La
portion de ciel a été choisie car
elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes
proches. Date 2003-09-03 -
2004-01-16 Source
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar
chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au
thor NASA and the European Space
Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie
ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg
spaces. As a space fills, light
particles form gas clouds called
nebuli, and then galaxies of stars.
Living objects grow around stars and
pull stars together to form globular
clusters and then a globular galaxy.
Living objects need matter to stop
their decay. Light particles that move
to empty spaces form new nebuli which
continues the cycle. Stars may be light
particles at a much larger scale, just
as light particles may be stars at a
much smaller scale. This system may go
on infinitely in both larger and
smaller scale.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] note
Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1
is much larger Hubble ultra deep
field high rez
edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble
Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer
kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom
Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen
Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16.
Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine
Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum
störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund
enthält. Man entschied sich für ein
Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im
Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English:
The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an
image of a small region of space in the
constellation Fornax, composited from
Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated
over a period from September 3, 2003
through January 16, 2004. The patch of
sky in which the galaxies reside was
chosen because it had a low density of
bright stars in the
near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra
Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de
una pequeña región del espacio en la
constelación Fornax, compuesta de
datos obtenidos por el telescopio
espacial Hubble durante el período
entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el
16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del
cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad
de estrellas brillantes en sus
proximidades. Français : Le champ
ultra profond de Hubble, une image
d'une petite portion du ciel dans la
constellation du Fourneau, prise par le
télescope spatial Hubble du 3
septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La
portion de ciel a été choisie car
elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes
proches. Date 2003-09-03 -
2004-01-16 Source
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar
chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au
thor NASA and the European Space
Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie
ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg
[2] LDN 1622: Dark Nebula in
Orion Data: Digitized Sky Survey
(POSS-II), Color Composite: Noel
Carboni Explanation: The silhouette
of an intriguing dark nebula inhabits
this cosmic scene, based on images from
the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey.
Lynds' Dark Nebula (LDN) 1622 appears
against a faint background of glowing
hydrogen gas only easily seen in long
telescopic exposures of the region. LDN
1622 lies near the plane of our Milky
Way Galaxy, close on the sky to
Barnard's Loop - a large cloud
surrounding the rich complex of
emission nebulae found in the Belt and
Sword of Orion. But the obscuring dust
of LDN 1622 is thought to be much
closer than Orion's more famous
nebulae, perhaps only 500 light-years
away. At that distance, this 1 degree
wide field of view would span less than
10 light-years. PD
source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/
0705/ldn1622_carboni.jpg
LIFE
form.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] Description This image is
mosaic of multiple shots on
large-format film. It comprises all 360
degrees of the galaxy from our vantage.
Photography was done in Ft. Davis,
Texas for the Northern hemisphere shots
and from Broken Hill, New South Wales,
Australia, for the southern portions.
Note the dust lanes, which obscure our
view of some features beyond them.
Infrared imaging reaches into these
regions, and radio astronomy can look
all the way through with less detail.
The very center, however, shows a
window to the farther side. In the
center, stars are mostly very old and
this causes the more yellow color. The
final file is 1.5GB, and resolves
details of less than one arcminute.
Faintest stars are magnitude 11. There
are 21 pixels of horizontal overlap at
the ends, with the right end slightly
brighter than the corresponding pixels
on the left. Date Source
http://www.digitalskyllc.com (The
image was uploaded to en.wiki at 17:16,
21 September 2006 by Twtunes. Author
Digital Sky LLC CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/0/0a/Milkyway_pan1.jpg
[2] note
Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1
is much larger [2] Hubble ultra deep
field high rez
edit1_small.jpg Deutsch: Das Hubble
Ultra Deep Field ist ein Bild einer
kleinen Himmelsregion aufgenommen vom
Hubble-Weltraumteleskop über einen
Zeitraum vom 3. September 2003 bis 16.
Januar 2004. Dabei wurde eine
Himmelsregion ausgewählt, die kaum
störende helle Sterne im Vordergrund
enthält. Man entschied sich für ein
Zielgebiet südwestlich von Orion im
Sternbild Chemischer Ofen. English:
The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, is an
image of a small region of space in the
constellation Fornax, composited from
Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated
over a period from September 3, 2003
through January 16, 2004. The patch of
sky in which the galaxies reside was
chosen because it had a low density of
bright stars in the
near-field. Español: El Campo Ultra
Profundo del Hubble, es una imagen de
una pequeña región del espacio en la
constelación Fornax, compuesta de
datos obtenidos por el telescopio
espacial Hubble durante el período
entre el 3 de Septiembre de 2003 y el
16 de Enero de 2004. Esta parte del
cielo fue escogida por su baja densidad
de estrellas brillantes en sus
proximidades. Français : Le champ
ultra profond de Hubble, une image
d'une petite portion du ciel dans la
constellation du Fourneau, prise par le
télescope spatial Hubble du 3
septembre 2003 au 16 juillet 2004. La
portion de ciel a été choisie car
elle possède peu d'étoiles brillantes
proches. Date 2003-09-03 -
2004-01-16 Source
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ar
chive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/ Au
thor NASA and the European Space
Agency. Edited by Noodle snacks PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_fie
ld_high_rez_edit1.jpg
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] Description English: M8 Lagoon
Nebula in Sagittarius Date 26 June
2009 Source Own
work Author Hewholooks CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/2/2f/M8HunterWilson.jpg
[2] NGC 7023: The Iris Nebula Credit
& Copyright: Daniel López,
IAC Explanation: Like delicate cosmic
petals, these clouds of interstellar
dust and gas have blossomed 1,300
light-years away in the fertile star
fields of the constellation Cepheus.
Sometimes called the Iris Nebula and
dutifully cataloged as NGC 7023, this
is not the only nebula in the sky to
evoke the imagery of flowers. Still,
this beautiful digital image shows off
the Iris Nebula's range of colors and
symmetries in impressive detail. Within
the Iris, dusty nebular material
surrounds a hot, young star. The
dominant color of the brighter
reflection nebula is blue,
characteristic of dust grains
reflecting starlight. Central filaments
of the dusty clouds glow with a faint
reddish photoluminesence as some dust
grains effectively convert the star's
invisible ultraviolet radiation to
visible red light. Infrared
observations indicate that this nebula
may contain complex carbon molecules
known as PAHs. As shown here, the
bright blue portion of the Iris Nebula
is about six light-years across. PD
source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/
1011/IRIS_IAC80_DLopez900c.jpg
star.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] close up
of: Description English: M8 Lagoon
Nebula in Sagittarius Date 26 June
2009 Source Own
work Author Hewholooks CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/2/2f/M8HunterWilson.jpg
[2] Description The photograph,
taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope,
captures a small region within M17, a
hotbed of star formation. M17, also
known as the Omega or Swan Nebula, is
located about 5500 light-years away in
the constellation Sagittarius. The
wave-like patterns of gas have been
sculpted and illuminated by a torrent
of ultraviolet radiation from young,
massive stars, which lie outside the
picture to the upper left. The glow of
these patterns accentuates the
three-dimensional structure of the
gases. The ultraviolet radiation is
carving and heating the surfaces of
cold hydrogen gas clouds. The warmed
surfaces glow orange and red in this
photograph. The intense heat and
pressure cause some material to stream
away from those surfaces, creating the
glowing veil of even hotter greenish
gas that masks background structures.
The pressure on the tips of the waves
may trigger new star formation within
them. The image, roughly 3
light-years across, was taken May
29-30, 1999, with the Wide Field
Planetary Camera 2. The colors in the
image represent various gases. Red
represents sulfur; green, hydrogen; and
blue, oxygen. Date 24 April
2003 Source
http://spacetelescope.org/images/html/he
ic0305a.html (direct link)
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive
/releases/2003/13/image/a/ Author
NASA, ESA and J. Hester (ASU) PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/7/72/Omega_Nebula.jpg
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] Description The globular
cluster Omega Centauri — with as many
as ten million stars — is seen in all
its splendour in this image captured
with the WFI camera from ESO's La Silla
Observatory. The image shows only the
central part of the cluster — about
the size of the full moon on the sky
(half a degree). North is up, East is
to the left. This colour image is a
composite of B, V and I filtered
images. Note that because WFI is
equipped with a mosaic detector, there
are two small gaps in the image which
were filled with lower quality data
from the Digitized Sky Survey. Date
2008 Source
http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/
press-rel/pr-2008/phot-44-08.html Autho
r ESO CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Omega_Centauri_
by_ESO.jpg/638px-Omega_Centauri_by_ESO.j
pg
[2] Description This image is
mosaic of multiple shots on
large-format film. It comprises all 360
degrees of the galaxy from our vantage.
Photography was done in Ft. Davis,
Texas for the Northern hemisphere shots
and from Broken Hill, New South Wales,
Australia, for the southern portions.
Note the dust lanes, which obscure our
view of some features beyond them.
Infrared imaging reaches into these
regions, and radio astronomy can look
all the way through with less detail.
The very center, however, shows a
window to the farther side. In the
center, stars are mostly very old and
this causes the more yellow color. The
final file is 1.5GB, and resolves
details of less than one arcminute.
Faintest stars are magnitude 11. There
are 21 pixels of horizontal overlap at
the ends, with the right end slightly
brighter than the corresponding pixels
on the left. Date Source
http://www.digitalskyllc.com (The
image was uploaded to en.wiki at 17:16,
21 September 2006 by Twtunes. Author
Digital Sky LLC CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/0/0a/Milkyway_pan1.jpg
2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington, guess
MORE INFO
[1]
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/208/mar
1/nucleo.html (with image of onion
skin layers)
[2] another person declares star
inside to be similar to planets: iron,
oxygen, nickel, etc. do not support
standard solar
model. star_inside_iron.pdf
[1] Description English: The Sun
photographed by the Atmospheric Imaging
Assembly (AIA 304) of NASA's Solar
Dynamics Observatory (SDO). This is
a false color image of the sun observed
in the extreme ultraviolet region of
the spectrum. For example,similar
image Français : Le soleil,
photographié depuis le Solar Dynamics
Observatory de la NASA. Date
2010-08-19T00:32:21Z (ISO
8601) Source NASA/SDO
(AIA). Author NASA/SDO (AIA). PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_
Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASAs_So
lar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg/
628px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging
_Assembly_of_NASAs_Solar_Dynamics_Observ
atory_-_20100819.jpg
[2] Summary Description The star
formation region N11B in the LMC taken
by WFPC2 on the NASA/ESA Hubble Space
Telescope. Date Source
http://www.spacetelescope.org/image
s/html/heic0411a.html Author
NASA/ESA and the Hubble Heritage
Team
(AURA/STScI)/HEIC Permission (Reusing
this file) ESA Public Domain, as
per
http://www.spacetelescope.org/copyright.
html PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/6/6c/Heic0411a.jpg
2
have liquid metal at the surface.
Larger planets are surrounded by gas.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] an 19, 2005 � For the past five
days, forecasters at the NOAA Space
Environment Center in Boulder, Colo.,
have observed all types of space
weather: radio blackouts, solar
radiation storms and geomagnetic
storms. Currently, space weather
forecasters are observing a moderate
geomagnetic storm (G-2 on the NOAA
Space Weather Scales) and a minor (S-1)
solar radiation storm. Earlier
Wednesday an X-class flare produced a
strong (R-3) radio blackout. (Click
image for larger view of the sun taken
on Jan. 19, 2005, at 2:19 p.m. EST.
Click here for high resolution version,
which is a large file. Please credit
European Space Agency-NASA.) PD
source: http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/sto
ries2005/images/sun-soho011905-1919z.jpg
[2] This artist’s impression shows
the disk of gas and cosmic dust around
the young star HD 142527. Astronomers
using the Atacama Large
Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA)
telescope have seen vast streams of gas
flowing across the gap in the disc
UNKNOWN
source: http://l2.yimg.com/bt/api/res/1.
2/kB0xEBWbOe3fUGcRF7Y3RA--/YXBwaWQ9eW5ld
3M7Zmk9aW5zZXQ7aD00MDg7cT03OTt3PTU3NQ--/
http://media.zenfs.com/en_US/News/SPACE.
com/Never-Before-Seen_Stage_of_Planet_Bi
rth-893372caafae611ec5e71458c2f79fb8
2 3
water condenses and falls to make the
first Earth oceans, lakes, and rivers.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ part about rain and streams going
to bottom of land:
http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_
htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] USGS Photo by Tim Orr Pahoehoe
lava breaks out of the crust along a
flow margin PD
source: http://www.nps.gov/havo/parkmgmt
/upload/havo_manage_usgs_20080304_tro381
7_x800.jpg
[2] English: Ultraviolet image of
Venus' clouds as seen by the Pioneer
Venus Orbiter (February 26, 1979). The
immense C- or Y-shaped features which
are visible only in these wavelengths
are individually short lived, but
reform often enough to be considered a
permanent feature of Venus' clouds. The
mechanism by which Venus' clouds absorb
ultraviolet is not well understood. PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Venuspioneeruv.
jpg/953px-Venuspioneeruv.jpg
amino acids and sugars.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] The two optical isomers of alanine,
D-Alanine and
L-Alanine D-glucose BOTH PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/6/65/D%2BL-Alanine.gif
and http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped
ia/commons/thumb/5/5a/D-glucose-chain-3D
-balls.png/640px-D-glucose-chain-3D-ball
s.png
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] Ribonucleic acid (English
pronunciation:
/raɪbɵ.njuːˌkleɪ.ɨk ˈæsɪd/),
or RNA, is one of the three major
macromolecules (along with DNA and
proteins) that are essential for all
known forms of life. UNKNOWN
source: http://dna-rna.net/wp-content/up
loads/2011/07/rna.jpg
first proteins.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] Description English:
Illustration of tRNA building peptide
chain Date 1 March 2009 Source
Own work Author
Boumphreyfr CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/0/0f/Peptide_syn.png
[2] Source : ''Role of the
Ribosome'' University of Texas Medical
Branch UNKNOWN
source: http://ead.univ-angers.fr/~jaspa
rd/Page2/COURS/7RelStructFonction/2Bioch
imie/1SyntheseProteines/3Figures/4Organi
tes/2Ribosomes/6Polysome.gif
molecules.
MORE INFO
[1] Schuppli, Daniel et al.
“Altered 3′-terminal RNA Structure
in Phage Qβ Adapted to Host
Factor-less Escherichia Coli.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 94.19 (1997): 10239 –10242.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/94/1
9/10239.abstract
[1] RNA is a versatile molecule. In its
most familiar role, RNA acts as an
intermediary, carrying genetic
information from the DNA to the
machinery of protein synthesis. RNA
also plays more active roles,
performing many of the catalytic and
recognition functions normally reserved
for proteins. In fact, most of the RNA
in cells is found in ribosomes--our
protein-synthesizing machines--and the
transfer RNA molecules used to add each
new amino acid to growing proteins. In
addition, countless small RNA molecules
are involved in regulating, processing
and disposing of the constant traffic
of messenger RNA. The enzyme RNA
polymerase carries the weighty
responsibility of creating all of these
different RNA molecules. The RNA
Factory RNA polymerase is a huge
factory with many moving parts. The one
shown here, from PDB entry 1i6h, is
from yeast cells. It is composed of a
dozen different proteins. Together,
they form a machine that surrounds DNA
strands, unwinds them, and builds an
RNA strand based on the information
held inside the DNA. Once the enzyme
gets started, RNA polymerase marches
confidently along the DNA copying RNA
strands thousands of nucleotides
long. Accuracy As you might expect,
RNA polymerase needs to be accurate in
its copying of genetic information. To
improve its accuracy, it performs a
simple proofreading step as it builds
an RNA strand. The active site is
designed to be able to remove
nucleotides as well as add them to the
growing strand. The enzyme tends to
hover around mismatched nucleotides
longer than properly added ones, giving
the enzyme time to remove them. This
process is somewhat wasteful, since
proper nucleotides are also
occasionally removed, but this is a
small price to pay for creating better
RNA transcripts. Overall, RNA
polymerase makes an error about once in
10,000 nucleotides added, or about once
per RNA strand created. Poisoning
Polymerase Since RNA polymerase is
absolutely essential for the life of
the cell, it is a sensitive target for
poisons and toxins. The most powerful
of these poisons is alpha-amanitin, a
small circular peptide created by the
death cap mushroom. Eating even one of
these mushrooms will lead to coma and
death in a manner of days, as the
poison attacks RNA polymerase
throughout the body. Surprisingly, it
binds on the back side of RNA
polymerase, away from the active site
and away from the binding site for the
DNA and RNA. It does not physically
block the active site, like most
inhibitors, but instead jams the
mechanism of the enzyme. RNA polymerase
is a highly mobile enzyme, that flexes
and changes shape as it performs the
sequential steps of binding to DNA,
unwinding it, and then building the RNA
strand. As seen in PDB entry 1k83, the
poison binds between two subunits of
the protein, gluing them together and
blocking these essential motions. PD
source: http://www.pdb.org/pdb/education
_discussion/molecule_of_the_month/images
/1i6h-composite.gif
[2] [t Notice that many RNA molecules
are being produced all in sequence,
with each RNA molecule getting longer
as each protein reaches the end of the
DNA molecule.] Micrograph of gene
transcription of ribosomal RNA
illustrating the growing primary
transcripts. ''Begin'' indicates the 5'
end of the coding strand of DNA, where
new RNA synthesis begins; ''end''
indicates the 3' end, where the primary
transcripts are almost
complete. This is an alternate
version of
Image:RibosomaleTranskriptionsEinheit.jp
g, original author identified as Dr.
Hans-Heinrich Trepte, labeled in
German. This version with English
labels is from en:Image:Transcription
label fromcommons.jpg, by
en:UserOpabinia regalis, licensed under
GFDL. GNU
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/4/43/Transcription_label_e
n.jpg
surrounded by proteins.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] Deutsch: Bild über den Reitenden
Urzwerg English: Image of Nanoarchaeum
equitans Date 2005-09-10 (original
upload date) Source Originally
from de.wikipedia; description page
is/was here. Author Original
uploader was Eber-Jimmy at
de.wikipedia Permission (Reusing
this file) This image is in the
public domain due to its
age. Licensing According to this
article, ''Es wurde von dem
Mikrobiologen Karl O. Stetter entdeckt.
Bildrechte: Public domain.'' PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/d/dc/Urzwerg.jpg
[2] Hydrogenobacter thermophilus
(strain TK-6) is an obligately
chemolithoautotrophic, extremely (and
strictly) thermophilic
hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium whose
optimal growth temperature is around 70
to 75°C and was isolated from hot
springs. UNKNOWN
source: http://standardsingenomics.org/i
ndex.php/sigen/article/viewFile/146/534/
4368
2
Earth.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ find biomarker evidence
2. ^ Ted
Huntington.
[1] Figure1: Lipid accumulation in
differentiating 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte
cell line (days in culture) UNKNOWN
source: http://www.emsdiasum.com/microsc
opy/products/sem/wet/images/lipid_accumu
lation.jpg
[2] Lipid Structures under the
microscope. Image by Alison North, The
Rockefeller University. UNKNOWN
source: http://selections.rockefeller.ed
u/cms/images/stories/2010/may/lipid.gif
2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of
phototaxis." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B:
Biological Sciences 364 (October
2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu
blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short
2. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar,
"The Timetree of Life", 2009,
p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book.
php
3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A
Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of
methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14
71-2148/4/44
MORE INFO
[1] S. Blair Hedges, "The origin
and evolution of model organisms",
Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849
(November 2002),
doi:10.1038/nrg929 http://www.nature.co
m/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html#to
p
[1] A timescale of prokaryote
evolution. Letters indicate nodes
discussed in the text. The last common
ancestor was arbitrarily placed at 4.25
Ga in the tree, although this placement
was not part of the analyses. The grey
rectangle shows the time prior to the
initial rise in oxygen (presumably
anaerobic conditions). Mtb:
Methanothermobacter, Tab:
Thermoanaerobacter, Tsc:
Thermosynechococcus. Battistuzzi et
al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004 4:44
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-44 Table
1 Time estimates for selected nodes
in the tree of eubacteria (A-K) and
archaebacteria (L-P). Letters refer to
Fig. 3. Time (Ma)a CIb Node
A 102 57–176 Node
B 2508 2154–2928 Node
C 2800 2452–3223 Node
D 1039 702–1408 Node
E 2558 2310–2969 Node
F 2784 2490–3203 Node
G 2923 2587–3352 Node
H 3054 2697–3490 Node
I 3186 2801–3634 Node
J 3644 3172–4130 Node
K 3977 3434–4464 Node
L 233 118–386 Node
M 3085 2469–3514 Node
N 3566 2876–3948 Node
O 3781 3047–4163 Node
P 4112 3314–4486 a Averages of
the divergence times estimated using
the 2.3 Ga minimum constraint and the
five ingroup root constraints (nodes
A-K) and using the 1.198 ± 0.022 Ga
constraint and the five ingroup root
constraints (nodes L-P). b
Credibility interval (minimum and
maximum averages of the analyses under
the five ingroup root
constraints) Battistuzzi et al. BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2004 4:44
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-44 COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.biomedcentral.com/con
tent/figures/1471-2148-4-44-3-l.jpg
[2] tree of archaebacteria (archaea)
COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.uni-giessen.de/~gf126
5/GROUPS/KLUG/Stammbaum.html
2
Oxygen.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/fara
bee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi
.ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3
2. ^ Olson JM (May 2006).
"Photosynthesis in the Archean era".
Photosyn. Res. 88 (2): 109–17.
doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID
16453059.
MORE INFO
[1] Campbell, Reece, "Biology",
2009, 190-198
[1] Chemiosmosis as it operates in
photophosphorylation within a
chloroplast. Images from Purves et al.,
Life: The Science of Biology, 4th
Edition, by Sinauer Associates
(www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman
(www.whfreeman.com) COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/facu
lty/farabee/biobk/0817_1.gif
[2] Chemiosmosis as it operates in
photophosphorylation within a
chloroplast. Images from Purves et al.,
Life: The Science of Biology, 4th
Edition, by Sinauer Associates
(www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman
(www.whfreeman.com) COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/facu
lty/farabee/biobk/0817_2.gif
2 3 4
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of
multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1,
27–36.
(doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0
.CO;2-6)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.
1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID-
INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=D
EEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The
origins of multicellularity. Integr.
Biol. 1, 27–36.
(doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0
.CO;2-6)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.
1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID-
INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=D
EEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
MORE INFO
[1] Grosberg R. K., Strathmann R.
R. 2007 The evolution of
multicellularity: a minor major
transition? Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.
38, 621–654.
(doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.1
14735)
http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/1
0.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735
[2] Rokas A. 2008 The origins of
multicellularity and the early history
of the genetic toolkit for animal
development. Ann. Rev. Genet. 42,
235–251.
(doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091
513) http://apps.webofknowledge.com/Inb
oundService.do?UT=000261767000011&IsProd
uctCode=Yes&mode=FullRecord&product=WOS&
SID=1EHDdbNiNf4NO8nC299&smartRedirect=ye
s&SrcApp=CR&DestFail=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.we
bofknowledge.com%3FDestApp%3DCEL%26DestP
arams%3D%253Faction%253Dretrieve%2526mod
e%253DFullRecord%2526product%253DCEL%252
6UT%253D000261767000011%2526customersID%
253DHighwire%26e%3DQZIAIzGgKoYbxc_i_WNam
laqQ0.s968BNEwQvqhM9p.770dFYju0AbJCFAAcj
orA%26SrcApp%3DHighwire%26SrcAuth%3DHigh
wire&action=retrieve&Init=Yes&SrcAuth=Hi
ghwire&customersID=Highwire&Func=Frame
[1] Microgram of filamentous bacteria
from flexible setae. (Courtesy
Zoosystema © 2005) COPYRIGHTED
source: http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s
2009/decker_rour/images/yeti-crab-filame
ntous-bacteria.JPG
[2] Filamentous Bacteria Microthrix
Parvicella UNKNOWN
source: http://ebsbiowizard.com/wp-conte
nt/gallery/filamentous-bacteria-microthr
ix-parvicella/filamentous-bacteria-micro
thrix-parvicella.jpg
aerobic cell. Cell uses oxygen.1
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184.
[1] purple aerobic bacteria UNKNOWN
source: http://endosymbiotichypothesis.f
iles.wordpress.com/2010/09/rain-bacteria
.jpg
[2] Organisms of Rickettsia conorii
(r), a close relative of R. rickettsii,
in a cultured human endothelial cell
are located free in the cytosol. One
rickettsia is dividing by binary
fission (arrowhead). (B) These
rickettsiae can move inside the
cytoplasm of the host cell because of
the propulsive force created by the
''tail'' of host cell actin filaments
(arrow). Bars = 0.5 µm. Photo and
text courtesy of David H. Walker -
http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch038.htm
UNKNOWN AND Rickettsia prowazekii
(image with Rickettsia outside of
cell) COPYRIGHTED [1] Rickettsia
prowazekii COPYRIGHTED FAIR USE
source: http://www.bio.davidson.edu/peop
le/sosarafova/Assets/Bio307/liwoeste/Pic
tures/Walker%203%5B1%5D.jpghttp://web.ms
t.edu/~microbio/bio221_2001/Image9.jpg
5
ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12.1 2
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence
for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v
384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf
2. ^
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/Rogue
ComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html
3. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence
for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html
4. ^
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/Rogue
ComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html
5. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence
for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v
384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf
MORE INFO
[1] "Banded iron formation."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific
and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 11
Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/banded-iron
-formation
[2] Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for
Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html
AND http://www.nature.com/nature/journa
l/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf
[1] Figure 1 from: Mojzsis, S. J. et
al. ''Evidence for Life on Earth Before
3,800 Million Years Ago.'' Nature
384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html COP
YRIGHTED
source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf
[2] Figure 1 from: Mojzsis, S. J. et
al. ''Evidence for Life on Earth Before
3,800 Million Years Ago.'' Nature
384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html COP
YRIGHTED
source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf
3
Formation" begins.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7,
1996
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.t
af?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index
.html, 2:102,
2. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov
7, 1996
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.t
af?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index
.html, 2:102,
3. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov
7, 1996
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.t
af?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index
.html, 2:102, {3850 MYBN}
MORE INFO
[1] Roger Lewin, "Thread of
Life", (New York: Smithsonian Books,
1982). p102
[2]
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/Rogue
ComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html
[3] "Banded iron formation". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_iron
_formation
[1] image of BIF from Akilia from
Nature COPYRIGHTED
source: nature 11/7/96
[2] portion taken
from: Description English: This
image shows a 2.1 billion years old
rock containing black-banded ironstone,
which has a weight of about 8.5 tons.
The approximately two meter high, three
meter wide, and one meter thick block
of stone was found in North America and
belongs to the National Museum of
Mineralogy and Geology in Dresden,
Germany. The rock is located at
+51°2'34.84''
+13°45'26.67''. Deutsch: Dieses Bild
zeigt einen etwa 8,5 Tonnen schweren
und 2,1 Milliarden Jahre alten Block
mit Bändereisenerzen. Der etwa zwei
Meter hohe, drei Meter breite und einen
Meter tiefe Gesteinsblock wurde in
Nordamerika gefunden und gehört dem
Staatlichen Museum für Mineralogie und
Geologie Dresden. Der Block befindet
sich bei den Koordinaten +51°2'34.84''
+13°45'26.67''. Camera
data Camera Nikon D70 Lens Tamron
SP AF 90mm/2.8 Di Macro 1:1 Focal
length 90 mm Aperture f/2.8 Exposure
time 1/250 s Sensivity ISO 200 Please
help translating the description into
more languages. Thanks a lot! If
you want a license with the conditions
of your choice, please email me to
negotiate terms. best new
image Date 26 August
2005 Source Own
work Author André Karwath aka
Aka CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Black-band_iron
stone_%28aka%29.jpg/1280px-Black-band_ir
onstone_%28aka%29.jpg
5 6
stromatolites.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower,
and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from
the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland
Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land,
South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986):
489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature
/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html
2. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S.
R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500
Myr Old from the North Pole Area,
Western Australia." Nature 284.5755
(1980):
443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature
/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html
3. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower,
and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from
the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland
Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land,
South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986):
489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature
/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html
4. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S.
R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500
Myr Old from the North Pole Area,
Western Australia." Nature 284.5755
(1980):
443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature
/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html
5. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S.
R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500
Myr Old from the North Pole Area,
Western Australia." Nature 284.5755
(1980):
443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature
/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html
6. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower,
and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from
the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland
Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land,
South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986):
489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature
/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html
Tree Group, South Africa3 4
[1] image on left is from swaziland
source: nature feb 6
[2]
source: 1986
5 6 7 8
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the
Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence
of the antiquity of life. Science 260,
640−646
(1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte
nt/260/5108/640
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249
2. ^ Schopf, J. William et al.
"Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s
Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876
(2002):
73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html
3. ^ Schopf, J. William et al.
"Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s
Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876
(2002):
73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html
4. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R.
Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from
the 3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group,
Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa."
Nature 314.6011 (1985):
530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature
/journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html
5. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R.
Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from
the 3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group,
Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa."
Nature 314.6011 (1985):
530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature
/journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html
6. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the
Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence
of the antiquity of life. Science 260,
640−646
(1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte
nt/260/5108/640
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249
7. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the
Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence
of the antiquity of life. Science 260,
640−646
(1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte
nt/260/5108/640
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249
8. ^ Schopf, J. William et al.
"Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s
Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876
(2002):
73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html
MORE INFO
[1] BIO415 (Author? University?)
Multicelluarity.pdf (t3:
multicellularity of cyanobacteria)
[2] t3:
http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sab
edon/biol3018.htm multicellularity.
"Some cyanobacteria species exist in a
truly, though primitive, multicellular
form in which cellular differentiation
occurs."
Australia3 and Onverwacht Group,
Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa4
[1] Figure 1 Optical photomicrographs
showing carbonaceous (kerogenous)
filamentous microbial fossils in
petrographic thin sections of
Precambrian cherts. Scale in a
represents images in a and c-i; scale
in b represents image in b. All parts
show photomontages, which is
necessitated by the three-dimensional
preservation of the cylindrical sinuous
permineralized microbes. Squares in
each part indicate the areas for which
chemical data are presented in Figs 2
and 3. a, An unnamed cylindrical
prokaryotic filament, probably the
degraded cellular trichome or tubular
sheath of an oscillatoriacean
cyanobacterium, from the 770-Myr
Skillogalee Dolomite of South
Australia12. b, Gunflintia grandis, a
cellular probably oscillatoriacean
trichome, from the 2,100-Myr Gunflint
Formation of Ontario, Canada13. c, d,
Unnamed highly carbonized filamentous
prokaryotes from the 3,375-Myr Kromberg
Formation of South Africa14: the poorly
preserved cylindrical trichome of a
noncyanobacterial or oscillatoriacean
prokaryote (c); the disrupted,
originally cellular trichomic remnants
possibly of an Oscillatoria- or
Lyngbya-like cyanobacterium (d). e-i,
Cellular microbial filaments from the
3,465-Myr Apex chert of northwestern
Western Australia: Primaevifilum
amoenum4,5, from the collections of The
Natural History Museum (TNHM), London,
specimen V.63164[6] (e); P. amoenum4
(f); the holotype of P.
delicatulum4,5,15, TNHM V.63165[2] (g);
P. conicoterminatum5, TNHM V63164[9]
(h); the holotype of Eoleptonema apex5,
TNHM V.63729[1] (i).
source: Nature416
[2] Fig. 3 Filamentous microfossils:
a, cylindrical microfossil from
Hooggenoeg sample; b, threadlike and
tubular filaments extending between
laminae, Kromberg sample; c,d,e,
tubular filamnets oriented subparallel
to bedding, Kromberg sample; f,
threadlike filament flattened parallel
to bedding, Kromberg sample.
source: 73 - 76 (07 Mar 2002) Letters
to Nature
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v41
6/n6876/fig_tab/416073a_F1.html
7
evolve in bacteria.1 2 3 4 5 6
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM,
"Gene Recombination in Escherichia
Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October
1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v
158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_
Joshua_19460917.pdf}
2. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011.
Web. 01 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi
c/132820/conjugation>.
3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A
Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of
methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Tree of life,
http://tolweb.org/tree/
6. ^ David moreira, Purificacion
Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between
methanogenic Archaea and
delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of
Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic
Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998)
47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf
7. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao,
Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of
prokaryote evolution: insights into
the origin of methanogenesis,
phototrophy, and the colonization of
land", BMC Evolutionary Biology,
(2004). {2800000000 YBN}
[1] the fertility factor or F factor is
a very large (94,500 bp) circular dsDNA
plasmid; it is generally independent of
the host chromosome. COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.mun.ca/biochem/course
s/3107/images/Fplasmidmap.gif
[2] conjugation (via pilus)
COPYRIGHTED EDU
source: http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/16
0/conjugation.jpg
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm
[1] Description Electron
micrograph of Bacteriophages Date
Source
en:Image:Phage.jpg Author
en:User:GrahamColm PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/5/52/Phage.jpg
1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "endocytosis." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07
Mar. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/endocytosis
2. ^ guess based on Cavalier-Smith
stating that endocytosis occurs before
a cytoskeleton {Nucleus 2700 +30mybn
guess and}
[1] Endocytosis and Exocytosis: For
example, this electron micrograph is
showing the process of exocytosis . The
process begins by fusion of the
membranes at the peripheral pole of the
granule. Then an opening is created
which widens to look like an omicron
figure. This opening allows the
granular material to be released. The
membrane is now part of the plasma
membrane and any proteins carried with
it can be incorporated into the plasma
membrane. Note that there is no coating
on the membrane. This figure was taken
from Alberts et al, Molecular Biology
of the Cell, Garland Publishing Third
Edition, 1994 In contrast, this
micrograph shows a figure which looks
something like an omicron, however,
this view is showing receptor mediated
endocytosis of virus particles. In both
cases, the membrane is coated with
clathrin and these represent classical
receptor mediated endocytosis profiles.
Most ligands cannot be visualized by
themselves, like a virus particle.
Therefore, the cytochemist must attach
label to the ligand. Alternatively, the
cytochemist could immunocytochemically
detect the receptor with antibodies
that recognize the extracellular
domain. This figure was taken from
Endocytosis, Edited by Ira Pastan and
Mark C. Willingham, Plenum Press, N.Y.,
1985 COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.cytochemistry.net/cel
l-biology/end7.jpg
[2] Pinocytosis In the process of
pinocytosis the plasma membrane froms
an invagination. What ever substance
is found within the area of
invagination is brought into the
cell. In general this material will
be dissolved in water and thus this
process is also refered to as
''cellular drinking'' to indicate that
liquids and material dissolved in
liquids are ingested by the
cell. This is opposed to the
ingestion of large particulate material
like bacteria or other cells or cell
debris. UNKNOWN
source: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.ed
u/biology/bio4fv/page/endocytb.htm
2
with a nucleus. The first protist. The
nucleus may develop from the infolding
of plasma membrane.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", 2008, p516-517.
2. ^ S Blair Hedges,
Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC
Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa,
"A genomic timescale for the origin of
eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2001, 1:4
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14
71-2148/1/4 {split of archae and
eukaryote at c4.0 bybn, but eukaryote
{with nucleus?} at) 2.7 bybn}
MORE INFO
[1] Harold Levin, "The Earth
Through Time", 8th ed., 2006, p256
[2]
Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan,
Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean
Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of
Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue
5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/
5430/1033.short
and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534
[3] Alexey S. Kondrashov, "EVOLUTIONARY
GENETICS OF LIFE CYCLES", Annual Review
of Ecology and Systematics Vol. 28:
391-435 (Volume publication date
November 1997)
http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/do
i/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.391;
jsessionid=npo4ogeI2anbnHbeKO
[1] Campbell, Reece, et al,
''Biology'', 2008, p517. COPYRIGHTED
source: Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", 2008, p517.
[2]
http://www.regx.de/m_organisms.php#planc
to
source: http://www.regx.de/m_organisms.p
hp#plancto
4
diploid cell (2 sets of chromosomes).
First zygote.1 2 Increase in genetic
variety.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of
Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964).
2. ^
Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
3. ^ Campbell,
Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition,
2008, p258.
4. ^ estimate based on
diplomonads having sex repro, and
origin of euk being (is now) {Nucleus
2700 -60mybn guess)(was 2710mybn}
MORE INFO
[1] J. William Schopf, "Major
Events in the History of Life",
(Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett
Publishers, 1992).p57 (was)
[1] Theoretical first eukaryote
sex adapted from image of gametic
meiosis GNU
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima
ge:Zygotic_meiosis.jpg
[2] Theoretical first eukaryote
sex adapted from image of gametic
meiosis GNU
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima
ge:Zygotic_meiosis.jpg
2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and
Other Protists", (London; New York:
Edward Arnold, 1989).
2. ^ S Blair Hedges,
Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC
Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa,
"A genomic timescale for the origin of
eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2001, 1:4
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14
71-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -90mybn
guess}
[1] Combination of images: Description
English: Different types of
isogamy: A) Isogamy of motile
cells B) Isogamy of non-motile
cells C) Conjugation of
gametangia Date 30 July
2008 Source Vectorised SVG version of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Isoga
my.png Author Original bitmap version
by Tameeria, SVG version by Qef Other
versions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:
Isogamy.png PD AND Description
Different types of en:anisogamy:
A) Anisogamy of motile gametes B)
Oogamy (non-motile egg cell, motile
sperm cell) C) Anisogamy of
non-motile gametes Date 2008-06-30
02:07 (UTC) Source
Anisogamy.png Author This
SVG version by Qef (talk)
Anisogamy.png: Original uploader was
Tameeria at en.wikipedia Later
versions were uploaded by Helix84 at
en.wikipedia. PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/d/d5/Isogamy.svghttp://upl
oad.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7
/Anisogamy.svg
[2] Description Different types of
en:anisogamy: A) Anisogamy of motile
gametes B) Oogamy (non-motile egg
cell, motile sperm cell) C) Anisogamy
of non-motile
gametes Date 2008-06-30 02:07
(UTC) Source Anisogamy.png Author
This SVG version by Qef
(talk) Anisogamy.png: Original
uploader was Tameeria at
en.wikipedia Later versions were
uploaded by Helix84 at
en.wikipedia. PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Anisogamy.svg/1
000px-Anisogamy.svg.png
4 5 6 7 8 9
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V.
Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto
Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J.
Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E.
Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W.
Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker.
Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and
acid rock drainage during the Great
Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478
(7369): 369 DOI:
10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/1
0.1038/nature10511
2. ^ University of Alberta. "New
evidence for the oldest
oxygen-breathing life on land."
ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14
Jul. 2012.
3. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be
life", October 20,
2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/artic
le.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989
604
4. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V.
Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto
Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J.
Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E.
Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W.
Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker.
Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and
acid rock drainage during the Great
Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478
(7369): 369 DOI:
10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/1
0.1038/nature10511
5. ^ University of Alberta. "New
evidence for the oldest
oxygen-breathing life on land."
ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14
Jul. 2012.
6. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be
life", October 20,
2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/artic
le.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989
604
7. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A
Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of
methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004). (2600-2700my)
8. ^ University of
Tennessee at Knoxville. "Bacteria's
move from sea to land may have occurred
much later than thought." ScienceDaily,
22 Dec. 2011. Web. 14 Jul.
2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/relea
ses/2011/12/111222195017.htm
9. ^ Florence Wisniewski-Dyé, Kirill
Borziak, Gurusahai Khalsa-Moyers,
Gladys Alexandre, Leonid O.
Sukharnikov, Kristin Wuichet, Gregory
B. Hurst, W. Hayes McDonald, Jon S.
Robertson, Valérie Barbe, Alexandra
Calteau, Zoé Rouy, Sophie Mangenot,
Claire Prigent-Combaret, Philippe
Normand, Mickaël Boyer, Patricia
Siguier, Yves Dessaux, Claudine
Elmerich, Guy Condemine, Ganisan
Krishnen, Ivan Kennedy, Andrew H.
Paterson, Victor González, Patrick
Mavingui, Igor B. Zhulin. Azospirillum
Genomes Reveal Transition of Bacteria
from Aquatic to Terrestrial
Environments. PLoS Genetics, 2011; 7
(12): e1002430 DOI:
10.1371/journal.pgen.1002430
MORE INFO
[1] "pyrite." The American
Heritage� Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02
May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pyrite
[1] Acidic waste water from a modern
mining site supports the same oxygen
using bacterial life that appeared on
Earth 2.48 billion years ago. UNKNOWN
source: http://media.news.ualberta.ca/~/
media/University%20of%20Alberta/Administ
ration/External%20Relations/ExpressNews/
Images/2011/10/111020-RocksBanner-cw.jpg
[2] Bacillus specie soil
bacteria. UNKNOWN
source: http://www.scharfphoto.com/fine_
art_prints/archives/199812-054-Soil-Bact
eria.jpg
oxygen in the air.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^
http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/l
ecture5.html
[1]
http://www.kgs.ukans.edu/Extension/redhi
lls/redhills.html
source: http://www.kgs.ukans.edu/Extensi
on/redhills/redhills.html
[2] In Archean rocks, metals tend to
occur in low oxidation states (for
example, Fe2+ instead of Fe3+)
indicating a high metal:oxygen ratio in
the oceans and atmosphere. The
sediments are essentially rust-free.
After the late Proterozoic,
sedimentary deposits often have reddish
colors and are called red beds due to
the presence of iron-oxide coatings
between sand grains. From the later
Proterozoic onward, enough free oxygen
has been available to oxidize iron in
sediments. A sandstone butte outside
of Sedona, Arizona. Public domain
image by Jon Sullivan. PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/3/38/Butte_pdphoto_roadtri
p_24_bg_021604.jpg
2 3 4
mitochondrion.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen,
Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic
timescale for the origin of
eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2001, 1:4
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14
71-2148/1/4
2. ^ B. Franz Lang, Michael W. Gray,
and Gertraud Burger, "Mitochondrial
Genome Evolution and the Origin of
Eukaryotes", Annu. Rev. Genet., V33,
p351-397, p385. 1999. {2 BYBN}
3. ^ S. Blair
Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews
Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n
11/full/nrg929.html {average of)
2230-1840 bybn} {earliest of) 2350-1640
bybn} {average of 1995my) 2350-1640
mybn}
4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen,
Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic
timescale for the origin of
eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2001, 1:4
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/14
71-2148/1/4 {1.8 bybn}
MORE INFO
[1] Michael W. Gray, et al,
"Genome structure and gene content in
protist mitochondrial DNAs", Nucl.
Acids Res. (1998) 26(4): 865-878
doi:10.1093/nar/26.4.865
http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/
26/4/865.full
[1] Figure from: Michael W. Gray, et
al, ''Genome structure and gene content
in protist mitochondrial DNAs'',
Nucl. Acids Res. (1998) 26(4):
865-878 doi:10.1093/nar/26.4.865
http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/
26/4/865.full Phylogenetic hypothesis
of the eukaryotic lineage based on
ultrastructural and molecular data.
Organisms are divided into three main
groups distinguished by mitochondrial
cristal shape (either discoidal,
flattened or tubular). Unbroken lines
indicate phylogenetic relationships
that are firmly supported by available
data; broken lines indicate
uncertainties in phylogenetic
placement, resolution of which will
require additional data. Color coding
of organismal genus names indicates
mitochondrial genomes that have been
completely (Table 1), almost completely
(Jakoba, Naegleria and
Thraustochytrium) or partially (*)
sequenced by the OGMP (red), the FMGP
(black) or other groups (green). Names
in blue indicate those species whose
mtDNAs are currently being sequenced by
the OGMP or are future candidates for
complete sequencing. Amitochondriate
retortamonads are positioned at the
base of the tree, with broken arrows
denoting the endosymbiotic origin(s) of
mitochondria from a Rickettsia-like
eubacterium. Macrophar.,
Macropharyngomonas.
source: http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/co
ntent/vol26/issue4/images/gkb18201.gif
[2] Figure 1 Phylogenetic tree of
eukaryotes based on ultrastructural and
molecular data. Organisms are
sub-divided into main groups as
discussed in the text. Only a few
representative species for which
complete (or almost complete) mtDNA
sequences are known are shown in each
lineage. In some cases, line drawings
or actual pictures of the organisms are
provided (Acanthamoeba, M. Nagata; URL:
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/PCD3379
/htmls/21.html; Allomyces, Tom Volk;
URL:
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/
Chytridiomycota/Allomyces_r_So_pa/A._arb
uscula_pit._sporangia_tjv.html;
Amoebidium, URL:
http://cgdc3.igmors.upsud.fr/microbiolog
ie/mesomycetozoaires.htm; Marchantia,
URL:
http://www.science.siu.edu/landplants/He
patophyta/images/March.female.JPEG
Scenedesmus, Entwisle et al.,
http://www.rbgsyd.gov.au/_data/page/1824
/Scenedesmus.gif). The color-coding of
the main groups (alternating between
dark and light blue) on the outer
circle corresponds to the color-coding
of the species names. Unbroken lines
indicate phylogenetic relationships
that are firmly supported by available
molecular data; broken lines indicate
uncertainties in phylogenetic
placement, resolution of which will
require additional sequence data. [t:
why not color code or add which type of
mito?]
source: http://arjournals.annualreviews.
org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.genet.37.11
0801.142526
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
[1] Ted Huntington PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/6/62/MichiganBIF.jpg
[2] Ted Huntington PD
source: Ted Huntington
3 4 5
building of major body parts.1 2
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p425,434.
2. ^ Richard Cowen,
"History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
3. ^ Mukherjee K, Bürglin
TR, "MEKHLA, a novel domain with
similarity to PAS domains, is fused to
plant homeodomain-leucine zipper III
proteins.", Plant Physiol
2006;140:1142-1150. http://www.plantphy
siol.org/content/140/4/1142.full
4. ^ Mukherjee, Krishanu, Luciano
Brocchieri, and Thomas R. Bürglin.
“A Comprehensive Classification and
Evolutionary Analysis of Plant Homeobox
Genes.” Molecular Biology and
Evolution 26.12 (2009): 2775
-2794. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co
ntent/26/12/2775.short {1982 mybn (at
acrasid slime molds, before brown
algae}
5. ^ Jongmin Nam, Claude W.
dePamphilis, Hong Ma, and Masatoshi
Nei, "Antiquity and Evolution of the
MADS-Box Gene Family Controlling Flower
Development in Plants", Mol Biol Evol
(2003) 20(9): 1435-1447 first published
online May 30, 2003
doi:10.1093/molbev/msg152
http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/
20/9/1435.abstract {1982 mybn (at
acrasid slime molds, before brown
algae}
[1] {ULSF: Homeobox genes} Desajustes
en el modelo UNKNOWN
source: http://cnho.files.wordpress.com/
2010/07/hox_genes_illus.png
[2] {ULSF: Homeobox genes} UNKNOWN
source: http://cnho.files.wordpress.com/
2010/07/homeobox1.jpg
1 2 3 4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "colonial." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02
Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/colonial
2. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield
NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and
timing of the major events.", in:
Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors.
"Evolution of primary producers in the
sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1080
mybn}
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair,
Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary
Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
{1956 mybn}
4. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS,
Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis:
Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A,
editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007,
p120. {1999 mybn}
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn)
6. ^ Russell F.
Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang,
Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little,
"Determining Divergence Times of the
Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with
a Protein Clock", Science, (1996).
(1800-1900 for eukaryote/prokaryote
separation)
MORE INFO
[1]
http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Bior
ealm/eukaryotes/euglenozoa/euglenozoa.ht
m
[2]
http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30
.html
[1] [t Note that this Chrysophytes
{golden algae} do not evolve
genetically until much later - but I
can't find colonial euglinas or
kinetoplasts- dinobryon look very
similar to euglenas however, even with
a red eyespot- which implies a close
relation.] [1] Dinobryon, a colony of
Chrysophytes showing flagella and red
eyespots UNKNOWN
source: http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/
mag//imagsmall/Dinobryonb.jpg
[2] [t Note that this CHrysophytes
{golden algae} do not evolve
genetically until much later - but I
can't find colonial euglinas or
kinetoplasts] [2] golden algae colony
(synura) Scanning EM showing the
colony of cells covered with scales By
Joel Mancuso UNKNOWN
source: http://farm1.staticflickr.com/38
/110623789_7d189c795b_b.jpg
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
eukaryotic cell.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
2. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004).
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS,
Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis:
Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A,
editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007,
p119. {1300 mybn}
5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS,
Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis:
Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A,
editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007,
p120. {c1600 my}
6. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The
Origin and Evolution of Model
Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3,
838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).,
see comments {1576 MYBN}
7. ^ Knoll A,
Summons R, Waldbauer J, Zumberge J,
"The Geological Succession of Primary
Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of
primary producers in the sea.",
Elsevier; 2007, p152. {no later than)
1200 my}
8. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin
and Evolution of Model Organisms",
Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002)., see
comments {1576 MYBN} {needs to be at
least as old as Euglenozoa since many
have plastids)1956} {Euglenozoa)1956}
MORE INFO
[1] "Plastid". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid
[2] Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K.
Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the
Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science
1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2
877905
[1] Description Plagiomnium
affine, Laminazellen, Rostock Date
created 01.11.2006 Source
photographed by myself Author
Kristian Peters --
Fabelfroh Permission (Reusing this
file) GFDL
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_la
minazellen.jpeg
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair,
Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary
Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148
/4/2
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der
Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel
Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences
from picoplankton reveal unsuspected
eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001).
4. ^
Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree",
Science, (2003).
5. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The
Origin and Evolution of Model
Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3,
838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n
11/abs/nrg929.html
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c1500)
7. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon
HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis:
Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A,
editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007,
p119. {first plastid) 1300mybn}
8. ^ Hackett JD,
Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis:
Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A,
editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007.
{first plastid) c1600}
9. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon
HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis:
Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A,
editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007,
p120. {1550 mybn}
10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime
E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of
eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148
/4/2 (1609 mybn)
11. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The
Origin and Evolution of Model
Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3,
838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
{1580} http://www.nature.com/nrg/journa
l/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html
12. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han
and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic
algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old
Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan.
Science 257 (1992), pp.
232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal
_cysts.pdf {fossil Grypania) 1874my}
MORE INFO
[1] Thomas Cavalier-Smith and Ema
E. -Y. Chao, "Phylogeny of Choanozoa,
Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early
Eukaryote Megaevolution", Springer New
York,
(2003). file:///home/ted/ulsf/docs/cav-
smith_apusozoa_fulltext.html
[1] ? COPYRIGHTED
source: http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB
3/PCD3711/htmls/86.html
[2] (See Image) COPYRIGHTED
source: Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1500)
4 5 6 7 8 9
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A.
Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon,
K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of
volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup;
implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of
the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
2. ^ Han and
Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B.
Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae
from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee
Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257
(1992), pp.
232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal
_cysts.pdf
3. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K.
Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the
Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science
1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2
877905
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H.
Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga
from the Proterozoic of Arctic
Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2
877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn}
6. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004).
7. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A.
Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon,
K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of
volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup;
implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of
the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. {1874
mybn} {Grypania)1874 mybn}
8. ^ Han and
Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B.
Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae
from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee
Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257
(1992), pp.
232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal
_cysts.pdf {1874 mybn} {Grypania)1874
mybn}
9. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology",
Eigth Edition, 2009, p517.
MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506.
(c850my)
[2] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair,
Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary
Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
(1351my)
[3] Ted huntington, Estimate based on
origin of brown algae around
1,973,000,000
Formation) Somerset Island, arctic
Canada3
[1] Bodanella (bow-dan-ell-a)
lauterbornii, a branching filamentous
brown alga. Nearly all brown algae are
marine organisms, but this species is
found in the bottoms of freshwater
lakes. Bright field. data on this
strain. This image is of material
from Provasoli-Guillard National Center
for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton,
images taken by David Patterson and Bob
Andersen. Image copyright: Bob Andersen
and D. J. Patterson, image used under
license to MBL
(micro*scope). NONCOMMERCIAL USE ONLY
source: http://starcentral.mbl.edu/msr/r
awdata/files/bodonella_bgz.zip
[2] Bodanella (bow-dan-ell-a)
lauterbornii, a branching filamentous
brown alga. Nearly all brown algae are
marine organisms, but this species is
found in the bottoms of freshwater
lakes. Bright field. data on this
strain. This image is of material
from Provasoli-Guillard National Center
for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton,
images taken by David Patterson and Bob
Andersen. Image copyright: Bob Andersen
and D. J. Patterson, image used under
license to MBL
(micro*scope). NONCOMMERCIAL USE ONLY
source: http://starcentral.mbl.edu/msr/r
awdata/viewable/bodonella_bgw.jpg
1 2 3
eukaryote. Gamete (or spore) cells and
somatic cells. Start of death by aging.
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ "cell differentiation."
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and
Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc., 2005. Answers.com 25 Mar. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cell-differ
entiation
2. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K.
Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the
Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science
1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2
877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn}
3. ^ Butterfield
N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A
bangiophyte red alga from the
Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science
1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2
877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn}
[1] Volvoxcell differentiation. The
pathways leading to germ cells or
somatic cells are controlled by genes
that cause cells to follow one or the
other fate. Mutations can prevent the
formation of one of these lineages.
http://www.devbio.com/chap02/link0204.sh
tml Although all the volvocaceans,
like their unicellular relative
Chlamydomonas, reproduce predominantly
by asexual means, they are also capable
of sexual reproduction, which involves
the production and fusion of haploid
gametes. In many species of
Chlamydomonas, including the one
illustrated in Figure 2.10, sexual
reproduction is isogamous (“the same
gametes”), since the haploid gametes
that meet are similar in size,
structure, and motility. However, in
other species of Chlamydomonas—as
well as many species of colonial
volvocaceans—swimming gametes of very
different sizes are produced by the
different mating types. This pattern is
called heterogamy (“different
gametes”). But the larger
volvocaceans have evolved a specialized
form of heterogamy, called oogamy,
which involves the production of large,
relatively immotile eggs by one mating
type and small, motile sperm by the
other (see Sidelights and
Speculations) UNKNOWN
source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/book
s/NBK10031/bin/ch2f12.jpg
[2] Description English: Four
Different Species of Volvocales Algae.
(A) Gonium pectorale, (B) Eudorina
elegans, (C) Pleodorina californica,
and (D) Volvox carteri. These are
unicellular organisms that live in
colonies and have both large and small
gametes. Date Published: June 15,
2004 Source Whitfield J:
Everything You Always Wanted to Know
about Sexes. PLoS Biol 2/6/2004: e183.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0
020183 Author Photo courtesy of
Aurora M. Nedelcu, from the Volvocales
Information Project
(http://www.unbf.ca/vip/index.htm). Per
mission (Reusing this file) See
below. CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/c/c5/Volvocales.png
3 4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair,
Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary
Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148
/4/2
{Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110.pdf}
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS,
Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis:
Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A,
editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007.
{c1200 mybn}
4. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir
Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.
php {1368 mybn}
5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E
Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of
eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148
/4/2 (1513mybn) {1513 mybn}
6. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004). (c1200) {c1100} {c1100 mybn}
[1] Microsporidia. Image from Sterling
Parasitology Microsporidia
Research. UNKNOWN
source: http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/im
ages/3/37/Micro2.jpg
[2] Penicillium [t Note: Penecillium
is a multicellular fungi.] UNKNOWN
source: http://www.mold-help.org/pages/i
mages/Penicillium.jpg
4 5 6 7
three-dimensional response to light.1 2
3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of
phototaxis." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B:
Biological Sciences 364 (October
2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu
blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short
2. ^
http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/L
abs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/
Euglenozoa/
3. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy,
Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary
Forces Driving Nuclear Genome
Miniaturization and Expansion", *
Oxford Journals * Life Sciences
* Annals of Botany * Volume 95,
Number 1 *, (2005).
http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/
95/1/147.abstract
4. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield
NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and
timing of the major events.", in:
Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors.
"Evolution of primary producers in the
sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119.
5. ^ Yoon, Hwan
Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for
the Origin of Photosynthetic
Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and
Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co
ntent/21/5/809.abstract {guess based on
earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and
euglena at 1410 mybn}
6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon
HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis:
Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A,
editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007.
{guess based on earliest secondary
plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410
mybn}
7. ^ my own estimate based on where
euglenozoa genetically appear to evolve
{guess based on earliest secondary
plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410
mybn}
MORE INFO
[1] Peter Hegemann, "Algal
Sensory Photoreceptors", Annual Review
of Plant Biology, Vol. 59: 167 -189
(Volume publication date June 2008)
http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/
10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092847
%40recept.2009.1.issue-1
[2] Trevor D. Lamb, Detlev Arendt, and
Shaun P. Collin, "The evolution of
phototransduction and eyes", Phil.
Trans. R. Soc. B October 12, 2009
364:2791-2793;
doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0106 http://rstb.
royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1
531/2791.full
[3] Kreimer, G. (2009) The green algal
eyespot apparatus: a primordial visual
system and more? Current Genetics
55:19-43 doi:10.007/s00294-008-0224-8
PMID
19107486 http://www.springerlink.com/co
ntent/v54v124mxg52r091/
[1] Adapted from: Euglena is a
photosynthetic euglenoid with at least
150 described species. The cells are
cylindrical with a rounded anterior and
tapered posterior. The chloroplasts are
well-developed, bright green, and
sometimes have pyrenoids. ... Euglena
is a photosynthetic euglenoid with at
least 150 described species. The cells
are cylindrical with a rounded anterior
and tapered posterior. The chloroplasts
are well-developed, bright green, and
sometimes have pyrenoids. They are
often discoidal in shape but can also
be ovate, lobate, elongate, U-shaped,
or ribbon-shaped. Some researchers use
the structure and position of the
chloroplasts to divide the group into
three subgenera. Even though they are
able to photosynthesize, Euglena cells
also have a phagotrophic ingestion
apparatus. Euglena has one long,
protruding flagellum and a shorter
flagellum that is not usually
visible. The euglenoids can glide
and swim using their flagella, or can
ooze along a substrate with an
undulating, shape-changing, contraction
motion called metaboly. The cytoplasm
of Euglena and other euglenoids
contains many paramylon starch storage
granules. The euglenoid cells are
covered by a pellicle composed of
ribbonlike, woven strips of
proteinaceous material that cover the
cell in a helical arrangement from apex
to posterior. Freshwater euglenoids
have a contractile vacuole. Euglenoids
sense light using a red pigmented
eyespot or stigma and the paraflagellar
body located at the base of the
emergent flagella. The cytoplasm of
Euglena and other euglenoids contains
many paramylon starch storage granules.
The euglenoid cells are covered by a
pellicle composed of ribbonlike, woven
strips of proteinaceous material that
cover the cell in a helical arrangement
from apex to posterior. Freshwater
euglenoids have a contractile vacuole.
Euglenoids sense light using a red
pigmented eyespot or stigma and the
paraflagellar body located at the base
of the emergent flagella. UNKNOWN
source: http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll
.edu/Pics/Other%20Algae/Other_jpegs/Eugl
ena_Key225.jpg
[2] Figure 1. The distribution of
three-dimensional phototaxis in the
tree of eukaryotes. Red arrows indicate
the likely point of origin of
phototaxis in a given group. Question
marks indicate uncertainties regarding
independent or common origin. Figure
1 from: Jékely, Gáspár. ''Evolution
of phototaxis.'' Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B:
Biological Sciences 364 (October
2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypu
blishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short
COPYRIGHTED
source: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishi
ng.org/content/364/1531/2795/F1.large.jp
g
4 5 6
moving Protist.1 2 This allows larger
free moving organisms to evolve.3
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p497-506.
2. ^ S Blair Hedges,
Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of
eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
3. ^ Richard
Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and
Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of
the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of
America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten
t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p497-506. (c850my)
6. ^ S Blair
Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular
timescale of eukaryote evolution and
the rise of complex multicellular
life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004,
4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). (1351my)
MORE INFO
[1] Nicholas H. Barton,
"Evolution", 2007,
p225-226. http://books.google.com/books
?id=mMDFQ32oMI8C&pg=PA225
[2] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates",
2003, 188-191
[1] Sponge showing several choanocyte
chambers UNKNOWN
source: http://behance.vo.llnwd.net/prof
iles22/483113/projects/1558429/43a2a4c7e
127f66b7090ed679a8da30a.jpg
[2] Combination of: Saepicula and
Sphaeroeca NONCOMMERCIAL USE
source: http://microscope.mbl.edu/script
s/microscope.php?func=imgDetail&imageID=
3229
4 5 6 7 8
(sponges).1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004), p497-501.
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E
Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of
eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
4. ^
Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J.
Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of
America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten
t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
5. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar,
"The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p224-229. http://www.timetree.org/book.
php
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c850my) {c800my}
7. ^ S Blair
Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular
timescale of eukaryote evolution and
the rise of complex multicellular
life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004,
4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). (1351my)
8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of
Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
(600?)
MORE INFO
[1] Müller, Werner E. G. “The
Origin of Metazoan Complexity: Porifera
as Integrated Animals.” Integrative
and Comparative Biology 43.1 (2003):
3–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/388
4834
[1] Summary Description English:
Marine sponge. Color adjusted (but not
color accurate) underwater photograph
taken by Dlloyd using a digital camera
at a depth of approximately 100 feet in
Cayman. GNU
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/6/62/SpongeColorCorrect.jp
g
[2]
source: http://www.museums.org.za/bio/me
tazoa.htm
2 3 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001, p20.
2. ^ Peterson,
Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield.
“Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing
Ecological Predictions of Molecular
Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil
Record.” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten
t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c850my) {based on
evolution of sponge) c850my}
4. ^ S Blair
Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular
timescale of eukaryote evolution and
the rise of complex multicellular
life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004,
4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). (1351my)
5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of
Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
(600?)
MORE INFO
[1] "Proteoglycan." The Oxford
Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford
University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007.
Answers.com 12 Aug. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/proteoglyca
n
[2] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001, p18-19
[3] D. T.
Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology",
Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p17
[1] Oocyte (female egg) release from
sponge, sperm release from sponge,
FIgure from: D. T. Anderson,
''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford
University Press, Second Edition,
2001. COPYRIGHTED
source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001.
[2] Combination of image from: Brusca
and Brusca, ''Invertebrates'', Second
Edition, 2003,
http://www.oceanicresearch.org/sponges
.html and D. T. Anderson,
''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford
University Press, Second Edition,
2001. COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.museums.org.za/bio/me
tazoa.htm
2 3 4
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001, p2-3.
2. ^ Peterson,
Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield.
“Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing
Ecological Predictions of Molecular
Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil
Record.” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten
t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas
J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of
America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten
t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750)
{c750MYBN (Ctenophores are first
metazoans with tissues}
MORE INFO
[1]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta
xonTree.aspx?id=12289&tree=0.1
[1] Description This is an example
of a ctenophore, Bathocyroe fosteri,
which is a mesopelagic species. Date
Source Description This is
an example of a ctenophore, Bathocyroe
fosteri, which is a mesopelagic
species. Date Source
[1] Author Photo courtesy of
Marsh Youngbluth Author Photo
courtesy of Marsh Youngbluth PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/2/21/Bathocyroe_fosteri.jp
g
[2] Light diffracting along the comb
rows of a Mertensia ovum. The right
lower portion of the body is
regenerating from previous damage.
Source: NOAA Photo Gallery/ Photo by
Kevin Raskoff PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/4/42/LightRefractsOf_comb-
rows_of_ctenophore_Mertensia_ovum.jpg
3 4 5 6 7
nervous system.1 Earliest touch and
sound detection and memory.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
(presumably)
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and
Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of
the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of
America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten
t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
(presumably) {775 MYBN (estimate based
on Ctenophora as first with nerve and
muscle and Ctenophora evolving
c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {750 MYBN
(estimate based on Ctenophora as first
with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora
evolving c750mybn}
5. ^ S OOta and N Saitou,
"Phylogenetic relationship of muscle
tissues deduced from superimposition of
gene trees.", Mol Biol Evol (1999)
16(6):
856-867. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/
content/16/6/856.abstract {Saitou_1999.
pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on
Ctenophora as first with nerve and
muscle and Ctenophora evolving
c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {775 MYBN
(estimate based on Ctenophora as first
with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora
evolving c750mybn)(before
c700MYBN)(before c700MYBN}
6. ^ Richard Cowen,
"History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {775
MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as
first with nerve and muscle and
Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before
c700MYBN}
7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
(presumably) {574mybn}
MORE INFO
[1] Ghysen, A. (2003). The origin
and evolution of the nervous system.
The International journal of
developmental biology , 47 (7-8),
555-562. http://view.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p
ubmed/14756331
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750mybn)
[1] English: Drawing of Purkinje cells
(A) and granule cells (B) from pigeon
cerebellum by Santiago Ramón y Cajal,
1899; Instituto Santiago Ramón y
Cajal, Madrid, Spain. PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/1/15/PurkinjeCell.jpg
[2] figure from: D. T. Anderson,
''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford
University Press, Second Edition, 2001,
p39. COPYRIGHTED
source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001, p39.
2 3 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid,
Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish
and the origin of triploblasty,
Developmental Biology, Volume 282,
Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN
0012-1606, DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://ww
w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf
}
2. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas
J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of
America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten
t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
3. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid,
Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish
and the origin of triploblasty,
Developmental Biology, Volume 282,
Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN
0012-1606, DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://ww
w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf
} {775 MYBN (estimate based on
Ctenophora as first with nerve and
muscle and Ctenophora evolving
c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {750 MYBN
(estimate based on Ctenophora as first
with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora
evolving c750mybn}
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493.
(c750mybn) {775 MYBN (estimate based on
Ctenophora as first with nerve and
muscle and Ctenophora evolving
c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {775 MYBN
(estimate based on Ctenophora as first
with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora
evolving c750mybn)(before
c700MYBN)(before c700MYBN}
5. ^ S OOta and N
Saitou, "Phylogenetic relationship of
muscle tissues deduced from
superimposition of gene trees.", Mol
Biol Evol (1999) 16(6):
856-867. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/
content/16/6/856.abstract {Saitou_1999.
pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on
Ctenophora as first with nerve and
muscle and Ctenophora evolving
c750mybn)(before c700MYBN}
[1] Figure from: D. T. Anderson,
''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford
University Press, Second Edition, 2001,
p39. COPYRIGHTED
source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001, p39.
[2] Derek E. G. Briggs and Richard A.
Fortey, ''Wonderful Strife:
Systematics, Stem Groups, and the
Phylogenetic Signal of the Cambrian
Radiation'', Paleobiology , Vol. 31,
No. 2, Supplement. Macroevolution:
Diversity, Disparity, Contingency:
Essays in Honor of Stephen Jay Gould
(Spring, 2005), pp.
94-112 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2548
2671 COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2548
2671
3 4 5 6 7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001, p48.
2. ^
http://species-identification.org/specie
s.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr
y=groepen
3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas
J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of
America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten
t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas
J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of
America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten
t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (580my)
{based on evolution of cnidaria) 580my}
6. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004), p477-490. (c700my)
7. ^ S Blair Hedges,
Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of
eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
(1298my)
MORE INFO
[1] "Proteoglycan." The Oxford
Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford
University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007.
Answers.com 12 Aug. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/proteoglyca
n
[2] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001, p18-19
[3] D. T.
Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology",
Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p17
[4] Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
(c850my)
[5] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair,
Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary
Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
(1351my)
[6] Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?)
[1] From: Brusca and Brusca,
''Invertebrates'', Second Edition,
2003. COPYRIGHTED
source: Brusca and Brusca,
"Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003
[2] Figure 3.8 Anthozoa. (a) Anemone
(Actiniaria), showing the pharynx,
mesenteries, mesenterial filamnets and
acontia. (b) Structure of a mesenterial
filament in transverse section. (c)
Scleractinian coral, showing calcareous
skeleton and coenenchyme. (d)
Gorgonian, showing skeleton made up of
a horny axial rod and spicules in the
mesogloea (after Pearse et al 1987).
(e) Alcyonarian soft coral, showing
spicular skeleton in the
mesogloea. From: D. T. Anderson,
''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford
University Press, Second Edition,
2001. COPYRIGHTED
source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001.
7 8 9 10
jellyfish).1 2 3 4 Earliest animal
eye.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004), p477-490.
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E
Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of
eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
4. ^
"Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia
University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22
Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria
5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001, p41.
6. ^ Megan
O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson,
"Structure and optics of the eyes of
the box jellyfish Chiropsella
bronzie.", Journal Of Comparative
Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory
Neural And Behavioral Physiology
(2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages:
557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/resear
ch/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t
he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/
7. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas
J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of
America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten
t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p477-490. (c700my)
9. ^ Richard
Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (580my)
10. ^ S Blair Hedges,
Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of
eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
(1298my)
MORE INFO
[1] Collins, A.G. (2002).
"Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the
Evolution of Cnidarian Life Cycles"
(PDF). Journal of Evolutionary Biology
15 (3): 418–432.
doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x. h
ttp://cima.uprm.edu/~n_schizas/CMOB_8676
/Collins2002.pdf
[2] Philippe, H. (April 2009).
"Phylogenomics Revives Traditional
Views on Deep Animal Relationships".
Current Biology 19: 706–712.
doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.052. PMID
19345102. http://www.sciencedirect.com/
science/article/pii/S0960982209008057
[3] doi:10.1038/4631003b; Published
online 24 February
2010 http://www.nature.com/nature/journ
al/v463/n7284/full/4631003b.html
[1] Octocorals Stylatula elongata –
White Sea Pen UNKNOWN
source: http://pt-lobos.com/cnidarianimg
/white_sea_pens.jpg
[2] Sea nettles, Chrysaora
quinquecirrha CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/3/36/Sea_nettles.jpg
8 9 10
symmetry).1 2 3
Earliest animal brain.4
5 Third embryonic layer: the mesoderm
{meZuDRM6 }.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476.
2. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta
xonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^ D. T.
Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology",
Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p69.
5. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p396-400.
6. ^ "mesoderm." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27
Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm
7. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001, p59.
8. ^ Peterson,
Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield.
“Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing
Ecological Predictions of Molecular
Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil
Record.” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten
t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my)
10. ^ Richard
Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is
older)
[1] Convoluta pulchra Smith and Bush
1991, a typical mud-inhabiting acoel
that feeds on diatoms
source: ?
[2] Figure from: Giribet, G. (2008).
Assembling the lophotrochozoan
(=spiralian) tree of life.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences , 363
(1496), 1513-1522. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241
http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
/content/363/1496/1513 COPYRIGHTED
source: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishi
ng.org/content/363/1496/1513
2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67.
2. ^ Peterson,
Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield.
“Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing
Ecological Predictions of Molecular
Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil
Record.” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten
t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my)
4. ^ Richard
Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is
older)
[1] From: D. T. Anderson,
''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford
University Press, Second Edition,
2001. COPYRIGHTED
source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001.
[2] Convoluta pulchra Smith and Bush
1991, a typical mud-inhabiting acoel
that feeds on diatoms
source: ?
2 3 4
through-put of food evolves in a
bilaterian.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001, p4.
2. ^ Peterson,
Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield.
“Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing
Ecological Predictions of Molecular
Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil
Record.” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten
t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my)
{630my (first bilateral
species-acoelomates}
4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575
(fossil is older) {575 (first bilateral
species-acoelomates)(fossil record is
older}
[1] From: D. T. Anderson,
''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford
University Press, Second Edition,
2001. COPYRIGHTED
source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001.
[2] Convoluta pulchra Smith and Bush
1991, a typical mud-inhabiting acoel
that feeds on diatoms
source: ?
2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001, p58-79.
2. ^ Peterson,
Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield.
“Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing
Ecological Predictions of Molecular
Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil
Record.” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten
t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my)
4. ^ Richard
Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is
older)
[1] From: D. T. Anderson,
''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford
University Press, Second Edition,
2001. COPYRIGHTED
source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001.
[2] Convoluta pulchra Smith and Bush
1991, a typical mud-inhabiting acoel
that feeds on diatoms
source: ?
2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes,
"Invertebrate Zoology", 2004.
2. ^ Peterson,
Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield.
“Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing
Ecological Predictions of Molecular
Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil
Record.” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten
t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my)
{based on some Platyhelminthes have a
penis) 630my}
4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of
Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
(575 (fossil is older)
MORE INFO
[1] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001
[1] From: Brusca and Brusca,
''Invertebrates'', Second Edition,
2003 COPYRIGHTED
source: Brusca and Brusca,
"Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003
[2] From: Ruppert, Fox, Barnes,
''Invertebrate Zoology'',
2004. COPYRIGHTED
source: Ruppert, Fox, Barnes,
"Invertebrate Zoology", 2004.
3 4
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ D. T.
Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology",
Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p4.
3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J.,
and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin
of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of
America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten
t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {based on}
[1] D. T. Anderson, ''Invertebrate
Zoology'', Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001 AND Fig 11.1G
from: Brusca and Brusca,
''Invertebrates'', 2003,
p320. COPYRIGHTED
source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001Brusca and Brusca,
"Invertebrates", 2003, p320.
[2] From: D. T. Anderson,
''Invertebrate Zoology'', Oxford
University Press, Second Edition,
2001 COPYRIGHTED
source: D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001
5 6 7 8
arthropods and molluscs.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta
xonTree.aspx?id=198701
3. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus,
DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA;
Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008).
"Broad phylogenomic sampling improves
resolution of the animal tree of life".
Nature 452 (7188): 745–749.
doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID
18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/
journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html
4. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the
lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of
life. Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ,
363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241
http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
/content/363/1496/1513
5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas
J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of
America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten
t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (590my) {590 mybn}
7. ^
Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins.
“Fossils and phylogenies: integrating
multiple lines of evidence to
investigate the origin of early major
metazoan lineages.” Integrative and
Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744
-751.
Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/co
ntent/47/5/744.full {543 mybn}
8. ^ S. Blair
Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree
of Life", 2009,
p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.
php {910 mybn}
MORE INFO
[1]
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=priapu
lids
[2] Kevin J Peterson, James A Cotton,
James G Gehling, and Davide Pisani,
"The Ediacaran emergence of
bilaterians: congruence between the
genetic and the geological fossil
records", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B April
27, 2008 363 (1496) 1435-1443;
doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 http://rstb.
royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1
496/1435.short
[1] English: This diagram is showing
the difference of the two major types
of coelomates: the protostomes
(molluscs, annelids, arthropods, ...)
and deuterostomes (echinoderms,
vertebrates, ...). These groups differ
in several characteristics of early
development; In deuterostomes blastula
devisions is called ''radial cleavage''
because it occurs parallel or
perpendicular to the major polar axis.
In protostomes the cleavage is called
''spirale'' because division planes are
oriented obliquely to the polar major
axis. During gastrulation, protostomes
embryos' mouth was given first by the
blastopore while the anus was formed
later and vis versa for the
deuterostomes. As examples :
Squids are protostomes. Sea
urchins are deuterostomes. Date
14 October 2009 Source Own
work Author WYassineMrabetTalk✉ CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuteros
tomes.svg/1000px-Protovsdeuterostomes.sv
g.png
[2] English: This diagram is showing
the difference of the two major types
of coelomates: the protostomes
(molluscs, annelids, arthropods, ...)
and deuterostomes (echinoderms,
vertebrates, ...). These groups differ
in several characteristics of early
development; In deuterostomes blastula
devisions is called ''radial cleavage''
because it occurs parallel or
perpendicular to the major polar axis.
In protostomes the cleavage is called
''spirale'' because division planes are
oriented obliquely to the polar major
axis. During gastrulation, protostomes
embryos' mouth was given first by the
blastopore while the anus was formed
later and vis versa for the
deuterostomes. As examples :
Squids are protostomes. Sea
urchins are deuterostomes. Date
14 October 2009 Source Own
work Author WYassineMrabetTalk✉ CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuteros
tomes.svg/1000px-Protovsdeuterostomes.sv
g.png
3 4 5 6 7
worms, starfish and all chordates).1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas
J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of
America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten
t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {570 mybn}
5. ^ S. Blair
Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree
of Life", 2009,
p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.
php {910 mybn}
6. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and
Allen Collins. “Fossils and
phylogenies: integrating multiple lines
of evidence to investigate the origin
of early major metazoan lineages.”
Integrative and Comparative Biology
47.5 (2007): 744 -751.
Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/co
ntent/47/5/744.full {367 mybn}
7. ^ Jun-Yuan
Chen, David J. Bottjer, Paola
Oliveri,Stephen Q. Dornbos, Feng Gao,
Seth Ruffins, Huimei Chi, Chia-Wei Li,
Eric H. Davidson, "Small Bilaterian
Fossils from 40 to 55 Million Years
Before the Cambrian", Science, Vol 305,
Issue 5681, 218-222, 9 July
2004 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/cont
ent/full/sci;305/5681/218
MORE INFO
[1] Kevin J Peterson, James A
Cotton, James G Gehling, and Davide
Pisani, "The Ediacaran emergence of
bilaterians: congruence between the
genetic and the geological fossil
records", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B April
27, 2008 363 (1496) 1435-1443;
doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 http://rstb.
royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1
496/1435.short
[1] English: This diagram is showing
the difference of the two major types
of coelomates: the protostomes
(molluscs, annelids, arthropods, ...)
and deuterostomes (echinoderms,
vertebrates, ...). These groups differ
in several characteristics of early
development; In deuterostomes blastula
devisions is called ''radial cleavage''
because it occurs parallel or
perpendicular to the major polar axis.
In protostomes the cleavage is called
''spirale'' because division planes are
oriented obliquely to the polar major
axis. During gastrulation, protostomes
embryos' mouth was given first by the
blastopore while the anus was formed
later and vis versa for the
deuterostomes. As examples :
Squids are protostomes. Sea
urchins are deuterostomes. Date
14 October 2009 Source Own
work Author WYassineMrabetTalk✉ CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuteros
tomes.svg/1000px-Protovsdeuterostomes.sv
g.png
[2] English: This diagram is showing
the difference of the two major types
of coelomates: the protostomes
(molluscs, annelids, arthropods, ...)
and deuterostomes (echinoderms,
vertebrates, ...). These groups differ
in several characteristics of early
development; In deuterostomes blastula
devisions is called ''radial cleavage''
because it occurs parallel or
perpendicular to the major polar axis.
In protostomes the cleavage is called
''spirale'' because division planes are
oriented obliquely to the polar major
axis. During gastrulation, protostomes
embryos' mouth was given first by the
blastopore while the anus was formed
later and vis versa for the
deuterostomes. As examples :
Squids are protostomes. Sea
urchins are deuterostomes. Date
14 October 2009 Source Own
work Author WYassineMrabetTalk✉ CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuteros
tomes.svg/1000px-Protovsdeuterostomes.sv
g.png
3 4
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007).
"Ciliated protozoans from the
Precambrian Doushantuo Formation,
Wengan, South China". Geological
Society, London, Special Publications
286: 151–156.
doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org
/10.1144/SP286.11
{Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my
bn.pdf}
2. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007).
"Ciliated protozoans from the
Precambrian Doushantuo Formation,
Wengan, South China". Geological
Society, London, Special Publications
286: 151–156.
doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org
/10.1144/SP286.11
{Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my
bn.pdf}
3. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007).
"Ciliated protozoans from the
Precambrian Doushantuo Formation,
Wengan, South China". Geological
Society, London, Special Publications
286: 151–156.
doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org
/10.1144/SP286.11
{Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my
bn.pdf} {earliest hard shell fossil -
ciliate) 580 mybn}
4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime
E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of
eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
{Euglenozoa -pellicle) 1956 mybn}
MORE INFO
[1] Hamm, Smetacek, "Armor: Why,
When, and How", in Falkowski, Knoll,
"Evolution of Primary Producers in the
Sea", 2007, p311-332, p323
[2] Bengtson, S.
(2004), Early skeletal fossils, in
Lipps, J.H., and Waggoner, B.M.,
"Neoproterozoic- Cambrian Biological
Revolutions" (PDF), Paleontological
Society Papers 10: 67–78, retrieved
2008-07-18 http://www.nrm.se/download/1
8.4e32c81078a8d9249800021554/Bengtson200
4ESF.pdf
Guizhou Province, South China2
[1] Figure 1 from: Li, C.-W.; et al.
(2007). ''Ciliated protozoans from the
Precambrian Doushantuo Formation,
Wengan, South China''. Geological
Society, London, Special Publications
286: 151–156.
doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org
/10.1144/SP286.11
{Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my
bn.pdf} COPYRIGHTED
source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP286.
11
[2] Figure 1 from: Li, C.-W.; et al.
(2007). ''Ciliated protozoans from the
Precambrian Doushantuo Formation,
Wengan, South China''. Geological
Society, London, Special Publications
286: 151–156.
doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org
/10.1144/SP286.11
{Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580my
bn.pdf} COPYRIGHTED
source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP286.
11
3 4 5 6
eat other animals.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric
Life", 2009, p68.
2. ^ Vannier, J.; Steiner,
M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova,
J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian origin of
modern food webs: evidence from
predator arrow worms". Proceedings of
the Royal Society B 274 (1610):
627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761.
PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/article
render.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202
.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (570)
4. ^ Chen, J.-Y.;
Huang, D.-Y. (2002). "A possible Lower
Cambrian chaetognath (arrow worm)".
Science 298 (5591): 187.
doi:10.1126/science.1075059. PMID
12364798.
5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas
J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of
America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten
t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
6. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar,
"TimeTree of Life", Oxford University
Press, New York., 2009, Chap 24,
p224-225. http://timetree.org/book.php
MORE INFO
[1] Gonzalo Giribet, Daniel L.
Distel, Martin Polz, Wolfgang Sterrer,
and Ward C. Wheeler Triploblastic
Relationships with Emphasis on the
Acoelomates and the Position of
Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora,
Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: A
Combined Approach of 18S rDNA Sequences
and Morphology Syst Biol (2000) 49(3):
539-562 doi:10.1080/10635159950127385
[2] Martin Helmkampf, Iris
Bruchhaus, Bernhard Hausdorf, Multigene
analysis of lophophorate and
chaetognath phylogenetic relationships,
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,
Volume 46, Issue 1, January 2008, Pages
206-214, ISSN 1055-7903,
10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.004. (http://ww
w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S105579030700317X)
[3] S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and
evolution of model organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November
2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal
/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html
[4] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates",
2002, p844
[1] Chaetognatha UNKNOWN
source: http://content5.eol.org/content/
2010/08/09/03/74200_large.jpg
[2] Description Chatognath
Spadella cephaloptera Date
Unkown Source Own
work Author
Zatelmar Permission (Reusing
this file) See below. GNU
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/8/8e/Chaetoblack.png
2 3
tunicates {TUNiKiTS}, fish, amphibians,
reptiles, mammals and birds).1
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p368-p381.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
p368-p381. {565 MYBN}
3. ^
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3208
583.stm
MORE INFO
[1] Douzery, E. J. P., Snell, E.
A., Bapteste, E., Delsuc, F., &
Philippe, H. (2004). The timing of
eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed
molecular clock reconcile proteins and
fossils? Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America , 101 (43),
15386-15391. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.040398410
1
[2] Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng,
Simon Tsang, Glen Cho and Elizabeth
Little, "Determining Divergence Times
of the Major Kingdoms of Living
Organisms with a Protein Clock",
Science New Series, Vol. 271, No. 5248
(Jan. 26, 1996), pp.
470-477. http://www.jstor.org/stable/28
90144
[3] Pennisi, Elizabeth. “Drafting a
Tree.” Science 300.5626 (2003) :
1694.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten
t/300/5626/1694.summary
[4] Philip C. J. Donoghue and Mark A.
Purnell, "The Evolutionary Emergence of
Vertebrates From Among Their Spineless
Relatives", EVOLUTION: EDUCATION AND
OUTREACH, Volume 2, Number 2, 204-212,
DOI:
10.1007/s12052-009-0134-3 http://www.sp
ringerlink.com/content/l48138g81qv4m18k/
export-citation/
[5]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta
xonTree.aspx?id=41451
[1] from adelaide, australia UNKNOWN
source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/t
ech/3208583.stm
[2] [t Note that this is a vertebrate
- not a pre-vertebrate
chordate] Portion of figure
from: D.-G. Shu, S. Conway Morris, J.
Han, Z.-F. Zhang, K. Yasui, P. Janvier,
L. Chen, X.-L. Zhang, J.-N. Liu, Y. Li
and H.-Q. Liu, ''Head and backbone of
the Early Cambrian vertebrate
Haikouichthys'', Nature 421,
526-529(30 January
2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour
nal/v421/n6922/full/nature01264.html CO
PYRIGHTED
source: https://nature.com/journal/v421/
n6922/images/nature01264-f1.2.jpg
2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004),p377-381.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. {565
mybn}
3. ^ Chen, Jun-Yuan et al. “The First
Tunicate from the Early Cambrian of
South China.” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 100.14
(2003): 8314 –8318.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/100/
14/8314.full
[1] Description Clavelina
moluccensis, the bluebell
tunicate English: Tunicate colony.
(Clavelina moluccensis) Date
04/17/05 Source Own
work Author Nhobgood CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/9/98/Bluebell_tunicates_Ni
ck_Hobgood.jpg
[2] Timeline of phylogeny of animals,
figure 6 from: S. Blair Hedges, ''The
origin and evolution of model
organisms'', Nature Reviews Genetics 3,
838-849 (November
2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal
/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {Hedges_2002.p
df} a) The relationships and
divergence times (millions of years ago
(Mya) plusminus one standard error) of
selected model animals are shown, based
on recent multigene and multiprotein
studies51, 61, 84. The fossil
divergence time of birds and mammals
(310 Mya) was used to calibrate the
molecular clock. Branch lengths are not
proportional to time. b ) The
relationships and numbers of living
species, from a diversity of sources in
most of the main groups. COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.nature.com/nrg/journa
l/v3/n11/images/nrg929-f6.jpg
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004),p372-376.
MORE INFO
[1]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta
xonTree.aspx?id=41451
[1] Lancelet (Branchiostoma
lanceolatum) Description
Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas,
1774) English: Amphioxus from course
sandy sediments (600µm) on the Belgian
continental shelf. Length: ~22
mm. Geo-location not applicable as the
picture was taken in the
lab. Français : Branchiostoma
lanceolatum, un céphalochordé,
récolté dans des sédiments de sable
grossier (600µm) sur le Plateau
continental belge. Longueur totale: 22
mm environ. Date 1997 Source
Own work Author (Hans
Hillewaert) CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/4/47/Branchiostoma_lanceol
atum.jpg
3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004),p622-624.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {537 MYBN (based on
Annaleda - segmented worns} {543 MYBN
(based on arthropods, annelids -
segmented worns=537}
[1] Dikinsonia grew to a length of as
much as two feet (60 cm), which made it
one of the larger complex organisms of
the Vendian. It's body is segmented
with midline symmetry dividing it's
body. Its body may have been denser
than modern jellyfish or worms. [Atlas
of Prehistoric World, Discovery
Books Reconstruction of Dickinsonia,
based on images from Atlas of the
Prehistoric World, Discovery Channel
Books and Kingfisher Illustrated
Dinosaur Encyclopedia UNKNOWN
source: http://paleontology.edwardtbabin
ski.us/vendian/dickinsonia.jpg
[2] Spriggina Spriggina was
definitely a predator of the seas of
that time. UNKNOWN
source: http://www.museum.toulouse.fr/IM
G/jpg/spriginna_72dpi_680.jpg
2 3 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate
Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001, p124-125.
2. ^ Brusca and
Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p 73.
3. ^
Palmer, et. al., "Prehistoric Life",
p66.
4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas
J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of
America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/conten
t/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {based on} {539 MYBN
(based on mollusca}
[1] From: Ruppert, Fox, Barnes,
''Invertebrate Zoology'',
2004. COPYRIGHTED
source: Ruppert, Fox, Barnes,
"Invertebrate Zoology", 2004.
[2] From: Ruppert, Fox, Barnes,
''Invertebrate Zoology'',
2004. COPYRIGHTED
source: Ruppert, Fox, Barnes,
"Invertebrate Zoology", 2004.
2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ S. Blair Hedges and
Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life",
2009,
p224-229. http://www.timetree.org/book.
php
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c539)
4. ^ Caron,
Jean-Bernard et al. "A soft-bodied
mollusc with radula from the Middle
Cambrian Burgess Shale." Nature
442.7099 (2006):
159-163. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v442/n7099/full/nature04894.html
MORE INFO
[1]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta
xonTree.aspx?id=201563
[1] From: Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S.,
and Barnes, R.D. (2004). Invertebrate
Zoology (7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
284–291. ISBN 0030259827. PD
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol
lusca
[2] Description Clams Date
Source Own work Author
Marlith CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/8/8f/Clams.JPG
2 3
insects).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543)
3. ^ Palmer,
et. al., "Prehistoric Life", p66.
MORE INFO
[1]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta
xonTree.aspx?pos=0
[1] Extinct and modern
arthropods English: Arthropoda
collage. From left to right and from
top to bottom: Kolihapeltis,
Stylonurus, Scorpion, Crab, Centipede,
Butterfly CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/8/80/Arthropoda.jpg
[2] Figure from: Giribet, G. (2008).
Assembling the lophotrochozoan
(=spiralian) tree of life.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences , 363
(1496), 1513-1522. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241
http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
/content/363/1496/1513 COPYRIGHTED
source: http://rstb.royalsociorg/content
/363/1496/1513
fishes, and all amphibians, reptiles,
mammals, and birds).
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
MORE INFO
[1]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta
xonTree.aspx?id=41579
[1] Description Lampetra
fluviatilis from the german
northsea Date 2004 Source
Germany Author
M.Buschmann Permission (Reusing
this file) Author is owner CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/3/3f/Lampetra_fluviatilis.
jpg
[2] Description Clockwise,
starting from top left: 1. Fire
Salamander (Salamandra salamandra) 2.
Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus
porosus) 3. Southern Cassowary
(Casusarius casuarius) 4.
Black-and-rufus Giant Elephant Shrew
(Rhynchocyon petersi) 5. Ocean Sunfish
(Mola mola) Date CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/e/ec/Vertebrates.png
3 4 5
Mosses).1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E.
Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some
points of view", American Journal of
Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
2. ^ Hwan
Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia
Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish,
"A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular
Biology and Evolution, (2004).
3. ^ Palmer, et
al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p82.
4. ^ S26
(c475)
5. ^ S15 (c475)
MORE INFO
[1] "Bryophyte". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyte
[2] "Bryophyta." McGraw-Hill Dictionary
of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003.
Answers.com 22 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/bryophyta-1
[1] Phaeoceros laevis (L.) Prosk. gnu
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima
ge:Anthoceros_levis.jpg
[2] English: A closeup shot of moss on
a rock in Beacon Hill Park, Victoria,
Canada. Sony Alpha A100 Date 25
March 2007 Source Own
work Author KirinX at
en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this
file) CC-BY-SA-2.5. CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/1/1c/Moss_closeup.jpg
5 6
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A.
J. Caradocian land plant microfossils
from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10
(4), 197-201. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982
)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org
/content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-
cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_
198204xx.pdf}
2. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L.
Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin.
“Fragments of the earliest land
plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) :
282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^ Gray, J.,
Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian
land plant microfossils from libya.
Geology , April 1982, 10 (4),
197-201. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982
)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org
/content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-
cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_
198204xx.pdf}
5. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L.
Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin.
“Fragments of the earliest land
plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) :
282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html
{475 MYBN}
6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive
Life", 2009, p82.
[1] Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A.
J. Caradocian land plant microfossils
from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10
(4), 197-201. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982
)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org/
content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-c
fd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_1
98204xx.pdf} COPYRIGHTED
source: http://geology.gsapubs.org/conte
nt/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4
eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4
[2] Phaeoceros laevis (L.) Prosk. gnu
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima
ge:Anthoceros_levis.jpg
5 6 7
2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer
M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J.
Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence
D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land:
Arthropod Trackways in
Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone,
Southeastern Ontario, Canada.”
Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.
org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
2. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p109-110.
3. ^ Heather M. Wilson
and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and
Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes
(Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda)
from Scotland", Journal of
Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan.,
2004), pp.
169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/409
4847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf}
4. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer
M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J.
Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence
D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land:
Arthropod Trackways in
Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone,
Southeastern Ontario, Canada.”
Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.
org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
5. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer
M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J.
Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence
D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land:
Arthropod Trackways in
Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone,
Southeastern Ontario, Canada.”
Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.
org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
6. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I.
Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of
Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda:
Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from
Scotland", Journal of Paleontology,
Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp.
169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/409
4847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf}
7. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p67.
Ontario, Canada4
[1] Figure 4. Field photographs of
representative trackways. Scale bars
represent 5 cm. A: Trackway with
central drag and well-defined appendage
marks. Bottom surface. B: Trackway with
central drag and poorly defined
appendage marks. Top surface. Surface
dips to top of photograph; note downdip
offset of central drag. C: Robust
trackway with well-developed appendage
marks and no central drag. Note
push-ups of sand (arrows) associated
with appendage impressions. Figure 4
from: MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer
M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J.
Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence
D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land:
Arthropod Trackways in
Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone,
Southeastern Ontario, Canada.”
Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.
org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 COPYRIG
HTED
source: http://geology.geoscienceworld.o
rg/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
[2] Figure 2 from: Heather M. Wilson
and Lyall I. Anderson, ''Morphology and
Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes
(Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda)
from Scotland'', Journal of
Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan.,
2004), pp.
169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/409
4847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} COP
YRIGHTED
source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094
847?&Search=yes&searchText=MILLIPEDES&se
archText=TAXONOMY&searchText=MORPHOLOGY&
searchText=PALEOZOIC&list=hide&searchUri
=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DMOR
PHOLOGY%2BAND%2BTAXONOMY%2BOF%2BPALEOZOI
C%2BMILLIPEDES%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don&prev
Search=&item=2&ttl=43&returnArticleServi
ce=showFullText
3
vertebrate teeth.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p360-363.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p360-363.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p360-363. {460 MYBN}
MORE INFO
[1] Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric
Life", 2009, p106,110
[2]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl
[1] Image from: Palmer, D. The
Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of
Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A
Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500
Species. New Line Books,
2002. COPYRIGHTED
source: Palmer, D. The Marshall
Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs &
Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive
Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New
Line Books, 2002.
[2] Kardong, ''Vertebrates'', Third
Edition, 2002. COPYRIGHTED
source: Kardong, "Vertebrates", Third
Edition, 2002.
3 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E.
Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some
points of view", American Journal of
Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14
37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D.
Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele
Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular
Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular
Biology and Evolution, (2004).
3. ^ Palmer et
al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p96.
4. ^
Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis
and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of
view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c400)
http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14
37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
5. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett,
Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for
the Origin of Photosynthetic
Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and
Evolution, (2004). (c390)
[1] Description Equisetum telmateia
(Equisetopsida) at Cambridge Botanic
Garden Date 18 May 2008 Source Own
work Author Rror Other versions
Derivative works of this file:
species on earth.jpg GNU
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/7/7c/Equisetopsida.jpg
[2] Fig. 2. Chronogram showing
estimates of phylogenetic relationships
and divergence times among the major
groups of extant land plants. The
estimate of relationships is
synthesized from the following papers
in this issue: Burleigh and Mathews
(2004) , Pryer et al. (2004) , Shaw and
Renzaglia (2004) , and Soltis and
Soltis (2004) . Divergence time
estimates are mostly based on analyses
of molecular data with fossil
constraints (Wikström et al., 2001 ;
Pryer et al., 2004 ) and are augmented
by fossil evidence (Kenrick and Crane,
1997 ; Wellman et al., 2003 ).
Estimates of the number of species in
each group are from Judd et al. (2002)
and W. S. Judd (personal
communication). Groups covered by a
particular article in this special
issue are circled and connected to the
names of the article's authors. ''Other
conifers'' refers to the clade
consisting of all conifers except for
Pinaceae (see Burleigh and Mathews,
2004 ). ''Lepto. ferns'' refers to
leptosporangiate ferns fig 2
from: Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E.
Soltis and Mark W. Chase, ''The plant
tree of life: an overview and some
points of view'', American Journal of
Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14
37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.amjbot.org/content/91
/10/1437/F2.large.jpg
3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p338-363.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p338-363.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p338-363. {440 MYBN
(guess based on ray-finned fish
evolving}
MORE INFO
[1] Farmer, C.G. 1999. The
evolution of the vertebrate
cardio-pulmonary system. Annual Review
of Physiology
61:573-592 http://biologylabs.utah.edu/
farmer/publications%20pdf/1999%20AnnuRev
Physiol61.pdf
[1] Image from: Palmer, D. The
Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of
Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals: A
Comprehensive Color Guide to Over 500
Species. New Line Books,
2002. COPYRIGHTED
source: Palmer, D. The Marshall
Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs &
Prehistoric Animals: A Comprehensive
Color Guide to Over 500 Species. New
Line Books, 2002.
[2] Earliest fish with lung in
existance?[t] Nile Bichir (Polypterus
bichir bichir) from Günther, A.C.L.G.,
1880. An introduction to the study of
fishes. Today & Tomorrow's Book Agency,
New Delhi. GNU
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/e/e8/Nile_bichir.png
4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank
Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed
Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3,
"Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the
enigma of the Earth's earliest forest
stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907
(19 April
2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour
nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html
2. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin
e2.htm
3. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank
Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed
Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3,
"Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the
enigma of the Earth's earliest forest
stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907
(19 April
2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour
nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html
4. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank
Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed
Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3,
"Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the
enigma of the Earth's earliest forest
stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907
(19 April
2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour
nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html
{385 mybn}
5. ^ Palmet et al, "Primitive
Life", 2009, p111.
6. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin
e2.htm {380mybn}
USA3
[1] a, General view of the crown
portion, showing longitudinal ranks of
branch bases on the trunk proximally,
and attached branches with digitate
ramification and speckled surface
pattern distally. Scale bar, 20 cm. b,
Line drawing of the specimen as
recovered including trunk and crown;
the box shows the portion in a, and the
arrow indicates the branch in c. Scale
bar, 10 cm. c, Close-up of a distal
branch showing speckled texture and
lateral appendages. Scale bar, 20
mm. figure 1 from: William E. Stein1,
Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller
Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M.
Berry3, ''Giant cladoxylopsid trees
resolve the enigma of the Earth's
earliest forest stumps at Gilboa'',
Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April
2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour
nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html CO
PYRIGHTED
source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v446/n7138/images/nature05705-f1.2.
jpg
[2] a, Composite image of large trunk
specimen, a cast with upper and lower
counterparts, NYSM 17040. Arrows at the
distal end (top) correspond to the
region in Fig. 3a; arrows at the
proximal end (bottom) correspond to the
region in Fig. 3b. b, Line drawing
showing the architecture of Wattieza
attached to Eospermatopteris. The
length of the trunk is not firmly
established, so the minimum tree height
is shown. Light branches right, also in
Fig. 1a right, appear in life position
but are not definitively attached.
Scale bar, 1 m for both panels. figure
2 from: William E. Stein1, Frank
Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed
Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3,
''Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the
enigma of the Earth's earliest forest
stumps at Gilboa'', Nature 446, 904-907
(19 April
2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour
nal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html CO
PYRIGHTED
source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v446/n7138/images/nature05705-f2.2.
jpg
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
insect).1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S.
Engel, "Evolution of the Insects",
2005,
p148. http://books.google.com/books?id=
Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157
2. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect
evolutionary history from Handlirsch to
Hennig, and beyond. Journal of
Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie
nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000
_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
3. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean
phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial
crustaceans and maxillopods are not
monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005
February 22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org
/content/272/1561/395
4. ^ Knecht, R. J., Engel, M. S., &
Benner, J. S. (2011). Late
carboniferous paleoichnology reveals
the oldest full-body impression of a
flying insect. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences , 108
(16),
6515-6519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pn
as.1015948108
5. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005)
Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota
in the Lower Carboniferous of the
Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech
Republic (Insecta:
Archaeorthoptera). Geobios
38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.
com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028
8
6. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p146
7. ^ David A. Grimaldi,
Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005,
p163. http://books.google.com/books?id=
Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA163
8. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric
Life", 2009, p142.
9. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch
I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known
Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous
of the Upper Silesian Basin in the
Czech Republic (Insecta:
Archaeorthoptera). Geobios
38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.
com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028
8 {324 MYBN}
10. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin
e2.htm {315 MYBN}
11. ^ Regier, et al,
"Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are
terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods
are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci.
2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org
/content/272/1561/395
12. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric
Life", 2009, p142.
MORE INFO
[1] Engel MS, Grimaldi DA (2004)
New light shed on the oldest insect.
Nature 427: 627–630
[2] Grimaldi D, Engel MS (2005)
Evolution of the Insects (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge)
[3] Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I
(2005) Discovery of the oldest known
Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous
of the Upper Silesian Basin in the
Czech Republic (Insecta:
Archoaeorthoptera). Geobios
38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.
com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028
8
[4] "Orthoptera." McGraw-Hill
Encyclopedia of Science and Technology.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005.
Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/orthoptera-
1
[5] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S.
Engel, "Evolution of the Insects",
2005,
p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=
Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA159
southeastern Massachusetts4 and Upper
Silesian Basin, Czech Republic5
[1] English: A female subimago of March
Brown (Rhithrogena germanica) of family
Heptageniidae. Mayflies are insects
which belong to the Order Ephemeroptera
(from the Greek ephemeros, short-lived
and pteron, wing, referring to the
short life span of adults). They have
been placed into an ancient group of
insects termed the Paleoptera, which
also contains the dragonflies and
damselflies. They are aquatic insects
whose immature stage (called naiad or,
colloquially, nymph) usually lasts one
year in fresh water. The rests on Rough
Horsetail or Scouringrush Horsetail
(Equisetum hyemale) Date 8 January
2008 Source Own work Author Richard
Bartz, Munich aka Makro Freak
Image:MFB.jpg CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/4/49/Rhithrogena_germanica
_subimago_on_Equisetum_hyemale.jpg
[2] FIGURE 2—Preliminary hypothesis
of phylogenetic relationships among
major and interesting groups of living
and extinct hexapods and
basal pterygote Insecta. Numbers refer
to synapomorphies (see Table 1); empty
boxes are homoplasious synapomorphies.
Some significant fossils
are-CSCO-3h--F3.large denoted by
circled letters (see Table 2), but many
fossils are not listed for most groups.
Thick lines indicate the approximate
chronology of lineages. The number of
lineages depicted for paraphyletic
lineages
(‘‘Protodonata,’’‘‘Protortho
ptera,’’ Blattaria [Blattoptera])
are arbitrary, and simply indicate
multiple, unresolved lineages. The
names of orders with freshwater aquatic
larvae are shaded (a presumed ancestral
habit). Relationships are based on
Kristensen (1975, 1991, 1999), Willmann
(1997, 1999), Grimaldi (1997, for
Dictyoptera), Engel and Grimaldi (2000,
Zoraptera and related orders), and
others. Figure 2 from: Grimaldi, D.
2001. Insect evolutionary history from
Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond.
Journal of Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscie
nceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000
_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf COPYRIGHTED
source: www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2
000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_hist
ory.pdf
4 5 6 7 8
four feet), the amphibians.1 First
limbs (arms and legs) and fingers.2
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p302-329.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004), p302-329.
4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The
origin and evolution of model
organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3,
838-849 (November
2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal
/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {Hedges_2002.p
df} {375(360+-15) mybn}
5. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p302-329. {340 mybn}
6. ^ P. E. Ahlberg,
"Tetrapod or near-tetrapod fossils from
the Upper Devonian of Scotland", Nature
354, 298 - 301 (28 November
1991) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour
nal/v354/n6351/abs/354298a0.html {368
mybn (fossil}
7. ^
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates
/tetrapods/amphibfr.html {368 mybn
(fossil}
8. ^
http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles
/Fossilgroups/Amphibia/fossilrecord.html
{368 mybn (fossil}
equator)3
[1] Timeline of phylogeny of animals,
figure 6 from: S. Blair Hedges, ''The
origin and evolution of model
organisms'', Nature Reviews Genetics 3,
838-849 (November
2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal
/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {Hedges_2002.p
df} a) The relationships and
divergence times (millions of years ago
(Mya) plusminus one standard error) of
selected model animals are shown, based
on recent multigene and multiprotein
studies51, 61, 84. The fossil
divergence time of birds and mammals
(310 Mya) was used to calibrate the
molecular clock. Branch lengths are not
proportional to time. b ) The
relationships and numbers of living
species, from a diversity of sources in
most of the main groups. COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.nature.com/nrg/journa
l/v3/n11/images/nrg929-f6.jpg
[2] Reconstructions of (a)
Acanthostega and (b) Ichthyostega, from
Benton, 1997. COPYRIGHTED
source: http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Pal
aeofiles/Fossilgroups/Amphibia/amphibpic
s/ichthyostega.jpg
3 4
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p302-329.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p302-329.
3. ^
http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles
/Fossilgroups/Amphibia/fossilrecord.html
{363mybn}
4. ^
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates
/tetrapods/tetrafr.html {360mybn}
MORE INFO
[1] P. E. Ahlberg, "Tetrapod or
near-tetrapod fossils from the Upper
Devonian of Scotland", Nature 354, 298
- 301 (28 November
1991) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour
nal/v354/n6351/abs/354298a0.html
[2]
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates
/tetrapods/amphibfr.html
equator)2
[1] Yes, it's time for the Palaeozoic
scenes of Life before Man. Or some of
them, anyway - if you really want to
see a load of trilobites, you're
probably Richard Fortey, and I will
ignore any comments that claim
otherwise. (Also, I can't include
everything - otherwise we'd have to
rename this blog Love in the Time of
Burian, which sounds a bit rubbish.) My
bias is most definitely towards
vertebrates and, in particular,
tetrapods, and the below scene -
featuring Ichthyostega - marks their
first appearance in the book. This
painting is perhaps unique in this book
as it combines the elements of the
animal-free landscapes with, well, some
animals. Burian's skill is in making
this scene, filled as it is with flora
so utterly different to what we are
accustomed to seeing today, look as if
he just took a casual stroll out into
the country to paint it. UNKNOWN
source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Zdvegv
1Fny4/UCk-Z929irI/AAAAAAAABM8/_7c21BO7T1
s/s1600/Ichthyostega.jpg
[2] Timeline of phylogeny of animals,
figure 6 from: S. Blair Hedges, ''The
origin and evolution of model
organisms'', Nature Reviews Genetics 3,
838-849 (November
2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal
/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {Hedges_2002.p
df} a) The relationships and
divergence times (millions of years ago
(Mya) plusminus one standard error) of
selected model animals are shown, based
on recent multigene and multiprotein
studies51, 61, 84. The fossil
divergence time of birds and mammals
(310 Mya) was used to calibrate the
molecular clock. Branch lengths are not
proportional to time. b ) The
relationships and numbers of living
species, from a diversity of sources in
most of the main groups. COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.nature.com/nrg/journa
l/v3/n11/images/nrg929-f6.jpg
7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W.
Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler.
“The earliest seeds.” Nature
293.5832 (1981) :
462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html
2. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed
Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142,
No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp.
925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17
11577
3. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc.
Edinburgh V64, 29, 201, 261 (1960);
ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401.
4. ^
"Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill
Encyclopedia of Science and Technology.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005.
Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosper
ms
5. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed
Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142,
No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp.
925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17
11577
6. ^ "Genomosperma kidstonii."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online Academic Edition.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 27
Jul. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi
c/229254/Genomosperma-kidstonii>.
7. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed
Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142,
No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp.
925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17
11577 {359 MYBN (Lower Carboniferous}
8. ^
"Genomosperma kidstonii." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2011. Web. 27 Jul. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi
c/229254/Genomosperma-kidstonii>. {359
MYBN (Lower Carboniferous}
MORE INFO
[1] "Gymnosperms". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperms
[2] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E.
Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some
points of view", American Journal of
Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445.,
(2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/412
3845
[3] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E.
Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some
points of view", American Journal of
Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845
(c320 (360 for living species)
[4] Hwan Su
Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia
Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish,
"A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular
Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c350
(300 for radiation)
[5] Dr. Singh, Dr. Pande & Dr.
Jain, "Diversity and Systematics of
Seed Plants",
2005. http://books.google.com/books?id=
GTUgfghg80gC
[6] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E.
Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some
points of view", American Journal of
Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445.,
(2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/412
3845
[1] Henry N. Andrews, ''Early Seed
Plants'', Science, New Series, Vol.
142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp.
925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17
11577 COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711
577
[2] Fig. 2. Chronogram showing
estimates of phylogenetic relationships
and divergence times among the major
groups of extant land plants. The
estimate of relationships is
synthesized from the following papers
in this issue: Burleigh and Mathews
(2004) , Pryer et al. (2004) , Shaw and
Renzaglia (2004) , and Soltis and
Soltis (2004) . Divergence time
estimates are mostly based on analyses
of molecular data with fossil
constraints (Wikström et al., 2001 ;
Pryer et al., 2004 ) and are augmented
by fossil evidence (Kenrick and Crane,
1997 ; Wellman et al., 2003 ).
Estimates of the number of species in
each group are from Judd et al. (2002)
and W. S. Judd (personal
communication). Groups covered by a
particular article in this special
issue are circled and connected to the
names of the article's authors. ''Other
conifers'' refers to the clade
consisting of all conifers except for
Pinaceae (see Burleigh and Mathews,
2004 ). ''Lepto. ferns'' refers to
leptosporangiate ferns fig 2
from: Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E.
Soltis and Mark W. Chase, ''The plant
tree of life: an overview and some
points of view'', American Journal of
Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14
37.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.amjbot.org/content/91
/10/1437/F2.large.jpg
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
{aMnEOtu2 } (ancestor of reptiles,
mammals and birds).3 Start of
vertebrate internal fertilization.4
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=am
niota&submit=Submit
3. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/Ta
xonTree.aspx?id=50568&tree=0.1
4. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the
Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007,
p234.
5. ^ T. R. Smithson, "The earliest
known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678
(07 December
1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html
6. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Oldest
Reptile Fossil Reported Found in
Scotland", NY Times, Nov 17,
1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17
/us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found
-in-scotland.html
7. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the
Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007,
p232.
8. ^ T. R. Smithson, "The earliest
known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678
(07 December
1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html {338
MYBN (oldest reptil fossil}
9. ^ JOHN NOBLE
WILFORD, "Oldest Reptile Fossil
Reported Found in Scotland", NY Times,
Nov 17,
1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17
/us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found
-in-scotland.html {338 MYBN (oldest
reptil fossil}
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). {310 MYBN}
11. ^
"Eryops". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryops
{295 MYBN (verify}
12. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time
Tree", 2009.
13. ^ Benton, Michael J., and
Philip C. J. Donoghue.
“Paleontological Evidence to Date the
Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and
Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co
ntent/24/1/26.abstract
MORE INFO
[1] Romer, Alfred Sherwood,
Price, Llewellyn Ivor, "The oldest
vertebrate egg", Am J Sci 1939 237:
826-829. http://www.ajsonline.org/cgi/c
ontent/abstract/237/11/826?maxtoshow=&hi
ts=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&title=The+oldest+ve
rtebrate+egg&andorexacttitle=and&andorex
acttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&s
earchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevanc
e&resourcetype=HWCIT
[2] Karl F. Hirsch, "The Oldest
Vertebrate Egg?", Journal of
Paleontology, Vol. 53, No. 5 (Sep.,
1979), pp.
1068-1084. http://www.jstor.org/stable/
1304086
[3] Robert R. Reisz, Johannes Müller,
Molecular timescales and the fossil
record: a paleontological perspective,
Trends in Genetics, Volume 20, Issue 5,
1 May 2004, Pages 237-241, ISSN
0168-9525,
10.1016/j.tig.2004.03.007. (http://www.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
168952504000757)
[4] "fenestrae." Dictionary.com
Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jul.
2012.
enestrae>
[5] "orbit." Dictionary.com Unabridged.
Random House, Inc. 08 Jul. 2012.
rbit>
Lothian, Scotland5 6
[1] Figure 2 from: [t Note that this
egg is only of Permian age: 299-251
mybn] Karl F. Hirsch, ''The Oldest
Vertebrate Egg?'', Journal of
Paleontology, Vol. 53, No. 5 (Sep.,
1979), pp.
1068-1084. http://www.jstor.org/stable/
1304086 COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1304
086
[2] Prothero, ''Bringing Fossils To
Life'', 2004. COPYRIGHTED
source: Prothero, "Bringing Fossils To
Life", 2004. COPYRIGHTED
3 4 5 6 7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Benton, Michael J., and
Philip C. J. Donoghue.
“Paleontological Evidence to Date the
Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and
Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co
ntent/24/1/26.abstract
3. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What The
Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2009,
p232.
4. ^ T. R. Smithson, "The earliest
known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678
(07 December
1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html
{338MYBN (oldest reptile fossil}
5. ^ JOHN
NOBLE WILFORD, "Oldest Reptile Fossil
Reported Found in Scotland", NY Times,
Nov 17,
1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17
/us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found
-in-scotland.html {338MYBN (oldest
reptile fossil}
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). {310 MYBN}
7. ^
Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J.
Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence
to Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular
Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26
-53.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/co
ntent/24/1/26.abstract
Nova Scotia, Canada2
[1] from: Richard Dawkins, ''The
Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262.
COPYRIGHTED
source: Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p262.
[2] Description English: Reptilia
(reptiles), based on:
File:Buberel cayman 3.jpg
File:Crotalus adamanteus (5).jpg
File:Karettschildkroete 01.jpg
File:Henry at Invercargill.jpg All
of them are either under a free licence
already in Wikicommons or in the public
domain Date 3/2/09 Source
Compilation made by myself Author
see respective profiles of
photos PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/6/67/Reptiles.jpg
2 3 4
animal.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of
endothermy in mammals and birds: from
physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol
57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.or
g/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0
00441
2. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates
in Therapsids: Evidence for Late
Permian Origins of Mammalian
Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2
(Apr., 1994), pp. 207-229. Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089
3. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of
endothermy in mammals and birds: from
physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol
57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.or
g/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0
00441 {c250 MYBN (Late Permian}
4. ^ Ted
Huntington. {230 MYBN (between
crocodilia 240mybn and pterosaur
220mybn}
MORE INFO
[1] Schweitzer, Mary Higby, and
Cynthia Lee Marshall. “A molecular
model for the evolution of endothermy
in the theropod-bird lineage.”
Journal of Experimental Zoology 291.4
(2001) :
317-338. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com
/doi/10.1002/jez.1132/abstract
[1] Description English: Life
restoration of Purlovia maxima. Based
on figures 8-10 of ''Permian and
Triassic therocephals (Eutherapsida) of
Eastern Europe'' by M. F. Ivakhnenko
(Paleontological Journal 45 (9):
981-1144). Date 8 January
2012 Source Own
work Author Smokeybjb CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/a/a5/Purlovia_maxima.jpg
[2] Description Bauria , a
therocephalian therapsid from the early
Middle Triassic of South Africa, pencil
drawing Date 20 February
2007 Source Own work Author
Nobu Tamura
email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com
www.palaeocritti.com GNU
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/c/c0/Bauria_BW.jpg
6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate
Paleontology", 2005, p154.
2. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin
e2.htm
3. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al.
“Primitive dinosaur skeleton from
Argentina and the early evolution of
Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html
4. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al.
“Primitive dinosaur skeleton from
Argentina and the early evolution of
Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html
5. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology",
2005, p154.
6. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al.
“Primitive dinosaur skeleton from
Argentina and the early evolution of
Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html {228
MYBN}
7. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin
e2.htm {228 MYBN}
8. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate
Paleontology", 2005, p154. {230-220
MYBN}
Formation) Valley of the Moon,
Ischigualasto Provinvial Park,
northwestern Argestina4 5
[1] Figure 2 from: Sereno, Paul C. et
al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from
Argentina and the early evolution of
Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html COPYR
IGHTED
source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html
[2] Eoraptor was a genus of small,
slender theropod native to northwest
Argentina. It was quite possibly the
earliest theropod genus and has not
been classified in any family.
UNKNOWN
source: http://images.wikia.com/deadtime
s/images/a/a2/Eoraptor.jpg
3 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo,
"Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic
of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal",
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,
Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp.
309-334 Published by: Taylor &
Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The Society
of Vertebrate Paleontology Article
Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514
2. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo,
"Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic
of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal",
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,
Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp.
309-334 Published by: Taylor &
Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The Society
of Vertebrate Paleontology Article
Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514
3. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo,
"Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic
of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal",
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,
Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp.
309-334 Published by: Taylor &
Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The Society
of Vertebrate Paleontology Article
Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514
{225 MYBN}
4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive
Life", 2009, p197.
5. ^ Palmer, Tree of Life,
2009. http://timetree.org/pdf/Shedlock2
009Chap52.pdf
MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.abqtrib.com/albq/nw_science/a
rticle/0,2668,ALBQ_21236_4546322,00.html
Kalgary, Crosby County, Texas, USA2
[1] Figure 6 from: Spencer G. Lucas
and Zhexi Luo, ''Adelobasileus from the
Upper Triassic of West Texas: The
Oldest Mammal'', Journal of Vertebrate
Paleontology, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23,
1993), pp. 309-334 Published by:
Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The
Society of Vertebrate
Paleontology Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514 COP
YRIGHTED
source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523
514
[2] [t Note that this image is not
clearly from a scholarly
source] Description English:
Adelobasileus cromptoni, a mammaliaform
from the Late Triassic of Texas.
Digital. Date 9 September
2008 Source Own work Author
Nobu Tamura
email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com
www.palaeocritti.com Permission (Reusi
ng this file) See below. GNU
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/2/2f/Adelobasileus_BW.jpg
4 5
(Pterosaur).1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Éric Buffetaut, "Evolution and
palaeobiology of pterosaurs",
Geological Society, 2003,
p107. http://books.google.com/books?id=
8CKYxcylOycC
2. ^ Steven M. Stanley, "Earth System
History", Third edition, 2009, p390.
3. ^
Unwin, David M. “Pterosaurs: back to
the traditional model?” Trends in
Ecology & Evolution 14.7 (1999) :
263-268. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s
cience/article/pii/S0169534799016055
4. ^ Peter Wellnhofer, "Pterosaurs",
1991, p59-60,166. {220MYBN}
5. ^
http://www.dinodata.net/DNM/dallav.htm
{215 MYBN}
MORE INFO
[1]
http://dipbsf.uninsubria.it/paleo/dvecch
ia.htm
[2] Eberhard Frey, Helmut Tischlinger,
Marie-Céline Buchy, and David M.
Martill, "New specimens of Pterosauria
(Reptilia) with soft parts with
implications for pterosaurian anatomy
and locomotion ", Geological Society,
London, Special Publications 2003,
217:233-266;
doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.14
[1] Eudimorphon and Peteinosaurus
from: Wellnhofer, ''Pterosaurs'',
1991, p60-61. COPYRIGHTED
source: Wellnhofer, "Pterosaurs", 1991,
p60-61.
[2] Eudimorphon and Peteinosaurus
from: Wellnhofer, ''Pterosaurs'',
1991, p60-61. COPYRIGHTED
source: Wellnhofer, "Pterosaurs", 1991,
p60-61.
2
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). {245 MYBN} {245
MYBN (bird and croc split}
MORE INFO
[1] Xu, X., Z. Tang, and X. Wang.
1999a. A therizinosauroid dinosaur with
integumentary structures from China.
Nature, 399350-354
[2] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and
RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order
phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda,
Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative
anatomy. II. Analysis and
discussion.” Zoological Journal of
the Linnean Society 149.1 (2007) :
1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/do
i/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full
[3] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A
Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals
Their Evolutionary History.” Science
320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten
t/320/5884/1763
[4] Hedges, S. Blair et al.
“Continental breakup and the ordinal
diversification of birds and
mammals.” Nature 381.6579 (1996) :
226-229. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v381/n6579/abs/381226a0.html
[5] Ivanov, M., Hrdlickova, S. &
Gregorova, R. (2001) The Complete
Encyclopedia of Fossils. Rebo
Publishers, Netherlands. pp. 312
[6] Zhang,
Z., Gao, C., Meng, Q., Liu, J., Hou,
L., & Zheng, G. (2009). Diversification
in an early cretaceous avian genus:
evidence from a new species of
Confuciusornis from china. Journal of
Ornithology , 150 (4), 783-790. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-009-039
9-x
[7] Hou L, Zhou Z, Gu Y, Zhang H
(1995a) Confuciusornis sanctus, a new
Late Jurassic sauriurine bird from
China. Chin Sci Bull 40:1545–1551
[1] Richard Dawkins, ''The Ancestor's
Tale'', (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p262. COPYRIGHTED
source: Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p262.
[2] Description English:
Archaeopteryx lithographica, specimen
displayed at the Museum für Naturkunde
in Berlin. (This image shows the
original fossil - not a
cast.) Deutsch: Archaeopteryx
lithographica, Exemplar im Museum für
Naturkunde in Berlin. (Dieses Bild
zeigt das Original-Fossil, keinen
Abguss.) Date 5 July 2009 Source
Own work Author H. Raab
(User:Vesta) CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/9/9d/Archaeopteryx_lithogr
aphica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg
5 6 7 8 9
Fruits, nuts, vegetables.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E.
Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some
points of view", American Journal of
Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445.,
(2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/9
1/10/1437.short
2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett,
Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for
the Origin of Photosynthetic
Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and
Evolution, (2004).
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V
Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc
/articles/PMC1088868/
4. ^
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/
anthophyta.html
5. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p607-613.
6. ^ Palmer, et al.,
"Primitive Life", 2009, p282.
7. ^ Jeffrey D.
Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an
overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/14
37.short (175mybn) {Gymno-angio spilt)
320 mybn (radiation at 180my}
8. ^ Hwan Su
Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia
Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish,
"A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular
Biology and Evolution,
(2004). http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/c
ontent/21/5/809.abstract (c100mybn)
{320-290 mybn (radiation at 100 mybn}
9. ^
Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009,
p135. http://timetree.org/pdf/Magallon2
009Chap11.pdf
MORE INFO
[1] "Fruit". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit
[2] THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP.
“An Update of the Angiosperm
Phylogeny Group Classification for the
Orders and Families of Flowering
Plants: APG III.” Botanical Journal
of the Linnean Society 161.2 (2009):
105–121. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339
[3] Kumar, Hedges, "Time Tree of Life",
2009. http://timetree.org/book.php
China
[1] Description
辽宁古果（Archaefructus
liaoningensis），为迄今发现的最
早的花（早白垩纪），于北京
然博物馆 Date 17:15, 18 October
2006 (UTC) Source Own work Author
Shizhao CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Archaefructus_l
iaoningensis.jpg/1280px-Archaefructus_li
aoningensis.jpg
[2] Figure 2 from: Sun, G. , Dilcher,
D. L. , Zheng, S.-L. & Zhou, Z.-K. In
search of the first flower: A Jurassic
angiosperm, Archaefructus, from
northeast China. Science 282,
1692–1695
(1998). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte
nt/282/5394/1692
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2896858
COPYRIGHTED
source: Sun, G. , Dilcher, D. L. ,
Zheng, S.-L. & Zhou, Z.-K. In search of
the first flower: A Jurassic
angiosperm, Archaefructus, from
northeast China. Science 282,
1692–1695
(1998). http://www.sciencemag.org/conte
nt/282/5394/1692http://www.jstor.org/sta
ble/2896858
6 7 8 9 10 11
breast.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p230-237.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p230-237.
3. ^ Rincon, Paul (2003-12-12).
"Rincon, P., Oldest Marsupial Ancestor
Found, BBC, Dec 2003". BBC News.
Retrieved
2010-03-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/
science/nature/3311911.stm
4. ^ "Pickrell, J., Oldest Marsupial
Fossil Found in China, National
Geographic, December 2003".
News.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved
2010-03-16.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/new
s/2003/12/1215_031215_oldestmarsupial.ht
ml
5. ^ "Vertebrate Paleontology:
Sinodelphys szalayi". Carnegie Museum
of Natural History. Retrieved
2010-10-21. http://www.carnegiemnh.org/
vp/sinodelphys.html
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p230-237. {140 MYBN}
7. ^ Luo
Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji Q (2011), "A
Jurassic eutherian mammal and
divergence of marsupials and
placentals", Nature 476(7361): p.
42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html
{nature10291.pdf} {165MYBN}
8. ^ Hedges, Tree of
Life,
2009 http://timetree.org/pdf/Madsen2009
Chap68.pdf
9. ^ van Rheede, T. et al. The platypus
is in its place: nuclear genes and
Indels confirm the sister group
relation of monotremes and therians.
Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 587–597 (2006).
{143-178MYBN}
10. ^ Phillips, M. J., Bennett, T. H. &
Lee, M. S. Y. Molecules, morphology,
and ecology indicate a recent,
amphibious ancestry for echidnas. Proc.
Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 17089–17094
(2009). {193-186}
11. ^ Palmer, et al.,
"Primitive Life", 2009, p282.
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The
Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p231. COPYRIGHTED
source: Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p231.
[2] Description English: Virginia
Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) in a
juniper tree in northeastern
Ohio. Date 27 December
2008 Source Own work Author
Wilson44691 Permission (Reusing
this file) See below. Other versions
PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/6/6a/Possum122708.JPG
3 4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei
Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth
Little, "Determining Divergence Times
of the Major Kingdoms of Living
Organisms with a Protein Clock",
Science, (1996).
2. ^ Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q &
Ji Q (2011), "A Jurassic eutherian
mammal and divergence of marsupials and
placentals", Nature 476(7361): p.
42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html
{nature10291.pdf}
3. ^ Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji Q
(2011), "A Jurassic eutherian mammal
and divergence of marsupials and
placentals", Nature 476(7361): p.
42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html
{nature10291.pdf} {160MYBN}
4. ^ Russell F.
Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang,
Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little,
"Determining Divergence Times of the
Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with
a Protein Clock", Science, (1996).
{130MYBN}
5. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p282.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p225.
MORE INFO
[1] Nature. "Ji, Q., et al., The
Earliest Known Eutherian Mammal,
Nature, 416, Pages 816-822, Apr 2002".
Nature.com.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v
416/n6883/full/416816a.html
County, Liaoning Province, China2
[1] Description English:
Juramaia Date 30 April 2012 Source
Own work Author Nobu Tamura
http://paleoexhibit.blogspot.com/
http://spinops.blogspot.com/
http://www.palaeocritti.com CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/1/15/Juramaia_NT.jpg
[2] Figure 1 from: Luo Z, Yuan C,
Meng Q & Ji Q (2011), ''A Jurassic
eutherian mammal and divergence of
marsupials and placentals'', Nature
476(7361): p.
42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html
{nature10291.pdf} COPYRIGHTED
source: http://nature.com/nature/journal
/v476/n7361/carousel/nature10291-f1.2.jp
g
3 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p224-229.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p224-229.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p224-229. {105 MYBN}
4. ^
Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy,
Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal
diversification and the
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary",
PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061,
(2003).
5. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J.
Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003).
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The
Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p225. COPYRIGHTED
source: Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p225.
[2] Description Afrotheria Date
18 December 2007 Source
self-made, based on:
Image:Orycteropus afer.jpg
Image:Dugong.jpg Image:Elephant
Shrew.jpg Image:Manatee Looking at
the Camera.jpg Image:Taupe
doree.jpg Image:Klippschliefer
Suedafrika Hermanus.jpg
Image:Elefante Lake Manyara Park.jpg
Image:Tanrek.jpg Author
Esculapio GNU
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/f/f0/Afrotheria.jpg
3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p199-218.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p199-218.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p200. {85 MYBN}
4. ^ Michael
J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala,
"Dating the Tree of Life", Science,
(2003).
MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J.
Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal
diversification and the
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary",
PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061,
(2003)
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The
Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p200. COPYRIGHTED
source: Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p200.
[2] Description Mamíferos
(mammals), based on:
Image:Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis
(head).jpg Image:Golden crowned
fruit bat.jpg
Image:Hedgehog-en.jpg Image:Lion
waiting in Nambia.jpg All of them
under a free licence already in
Wikicommons Date
11-01-2008 Source
Compilation made by myself,
Authors of the photos see
below. Author Hans Hillewaert
(Giraffe); (Bat) Original uploader was
Latorilla at en.wikipedia;
(Hedgehog-en) John Mittler at
777Life.com Free Image Archive; (Lion)
yaaaay CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/a/a5/Mam%C3%ADferos.jpg
4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). {65 MYBN}
5. ^
Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009,
p360.
MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J.
Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal
diversification and the
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary",
PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061,
(2003)
[2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontog
lires
[3] "Placentalia". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
[4] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J.
Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The
Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p187. COPYRIGHTED
source: Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p187.
[2] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The
Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p187. COPYRIGHTED
source: Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p187.
3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
(=63my) {63 MYBN}
MORE INFO
[1]
http://anthro.palomar.edu/earlyprimates/
first_primates.htm
[2]
http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/T
oumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The
Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p168. COPYRIGHTED
source: Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p168.
[2] Description English: Gray
slender loris (Loris lydekkerianus)
photographed at Dindigal in Tamil
Nadu. Date 27 June 2008 Source
Own work Author Kalyan Varma
(Kalyanvarma) GNU
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/8/8f/Slender_Loris.jpg
2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). (based on
Aegyptopithecus=22my) {24 MYBN (based
on Aegyptopithecus=22my}
[1] From: Stewart, Caro-Beth, and Todd
R Disotell. “Primate evolution - in
and out of Africa.” Current Biology
8.16 (1998) :
R582-R588. http://www.sciencedirect.com
/science/article/pii/S0960982207003673
Figure 2. A synthetic hypothesis of
catarrhine primate evolution. The
branching order shown for the living
species is well-supported by numerous
molecular phylogenetic studies (for
example [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 24
and 25]). We present the dates of
divergence calculated by Goodman and
colleagues [11], on the understanding
that these are still rough estimates
and more precise measurements are
needed, especially for the Old World
monkeys. The fossil species (genus
names in italics) were placed on this
tree by parsimony analyses of
relatively large morphological datasets
[4, 11, 14 and 15]. Known dates for
fossils [1, 2 and 21] are indicated by
the thicker lines; these lines are
attached to the tree as determined by
the parsimony analyses, although the
dates of the attachment points are our
best guesses. Species found in Africa
are in red and species found in Eurasia
are in black. The continental locations
of the ancestral lineages were inferred
by parsimony using the computer program
MacClade [30]. The intercontinental
dispersal events required, at a
minimum, to explain the distribution of
the living and fossil species are
indicated by the arrows. COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci
ence?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRT-4C4DVM4-D
&_user=4422&_handle=V-WA-A-W-WC-MsSAYVW-
UUW-U-AAVECYCCBC-AAVDAZZBBC-YCACYAZCV-WC
-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=07%2F30%2F1998&_
rdoc=12&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%236243
%231998%23999919983%23494082!&_cdi=6243&
view=c&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlV
ersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=5558415c4ccd34
6c64e2e6be03c3865e
[2] Gregoire: 62-year-old
chimpanzee Description English:
Chimpanzee named ''Gregoire'' born in
1944 (Jane Goodall sanctuary of
Tchimpounga in Congo Brazzaville) -
Picture taken the 9th of December
2006 Français : Chimpanzé nommé
''Grégoire'' né en 1944 (sanctuaire
Jane Goodall de Tchimpounga au Congo
Brazzaville) - Photo prise le 9
décembre 2006 Date 9 December
2006 Source Own work Author
Delphine
Bruyère Permission (Reusing this
file) Attribution : Delphine
Bruyere GNU
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/b/ba/2006-12-09_Chimpanzee
_Gregoire_D_Bruyere.JPG
4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). 6mybn
2. ^
http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/T
oumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8
mybn see image 4)
3. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn
4. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004). 6mybn (6mybn) {6 MYBN}
5. ^
http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/T
oumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8
mybn see image 4) (8mybn) {8 MYBN}
MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J.
Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal
diversification and the
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary",
PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061,
(2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J.
Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
[1] From: Richard Dawkins, ''The
Ancestor's Tale'', (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p106. COPYRIGHTED
source: Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p106.
[2] Gregoire: 62-year-old
chimpanzee Description English:
Chimpanzee named ''Gregoire'' born in
1944 (Jane Goodall sanctuary of
Tchimpounga in Congo Brazzaville) -
Picture taken the 9th of December
2006 Français : Chimpanzé nommé
''Grégoire'' né en 1944 (sanctuaire
Jane Goodall de Tchimpounga au Congo
Brazzaville) - Photo prise le 9
décembre 2006 Date 9 December
2006 Source Own work Author
Delphine
Bruyère Permission (Reusing this
file) Attribution : Delphine
Bruyere GNU
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/b/ba/2006-12-09_Chimpanzee
_Gregoire_D_Bruyere.JPG
9 10
bipedal primate.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The
geological and faunal context of Late
Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino,
Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332,
145-152
(2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/sc
ience/article/pii/S1251805001015282
2. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery,
P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens ,
First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino
Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com
/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
3. ^ Perlman, David (July 12, 2001).
"Fossils From Ethiopia May Be Earliest
Human Ancestor". National Geographic
News. Retrieved July 2009.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/new
s/2001/07/0712_ethiopianbones.html
4. ^ White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane;
Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie,
Yohannes; Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen;
WoldeGabriel, Giday (2009).
"Ardipithecus ramidus and the
Paleobiology of Early Hominids.".
Science 326 (5949):
75–86. http://www.sciencemag.org/cont
ent/326/5949/64.abstract
5. ^ White, T. D.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B.
(1994). "Australopithecus ramidus, a
new species of early hominid from
Aramis, Ethiopia". Nature 371 (6495):
306. Bibcode 1994Natur.371..306W.
doi:10.1038/371306a0.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/
5949/64.abstract
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p93.
7. ^ B. Senut, M.
Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K.
Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid
from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation,
Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série
IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com
/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
8. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery,
P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens ,
First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino
Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com
/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
9. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The
geological and faunal context of Late
Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino,
Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332,
145-152
(2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/sc
ience/article/pii/S1251805001015282 {6
MYBN}
10. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D.
Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y.
Coppens , First hominid from the
Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C.
R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332
(2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com
/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
{6 MYBN}
MORE INFO
[1] Haile-Selassie, Y. Late
Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash,
Ethiopia. Nature 412, 178-181 (2001).
http://www.nature.com/uidfinder/10.103
8/35084063
Africa8
[1] Fig. 1. Orrorin tugenensis nov.
gen. nov. sp. A: BAR 1002′00, left
femur, posterior view; B: BAR
1002′00, left femur, anterior view;
C: BAR 1000′00, right mandibular
fragment with M3, buccal view; D: BAR
1000′00, left mandibular fragment
with M2–3, lingual view; E: BAR
1000′00, left mandibular fragment
with M2–3, occlusal view; F: BAR
1900′00, right M3, occlusal view; G:
BAR 1390′00, right P4, distal view;
H: BAR 1001′00, upper I1, labial
view; I: BAR 1425′00, right
Image , lingual view; J: BAR
1004′00, right distal humerus,
posterior view; K: BAR 1003′00,
proximal left femur, anterior view; L:
BAR 349′00, manual proximal phalanx,
superior view; M: BAR 1426′00, left
M3, distal view; N: BAR 1215′00,
fragmentary right proximal femur,
posterior view. Scale bars = 1
cm.Orrorin tugenensis nov. gen. nov.
sp. A : BAR 1002′00, fémur gauche,
vue postérieure ; B : BAR 1002′00,
fémur gauche, vue antérieure ; C :
BAR 1000′00, fragment mandibulaire
droit avec M3, vue buccale ; D : BAR
1000′00, fragment mandibulaire gauche
avec M2–3, vue linguale ; E : BAR
1000′00, fragment mandibulaire gauche
avec M2–3, vue occlusale ; F : BAR
1900′00, M3 droite, vue occlusale ; G
: BAR 1390′00, P4 droite, vue distale
; H : BAR 1001′00, I1, vue labiale ;
I : BAR 1425′00, Image droite, vue
linguale ; J : BAR 1004′00, humérus
distal droit, vue postérieure ; K :
BAR 1003′00, fémur proximal gauche,
vue antérieure ; L : BAR 349′00,
phalange proximale de la main, vue
supérieure ; M : BAR 1426′00, M3
gauche, vue distale ; N : BAR
1215′00, fémur proximal
fragmentaire, vue postérieure. Chaque
barre équivaut à 1 cm. COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/cac
he/MiamiImageURL/B6VJ3-42FS9XV-9-1/0?wch
p=dGLzVlz-zSkzS
[2] Description Ardipithecus
ramidus specimen, nicknamed
?Ardi?. After Gen Suwa, Berhane
Asfaw, Reiko T. Kono, Daisuke Kubo, C.
Owen Lovejoy, Tim D. White (2009):
''The Ardipithecus ramidus Skull and
Its Implications for Hominid Origins.''
Science, 2 October 2009: Vol. 326. no.
5949, pp. 68e1-68e7, Fig. 2 Date
14 November 2009, 16:50 Source
Zanclean skull Uploaded by
FunkMonk Author T. Michael
Keesey Permission (Reusing this file)
CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/e/e1/Ardi.jpg
SCIENCE
3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectu
s
2. ^ Semaw, S. et al.
2.5-million-year-old stone tools from
Gona, Ethiopia. Nature 385, 333–336
(1997)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v
385/n6614/abs/385333a0.html
3. ^ Semaw, S. et al.
2.5-million-year-old stone tools from
Gona, Ethiopia. Nature 385, 333–336
(1997)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v
385/n6614/abs/385333a0.html {2.5 MYBN}
[1] Figure 3 from: Semaw, S. et al.
2.5-million-year-old stone tools from
Gona, Ethiopia. Nature 385, 333–336
(1997)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v
385/n6614/abs/385333a0.html COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v385/n6614/abs/385333a0.html
[2] Early man lived on elephant meat,
so much they died out in the Middle
East 400,000 years ago Submitted by
Anonymous on Wed Dec 14 2011 17:23:00
GMT-0800 (Pacific Standard Time) -
Source: dailymail.co.uk Docile,
lumbering elephants were so perfect for
Homo erectus, that they provided up to
60 per cent of their diet - until
constant hunting wiped out elephants in
the Middle East. The disappearance
of elephants helped kill off Homo
erectus, and paved the way for Homo
sapiens - modern humans - to take
over. Findings from the University
of Tel Aviv reveal how important the
huge animals were to the diet of early
humans - researchers that elephants
provided 60 per cent of the meat eaten
by Homo erectus. UNKNOWN
source: http://i4.asntown.net/Mastodon-t
vfm.jpg
7
human brain starts getting bigger.3
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ "human." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 May.
2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/human-1
2. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timelin
e2.htm
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p78
4. ^ F. Spoor, M. G.
Leakey, P. N. Gathogo, F. H. Brown, S.
C. Antón, I. McDougall, C. Kiarie, F.
K. Manthi & L. N. Leakey (2007-08-09).
"Implications of new early Homo fossils
from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana,
Kenya". Nature 448 (7154): 688–691.
doi:10.1038/nature05986. PMID
17687323 http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v448/n7154/full/nature05986.html
5. ^ Donald C. Johanson, Fidelis T.
Masao, Gerald G. Eck, Tim D. White,
Robert C. Walter, William H. Kimbel,
Berhane Asfaw, Paul Manega, Prosper
Ndessokia & Gen Suwa (21 May 1987).
"New partial skeleton of Homo habilis
from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania". Nature
327 (6119): 205–209.
doi:10.1038/327205a0. PMID 3106831
6. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004). p78
7. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive
Life", 2009, p445.
[1] KNM ER 1813 Homo habilis This
image is from the website of the
Smithsonian Institution [1] and may be
copyrighted. The Smithsonian
Institution explicitly considers the
use of its content for non-commercial
educational purposes to qualify as fair
use under United States copyright law,
if: 1. The author and source of the
content is clearly cited. 2. Any
additional copyright information about
the photograph from the Smithsonian
Institution website is included. 3.
None of the content is modified or
altered.
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima
ge:KNM_ER_1813.jpg
[2] red= Homo rudolfensis black=Homo
habilis COPYRIGHTED
source: http://sesha.net/eden/Eerste_men
sen.asp
4 5 6
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ "Homo erectus." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10
Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/homo-erectu
s
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p68-71
3. ^ Brown, Frank et
al. “Early Homo Erectus Skeleton from
West Lake Turkana, Kenya.” Nature
316.6031 (1985):
788–792. http://www.nature.com/nature
/journal/v316/n6031/abs/316788a0.html
4. ^ "Homo ergaster 1.9-1.4 mybn".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergast
er 1.9-1.4 mybn (1.9-1.4mybn) {1.9-1.4
MYBN}
5. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life",
2009, p445.
6. ^ "Homo ergaster 1.9-1.4
mybn". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergast
er 1.9-1.4 mybn (1.9-1.4mybn) {1.9-1.4
MYBN}
MORE INFO
[1] Donald Johanson, "Origins of
Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of
Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May
2001
http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolut
ion/johanson.html
[2] Palmer et al, "Primitive Life",
2009, p416
[3] Templeton, Alan. “Out of
Africa again and again.” Nature
416.6876 (2002) :
45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html
[4] Vekua, Abesalom et al. “A New
Skull of Early Homo from Dmanisi,
Georgia.” Science 297.5578 (2002):
85–89. Print. New Series
[1] Homo ergaster. Capacité
crânienne de 800 à 950
cm3 COPYRIGHTED
source: http://ma.prehistoire.free.fr/er
gaster.htm
[2] Turkana Boy COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.anthropology.at/virta
nth/evo_links/turkana%20boy.jpg
4
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Templeton, Alan. “Out
of Africa again and again.” Nature
416.6876 (2002) :
45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html
3. ^ G. Philip Rightmire, "The
Dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa
and the Emergence of More Modern
Humans", Journal of Anthropological
Research, Vol. 47, No. 2, A Quarter
Century of Paleoanthropology: Views
from the U.S.A. (Summer, 1991), pp.
177-191 Published by: University of
New Mexico Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630324
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {1.7 MYBN}
MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p69-77
[2] Parker, G.
Compact History of the World. Barnes &
Noble, 2001.
[1] G. Philip Rightmire, ''The
Dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa
and the Emergence of More Modern
Humans'', Journal of Anthropological
Research, Vol. 47, No. 2, A Quarter
Century of Paleoanthropology: Views
from the U.S.A. (Summer, 1991), pp.
177-191 Published by: University of
New Mexico Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630324
COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630
324
[2] All statistically significant
inferences in Tables 1 and 2 are
incorporated into this single model.
Major expansions of human populations
are indicated by red arrows. Genetic
descent is indicated by vertical lines,
and gene flow by diagonal lines. The
timing of inferences lacking resolution
at the 5% level and/or not validated by
more than one locus are indicated by
question marks. COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v416/n6876/images/416045a-f1.2.jpg
3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent.
“Evidence from the Swartkrans cave
for the earliest use of fire.” Nature
336.6198 (1988) :
464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html
{Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf}
2. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent.
“Evidence from the Swartkrans cave
for the earliest use of fire.” Nature
336.6198 (1988) :
464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html
{1.0-1.5
MYBN} {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf}
3. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent.
“Evidence from the Swartkrans cave
for the earliest use of fire.” Nature
336.6198 (1988) :
464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html
{1.0-1.5
MYBN} {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf}
Africa2
[1] Description English: A fire lit
using twigs and pine cones. Date
2008-03-27 (original upload
date) (Original text : 10:58, 27 March
2008 (UTC)) Source Transferred
from en.wikipedia (Original text :
http://waxingnonsensical.blogspot.com)
Author Original uploader was
Emeldil at en.wikipedia (Original text
: Pavan Srinath) Permission (Reusing
this file) CC-BY-SA-3.0. CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Campfire_Pineco
ne.png/450px-Campfire_Pinecone.png
[2] Swartkrans Caves For any
picture requests, please email:
marketing@maropeng.co.za All photos
should be credited (© Maropeng),
unless otherwise stated in the caption.
UNKNOWN
source: http://maropeng.flowcommunicatio
.netdna-cdn.com/images/sized/images/medi
agallery/IMG_7223-600x450.JPG
2 3
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275
2. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
p69-70,273-275 {1 MYBN}
3. ^ Rogers AR, Iltis
D, Wooding S, "Genetic variation at the
MC1R locus and the time since loss of
human body hair." Curr Anthropol
2004;45:105-108. http://www.jstor.org/p
ss/10.1086/381006 {1.2 MYBN}
[1] escription English: A diorama in
National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta,
depicting the life size model of stone
equipped hunter, a Homo erectus family
living in Sangiran about 900,000 years
ago. Bahasa Indonesia: Sebuah diorama
di Museum Nasional Indonesia di Jakarta
menampilkan adegan pemburu dengan
alat-alat batu, sebuah keluarga Homo
erectus yang hidup di Sangiran sekitar
900.000 tahun yang lalu. Date 24
August 2010 Source Own
work Author Gunkarta Gunawan
Kartapranata CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sangiran_Homo_e
rectus_Diorama.jpg/1280px-Sangiran_Homo_
erectus_Diorama.jpg
4 5 6
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M.
Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L.
Abel, G. Russell Coope, Mike H. Field,
and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human
Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal
Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature,
466 (2010), 229-233
/n7303/full/nature09117.html
2. ^ Pallab Ghosh, "Humans' early
arrival in Britain", BBC News,
07/07/2010 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10
531419
3. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton,
Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G.
Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and
others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human
Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal
Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature,
466 (2010), 229-233
/n7303/full/nature09117.html
4. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton,
Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G.
Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and
others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human
Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal
Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature,
466 (2010), 229-233
/n7303/full/nature09117.html {970,000}
5. ^
Melissa A. Toups, Andrew Kitchen,
Jessica E. Light, and David L. Reed,
"Origin of Clothing Lice Indicates
Early Clothing Use by Anatomically
Modern Humans in Africa", Mol Biol Evol
(2011) 28(1): 29-32 first published
online September 7, 2010
doi:10.1093/molbev/msq234
{83,000-170,000YBN}
6. ^ Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser, Mark
Stoneking, Molecular Evolution of
Pediculus humanus and the Origin of
Clothing, Current Biology, Volume 13,
Issue 16, 19 August 2003, Pages
1414-1417, ISSN 0960-9822,
10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00507-4. (http://
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0960982203005074) {72,000YBN +/-
42,000years}
[1] Homo erectus, artwork C010/4389
Rights Managed Credit: JOSE ANTONIO
PEÑAS/SCIENCE PHOTO
LIBRARY Caption: Homo erectus.
Computer artwork of a Homo erectus man
standing in a prehistoric landscape.
Homo erectus is the most widespread and
longest-surviving of all the fossil
hominids. Its geographical spread
included north and east Africa, Europe,
Indonesia and China, where it lived
between 1 and 2 million years
ago. Release details: Model and
property releases are not available
UNKNOWN
source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/imag
e/417426/large/C0104389-Homo_erectus,_ar
twork-SPL.jpg
[2] Flint artefacts include
hard-hammer flakes, notches, retouched
flakes and cores (a–c, hard-hammer
flake; d, e, multiple notch; f,
hard-hammer flake; g, h, hard-hammer
flake, showing pronounced point of
percussion on plain butt).
Supplementary Information includes
micro-CT volume rendering of artefacts
(still example shown as a) with
three-dimensional animations (see
Supplementary Movies 1–10). i, Cone
of Pinus cf. sylvestris. j, Upper
second molar of Mammuthus cf.
meridionalis. COPYRIGHTED
source: http://nature.com/nature/journal
/v466/n7303/images/nature09117-f2.2.jpg
4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence
for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.”
Science 338.6109 (2012):
942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/co
ntent/338/6109/942
2. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence
for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.”
Science 338.6109 (2012):
942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/co
ntent/338/6109/942
3. ^ Thieme, Hartmut, ‘Lower
Palaeolithic Hunting Spears from
Germany’, Nature, 385 (1997), 807-810
v385/n6619/abs/385807a0.html {Thieme_19
970227.pdf} {400,000YBN}
4. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al.
“Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting
Technology.” Science 338.6109 (2012):
942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/co
ntent/338/6109/942
5. ^ Thieme, Hartmut, ‘Lower
Palaeolithic Hunting Spears from
Germany’, Nature, 385 (1997), 807-810
v385/n6619/abs/385807a0.html {Thieme_19
970227.pdf} {400,000YBN}
6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A
history of invention : from stone axes
to silicon chips ", (New York:
Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN}
MORE INFO
[1] Lower Palaeolithic hunting
spears from Germany. Hartmut Thieme.
Letters to Nature. Nature 385, 807 -
810 (27 February 1997);
doi:10.1038/385807a0
|(Schöningen, Germany.3 )
[1] (Photo : Jayne Wilkins) Replicas of
the 500,000-year-old stone points from
Kathu Pan 1 were hafted onto wooden
dowels with acacia resin and sinew, and
plunged into antelope carcasses Read
more at
http://www.latinospost.com/articles/6938
/20121115/oldest-stone-spear-tips-found-
came-200.htm#irhScS4kokLTYQJp.99 UNKNOW
N
source: http://images.latinospost.com/da
ta/images/full/8174/early-hafted-spears.
jpg?w=600
[2] Fig. 2 (A and B) Distal
step-terminating bending fractures on
ventral surfaces of complete
nonretouched convergent blades, banded
ironstone. (C) Distal impact burination
on ventral surface of a complete
nonretouched convergent flake, banded
ironstone. (D) Distal impact burination
on ventral surface of complete
nonretouched convergent blade, banded
ironstone. (E) Comparison of DIF
frequencies (95% confidence intervals)
at Holocene kill and habitation sites
with well-established weapon tips (11,
27, 28, 36), experimental weapon tip
studies (10, 27, 37–40), trampling
experiments (32, 41), and KP1.
Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for
Early Hafted Hunting Technology.”
Science 338.6109 (2012):
942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/co
ntent/338/6109/942 COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten
t/338/6109/942
8 9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal
remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138
(1969)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v
222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf
2. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown &
John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic
placement and age of modern humans from
Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736
(17 February
2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html
3. ^ University Of Utah. "The Oldest
Homo Sapiens: Fossils Push Human
Emergence Back To 195,000 Years Ago."
ScienceDaily, 28 Feb. 2005. Web. 9 Oct.
2011.
4. ^ Tim D. White, Berhane Asfaw, David
DeGusta, Henry Gilbert, Gary D.
Richards, Gen Suwa & F. Clark Howell,
"Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle
Awash, Ethiopia", Nature 423, 742-747
(12 June
2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour
nal/v423/n6941/full/nature01669.html
5. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal
remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138
(1969)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v
222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf
6. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown &
John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic
placement and age of modern humans from
Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736
(17 February
2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html
7. ^ McDougall, Ian, Francis H. Brown,
and John G. Fleagle. “Sapropels and
the age of hominins Omo I and II,
Kibish, Ethiopia.” Journal of Human
Evolution 55.3 (2008) :
409-420. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s
cience/article/pii/S0047248408001024
8. ^ McDougall, Ian, Francis H. Brown,
and John G. Fleagle. “Sapropels and
the age of hominins Omo I and II,
Kibish, Ethiopia.” Journal of Human
Evolution 55.3 (2008) :
409-420. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s
cience/article/pii/S0047248408001024
9. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown &
John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic
placement and age of modern humans from
Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736
(17 February
2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html
{200,000 YBN}
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p65. (165,000
YBN) {200,000 YBN}
MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J.
Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal
diversification and the
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary",
PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061,
(2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J.
Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
[1] Figure from: Day, M. H. ''Omo
human skeletal remains.'' Nature 222,
1135–1138 (1969)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v
222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf
[2] Figure 1 from: Tim D. White,
Berhane Asfaw, David DeGusta, Henry
Gilbert, Gary D. Richards, Gen Suwa &
F. Clark Howell, ''Pleistocene Homo
sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia'',
Nature 423, 742-747 (12 June
2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/jour
nal/v423/n6941/full/nature01669.html CO
PYRIGHTED
source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v423/n6941/images/nature01669-f1.2.
jpg
language.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
[1] EARLY HUMANS SETTLED IN BRITAIN
800,000 YEARS AGO July 7, 2010 --
During the harsh winters, early humans
almost certainly relied on hunting
animals, as edible plants would have
been in very short supply, the study
says. UNKNOWN
source: http://news.discovery.com/archae
ology/2010/07/07/early-humans-zoom.jpg
[2] Phonetic Alphabet Symbols used by
Ted Huntington PD
source: http://tedhuntington.com/fonikal
f.jpg
[99000 BC] 2 3 4
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^
http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolutio
n/johanson.html
2. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O.
Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C.
Stringer, J.-L. Joron,
Thermoluminescence Date for the
Mousterian Burial Site of Es-Skhul, Mt.
Carmel, Journal of Archaeological
Science, Volume 20, Issue 2, March
1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.scie
ncedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054
40383710125
3. ^
http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolutio
n/johanson.html {000 YBN}
4. ^
Cavalli-Sforza, L L et al.
“Reconstruction of human evolution:
bringing together genetic,
archaeological, and linguistic data.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 85.16 (1988) : 6002
-6006. http://www.pnas.org/content/85/1
6/6002.short {000 YBN}
MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0908490.h
tml
[2] Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa
again and again.” Nature 416.6876
(2002) :
45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v416/n6876/abs/416045a.html
[1] The northern route (along the
Danube) is represented by the 'classic'
Aurignacian technologies, while the
southern (Mediterranean) route is
represented by the 'proto-Aurignacian'
bladelet technologies (Fig. 3)-with
their inferred origins in the preceding
early Upper Palaeolithic technologies
in the Near East and southeastern
Europe. Dates (in thousands of years
bp) indicate the earliest radiocarbon
dates for these technologies in
different areas, expressed in thousands
of radiocarbon years before present
(bp). (These are likely to
underestimate the true (calendar) ages
of the sites by between 2,000 and 4,000
yr; see ref. 32). Dashed lines indicate
uncertain routes. COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v432/n7016/fig_tab/nature03103_F1.h
tml
[2] The figure shows the geographical
and temporal distribution of hominid
populations, based on fossil finds,
using different taxonomic schemes. The
new finds from Herto4, 5 (H) represent
early Homo sapiens. a, This reflects
the view that both Neanderthals and
modern humans derived from a widespread
ancestral species called H.
heidelbergensis2. b, However, evidence
is growing that Neanderthal features
have deep roots in Europe2, 8, so H.
neanderthalensis might extend back over
400,000 years. The roots of H. sapiens
might be similarly deep in Africa, but
this figure represents the alternative
view that the ancestor was a separate
African species called H. rhodesiensis.
Different views of early human
evolution are also shown. Some workers
prefer to lump the earlier records
together and recognize only one
widespread species, H. erectus2 (shown
in a). Others recognize several
species, with H. ergaster and H.
antecessor (or H. mauritanicus) in the
West, and H. erectus only in the Far
East8 (shown in b). Adapted with
permission from refs 8, 11. 8.
Hublin, J.-J in Human Roots: Africa
and Asia in the Middle Pleistocene (eds
Barham, L. & Robson-Brown, K.) 99-121
(Western Academic & Specialist Press,
Bristol, 2001). 11. Rightmire, G. P.
in Human Roots: Africa and Asia in the
Middle Pleistocene (eds Barham, L. &
Robson-Brown, K.) 123-133 (Western
Academic & Specialist Press, Bristol,
2001). COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v423/n6941/fig_tab/423692a_F1.html
[98000 BC] 4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Stringer, C. B. et al.
“ESR Dates for the Hominid Burial
Site of Es Skhul in Israel.” Nature
338.6218 (1989):
756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature
/journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html
3. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O.
Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C.
Stringer, J.-L. Joron,
Thermoluminescence Date for the
Mousterian Burial Site of Es-Skhul, Mt.
Carmel, Journal of Archaeological
Science, Volume 20, Issue 2, March
1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.scie
ncedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054
40383710125
4. ^ Philip Lieberman, "Uniquely human:
the evolution of speech, thought, and
selfless behavior", 1993, p163.
5. ^
Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for
the Hominid Burial Site of Es Skhul in
Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989):
756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature
/journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html
6. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O.
Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C.
Stringer, J.-L. Joron,
Thermoluminescence Date for the
Mousterian Burial Site of Es-Skhul, Mt.
Carmel, Journal of Archaeological
Science, Volume 20, Issue 2, March
1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.scie
ncedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054
40383710125
[1] {ULSF: Skhul IV from Mugharet
Es-Skhul, corresponds to images in
pages between p112 and p113 Garrod,
''The Stone Age of Mount Carmel
excavations at the
Wady-el-Mughara'',1937} Reconstructio
n of the burial of Skhul 4 , a
strongly-built, ''early modern''
human. (photograph from Stringer C.S.
et al., 1994) UNKNOWN
source: http://indiaeng.com/Tsunami-2004
--Andaman%20fault/Toba%20Volcano,%20ch_5
%20-%20Human%20evolution_files/mht1055(1
).TMP
[2] The following is taken from James
Shreeve's book The Neandertal Enigma:
solving the mystery of modern human
origins (William Morrow and Company,
New York, 1995.) UNKNOWN
source: http://www.mesacc.edu/dept/d10/a
sb/origins/hominid_journey/pictures/buri
al.jpeg
[59000 BC] 5 6 7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News,
University of Johannesburg. See also
Antiquity
84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsr
oom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx
2. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco
d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008).
"Middle Stone Age bone tools from the
Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave,
South Africa". ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a
rticle/pii/S0305440307002142
3. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News,
University of Johannesburg. See also
Antiquity
84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsr
oom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx
4. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco
d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008).
"Middle Stone Age bone tools from the
Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave,
South Africa". ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a
rticle/pii/S0305440307002142
5. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco
d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008).
"Middle Stone Age bone tools from the
Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave,
South Africa". ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a
rticle/pii/S0305440307002142
6. ^ "Modern culture emerged in Africa
20,000 years earlier than thought", LA
Times,
07/30/2012 http://www.latimes.com/news/
science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-modern-cult
ure-africa-20120730,0,4412702.story?trac
k=rss
7. ^ Paola Villa, et al, "Border Cave
and the beginning of the Later Stone
Age in South Africa", PNAS, July 30,
2012. http://www.pnas.org/content/early
/2012/07/23/1202629109.abstract
8. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco
d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008).
"Middle Stone Age bone tools from the
Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave,
South Africa". ScienceDirect.
{10,000YBN}
9. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000). {8000 YBN}
MORE INFO
[1] Jim Hamm, "The Traditional
Bowyer's Bible", Volume 2, 2000,
p86. books.google.com/books?id=D9yQiKTt
prAC&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86
[2] Collins, Desmond (1973). Background
to archaeology: Britain in its European
setting (Revised ed.). Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 0521201551
[1] Lucinda Backwella, Francesco
d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008).
''Middle Stone Age bone tools from the
Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave,
South Africa''. ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a
rticle/pii/S0305440307002142
COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci
ence/article/pii/S0305440307002142
[2] Objects found in the
archaeological site called Border Cave
include a) a wooden digging stick; b) a
wooden poison applicator; c) a bone
arrow point decorated with a spiral
incision filled with red pigment; d) a
bone object with four sets of notches;
e) a lump of beeswax; and f) ostrich
eggshell beads and marine shell beads
used as personal ornaments. (Francesco
d'Errico and Lucinda Backwell / July
30, 2012) COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.trbimg.com/img-5016e6
83/turbine/la-sci-sn-modern-culture-afri
ca-20120730-001/600
[44000 BC] 3 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview
/0,10987,1169905,00.html
2. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New
ages for human occupation and climatic
change at Lake Mungo, Australia",
Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February 2003)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v
421/n6925/abs/nature01383.html
3. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New
ages for human occupation and climatic
change at Lake Mungo, Australia",
Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February 2003)
4. ^
http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview
/0,10987,1169905,00.html
5. ^ Palmer, "Primitive Life", 2009,
p471.
MORE INFO
[1] David B. Goldstein and
Lounès Chikhi, "HUMAN MIGRATIONS AND
POPULATION STRUCTURE: What We Know and
Why it Matters", Annual Review of
Genomics and Human Genetics, Vol. 3:
129 -152 (Volume publication date
September
2002) http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/
abs/10.1146/annurev.genom.3.022502.10320
0
[2] Peter A. Underhill and Toomas
Kivisild, "Use of Y Chromosome and
Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure
in Tracing Human Migrations", Annual
Review of Genetics, Vol. 41: 539 -564
(Volume publication date December
2007) http://www.annualreviews.org/acti
on/showCitFormats?doi=10.1146%2Fannurev.
genet.41.110306.130407
[3]
doi:10.1038/nature01383 http://www.natu
re.com/nature/journal/v421/n6925/abs/nat
ure01383.html
[4]
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0908490.h
tml
[1] Palmer, et al, ''Prehistoric
Life'', 2009, p470-471. COPYRIGHTED
source: Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric
Life", 2009, p470-471.
[2] World map of human migrations,
with the North Pole at center. Africa,
harboring the start of the migration,
is at the top left and South America at
the far right. Migration patterns are
based on studies of mitochondrial
(matrilinear) DNA. Numbers represent
thousand years before present. The
blue line represents area covered in
ice or tundra during the last great ice
age. The letters are the mitochondrial
DNA haplogroups (pure motherly
lineages); Haplogroups can be used to
define genetic populations and are
often geographically oriented. For
example, the following are common
divisions for mtDNA
haplogroups: African: L, L1, L2,
L3 Near Eastern: J, N Southern
European: J, K General European: H,
V Northern European: T, U, X Asian:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G (note: M is
composed of C, D, E, and G) Native
American: A, B, C, D, and sometimes
X [edit]Data
derivation Image:Northern icesheet
hg.png shows the region that was
covered by ice or tundra in the last
ice age All migration data based on
mitomap Geographic data from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Last_
glacial_vegetation_map.png and adding
the following data
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ice_A
ge_Temperature.png we get this
interesting result
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Human
-migration-temperature.jpg GNU
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/3/37/Map-of-human-migratio
ns.jpg
[38000 BC] 3 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
2. ^ Sophie A. de Beaune and Randall
White, "Ice Age Lamps", Scientific
American, March
1993. http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.f
r/docs/00/42/17/69/PDF/Sc.Amer.1993.pdf
{Beaune_White_199303xx.pdf}
3. ^ Sophie A. de Beaune and Randall
White, "Ice Age Lamps", Scientific
American, March
1993. http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.f
r/docs/00/42/17/69/PDF/Sc.Amer.1993.pdf
{Beaune_White_199303xx.pdf}
{40,000YBN}
4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch,
"The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p5.
{79,000BCE}
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000). {8000YBN}
MORE INFO
[1] "Ancient oil lamp".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_oil
_lamp
[1] Figure from: Sophie A. de Beaune
and Randall White, ''Ice Age Lamps'',
Scientific American, March
1993. http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.f
r/docs/00/42/17/69/PDF/Sc.Amer.1993.pdf
source: http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.
fr/docs/00/42/17/69/PDF/Sc.Amer.1993.pdf
[38000 BC] 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ BBC News "Red dot becomes 'oldest
cave art' ",
6/15/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/en
tertainment-arts-18459492
2. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series
Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves
in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012):
1409 –1413.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten
t/336/6087/1409.abstract
3. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series
Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves
in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012):
1409 –1413.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten
t/336/6087/1409.abstract
4. ^ "Chauvet Cave". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvet_Cav
e
5. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series
Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves
in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012):
1409 –1413.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten
t/336/6087/1409.abstract
6. ^ "Chauvet Cave". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvet_Cav
e
Cave, Spain3 |Southern France4
[1] Drawings of horses from Chauvet
Cave GNU
source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten
t/336/6087/F5.large.jpg
[2] Fig 3 from: Pike, A. W. G. et al.
“U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art
in 11 Caves in Spain.” Science
336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten
t/336/6087/1409.abstract A time line
of the cave art dated. A single arrow
represents a minimum age, but, where
two dates are indicated, both maximum
and minimum ages have been obtained.
The error bars for O-21 reflect the
variation resulting from the two
different methods of detrital
correction (11). Larger versions of
these images showing sample locations
are available in the supplementary
materials, figs. S2 to
S12. COPYRIGHTED
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima
ge:Chauvethorses.jpg
[38000 BC] 6 7 8
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology:
The earliest musical tradition", Nature
460, 695-696(6 August
2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.n
ature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full
/460695a.html?free=2
2. ^
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur
e/8117915.stm
3. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of
Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1.
4. ^
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/art
icle/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ
5. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The
earliest musical tradition", Nature
460, 695-696(6 August
2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.n
ature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full
/460695a.html?free=2
6. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The
earliest musical tradition", Nature
460, 695-696(6 August
2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.n
ature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full
/460695a.html?free=2 {40000YBN}
7. ^
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/art
icle/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ
{35000BCE}
8. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of
Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1.
{34000BCE}
[1] Prehistorian historian Nicholas
Conard presents the bone flute from
Hohle Fels to journalists COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.google.com/hostednews
/afp/media/ALeqM5hlF6Vh9FxCmW4OYCeiBOJqR
J3VgA?size=l
[2] Conard et al.1 have discovered the
oldest known flute, at Hohle Fels Cave
in Germany. The flute is made from bird
bone, and dates from the early
Aurignacian, 40,000 years ago. H.
JENSEN/UNIV. TÜBINGEN COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v460/n7256/images/460695a-f1.2.jpg
[30000 BC] 4 5 6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef,
Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto,
Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and
Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old
Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September
2009: 325 (5946),
1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content
/325/5946/1359
2. ^ Michael Balter, "Clothes Make the
(Hu) Man", Science 11 September 2009:
325 (5946),
1329. http://www.sciencemag.org/content
/325/5946/1329.1
3. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef,
Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto,
Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and
Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old
Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September
2009: 325 (5946),
1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content
/325/5946/1359
4. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef,
Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto,
Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and
Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old
Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September
2009: 325 (5946),
1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content
/325/5946/1359 {32,000 YBN}
5. ^ ADOVASIO J.
M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper
Paleolithic fibre technology:
Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I,
Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago.
Antiquity 70: 526–534. {000 YBN}
{26,000 YBN}
6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A
history of invention : from stone axes
to silicon chips ", (New York:
Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN}
7. ^
{9000YBN}
8. ^ E. J. W. Barber, "Prehistoric
Textiles: The Development of Cloth in
the Neolithic and Bronze ...",
1991. http://books.google.com/books?id=
HnSlynSfeEIC {7000YBN}
MORE INFO
[1] "textile." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2011. Web. 31 Jul. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi
c/589392/textile>
[1] Fig. 1 (1 to 7) Fibers from
Dzudzuana, Georgia, unit D. 1, twisted
flax fibers; 2 to 4, flax fibers; and 5
to 7, unraveled flax fibers. (8 to 12)
Fibers from Dzudzuana, unit C. 8 and 9,
twisted flax fibers; 10 and 12, flax
fibers; and 11, dyed flax fibers.
COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten
t/325/5946/-CSCO-3h--1359/-CSCO-3h--F1.l
arge.jpg
[2] On a lump of fired clay from the
Dolní Věstonice / Pavlov area were
found the impressions of substances
from plant fibres. The whole process of
picking nettles, crushing the dried
stem, preparation of tow, spinning the
thread and then weaving was tested and
shown to be possible using tools of the
time by M. Bunatova. Urbanová (ca
1999) http://www.donsmaps.com/dolnivpot
tery.html Dexterity of the First
Weavers A decade ago, experts did
not dare to think about people living
in the last ice age making
fabric. However, on a lump of fired
clay from the Dolní Věstonice /
Pavlov area were found the impressions
of substances from plant fibres. The
whole process of picking nettles,
crushing the dried stem, preparation of
tow, spinning the thread and then
weaving was tested and shown to be
possible using tools of the time by M.
Bunatova. Urbanová (ca
1999) Source: Display, Dolní
Věstonice Museum From Buňatová
(1999) and Sosna (2000): Buňatová,
M., 1999: Textilní produkce v mladém
paleolitu, experiment pro
dokumentární film ''Úsvit géniů'',
in: AR LI, Praha, 104 - 111. Sosna,
D., 2000: Počátky textilnictví. PhD.
Dissertation, Department of
Anthropology, Masaryk University, Brno.
UNKNOWN
source: http://www.ancient-wisdom.co.uk/
Images/countries/Czech%20pics/dolnifabri
c.jpg
[29700 BC] 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V.
Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert
E.M. Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias
Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil
dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites
in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia:
osteometry, ancient DNA and stable
isotopes, Journal of Archaeological
Science, Volume 36, Issue 2, February
2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440308002380)
2. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V.
Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert
E.M. Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias
Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil
dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites
in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia:
osteometry, ancient DNA and stable
isotopes, Journal of Archaeological
Science, Volume 36, Issue 2, February
2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440308002380)
3. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V.
Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert
E.M. Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias
Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil
dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites
in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia:
osteometry, ancient DNA and stable
isotopes, Journal of Archaeological
Science, Volume 36, Issue 2, February
2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440308002380) {31,700 YBN}
4. ^ Alexander
Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables
of Science", Second edition, Simon and
Schuster, 1991, p7. {10,000BCE}
MORE INFO
[1]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticati
on
[1] Description Deutsch:
Europäischer Grauwolf (Canis
lupus) English: grey wolf Date
February 2009 Source Own
work (own photo) Author Gunnar
Ries Amphibol Permission (Reusing
this file) You must give the
original author credit. If you use my
pictures outside the wiki projects,
please let me know. CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Grauwolf_P11302
75.jpg/1024px-Grauwolf_P1130275.jpg
[2] Description Español: Lobo en
el zoo de Kolmården (Suecia). Date
2010-12-23 18:10 (UTC) Source
Wolf_Kolmården.jpg Author
Wolf_Kolmården.jpg: Daniel
Mott from Stockholm, Sweden
derivative work:
Mariomassone Permission (Reusing
this file) See below. CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/5/5f/Kolm%C3%A5rden_Wolf.j
pg
[27000 BC] 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ O. Soffer, J. M. Adovasio, D. C.
Hyland, "The “Venus” Figurines:
Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status
in the Upper Paleolithic", Current
Anthropology, Vol. 41, No. 4
(August/October 2000), pp.
511-537 URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/3173
81
2. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA SOFFER,
BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI SVOBODA, "The
Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni
Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science 24
November 1989: 246 (4933), 1002-1008.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/49
33/1002.short
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937
3. ^ O. Soffer, J. M. Adovasio, D. C.
Hyland, "The “Venus” Figurines:
Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status
in the Upper Paleolithic", Current
Anthropology, Vol. 41, No. 4
(August/October 2000), pp.
511-537 URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/3173
81 {29,000}
4. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA
SOFFER, BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI
SVOBODA, "The Origins of Ceramic
Technology at Dolni Věstonice,
Czechoslovakia", Science 24 November
1989: 246 (4933), 1002-1008.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/49
33/1002.short
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937
{26,000}
[1] Description Věstonická
venuše na výstavě Lovci mamutů v
Národním muzeu v Praze Date 2.
9. 2007 Source che Author
che (Please credit as ''Petr
Novák, Wikipedia'' in case you use
this outside WMF projects.) guidance:
Danny B. Permission (Reusing this
file) As they reached the Summit,
he said: “Thou shall take this
Snapshot and use it according to the
Code of License, and let your people
flourish all around the world.” They
brought the Snapshot to their homes and
there was much rejoicing. CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/b/b8/Vestonicka_venuse_edi
t.jpg
[2] Description Deutsch: Venus von
Willendorf Date 1 January
2007 Source Own work Author
User:MatthiasKabel Own work,
attribution required (Multi-license
with GFDL and Creative Commons CC-BY
2.5) GNU Figure 2 from: O. Soffer,
J. M. Adovasio, D. C. Hyland, ''The
“Venus” Figurines: Textiles,
Basketry, Gender, and Status in the
Upper Paleolithic'', Current
Anthropology, Vol. 41, No. 4
(August/October 2000), pp.
511-537 URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/3173
81 COPYRIGHTED
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/5/50/Venus_von_Willendorf_
01.jpg
[16000 BC] 4 5 6 7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
2. ^
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur
e/8077168.stm
3. ^ Elisabetta Boaretto, Xiaohong Wu,
Jiarong Yuan, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Vikki
Chu, Yan Pan, Kexin Liu, David Cohen,
Tianlong Jiao, Shuicheng Li, Haibin Gu,
Paul Goldberg, and Steve Weiner,
"Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and
bone collagen associated with early
pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan
Province, China PNAS 2009 106 (24)
9595-9600;" published ahead of print
June 1, 2009,
doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106
http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/959
5.full?sid=4a6f1743-94c2-4be8-b046-575b4
f27ab46
4. ^ Elisabetta Boaretto, Xiaohong Wu,
Jiarong Yuan, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Vikki
Chu, Yan Pan, Kexin Liu, David Cohen,
Tianlong Jiao, Shuicheng Li, Haibin Gu,
Paul Goldberg, and Steve Weiner,
"Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and
bone collagen associated with early
pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan
Province, China PNAS 2009 106 (24)
9595-9600;" published ahead of print
June 1, 2009,
doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106
http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/959
5.full?sid=4a6f1743-94c2-4be8-b046-575b4
f27ab46 {18,000}
5. ^ "pottery." The Columbia
Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2011.
Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pottery
{17,500YBN}
6. ^
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur
e/8077168.stm {17,500YBN}
7. ^ Trevor I. Williams,
"A history of invention : from stone
axes to silicon chips ", (New York:
Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN}
Province, China2 3
[1] Pottery Fu (Cooking Vessel)-Shaped
Vessel Paleolithic Age to Neolithic
Age 12000 years ago Diameter at mouth
32.5cm height 29.8cm Restored on the
basis of unearthed pottery pieces at
Yuchanyan, Dao County in 1995 It is by
far the earliest pottery discovered, a
cooking vessel. [t Note that there
are apparently fragments of 2 or more
pottery vessels, and they are redated
in the article to 18000ybn: Elisabetta
Boaretto, Xiaohong Wu, Jiarong Yuan,
Ofer Bar-Yosef, Vikki Chu, Yan Pan,
Kexin Liu, David Cohen, Tianlong Jiao,
Shuicheng Li, Haibin Gu, Paul Goldberg,
and Steve Weiner, ''Radiocarbon dating
of charcoal and bone collagen
associated with early pottery at
Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China
PNAS 2009 106 (24) 9595-9600;''
published ahead of print June 1, 2009,
doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106
http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/959
5.full?sid=4a6f1743-94c2-4be8-b046-575b4
f27ab46]
source: http://www.hnmuseum.com/hnmuseum
/eng/whatson/exhibition/images/kg/2.jpg
[11000 BC] 6 7 8
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Eliza Barclay (September 3,
2008). "Oldest Skeleton in Americas
Found in Underwater Cave?". National
Geographic News (National Geographic).
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/new
s/2008/09/080903-oldest-skeletons.html
2. ^
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur
e/2538323.stm
3. ^
http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/an
cient.woman/
4. ^
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur
e/2538323.stm
5. ^ Michael Vincent McGinnis,
Negotiating ecology: Marine bioregions
and the destruction of the Southern
California Bight, Futures, Volume 38,
Issue 4, Futures of Bioregions, May
2006, Pages 382-405, ISSN 0016-3287,
DOI:
10.1016/j.futures.2005.07.016. (http://
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0016328705001382)
6. ^
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/natur
e/2538323.stm {13000 YBN}
7. ^
http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/an
cient.woman/ {13000 YBN}
8. ^ Michael
Vincent McGinnis, Negotiating ecology:
Marine bioregions and the destruction
of the Southern California Bight,
Futures, Volume 38, Issue 4, Futures of
Bioregions, May 2006, Pages 382-405,
ISSN 0016-3287, DOI:
10.1016/j.futures.2005.07.016. (http://
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0016328705001382) {13000 YBN}
Santa Rosa Island, California, USA5
[1] A member of Arturo González's
underwater archaeological team studies
a skull in an underwater cave on the
coast of the Yucatán Peninsula near
Tulum, Mexico. Skeletons found in
similar caves may be among the oldest
human remains ever found in North or
South America. Photograph courtesy
Arturo Gonzáles COPYRIGHTED
source: http://news.nationalgeographic.c
om/news/bigphotos/images/080903-oldest-s
keletons_big.jpg
[2] Tulum, Mexico UNKNOWN
source: maps.google.com
[9000 BC] 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
2. ^ "Jericho." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.,
2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi
c/302707/Jericho>. {9,000 BC}
3. ^
"Jericho." The Concise Oxford
Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford
University Press, 2002, 2003.
Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/jericho
4. ^ "Jericho." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.,
2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi
c/302707/Jericho>. {9,000 BC}
5. ^ Trevor
I. Williams, "A history of invention :
from stone axes to silicon chips ",
(New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {000
YBN} {8,000 YBN}
MORE INFO
[1] Kathleen Kenyon, "Excavations
at Jericho", 1981,
p6. {Kenyon_Excavations_At_Jericho_1981
.pdf}
Palestine3
[1] An aerial view of Jericho showing
the ruins of Tell
es-Sultan Description Italiano:
veduta aerea dell'area archeologica di
Gerico Date 2008-03-05 (original
upload date) Source Transferred
from it.wikipedia Author Original
uploader was Fullo88 at
it.wikipedia PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/f/f4/Tell_es-sultan.jpg
[2] Plastered skulls figures
from: Kathleen Kenyon, ''Excavations
at Jericho'', 1981,
vol5. {Kenyon_Excavations_At_Jericho_19
81.pdf} COPYRIGHTED
source: Kenyon_Excavations_At_Jericho_19
81.pdf
[7500 BC] 5 6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher,
and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of
Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000):
1602�1603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten
t/288/5471/1602.full
2. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and
Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of
Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000):
1602�1603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten
t/288/5471/1602.full
3. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George
Willcox. "How Fast Was Wild Wheat
Domesticated?"� Science 311.5769
(2006) : 1886.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten
t/311/5769/1886.short
4. ^ Which came first, monumental
building projects or farming?". Archaeo
News. 2008-12-14.
5. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi
Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of
Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000):
1602�1603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten
t/288/5471/1602.full
6. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George
Willcox. "How Fast Was Wild Wheat
Domesticated?" Science 311.5769 (2006)
: 1886.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten
t/311/5769/1886.short {9300 YBN}
7. ^ Which
came first, monumental building
projects or farming?". Archaeo News.
2008-12-14.
8. ^ "First farmers discovered". BBC
News.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nat
ure/489449.stm
MORE INFO
[1] Diamond, Jared. "Evolution,
Consequences and Future of Plant and
Animal Domestication." Nature 418.6898
(2002):
700�707. http://www.nature.com/nature
/journal/v418/n6898/full/nature01019.htm
l
[2] Moore, Andrew Michael Tangye,
Gordon C. Hillman, and Anthony J.
Legge. Village on the Euphrates: from
foraging to farming at Abu Hureyra.
Oxford: Oxford University Press xvii,
2000, p.
528. http://www.amazon.com/Village-Euph
rates-Foraging-Farming-Hureyra/dp/019510
8078
[3] Ozkan, H; Brandolini, A;
Sch�fer-Pregl, R; Salamini, F
(October 2002). "AFLP analysis of a
collection of tetraploid wheats
indicates the origin of emmer and hard
wheat domestication in southeast
Turkey". Molecular Biology and
Evolution 19 (10): 1797�801. PMID
12270906
[4] Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000).
Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of
Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe,
and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford
University Press. pp. 67. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/
?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA67
Turkey and northern Syria3 (Nevali
Cori, Turkey4 )
[1] Description Česky:
Pšenice. Deutsch: Weizen. English:
Wheat. Español: Trigo. Français :
Blé. Magyar: Búza. Tiếng Việt:
Lúa mì. Date August
2005 Source Own work Author
User:Bluemoose GNU
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wheat_close-up.
JPG/800px-Wheat_close-up.JPG
[2] Nevali Cori, Turkey from Google
Maps UNKNOWN
source: https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=
37.518333,38.605556&spn=0.01,0.01&t=m&q=
37.518333,38.605556 http://localhost/ul
sf/images/Nevali_Cori_Turkey.jpg
[7240 BC] 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen,
Thomas C. Andres, and David E.
Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of
Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern
Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316
(5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/co
ntent/316/5833/1890.abstract
2. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen,
Thomas C. Andres, and David E.
Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of
Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern
Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316
(5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/co
ntent/316/5833/1890.abstract
3. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen,
Thomas C. Andres, and David E.
Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of
Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern
Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316
(5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/co
ntent/316/5833/1890.abstract {9240}
4. ^
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/scienc
e/28cnd-squash.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&oref=s
login&adxnnlx=1183057296-Up92joKUeK1fZr+
Wt4cXsQ (10000ybn)
[1] Fig. 3. Close-up of two dark
brown squash seed (C. moschata)
fragments recovered from a buried house
floor at CA-09-27. from: Tom D.
Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C.
Andres, and David E. Williams,
''Preceramic Adoption of Peanut,
Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru'',
Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/co
ntent/316/5833/1890.abstract COPYRIGHTE
D
source: http://www.sciencemag.org/conten
t/316/5833/1890/F3.large.jpg
[5700 BC] 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology:
Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.”
Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten
t/275/5298/309.full
{Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf}
2. ^ Fuller, Dorian Q et al. “The
Domestication Process and Domestication
Rate in Rice: Spikelet Bases from the
Lower Yangtze.” Science 323.5921
(2009):
1607–1610. http://www.sciencemag.org/
content/323/5921/1607.short {Fuller_Dom
estication_Rice_2009.pdf}
3. ^ Y. Zheng, G. Sun, X. Chen, Chin.
Sci. Bull. 52, 1654 (2007).
4. ^ Normile,
Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as
Earliest Rice Site.” Science 275.5298
(1997) : 309.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten
t/275/5298/309.full
{Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf}
5. ^ Fuller, Dorian Q et al. “The
Domestication Process and Domestication
Rate in Rice: Spikelet Bases from the
Lower Yangtze.” Science 323.5921
(2009):
1607–1610. http://www.sciencemag.org/
content/323/5921/1607.short {Fuller_Dom
estication_Rice_2009.pdf}
6. ^ Y. Zheng, G. Sun, X. Chen, Chin.
Sci. Bull. 52, 1654 (2007).
7. ^ Domestication
and the origins of agriculture: an
appraisal Progress in Physical
Geography 1 March 1999: 37-56.
http://ppg.sagepub.com/content/23/1/37
.short {Mannion_Agriculture_1999.pdf}
8. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology:
Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.”
Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/conten
t/275/5298/309.full {11500}
{Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf}
9. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000). {3500 YBN}
10. ^ Zohary, Daniel;
Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of
Plants in the Old World: The Origin and
Spread of Cultivated Plants in West
Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd
ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 91.
ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/
?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA91
{Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_i
n_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
11. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E.
Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the
Old World: The Origin and Spread of
Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia,
Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin.
OUP Oxford, 2012,
p74. http://books.google.com/books?id=t
c6vr0qzk_4C
Province2 3 |Yangtze (in Hubei and
Hunan provinces), China4
[1] Description English: Paddy in
West Bengal, India Date 18 October
2009 Source Own
work Author Amartyabag CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Paddy_West_Beng
al.jpg/1280px-Paddy_West_Bengal.jpg
[2] Description: Cambodia, Kratie: A
worker is removing the rice
seedlings. Capture date: August
2002 Photographer: Oliver Spalt
Published under CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/0/07/Rice_02.jpg
[5000 BC] 3 4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo
Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan
Šljivar, Michael Brauns, Dušan
Borić, On the origins of extractive
metallurgy: new evidence from Europe,
Journal of Archaeological Science,
Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2010,
Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440310001986)
2. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo
Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan
Šljivar, Michael Brauns, Dušan
Borić, On the origins of extractive
metallurgy: new evidence from Europe,
Journal of Archaeological Science,
Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2010,
Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440310001986)
3. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo
Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan
Šljivar, Michael Brauns, Dušan
Borić, On the origins of extractive
metallurgy: new evidence from Europe,
Journal of Archaeological Science,
Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2010,
Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440310001986) {c7000 YBN}
4. ^ P.t.,
Craddock. “From hearth to furnace :
evidences for the earliest metal
smelting technologies in the Eastern
Mediterranean.” Paléorient (2000) :
151-165.
Print. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/
home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_2
000_num_26_2_4716 {8000BCE}
{article_paleo_0153-9345_2000_num_26_2
_4716.pdf} {5500BCE}
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A
history of invention : from stone axes
to silicon chips ", (New York:
Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 BCE)
(=3500bce)
6. ^ "Copper (5000 BCE)". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper
(5000 BCE) (=5000bce) {5000BCE}
MORE INFO
[1] Metals and Metallurgy in the
Chalcolithic Period Noël H.
Gale Bulletin of the American Schools
of Oriental Research No. 282/283,
Symposium: Chalcolithic Cyprus (May -
Aug., 1991), pp. 37-61 Published by:
The American Schools of Oriental
Research Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357261
[1] Copper slag from Belovode (sample
No. 21). Figure 3 from: Miljana
Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst
Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar, Michael
Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins
of extractive metallurgy: new evidence
from Europe, Journal of Archaeological
Science, Volume 37, Issue 11, November
2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440310001986) COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci
ence/article/pii/S0305440310001986
[2] Byzantine Roman
Collection tanged arrowhead Inventory
#: 308-316 Type:
Arrowhead Material: Iron Period:
Byzantine (Eastern Roman) 6th - 14th
Cent. A.D. Provenance: Balkan
Region Measurements: (lengths in cm,
left to right): 14.5, 17 cm UNKNOWN
source: http://www.worldmuseumofman.org/
img1000/308316b.jpg
[3500 BC] 6 7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Sir Leonard Woolley, "Ur 'of the
Chaldees"', 1982, p27.
2. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention :
from stone axes to silicon chips ",
(New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
(3500BCE)
3. ^
http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinve
ntions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE)
4. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention :
from stone axes to silicon chips ",
(New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
(3500BCE)
5. ^
http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinve
ntions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE)
6. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention :
from stone axes to silicon chips ",
(New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
(3500BCE) (=3500BCE) {35000BCE}
7. ^
http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinve
ntions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE) (=3500BCE)
{35000BCE}
MORE INFO
[1] Margaret Sax, Nigel D. Meeks
and Dominique Collon , "The Early
Development of the Lapidary Engraving
Wheel in Mesopotamia", Iraq, Vol. 62,
(2000), pp. 157-176 Published by:
British Institute for the Study of
Iraq Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4200487
[2]
http://www.hartford-hwp.com/image_archiv
e/ue/uea.html
[3] Stuart Piggott, "The earliest
wheeled transport : from the Atlantic
Coast to the Caspian Sea", Thames and
Hudson, 1983
[4] "WORLD'S OLDEST WHEEL FOUND
IN SLOVENIA" March
2003 http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_re
lations/background_information/culture/w
orlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/
wheel from Choga Mish, Iran)
[1] These pots, found at al`Ubaid type
site itself are typical of last phase
of Ubaid pottery found throughout much
of Mesopotamia, including Uruk. London:
British Museum. [t Note that the
first and tihrd match figures in
Woolley's 1982 book.] PD
source: http://www.hartford-hwp.com/imag
e_archive/ue/pottery03.jpg
[2] 14. Pottery jar of Jemdat Nasr
type. It was found in the al`Ain region
of the United Arab Emirates, which
attests to contacts between Mesopotamia
and Oman peninsula—an important
source of copper. Ca. 3000 BC. London:
British Museum. UNKNOWN
source: http://www.hartford-hwp.com/imag
e_archive/ue/pottery02.jpg
[3350 BC] 5 6 7 8
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^
http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablet
s.htm
2. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online.
3. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two
Precursors of Writing: Plain and
Complex Tokens", in The Origins of
Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner.
1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_pre
cursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
4. ^ "Sumerian writing>.". Encyclopedia
wrBritannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 15 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke
d/topic/649670/writing/53659/Sumerian-wr
iting>.
5. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "The
Earliest Precursor of Writing",
Scientific American. June 1977, Vol.
238, No. 6, p.
50-58. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/T
he_earliest_precursor_of_writing
6. ^
http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablet
s.htm (3300bce)
7. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic
Bookkeeping: Early Writing and
Techniques of Economic Administration
in the Ancient Near East. University of
Chicago Press,
1994. http://books.google.com/books?id=
YBAzXV4YtQ8C&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false
8. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online.
MORE INFO
[1]
http://cdli.ucla.edu:16080/wiki/index.ph
p/The_Late_Uruk_period
[2] Roy MacLeod, "The Library of
Alexandria Centre of Learning in the
Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris &
Co Ltd, 2000)
[3] Archaic Bookkeeping,
Nissen, 1993, pp13-14
[1] MS 4551 Account of grain products,
bread, beer, butter oil. Sumer 32nd
century COPYRIGHTED?
source: http://www.earth-history.com/_im
ages/ms4551.jpg
[2] MS2963 Account of male and female
slaves Sumer
c3300-3200BCE COPYRIGHTED?
source: http://www.earth-history.com/_im
ages/ms2963.jpg
[3310 BC] 3 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
2. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest
Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63.
3. ^ Stuart
and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled
Transport", 1983, p40,62-63.
{c3530-3310 BC}
4. ^ Stuart and Piggott,
"The Earliest Wheeled Transport", 1983,
p40,62-63. {Standard of Ur) 2600-2400
BC}
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000). {4000 YBN}
MORE INFO
[1] Zettler, Richard L.; Horne,
Lee; Hansen, Donald P.; Pittman, Holly.
Treasures from the royal tombs of Ur,
pp. 45-47. UPenn Museum of Archaeology,
1998. ISBN 9780924171543
[2]
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/hig
hlights/highlight_objects/me/t/the_stand
ard_of_ur.aspx
Bronocice, Krakow, Poland2
[1] Stuart and Piggott, ''The Earliest
Wheeled Transport'', 1983,
p40,62-63. COPYRIGHTED
source: Stuart and Piggott, "The
Earliest Wheeled Transport", 1983,
p40,62-63.
[2] According
to: http://www.britishmuseum.org/explor
e/highlights/highlight_objects/me/t/the_
standard_of_ur.aspx 2600-2400
BC According to:
http://sumerianshakespeare.com/687045.ht
ml this image is 4500 years old -
putting it at 2500bce - get more
evidence of age [1] Description
English: detail of the ''Standard of
Ur'', ca. 2500 BC. Date 2500
BC Source
http://www.alexandriaarchive.org/op
encontext/iraq_ghf/ur_standard/ur_standa
rd_8.jpg Author
Anonymous Permission (Reusing
this file) See below. PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/7/7d/Ur_chariot.jpg
[2500 BC] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron
Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian
Studies 49 (1999): 177–187.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073
2. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The
Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New
Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973):
875–887.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722
3. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles
D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La
Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport
Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935.
Ankara, 1937.
4. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early
Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.”
Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073
5. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The
Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New
Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973):
875–887.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722
6. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles
D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La
Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport
Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935.
Ankara, 1937.
7. ^ Petrie, W.M.F. Gerar.
British School of Archaeology in Egypt,
1928. Egyptian Research Account.
8. ^ Rickard,
T. A. “The Primitive Smelting of
Iron.” American Journal of
Archaeology 43.1 (1939): 85–101.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/499136
9. ^ Veldhuijzen, HA and Rehren, T ,
"Iron Smelting Slag Formation at Tell
Hammeh (Al-Zarqa), Jordan". (2006),
(Proceedings) 34th International
Symposium on Archaeometry, Zaragoza,
3-7 May 2004. (pp. 245 - 250).
Institucion 'Fernando el Catolico'
(CSIC) Excma. Diputacion de Zaragoza:
Zaragoza. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/11
494/
10. ^ Xander Veldhuijzen and Eveline
van der Steen, "Iron Production Center
Found in the Jordan Valley", Near
Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 62, No. 3
(Sep., 1999), pp. 195-199 Published
by: The American Schools of Oriental
Research Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3210714
11. ^ Richardson, Harry Craig. “Iron,
Prehistoric and Ancient.” American
Journal of Archaeology 38.4 (1934):
555–583.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/498191
12. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron
Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian
Studies 49 (1999): 177–187.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073
13. ^ Petrie, W.M.F. Gerar. British
School of Archaeology in Egypt, 1928.
Egyptian Research Account, p14-16,
Plate 25-32. {Petrie_Gerar_1928.pdf}
14. ^ Rickard, T. A. “The
Primitive Smelting of Iron.” American
Journal of Archaeology 43.1 (1939):
85–101.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/499136
15. ^ Veldhuijzen, HA and Rehren, T ,
"Iron Smelting Slag Formation at Tell
Hammeh (Al-Zarqa), Jordan". (2006),
(Proceedings) 34th International
Symposium on Archaeometry, Zaragoza,
3-7 May 2004. (pp. 245 - 250).
Institucion 'Fernando el Catolico'
(CSIC) Excma. Diputacion de Zaragoza:
Zaragoza. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/11
494/ {930/910 BCE}
16. ^ Trevor I. Williams,
"A history of invention : from stone
axes to silicon chips ", (New York:
Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 YBN)
17. ^
http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/resource/ptabl
e/fe.htm (3000 YBN) (3000)
18. ^ "Iron (3500
YBN)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron (3500
YBN) (3500)
19. ^ "Iron Age". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.,
2012. Web. 08 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke
d/topic/294368/Iron-Age>.
20. ^ Richardson, Harry Craig. “Iron,
Prehistoric and Ancient.” American
Journal of Archaeology 38.4 (1934):
555–583.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/498191
MORE INFO
[1] "Iron age". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_age
(modern Turkey)4 5 6 |Palestine7 8
|Tell Hammeh (az-Zarqa), Jordan9 10
|Central Europe and north Assyria11
[1] Description Dagger with iron blade
and golden hilt from Alaca Höyük.
Early evidence for the use of iron in
Anatolia. Date 2005 Source Own
work Author Stipich Béla GNU
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/b/b9/Alaca_H%C3%BCy%C3%BCk
_dagger.jpg
[2] Xander Veldhuijzen and Eveline van
der Steen, ''Iron Production Center
Found in the Jordan Valley'', Near
Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 62, No. 3
(Sep., 1999), pp. 195-199 Published
by: The American Schools of Oriental
Research Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3210714 COP
YRIGHTED
source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3210
714
[2300 BC] 3 4 5 6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K.
Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE
PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND
TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean
Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10,
No. 1, pp. 1‐24.
2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_j
ournal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf
2. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K.
Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE
PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND
TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean
Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10,
No. 1, pp. 1‐24.
2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_j
ournal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf
3. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K.
Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE
PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND
TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean
Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10,
No. 1, pp. 1‐24.
2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_j
ournal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf {4300 YBN}
4. ^
P. R. S. Moorey, "Ancient Mesopotamian
Materials and Industries. The
Archaeological Evidence", Clarendon
Press, Oxford, 1994,
p190. {Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Indus
tries_Moorey_1994.pdf}
AND {Moorey-Ancient_Mesopotamian_Materi
als_and_Industries-1994.pdf} {c4000YBN}
5. ^ James
Owen, "Ancient Egyptian City Yields
World's Oldest Glassworks", National
Geographic News June 16,
2005 http://news.nationalgeographic.com
/news/2005/06/0616_050616_egyptglass.htm
l {35000 YBN}
6. ^ Thilo Rehren and Edgar B.
Pusch, "Late Bronze Age Glass
Production at Qantir-Piramesses,
Egypt", Science New Series, Vol. 308,
No. 5729 (Jun. 17, 2005), pp.
1756-1758 Published by: American
Association for the Advancement of
Science Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3841666
{35000 YBN}
7. ^
http://glassonline.com/infoserv/history.
html {5500YBN}
8. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A
history of invention : from stone axes
to silicon chips ", (New York:
Checkmark Books, 2000). {5000YBN}
[1] Figures 2b and 2a from: J.
Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita,
''ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PRIMARY
PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF
LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN'', Mediterranean
Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10,
No. 1, pp. 1‐24.
2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_j
ournal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_
journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf
[2] Glass ingots (inset) from a Bronze
Age shipwreck near Turkey fit Egyptian
molds. COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.toutankharton.com/IMG
/jpg/a6260_1449.jpg
[2300 BC] 4 5 6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology:
A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium,
B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American
Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of
the American Philosophical
Society. http://books.google.com/books?
id=77aDgCLAZS8C
2. ^ Hayes, A Manual of Sumerian
grammar and texts, 1990, p270.
3. ^ Kramer,
S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of
Spiritual and Literary Achievement in
the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S.
N. Kramer ... American Philosophical
Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American
Philosophical
Society. http://books.google.com/books?
id=77aDgCLAZS8C
4. ^ Hayes, A Manual of Sumerian
grammar and texts, 1990, p270. (there
is also a 2000 edition
{Hayes_Sumerian_2000.pdf})
5. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A
Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium,
B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American
Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of
the American Philosophical
Society. http://books.google.com/books?
id=77aDgCLAZS8C
6. ^ Kramer, Samuel N. Sumerian
Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and
Literary Achievement in the Third
Millennium B.c. New York: Harper, 1961.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/986108
7. ^ Thomson, G.A. First Writers-The
Sumerians: They Wrote on Clay.
iUniverse, 2011, p xi.
8. ^ Alexander,
T.D., and D.W. Baker. Dictionary of the
Old Testament: Pentateuch: A Compendium
of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship.
InterVarsity Press, 2002. The IVP Bible
Dictionary Series, p608.
MORE INFO
[1] "Ancient literature".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_lit
erature
[2] Arno Poebel, "Historical and
grammatical texts", vols 1-5,
1914. vol 1:
http://books.google.com/books?id=tg0TAAA
AYAAJ vol 4:
http://books.google.com/books?id=mxwYAAA
AYAAJ vol 5:
http://books.google.com/books?id=_A0TAAA
AYAAJ
[3] Jeffrey H. Tigay, "The evolution of
the Gilgamesh epic",
http://books.google.com/books?id=cxjuH
TH6I2sC
[4] Kramer, S. N. "Sumerian Literature;
A Preliminary Survey of the Oldest
Literature in the World." Proceedings
of the American Philosophical Society
85.3 (1942): 293�323.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/985008
[1] Photo of Creation and deluge tablet
- I did verify that this is the
earliest tablet of the earliest written
story with Kramer's Sumerian
Mythology[t] Arno Poebel, ''Historical
and grammatical texts'', vols 1-5,
1914. vol 1:
http://books.google.com/books?id=tg0TAAA
AYAAJ vol 4:
http://books.google.com/books?id=mxwYAAA
AYAAJ vol 5:
http://books.google.com/books?id=_A0TAAA
AYAAJ PD
source: http://books.google.com/books?id
=_A0TAAAAYAAJ
[2] Photo of Creation and deluge
tablet - I did verify that this is the
earliest tablet of the earliest written
story with Kramer's Sumerian
Mythology[t] Arno Poebel, ''Historical
and grammatical texts'', vols 1-5,
1914. vol 1:
http://books.google.com/books?id=tg0TAAA
AYAAJ vol 4:
http://books.google.com/books?id=mxwYAAA
AYAAJ vol 5:
http://books.google.com/books?id=_A0TAAA
AYAAJ PD
source: http://books.google.com/books?id
=_A0TAAAAYAAJ
[2000 BC] 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "article 4263". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-426
3
2. ^
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preser
vation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm
3. ^
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preser
vation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm
(=4000ybn/nineveh)
4. ^ "Nineveh." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 May.
2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/nineveh
5. ^
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preser
vation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm
(=4000ybn/nineveh) {4000 YBN(nineveh}
6. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention :
from stone axes to silicon chips ",
(New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
(=1200bce/egypt) {1200 BCE (egypt}
[1] Ancient wooden lock and key from
Khorsabad (Much reduced) COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topi
c/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.
htm
[1531 BC] 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT
TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST
MILLENNIUM B.C.E., Published PhD
Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical
and Jewish Studies. University of
Sydney, 2009,
p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Ga
sche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf
2. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History
and Practice of Ancient Astronomy.
Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7.
ISBN 9780195095395.
http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_
7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree
k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20
greek%20astronomy&f=false
3. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT
TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST
MILLENNIUM B.C.E., Published PhD
Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical
and Jewish Studies. University of
Sydney, 2009,
p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Ga
sche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf
4. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT
TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST
MILLENNIUM B.C.E., Published PhD
Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical
and Jewish Studies. University of
Sydney, 2009,
p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Ga
sche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf
5. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History
and Practice of Ancient Astronomy.
Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7.
ISBN 9780195095395.
http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_
7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree
k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20
greek%20astronomy&f=false
[1] Description English: Venus Tablet
of Ammisaduqa. Neo-Assyrian
period. Date 15 July 2010 Current
location [show]British
Museum Source/Photographer Fæ (Own
work) Permission (Reusing this
file) See below. British Museum
reference K.160 Detailed
description Upper part of a clay
tablet, 3 pieces, beginning of obverse
and the end of reverse are wanting,
astrological forecasts, a copy of the
so-called Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa,
Neo-Assyrian. ~ Description extract
from BM record. Size Length: 17.14 cm
(6.75 in) Width: 9.2 cm (3.6 in)
Thickness: 2.22 cm (0.87
in) Location Room 55 CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/b/bb/Venus_Tablet_of_Ammis
aduqa.jpg
[529 BC] 4
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ "Pythagoras."
Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 11 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pythagoras
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). {529 BCE}
MORE INFO
[1] "Polycrates". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrates
[2] "Pythagorean theorem". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean
_theorem
[1] Description: Phytagoras, coin made
under emperor Decius Source:
Baumeister, Denkmäler des klassischen
Altertums. 1888. Band III., Seite
1429 s Roman Emperor from 249 to
251. PD
source: http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.
uk/~history/BigPictures/Pythagoras_4.jpe
g
[2] Bust of Pythagoras UNKNOWN
source: http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.
uk/~history/BigPictures/Pythagoras.jpeg
[467 BC] 5 6
known.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Diogenes Laertius, tr: R. D.
Hicks, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers
Books I-V", 137-139. (similar
translation:) http://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ
2. ^ Popkin, R.H., S.F. Brown, and D.
Carr. The Columbia History of Western
Philosophy. Columbia University Press,
1999,
p17. http://books.google.com/books?id=o
k4F_SawQaEC&pg=PA17
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p8-9.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p8-9.
6. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). (450bc+30yrs estimate
for science contributions)
MORE INFO
[1] "Anaxagoras". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaxagoras
(=490?-430?)
Miletus)|Athens3 |Did not move to
Athens until around 462 bce4
[1] Description English: Detail of
the right-hand facade fresco, showing
Anaxagoras. National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens. Date c.
1888 Source http://nibiryukov.narod.r
u/nb_pinacoteca/nbe_pinacoteca_artists_l
.htm Author Eduard Lebiedzki,
after a design by Carl Rahl PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/2/2c/Anaxagoras_Lebiedzki_
Rahl.jpg
[467 BC] 5
communication.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an
English translation by Herbert Weir
Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes.
2.Agamemnon. Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D.
Cambridge, MA. Harvard University
Press. 1926, lines 278-316.
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/te
xt?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac
ard%3D258
2. ^ "Optical telegraph#History".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_tel
egraph#History
3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch,
"The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p33.
4. ^
"Aeschylus." The Concise Oxford
Companion to Classical Literature.
Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003.
Answers.com 14 Nov. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/aeschylus
5. ^ "Aeschylus." The Concise Oxford
Companion to Classical Literature.
Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003.
Answers.com 14 Nov. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/aeschylus
{467 BCE}
MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982)
[2] "Robert Hooke".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904
0979/Robert-Hooke
[3] "Robert Hooke". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hook
e
[4]
http://www.answers.com/Robert+Hooke?cat=
technology
[5]
http://www.libraries.uc.edu/source/volfo
ur/oesper2.html
[6] http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/
[7]
http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/v
ectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm
[8]
http://www.she-philosopher.com/gallery/c
yclopaedia.html
[9] "Optical telegraph#History".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_tel
egraph#History (1684)
[1] This image was moved from
Image:Image62.gif Description A
drawing of the lighthouse by German
archaeologist Prof. H. Thiersch
(1909). Date 2007-01-16 (original
upload date) Source Originally from
en.wikipedia; description page is/was
here. Author Original uploader
was Ragemanchoo at
en.wikipedia Permission (Reusing this
file) PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/2/2e/Lighthouse_-_Thiersch
.gif
[2] English: Mosaic Lighthouse of
Alexandria: was found in the Qasr Libya
in Libya, which was known by several
names including history and Olbia
Theodorias, This is a painting that was
left over to show the form of
lighthouse after the quake, which
destroyed the lighthouse. Qasr Libya
Museum PD
source: http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.
martin/vectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm
[460 BC] 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ "Leucippus". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). (=~490bce)
4. ^ "Leucippus".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus
(=500-450bce)
[1] Coin with the head of Leukippos on
it from around 330-320
BC.[t] Greece,Metapont
330-320BC,Leukkipos,1/3stater. Hammer
price 2002: CHF 12.000. UNKNOWN
source: http://numisbooks.dk/info/fotos/
romanphotos/leukippos330-320.jpg
[260 BC] 3
Sun understood.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). {c260 BCE}
MORE INFO
[1] "article 9009438".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-900
9438
[2] "Cleanthes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleanthes
Egpyt2
[1] Aristarchus's 3rd century BC
calculations on the relative sizes of
from left the Sun, Earth and Moon, from
a 10th century CE Greek copy PD
source: http://www.thelivingmoon.com/43a
ncients/04images/Artifacts/Aristarchus_w
orking.jpg
[2] Statue of Aristarchus at Aristotle
University in Thessalonica,
Greece UNKNOWN
source: http://www.thelivingmoon.com/43a
ncients/04images/People/Aristarchos_Samo
s.png
[246 BC] 5 6 7
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology; the lives and
achievements of 1195 great scientists
from ancient times to the present,
chronologically arranged", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
(276-196,240BCE 246bce?)
2. ^ "Eratosthenes".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthene
s
3. ^ Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan
Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980).
4. ^
Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology;
the lives and achievements of 1195
great scientists from ancient times to
the present, chronologically arranged",
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
(276-196,240BCE 246bce?)
5. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology; the lives and
achievements of 1195 great scientists
from ancient times to the present,
chronologically arranged", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
(276-196,240BCE 246bce?)
6. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi,
"The Life and Fate of the Ancient
Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO,
1990). (c276-194BCE)
7. ^ Dutka, Jacques.
“‘Eratosthenes’ Measurement of
the Earth Reconsidered’.” Archive
for History of Exact Sciences 46.1
(1993): 55–66. Web. 25 May
2012. http://www.springerlink.com/conte
nt/km185753675743p8/fulltext.pdf
(c230BCE {275-194BCE})
[1] Eratosthenes experiment UNKNOWN
source: http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~scipo
p/Obsetion/eratos/image008.jpg
[2] Eratosthenes (portrait) Copied
from w:es
Imagen:Eratostenes-retrato.png
(originally from Enciclopedia
Libre) PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/a/a2/Portrait_of_Eratosthe
nes.png
[140 BC] 5 6 7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper
and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science
and Civilisation in China, Chemistry
and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1.
Cambridge University Press,
p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf}
2. ^
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-0
8/08/content_4937457.htm
3. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper
and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science
and Civilisation in China, Chemistry
and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1.
Cambridge University Press,
p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf}
4. ^ www.apio.org/chinese05.htm
5. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985).
Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham,
Science and Civilisation in China,
Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol.
5 part 1. Cambridge University Press,
p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf}
6. ^ www.apio.org/chinese05.htm
(=140-87BCE)
7. ^
http://www.amateras.com/trip/china/xian-
e.htm {140-87BCE}
MORE INFO
[1] David Buisseret (1998),
Envisaging the City, U Chicago Press,
p. 12, ISBN 978-0-226-07993-6
province of China3 |Xian, China4
[1] Description Early Chinese hemp
fiber paper, used for wrapping not
writing, on display at the Shaanxi
history museum in Xi'An, China.
Excavated from the Han Tomb of Wu Di
(140-87 BC) at Baqiao, Xi'An. Photo by
Yannick Trottier, 2007 Date 22
June 2007 Source Own work Author
Ytrottier GNU
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/7/7f/Chinese_hemp_paper_we
stern_han.jpg
[2] It's the earliest Paper in the
world : Western Han (140-87
BC) UNKNOWN
source: http://www.amateras.com/trip/chi
na/12Sha-Paper360x240.jpg
[56 BC] 5
3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Titus Carus Lucretius, "T.
Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex,
Volume 1", 1866, lines 176-229,
p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=o
iUTAAAAQAAJ
2. ^ Titus Lucretius Carus, "T. Lucreti
Cari De rerum natura libri sex", J.
Allyn, 1884,
p105. http://books.google.com/books?id=
LCmRGMJBoYUC
3. ^ William Ellery Leonard, "De Rerum
Natura: The Latin Text of Lucretius",
Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2008,
p439. http://books.google.com/books?id=
mUsQtrxbfxIC
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p36-37.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp36-37.
MORE INFO
[1] "Lucretius". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretius
(=(ca. 94 BC- ca. 49 BC)
[2] "Light".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light
[3] "didactic." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Aug.
2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/didactic
[4] "hexameter." The Concise Oxford
Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford
University Press, 2001, 2004.
Answers.com 07 Aug. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hexameter
[1] Text copied from: Titus Carus
Lucretius, ''T. Lucreti Cari De rerum
natura libri sex, Volume 1'', 1866,
lines 176-229,
p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=o
iUTAAAAQAAJ PD
source: http://books.google.com/books?id
=oiUTAAAAQAAJ
[2] Text copied from: Titus Carus
Lucretius, ''T. Lucreti Cari De rerum
natura libri sex, Volume 1'', 1866,
lines 176-229,
p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=o
iUTAAAAQAAJ PD
source: http://books.google.com/books?id
=oiUTAAAAQAAJ
[50 AD] 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology; the lives and
achievements of 1195 great scientists
from ancient times to the present,
chronologically arranged", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p40.
2. ^ "Hero
of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Ale
xandria
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology; the lives and
achievements of 1195 great scientists
from ancient times to the present,
chronologically arranged", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=c20-?)
4. ^ "Hero
of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Ale
xandria (=c.10-c.70(+40)
MORE INFO
[1] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl
Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles,
(1980)
[1] Name of Image: Hero's Engine MIX
#: 9513982 NIX #: MSFC-9513982 Date
of Image: 2004-04-15 Category: Early
Rockets Full Description:
Legendary characters used the power of
mythology to fly through the heavens.
About 200 BC, a Greek inventor known as
Hero of Alexandria came up with a new
invention that depended on the
mechanical interaction of heat and
water. He invented a rocket-like device
called an aeolipile. It used steam for
propulsion. Hero mounted a sphere on
top of a water kettle. A fire below the
kettle turned the water into steam, and
the gas traveled through the pipes to
the sphere. Two L-shaped tubes on
opposite sides of the sphere allowed
the gas to escape, and in doing so gave
a thrust to the sphere that caused it
to rotate. (MRPO) MRD/SPD
Discipline(s): n/a (MRPO) Subject
Type: n/a Keywords: Hero's Engine,
Aeolipile MSFC Negative Number:
9513982 Reference Number:
MSFC-75-SA-4105-2C n/a
n/a from: http://mix.msfc.nasa.gov/ab
stracts.php?p=1867 PD
source: http://mix.msfc.nasa.gov/IMAGES/
HIGH/9513982.jpg
[2] Hero's aeolipile From Knight's
American Mechanical Dictionary, 1876.
PD
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima
ge:Aeolipile_illustration.JPG
[850 AD] 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006),
"Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A
Technological History", Aldershot:
Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599,
p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf}
2. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science
and Civilization in China", vol 5, part
7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder
Epic", Cambridge University Press,
1986, p7.
3. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed.
(2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the
State: A Technological History",
Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599,
p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf}
4. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science
and Civilization in China", vol 5, part
7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder
Epic", Cambridge University Press,
1986, p7.
5. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed.
(2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the
State: A Technological History",
Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599,
p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf}
{850}
6. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science
and Civilization in China", vol 5, part
7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder
Epic", Cambridge University Press,
1986, p7. {850}
[1] Description The earliest known
written description of the formula for
gunpowder, from the Chinese Wujing
Zongyao military manuscript that was
compiled by 1044 during the Song
Dynasty of China. It was written and
compiled by the 11th century Song
scholars Zeng Gongliang (曾公亮),
Ding Du (丁度), and Yang Weide
(楊惟德). The entry for this
specific page is headed with the title
''method for making the fire-chemical''
(''huo yao fa''). This picture can
also be found on page 119 of Joseph
Needham's book Science and Civilization
in China: Volume 5, Part 7. Date
11 August 2007 Source Own
work (My book) Author
PericlesofAthens Permission (Reus
ing this file) See below. PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/c/c2/Chinese_Gunpowder_For
mula.JPG
[960 AD] 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rock
et-history.txt
2. ^ David Baker, "The rocket: the
history and development of rocket &
missile technology", 1978, p10.
3. ^
http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rock
et-history.txt
4. ^ David Baker, "The rocket: the
history and development of rocket &
missile technology", 1978, p10. {960
CE}
5. ^
http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rock
et-history.txt {1045} {1045 CE}
MORE INFO
[1] "military technology".
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 23 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke
d/topic/382397/military-technology/57612
/The-gunpowder-revolution-c-1300-1650>
[1] Description Drawing of an
early Chinese soldier lighting a
rocket Date 2007 Source
http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocket
ry/03.html Author
NASA Permission (Reusing this
file) NASA still images, audio
files and video generally are not
copyrighted. You may use NASA imagery,
video and audio material for
educational or informational purposes,
including photo collections, textbooks,
public exhibits and Internet Web
pages. PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/6/63/Chinese_rocket.gif
[2] Widely reputed as the world's
first ''astronaut'', Wan Hu was a minor
Chinese official of the Ming Dynasty
(1368-1644). Early in the 16th century,
Wan Hu decided to take advantage of
China's advanced power and fireworks
technology to launch himself into outer
space. He had a chair built with 47
''rockets'' attached. On the day of
lift-off, Wan climbed into his rocket
chair and held one enormous kite in
each hand. The ignition of the 47 fuses
caused a huge explosion and sent him
into the sky. But unfortunately, he
failed to go into orbit and his body
smashed into pieces on the ground.
UNKNOWN
source: http://images.china.cn/images1/2
00710/410673.jpg
[1132 AD] 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe,
"Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237.
2. ^
Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan
Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation
of a Bombard.” Technology and Culture
29.3 (1988): 594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105
275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf}
3. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient
Inventions", 1994, p236-237.
4. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu,
Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing.
“The Oldest Representation of a
Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3
(1988): 594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105
275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf}
5. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient
Inventions", 1994, p236-237.
6. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu,
Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing.
“The Oldest Representation of a
Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3
(1988): 594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105
275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf}
MORE INFO
[1] "gunpowder". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903
8534/gunpowder
[2] Needham, Joseph (1986), Science &
Civilisation in China, V:7: The
Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University
Press, ISBN 0521303583
[3] "Gunpowder". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder
[1] Figure 2 from: Gwei-Djen, Lu,
Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing.
“The Oldest Representation of a
Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3
(1988): 594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105
275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf} COPYRIGHTED
source: Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham,
and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest
Representation of a Bombard.”
Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988):
594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105
275
[2] Figure 3 from: Gwei-Djen, Lu,
Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing.
“The Oldest Representation of a
Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3
(1988): 594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105
275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf} COPYRIGHTED
source: Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham,
and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest
Representation of a Bombard.”
Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988):
594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105
275
[1228 AD] 5 6 7 8 9
light.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Robert Grosseteste, tr: Clare C.
Riedl, "On Light {De Luce}", 1942.
http://web.mit.edu/jwk/www/docs/Riedel
%201942%20Grosseteste%20On%20Light.pdf
{Grosseteste_OnLight.pdf}
2. ^
http://www.grosseteste.com/cgi-bin/textd
isplay.cgi?text=de-luce.xml
3. ^
http://www.colorado.edu/StudentGroups/lc
m/lunch/deluce.html
4. ^ Trevor Henry Aston, J. I. Catto,
The Early Oxford Schools, Volume 1,
1984,
p442. http://books.google.com/books?id=
AkJO3TAxMtwC&pg=PA442
5. ^ Trevor Henry Aston, J. I. Catto,
The Early Oxford Schools, Volume 1,
1984,
p442. http://books.google.com/books?id=
AkJO3TAxMtwC&pg=PA442
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). (c1168-1253)
(c1168-1253)
7. ^ "Robert Grosseteste". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903
8191/Robert-Grosseteste (c1175-1253)
8. ^ "Robert
Grosseteste". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gros
seteste (c1175-1253)
9. ^
http://www.grosseteste.com/bio.htm
(c1170-1253)
[1] Record Number: 19885 Shelfmark:
Royal 6 E. V Page Folio Number:
f.6 Description: [Miniature only]
Initial 'A', portrait of Robert
Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln. The
beginning of one of the bishop's
sermons Title of Work: Works of
Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of
Lincoln Author: Grosseteste,
Robert Illustrator: - Production:
England; 15th
century Language/Script: Latin /
- PD
source: http://www.imagesonline.bl.uk/br
itishlibrary/controller/textsearch?text=
grosseteste&y=0&x=0&startid=31330&width=
4&height=2&idx=2
[2] Robert Grosseteste (1168-1253).
Scientist, Philosopher, Bishop of
Lincoln. PD
source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wik
i/Image:Grosseteste-color.png
[1608 AD] 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p105.
2. ^ Dick, T. The
Telescope and Microscope. Lane & Scott,
1852,
p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id
=PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9
3. ^ "Hans Lippershey". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904
8449/Hans-Lippershey
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p105. (1608) (1608)
5. ^
Dick, T. The Telescope and Microscope.
Lane & Scott, 1852,
p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id
=PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9
MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.answers.com/Hans+Lippershey?c
at=technology
(modern: Netherlands)3
[1] Hans Lippershey (1570-September
1619), Dutch lensmaker. PD
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima
ge:Hans_Lippershey.jpg
[2] Description English: Early
depiction of a ‘Dutch telescope’
from the “Emblemata of zinne-werck”
(Middelburg, 1624) of the poet and
statesman Johan de Brune (1588-1658).
The print was engraved by Adriaen van
de Venne, who, together with his
brother Jan Pieters van de Venne,
printed books not far from the original
optical workshop of Hans
Lipperhey. Date 1624 Source
http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/telesc
ope/telescopenl.htm Author Adriaen
Pietersz. van de Venne (1589–1662)
Link back to Creator infobox
template PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/5/51/Emblemata_1624.jpg
[01/??/1610 AD] 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910
5766/Galileo
2. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910
5766/Galileo
3. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910
5766/Galileo (01/1610)
MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.answers.com/Galileo+Galilei?c
at=technology
Italy2
[1] Galileo's Letter to Prince of
Venice PD
source: http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo
/ganymede/manuscript1.jpg
[2] Galileo's illustrations of the
Moon, from his Sidereus Nuncius (1610;
The Sidereal Messenger). Courtesy of
the Joseph Regenstein Library, The
University of Chicago PD
source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art
-2914/Galileos-illustrations-of-the-Moon
-from-his-Sidereus-Nuncius?articleTypeId
=1
[1610 AD] 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ King, H.C. The History of the
Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955.
Dover Books on Astronomy Series,
p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?i
d=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30
2. ^ Dick, T. The Telescope and
Microscope. Lane & Scott, 1852,
p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id
=PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9
3. ^ "Hans Lippershey". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904
8449/Hans-Lippershey
4. ^ King, H.C. The History of the
Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955.
Dover Books on Astronomy Series,
p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?i
d=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30
MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.answers.com/Hans+Lippershey?c
at=technology
[2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p105. (1608) (1608)
[3]
"microscope". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.,
2012. Web. 04 Dec.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecke
d/topic/380582/microscope>
(modern: Netherlands)3
[1] The microscope was first built in
1595 by Hans and Zacharias Jansen
(1588-1631) in Holland (see figure).
source: http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n
17/history/jansen-micro.JPG
[2] Description Portrait of Zacharias
Jansen Date 1655 Source Pierre
Borel, De vero telescopii
inventore Author Pierre Borel
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/3/3b/Zacharias.jpg
[1643 AD] 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907
2977/Evangelista-Torricelli
2. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907
2977/Evangelista-Torricelli
3. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907
2977/Evangelista-Torricelli (1643)
MORE INFO
[1] "Evangelista Torricelli".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelista
_Torricelli
[2] "atmospheric pressure." The
American Heritage� Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 05 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/atmospheric
-pressure
[1] Frontispiece to ''Lezioni
accademiche d'Evangelista
Torricelli....'', published in 1715.
Library Call Number Q155 .T69
1715. Image ID: libr0367, Treasures of
the NOAA Library Collection
Photographer: Archival Photograph by
Mr. Steve Nicklas, NOS, NGS Secondary
source: NOAA Central Library National
Oceanic & Atmospheric Adminstration
(NOAA), USA
http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/library/lib
r0367.htm PD
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima
ge:Libr0367.jpg
[2] Frontispiece and title page to
''Lezioni accademiche d'Evangelista
Torricelli ....'', published in 1715.
Library Call Number Q155 .T69
1715. Image ID: libr0366, Treasures of
the NOAA Library Collection
Photographer: Archival Photograph by
Mr. Steve Nicklas, NOS, NGS Secondary
source: NOAA Central Library National
Oceanic & Atmospheric Adminstration
(NOAA),
USA http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/librar
y/libr0366.htm PD
source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wik
i/Image:Libr0366.jpg
[1678 AD] 3
contracted with electricity.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of
Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837",
E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=
0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year
+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA
2. ^ "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907
0581/Jan-Swammerdam
3. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of
Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837",
E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=
0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year
+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA {1678}"
MORE INFO
[1] "Jan Swammerdam". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammer
dam
[2]
http://www.answers.com/Jan+Swammerdam+?c
at=technology
[3]
http://www.janswammerdam.net/portrait.ht
ml
[4] "Apothecary". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apothecary
[5]
http://www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/exhi
bits/herbal/swammerdam.htm
[6] "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907
0581/Jan-Swammerdam (1672)
[7] "Electricity
and Magnetism" Amédée Guillemin,
translated by Silvanus P. Thompson,
B.A., D.Sc., F.R.A.S. Macmillan and
Co., London, 1891.
http://books.google.com/books?id=iHg9A
QAAIAAJ
[8]
http://www.telephonecollecting.org/feeli
ng.htm
(presumably)
[1] One of Galvani’s decisive
experiments was to show that movement
could be induced by stroking an iron
plate against a brass hook inserted
into the frog’s spinal column, which
generated a small electric current. In
one version of Swammerdam’s nerve
muscle experiment, the nerve was
suspended in a brass hook, which was
then stroked with a silver
wire: PD/Corel
source: http://www.janswammerdam.net/Ima
ges/Fig4.jpg
[1687 AD] 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ (Liber I Prop. LXIX. Theor.
XXIX.) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae
Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
(London: 1687),
p190. http://books.google.com/books?id=
qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA190
AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.
uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 English
(note: Third Edition): Newton, I., A.
Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy. B.
Motte, 1729. The Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy,
Volume 1,
p259. http://books.google.com/books?id=
Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259
2. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910
8764/Sir-Isaac-Newton
3. ^
Newton_isaac_letters_739364699_content.p
df Annals of Science, The Newton
Letters Vols I and II, G Burniston
Brown, 06/01/1960 (publishes: 1687)
MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Isaac Newton".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Isaa
c_Newton
[2] "binomial theorem". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907
9241/binomial-theorem
[3]
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/
Biographies/Newton.html
[4]
http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.htm
l
[5]
http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/pr
ism.php?id=47
[6]
http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/te
xts/viewtext.php?id=NATP00006&mode=norma
lized
[7]
http://www.jstor.org/view/03702316/ap000
007/00a00090/0
[8] "Niccolo Zucchi". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907
8475/Niccolo-Zucchi
[9]
http://grus.berkeley.edu/~jrg/TelescopeH
istory/Early_Period.html
[10]
http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/pr
ism.php?id=15
[11] "acoustics". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-640
48/acoustics
[12] (Scholium.) Newton, I., and A.
Motte. The Principia. Prometheus Books,
1848. Great Minds Series., p182
[1] Sir Isaac Newton's own first
edition copy of his Philosophiae
Naturalis Principia Mathematica with
his handwritten corrections for the
second edition. The first edition was
published under the imprint of Samuel
Pepys who was president of the Royal
Society. By the time of the second
edition, Newton himself had become
president of the Royal Society, as
noted in his corrections. The book can
be seen in the Wren Library of Trinity
College, Cambridge. CC
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima
ge:NewtonsPrincipia.jpg
[2] Description Isaac Newton Date
1689 Author Godfrey Kneller PD
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima
ge:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg
[1791 AD] 3
contracted remotely by light
particles).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Luigi Galvani, Elizabeth Licht,
Robert Green, "Commentary on the Effect
of Electricity on Muscular Motion",
Waverly Press, 1953.
2. ^ "Luigi Galvani".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903
5937/Luigi-Galvani
3. ^ "Luigi Galvani". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-903
5937/Luigi-Galvani (1791)
MORE INFO
[1]
https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/Nat
ureandArtifice/lecture14.html
[1] Italian physicists Luigi
Galvani Source
http://www.museopalazzopoggi.unibo.it
//poggi_eng/palazzo/foto/prot Date
18-19 th century Author
Unknown PD
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima
ge:Luigi_Galvani%2C_oil-painting.jpg
[2] The electrochemical behavior of
two dissimilar metals [(zinc (Z) and
copper (C)] in a bimetallic arch, in
contact with the electrolytes of
tissue, produces an electric
stimulating current that elicits
muscular contraction. [Malmivuo, J., &
Plonsey, R. (1995).
Bioelectromagnatism: Principles and
applications of bioelectric and
biomagnetic fields. New York: Oxford
University Press., Ch.1] URL:
http://butler.cc.tut.fi/~malmivuo/bem/be
mbook/01/01.htm Diagram of Luigi
Galvani's frog legs (~1770s) PD
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima
ge:Galvani%27s_legs.gif
[03/20/1800 AD] 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229.
2. ^ "Conte
Alessandro Volta". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907
5699/Conte-Alessandro-Volta
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229. (1800)
(1800)
4. ^ "alessandro volta". Biographies.
Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/alessandro-
volta?cat=technology (03/20/1800(sends
letter to Banks secretary of royal
society)
MORE INFO
[1] "Alessandro Volta".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_
Volta
[2]
http://inventors.about.com/library/inven
tors/bl_Alessandro_Volta.htm
[1] Volta, ''On the Electricity excited
by the mere Contact of conducting
Substances of different Kinds.'',
Philosophical Magazine, September 1800,
p415. http://archive.org/download/lepid
opterarepor07winc/lepidopterarepor07winc
.pdf PD
source: http://archive.org/download/lepi
dopterarepor07winc/lepidopterarepor07win
c.pdf
[2] Description Alessandro Giuseppe
Antonio Anastasio Volta Source
http://www.anthroposophie.net/bibliot
hek/nawi/physik/volta/bib_volta.htm Dat
e 2006-03-02 (original upload
date) PD
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima
ge:Alessandro_Volta.jpeg
[03/27/1800 AD] 4 5
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ William Herschel, "Investigation
of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours
to Heat and Illuminate Objects; With
Remarks, That Prove the Different
Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To
Which is Added, an Inquiry into the
Method of Viewing the Sun
Advantageously, with Telescopes of
Large Apertures and High Magnifying
Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of
the Royal Society of London , Vol. 90,
(1800), pp. 255-283.
books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ
&pg=PA255
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215.
3. ^ "Sir William
Herschel". Encyclopedia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904
0235/Sir-William-Herschel
4. ^ William Herschel, "Investigation
of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours
to Heat and Illuminate Objects; With
Remarks, That Prove the Different
Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To
Which is Added, an Inquiry into the
Method of Viewing the Sun
Advantageously, with Telescopes of
Large Apertures and High Magnifying
Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of
the Royal Society of London , Vol. 90,
(1800), pp. 255-283.
books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ
&pg=PA255
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. (1800)
(1800)
MORE INFO
[1] "William Herschel".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Her
schel
[1] William Herschel, ''Investigation
of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours
to Heat and Illuminate Objects; With
Remarks, That Prove the Different
Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To
Which is Added, an Inquiry into the
Method of Viewing the Sun
Advantageously, with Telescopes of
Large Apertures and High Magnifying
Powers.'', Philosophical Transactions
of the Royal Society of London , Vol.
90, (1800), pp. 255-283.
books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ
&pg=PA255 PD
source: books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAA
AAcAAJ&pg=PA255
[2] Description Wilhelm Herschel,
German-British
astronomer. Date 1785 Source Nat
ional Portrait Gallery, London: NPG
98 Author Lemuel Francis Abbott PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/3/36/William_Herschel01.jp
g
[11/12/1801 AD] 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Miscellaneous Works of the Late
Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George
Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p161.
2. ^ Thomas
Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the
Theory of Light and Colours",
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London (1776-1886),Volume
92, (1802),
pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.o
rg/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575ba
e414c9a974a16d595c628d0π=24
AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-X
AXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 {Young_Thomas_1802_
on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours.pdf}
3. ^ John Charles Drury Brand, Raymond
Bonnett, "Lines of Light: The Sources
of Dispersive Spectroscopy, 1800-1930",
CRC Press, 1995, p27.
http://books.google.com/books?id=sKx0I
BC22p4C&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=joseph+fraun
hofer+measured+wavelengths+lines&source=
web&ots=qKuKNGN2kv&sig=ZwvLfbjr0XPa68680
mOZkZhEnUs&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&res
num=4&ct=result#PPA32,M1 {11/12/1801}
4. ^ Thomas
Young, Philip Kelland, "A Course of
Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the
Mechanical Arts", Taylor and Walton,
1845. {Contains the lectures which form
vol. I of the 1807
edition.} http://books.google.com/books
?id=fGMSAAAAIAAJ {11/12/1801}
MORE INFO
[1] "Thomas Young (scientist)".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Youn
g_%28scientist%29
[2] "etalon." Dictionary.com Unabridged
(v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 17 Jun.
2008.
talon>
[3] Thomas Young, "The Bakerian
Lecture: On the Theory of Light and
Colours", Philosophical Transactions of
the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802), pp12-48.
http://journals.royalsociety.org/conte
nt/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575bae414c9a9
74a16d595c628d0π=24
AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-X
AXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140
[1] {ULSF: Table of light wavelengths
and frequencies calculated by Young
from Theory of Light and Colours
11/12/1801} The inch used in the table
is the French (Paris) inch of
27.07mm. PD/Corel AND Portrait of
Thomas Young in color PD
source: Young_Thomas_1802_on_the_theory_
of_light_and_colours.pdfhttp://ugadayki.
ru/images/sv/133163204157_full.jpg
[2] {ULSF: Table of light wavelengths
and frequencies calculated by Young
from Theory of Light and Colours
11/12/1801} The inch used in the table
is the French (Paris) inch of
27.07mm. PD/Corel
source: Young_Thomas_1802_on_the_theory_
of_light_and_colours.pdf
[1809 AD] 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286.
2. ^ "Humphry Davy".
History of Science and Technology.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat
=technology
3. ^ "Humphry Davy". Biographies.
Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat
=technology
4. ^ "Humphry Davy". History of Science
and Technology. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat
=technology (1809)
MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Humphry Davy Baronet".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-902
9535/Sir-Humphry-Davy-Baronet
[2] "Humphry Davy". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Dav
y
[3]
http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[1] Humphry Davy demonstrates his new
electric light for the members of the
Royal Institution of London. Power is
drawn from the banks of batteries in
the basement and rapidly used up by the
intense light. Electric light was then
only a scientific curiosity, practical
only when expense was no
object. Humphry Davy Demonstrating the
Arc Light, 1809 PD/COPYRIGHTED
source: http://people.clarkson.edu/%7Eek
atz/scientists/davy.htm
[2]
http://www.nndb.com/people/028/000083776
/humphry-davy-2-sized.jpg [left finger
1: ''left'' viewed as educated
intellectuals in 1800s England? just
coincidence?] PD
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima
ge:Sir_Humphry_Davy2.jpg
[1820 AD] 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engi
ne
2. ^ Cambridge Philosophical Society,
"Transactions of the Cambridge
Philosophical Society", University
Press, 1822, p217-239.
http://books.google.com/books?id=hgYFA
AAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0iE3HbhCd9wmSagF2t&as_brr=1#PPA217,M1
3. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engi
ne
4. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engi
ne {1820}
MORE INFO
[1] "history of technology."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01
Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi
c/1350805/history-of-technology>
England3
[1] W. Cecil's hydrogen combustion
vacuum engine PD/Corel
source: http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignO
ffice/projects/cecil/images/isometricalv
iew.jpg
[2] Cecil's figures PD/Corel
source: http://books.google.com/books?id
=hgYFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edi
tions:0iE3HbhCd9wmSagF2t&as_brr=1#PPA230
,M1
[09/11/1821 AD] 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM
2. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910
9756/Michael-Faraday
3. ^ Michael Faraday, "On some new
Electro-Magnetical Motions, and on the
Theory of Magnetism", Royal Institution
Quarterly Journal of Science and Arts.
Volume XII, (1822), pp74-96.
http://books.google.com/books?id=lCUCA
AAAYAAJ&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=%22on+some
+new+electro-magnetical+motions%22&sourc
e=web&ots=VKIy3FqaNj&sig=YybSGqm9Q6m-Wqj
9LSQTTX8JGDk&hl=en {Faraday_1821_motor.
pdf} (09/11/1821)
4. ^
http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM
(1821)
MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+?
cat=technology
[2] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_
Faraday
[3]
http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/farada
y.htm
[4] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf
http://journals.royalsociety.org/conte
nt/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The
Referees' Assessment of Faraday's
Electromagnetic Induction Paper of
1831 Journal Notes and Records of the
Royal Society of London
(1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2
/
1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.19
93.0031
[5]
Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_
Electricity_1.pdf Experimental
Researches in
Electricity Journal Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of
London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 122 -
1832 Author Michael
Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006
[6] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged
(v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/c
alico
[7] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910
9642/Charles-Darwin
[8]
http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMa
terials.html
[9]
http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAA
AIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science
+of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1
[10] Institution of Engineering and
Technology, London Archives, Michael
Faraday
[1] The first electric motors - Michael
Faraday, 1821 From the Quarterly
Journal of Science, Vol XII, 1821 PD
source: http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTOR
S.HTM
[2] Description Michael Faraday,
oil, by Thomas Phillips Source
Thomas Phillips,1842 Date
1842 Author Thomas Phillips[3
wiki] The portrait shown here was
painted by Thomas Phillips (1770-1845),
oil on canvas, The National Portrait
Gallery, London.[7] PD
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima
ge:M_Faraday_Th_Phillips_oil_1842.jpg
[1826 AD] 3 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/pe
rmanent/wfp/7.html
2. ^ "Nicephore Niepce". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905
5791/Nicephore-Niepce
3. ^ "Joseph Nicéphore Niepce". The
Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005.
Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Joseph+Nic%C3%A9p
hore+Niepce?cat=technology (1826)
4. ^
http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/pe
rmanent/wfp/7.html (1826/7)
5. ^ "Nicephore
Niepce". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-905
5791/Nicephore-Niepce (1826/7)
MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph Nicéphore Niepce".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Nic%
C3%A9phore_Niepce
[2] "lithography". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904
8518/lithography
[1] English: By Nicéphore Niépce in
1826, entitled ''View from the Window
at Le Gras,'' captured on 20 × 25 cm
oil-treated bitumen. Due to the 8-hour
exposure, the buildings are illuminated
by the sun from both right and left.
This photo is generally considered the
first successful permanent
photograph. PD
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima
ge:View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras%2C_Jo
seph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce.jpg
[2] Joseph-Nicéphore Niépce. ©
Bettmann/Corbis PD/COPYRIGHTED
source: http://concise.britannica.com/eb
c/art-59378/Joseph-Nicephore-Niepce
[1830 AD] 8 9 10 11
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Franz Josef Pisko, "Die neueren
apparate der akustik: Für freunde der
naturwissenschaft und der ...",
1865. http://books.google.com/books?id=
fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v
ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false
2. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone,
film, typewriter", 1999,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=z
Srte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla
ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%
20glass%20cylinder&f=false
3. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake,
"The American journal of otology,
Volume 1", 1879,
p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aI
pXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin
g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%
20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
4. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas
Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French,
A. H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine,
Volume 29",
p229-230. http://books.google.com/books
?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web
er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%
20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
5. ^ Dr. Franz Melde, Lehre von den
Schwingungscurven. Leipzig, Barth 1864,
pag. 83, §. 17.
http://books.google.com/books?id=Ymj_c
6z3kfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lehre+von
+den+Schwingungscurven+date:1864-1864#v=
onepage&q=weber&f=false (in
English:) Dr. Franz Melde, "theory of
Vibration-Curves". Leipzig, Barth 1864,
p. 83, §. 17.
6. ^ Schilling musikalisches
Lexicon, Stuttgart 1830, I. Band,
Artikel Akustik von Wilhelm Weber. (in
English:) Schilling musical lexicon,
Stuttgart, 1830, Volume I, Article
Acoustics by William Weber.
7. ^ Friedrich A.
Kittler, "Gramophone, film,
typewriter", 1999,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=z
Srte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla
ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%
20glass%20cylinder&f=false
8. ^ Franz Josef Pisko, "Die neueren
apparate der akustik: Für freunde der
naturwissenschaft und der ...",
1865. http://books.google.com/books?id=
fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v
ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false {1830}
9. ^
Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone,
film, typewriter", 1999,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=z
Srte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla
ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%
20glass%20cylinder&f=false {1830}
10. ^ edited
by Clarence John Blake, "The American
journal of otology, Volume 1", 1879,
p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aI
pXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin
g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%
20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
11. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas
Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French,
A. H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine,
Volume 29",
p229-230. http://books.google.com/books
?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web
er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%
20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
MORE INFO
[1] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Edu
ard_Weber
[2]
http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[3] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-907
6390/Wilhelm-Eduard-Weber (1837)
[1] Wilhelm Eduard Weber
(1804-1891) PD
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima
ge:Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber_II.jpg
[09/??/1831 AD] 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Michael Faraday, "Experimental
Researches in Electricity",
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London (1776-1886), Volume
122, (1832),
p146. DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006.
{Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_
in_Electricity_1.pdf}
2. ^
http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/farada
y.htm
3. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910
9756/Michael-Faraday
4. ^
http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/farada
y.htm (09/??/1831)
MORE INFO
[1] "Michael Faraday". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Far
aday
[2]
http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+?
cat=technology
[3] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_
Faraday
[4]
http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[5] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf
http://journals.royalsociety.org/conte
nt/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The
Referees' Assessment of Faraday's
Electromagnetic Induction Paper of
1831 Journal Notes and Records of the
Royal Society of London
(1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2
/
1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.19
93.0031
[6] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged
(v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/c
alico
[7] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910
9642/Charles-Darwin
[8]
http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMa
terials.html
[9]
http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAA
AIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science
+of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1
[1] Description Michael Faraday,
oil, by Thomas Phillips Source
Thomas Phillips,1842 Date
1842 Author Thomas Phillips[3
wiki] The portrait shown here was
painted by Thomas Phillips (1770-1845),
oil on canvas, The National Portrait
Gallery, London.[7] PD
source: http://en.pedia.org//Image:M_Far
aday_Th_Phillips_oil_1842.jpg
[2] Michael Faraday - Project
Gutenberg eText 13103 From The Project
Gutenberg eBook, Great Britain and Her
Queen, by Anne E.
Keeling http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/
13103 PD
source: http://en.pedia.org//Image:Micha
el_Faraday_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_131
03.jpg
[1832 AD] 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braco
nnot.htm
2. ^ "major industrial polymers".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-764
71/major-industrial-polymers
3. ^
http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braco
nnot.htm
4. ^
http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braco
nnot.htm (1832)
MORE INFO
[1] "Henri Braconnot". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Braco
nnot
[2]
http://www.answers.com/saponification?ca
t=health
[1] Henri Braconnot, French
chemist H402/0577 Rights
Managed Credit: CCI ARCHIVES/SCIENCE
PHOTO LIBRARY Caption: Henri
Braconnot (1780-1855), French chemist
and pharmacist. At 13 Braconnot
undertook a two year apprenticeship in
a pharmacy in Nancy. As well as
pharmacology he also studied chemistry
and botany. He continued his education
in Strasbourg and Paris, before
returning to Nancy in 1802 to become
the chairman of the botanical garden.
His research lead to the discovery of
numerous plant compounds, including
acids and sugars, as well as
discovering chitin, the earliest known
polysaccharide, in mushrooms. Braconnot
was also the first chemist to create a
polymer when he added nitric acid to
wood or cotton to obtain
xyloidine. Release details: Model
and property releases are not available
PD
source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/imag
e/223788/large/H4020577-Henri_Braconnot,
_French_chemist-SPL.jpg
[2] Henri Braconnot, French
chemist H402/0577 Rights
Managed Credit: CCI ARCHIVES/SCIENCE
PHOTO LIBRARY Caption: Henri
Braconnot (1780-1855), French chemist
and pharmacist. At 13 Braconnot
undertook a two year apprenticeship in
a pharmacy in Nancy. As well as
pharmacology he also studied chemistry
and botany. He continued his education
in Strasbourg and Paris, before
returning to Nancy in 1802 to become
the chairman of the botanical garden.
His research lead to the discovery of
numerous plant compounds, including
acids and sugars, as well as
discovering chitin, the earliest known
polysaccharide, in mushrooms. Braconnot
was also the first chemist to create a
polymer when he added nitric acid to
wood or cotton to obtain
xyloidine. Release details: Model
and property releases are not available
PD
source:
[07/29/1839 AD] 5
2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond.
"Recherches sur les effets de la
radiation chimique de la lumi�re
solaire, au moyen des courants
�lectriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839):
145-149. English: "Studies of the
effect of actinitic radiation of
sunlight by means of electric
currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZ
FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145
2. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur
les effets �lectriques produits sous
l�influence des rayons solaires."
Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839,
p561-567. English: "Note on the
electric effects produces under the
influence of
sunlight" http://books.google.com/books
?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561
3. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia
Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov.
2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi
c/552875/solar-cell>.
4. ^ "Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond",
Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles
Scribner's Sons, (2000), p72.
5. ^
Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond.
"Recherches sur les effets de la
radiation chimique de la lumière
solaire, au moyen des courants
électriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839):
145-149; 561. also Annalen der Physick
und Chemie, Vol. 54, pp. 18-34,
1841. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/
CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-2968&M=chemindefer
English: "Research on the effects of
the chemical radiation of solar light
by means of the electric
currents" {Becquerel_Edmond_1839.pdf}
{07/29/1839}
MORE INFO
[1] "thermionic power converter."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19
June 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910
6050>
[2] "A. E. Becquerel". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Becqu
erel
[3] "Becquerel". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Becquere
l
[4] Edmond Becquerel, "Des effets
chimiques et électriques produits sous
l'influence de la lumière solaire",
1840. http://jubil.upmc.fr/sdx/pl/doc-t
dm.xsp?id=TH_000231_001_page1&fmt=upmc&b
ase=fa&root=&n=&qid=&ss=&as=&ai=#page1
[5] "solar cell." Encyclopædia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 19 June 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-458
72>
[6]
http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biograph
y/BecquerelEdmond.html
[7]
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Isd9IEnR4
bw {video of liquid oxygen
paramagnetism}
[1] Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond.
''Recherches sur les effets de la
radiation chimique de la lumière
solaire, au moyen des courants
électriques.'' CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839):
145-149. English: ''Studies of the
effect of actinitic radiation of
sunlight by means of electric
currents'' books.google.com/books?id=zm
ZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145 PD AND [2]
Scientist: Becquerel, Alexandre Edmond
(1820 - 1891) Discipline(s):
Physics Print Artist: Charles
Jeremie Fuhr, b.1832 Medium:
Lithograph Original Artist: Pierre
Petit, 1832-1885 Original Dimensions:
Graphic: 25.5 x 19 cm / Sheet: 30.6 x
20.1 cm PD/Corel
source: books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAA
AAcAAJ&pg=PA145http://www.sil.si.edu/dig
italcollections/hst/scientific-identity/
fullsize/SIL14-B2-07a.jpg
[2] Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond.
''Recherches sur les effets de la
radiation chimique de la lumière
solaire, au moyen des courants
électriques.'' CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839):
145-149. English: ''Studies of the
effect of actinitic radiation of
sunlight by means of electric
currents'' books.google.com/books?id=zm
ZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145 PD
source: books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAA
AAcAAJ&pg=PA145
[04/??/1845 AD] 4 5 6
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ The Earl of Rosse. "Observations
on the Nebulae." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of
London (1850):
499-514. http://books.google.com/books?
id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307
/108449
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342.
3. ^
http://casswww.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/
Galaxies.html
4. ^ The Earl of Rosse. "Observations
on the Nebulae." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of
London (1850):
499-514. http://books.google.com/books?
id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307
/108449
5. ^
http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/Artik
el/birr/birr_e.htm (04/1845)
6. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342. (1845)
(1845)
MORE INFO
[1] "William Parsons, 3rd Earl of
Rosse". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Par
sons%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse
[2] "William Parsons Rosse".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/William_
Parsons_Rosse
[3]
http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~trw/telescopes.
html
[4]
http://seds.org/MESSIER/more/m-rosse.htm
l
[5]
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/unive
rse/scientists/william_parsons_3rd_earl_
of_rosse#default
[6] Rosse, Earl of. "Observations on
Some of the Nebulae." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of
London 134 (1844):
321-324. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10
.2307/108366
[1] The Earl of Rosse. ''Observations
on the Nebulae.'' Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of
London (1850):
499-514. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10
.2307/108449 PD
source: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2
307/108449
[2] Abb. 2 - Lord Rosse's drwaing of M
51 showing its spiral structure. [t
Notice that Parsons numbers stars which
appear to be part of the
galaxy] PD/Corel
source: http://www.klima-luft.de/steinic
ke/Artikel/birr/birr_e.htm
[07/01/1858 AD] 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred
Wallace. "On the tendency of species to
form varieties; and on the perpetuation
of varieties and species by natural
means of selection." Journal of the
proceedings of the Linnean Society of
London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858):
45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id
=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45
2. ^ "Darwin, Charles." Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. 30 Apr. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910
9642>.
3. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred
Wallace. "On the tendency of species to
form varieties; and on the perpetuation
of varieties and species by natural
means of selection." Journal of the
proceedings of the Linnean Society of
London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858):
45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id
=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45
4. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred
Wallace. "On the tendency of species to
form varieties; and on the perpetuation
of varieties and species by natural
means of selection." Journal of the
proceedings of the Linnean Society of
London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858):
45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id
=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45
5. ^ "Darwin, Charles." Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. 30 Apr. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-910
9642>. (07/01/1858)
MORE INFO
[1] The Complete Works of Charles
Darwin Online.
http://darwin-online.org.uk/
[2]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rob
ert_Darwin
[1] ''Charles Darwin, aged 51.''
Scanned from Karl Pearson, The Life,
Letters, and Labours of Francis Galton.
Photo originally from the 1859 or
1860. PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/4/42/Charles_Darwin_aged_5
1.jpg
[2] Charles Darwin as a 7-year old boy
in 1816 The seven-year-old Charles
Darwin in 1816, one year before his
mother's death. [t A rare smile, there
are not many photos of Darwin
smiling.] PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/en/6/6c/Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg
[10/20/1859 AD] 4 5 6 7
from light spectra.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die
Fraunhofer'schen Linien,"
Monatsberichte der Koniglich
Preussischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp.
662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OA
AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprin
ted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius
Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's}
Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English
translation in George Gabriel Stokes,
"On the Simultaneous Emission and
Absorption of Rays of the same definite
Refrangibility; being a translation of
a portion of a paper by M. Leon
Foucault, and of a paper by Professor
Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine,
1860,
19:196-197. http://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou
cault_kirchhoff.pdf}
2. ^ "Robert Bunsen." A Dictionary of
Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 May.
2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-buns
en
3. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die
Fraunhofer'schen Linien,"
Monatsberichte der Koniglich
Preussischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp.
662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OA
AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprin
ted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius
Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's}
Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English
translation in George Gabriel Stokes,
"On the Simultaneous Emission and
Absorption of Rays of the same definite
Refrangibility; being a translation of
a portion of a paper by M. Leon
Foucault, and of a paper by Professor
Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine,
1860,
19:196-197. http://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou
cault_kirchhoff.pdf}
4. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die
Fraunhofer'schen Linien,"
Monatsberichte der Koniglich
Preussischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp.
662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OA
AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprin
ted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius
Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's}
Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English
translation in George Gabriel Stokes,
"On the Simultaneous Emission and
Absorption of Rays of the same definite
Refrangibility; being a translation of
a portion of a paper by M. Leon
Foucault, and of a paper by Professor
Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine,
1860,
19:196-197. http://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou
cault_kirchhoff.pdf} {10/20/1859}
5. ^ Daniel M.
Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav
Robert Kirchhoff: Two Independent
Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation
Law"', Isis, Vol. 67, No. 4 (Dec.,
1976), pp.
565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23
0562?seq=2
{Kirchhoff_Siegal_Isis_1976_230562.pdf
} {10/20/1859}
6. ^
http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scient
ists/bunsen.html (1859)
7. ^ "Bunsen, Robert
Wilhelm." Encyclopædia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
8 May 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-901
8091>. (1859)
MORE INFO
[1] "Robert Bunsen." Biographies.
Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
08 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-buns
en
[2] "Robert Bunsen". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Buns
en
[3]
http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[4] "Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen",
Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles
Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp153-154
[5]
http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/ch
emach/periodic/bunsen-kirchhoff.html
[6] Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of
the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887).
http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KA
AAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1
814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2-
HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T
he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf}
[7] (English translation of 1860 paper)
Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen,
"Chemical Analysis by Observation of
Spectra", Annalen der Physik und der
Chemie (Poggendorff), Vol. 110 (1860),
pp161-189. http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/
webdocs/Chem-History/Kirchhoff-Bunsen-18
60.html {Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html}
[8] "Gustav Robert Kirchhoff",
Obituary Notice. Proc. Roy, Soc. vol.
46, p. vi. (1889).
http://journals.royalsociety.org/conte
nt/cg61418590l307t2/?p=b6c499a7daa34dfb9
4680da0469118ebπ=1 {Kirchhoff_obituary
_PRS.pdf}
Germany2 3
[1] Bunsen-Kirchhoff spectroscope with
the Bunsen burner (labeled D), from
Annalen der Physik (1860). Chemical
Heritage Foundation
Collections. PD/Corel AND Kirchhoff
(left) and Bunsen (right) PD
source: http://www.chemheritage.org/clas
sroom/chemach/images/lgfotos/04periodic/
bunsen-kirchhoff2.jpghttp://2.bp.blogspo
t.com/-DmiBHx0pAXc/TZGos9g4_yI/AAAAAAAAA
Wk/eFxlDSws9zI/s1600/kirchoff_bunsen.jpg
[2] Bunsen-Kirchhoff spectroscope with
the Bunsen burner (labeled D), from
Annalen der Physik (1860). Chemical
Heritage Foundation
Collections. PD/Corel
source: http://www.chemheritage.org/clas
sroom/chemach/images/lgfotos/04periodic/
bunsen-kirchhoff2.jpg
[10/26/1861 AD] 4 5
telephone. Sound converted to
electricity and back.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Silvanus Phillips Thompson,
"Philipp Reis: inventor of the
telephone: A biographical sketch, with
...",
1883. http://books.google.com/books?id=
YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil
ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onep
age&q=&f=false
{Philipp_Reis__inventor_of_the_telepho
ne.pdf}
2. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The
speaking telephone, talking phonograph,
and other novelties",
1878,p147. http://books.google.com/book
s?id=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=
%22galvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE
-YQX1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl
=en&ei=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=bo
ok_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q
=%22galvanic%20music%22&f=false
3. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The
speaking telephone, talking phonograph,
and other novelties",
1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?
id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t
he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=fal
se
4. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The
speaking telephone, talking phonograph,
and other novelties",
1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?
id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t
he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=fal
se {10/26/1861}
5. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The
speaking telephone, talking phonograph,
and other novelties",
1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?
id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t
he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=fal
se {1861}
MORE INFO
[1] Herbert Newton Casson, "The
history of the telephone",
1910. http://books.google.com/books?id=
4iU1AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+
History+of+the+Telephone&as_brr=1#v=onep
age&q=&f=false
[2] Théodore Achille L. Du Moncel,
"The telephone, the microphone, and the
phonograph",
1879. http://books.google.com/books?id=
Do4DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR7&dq=history+microphon
e#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=fal
se
and http://books.google.com/books?id=se
QOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7&dq=history+microphone&
as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphon
e&f=false
[3] W. F. Barrett, "The Telephone, Its
History and Its Recent Improvements",
Nature, vol19, 11/07/1878,
p12-14. http://books.google.com/books?i
d=oC0CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA12&dq=history+microp
hone&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20micr
ophone&f=false
[4] The Talking Machine
Industry http://www.archive.org/stream/
talkingmachinein00mitcuoft/talkingmachin
ein00mitcuoft_djvu.txt
and cabinet in Garnier's Institute,
Friedrichsdorf, demonstrated before
Physical Society) Frankfort, Germany3
[1] Drawing of Philip Reiss telephone
used for 10/26/1861 demonstration
before Physical Society in Frankfort,
Germany. PD
source: http://books.google.com/books?id
=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=%22g
alvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE-YQX
1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl=en&
ei=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=book_r
esult&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q=%22
galvanic%20music%22&f=false
[2] portrait of Philip Reiss From
Silvanus Thompson: ''Reis is here
represented as holding in his hand the
telephone with which he had a few days
preceding (May 11, 1862) achieved such
success at his lecture before the
Freies Deutsches Hochstift (Free German
Institute) in Frankfort. '' PD
source: http://books.google.com/books?id
=YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phi
lip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=one
page&q=&f=false
[08/28/1875 AD] 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric
Currents of the Brain", British Medical
Journal, 1875, V2,
p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/
257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508
28.pdf}
2. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric
Currents of the Brain", British Medical
Journal, 1875, V2,
p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/
257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508
28.pdf}
3. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric
Currents of the Brain", British Medical
Journal, 1875, V2,
p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/
257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508
28.pdf} {08/28/1875}
[1] Text of: Richard Caton, ''The
Electric Currents of the Brain'',
British Medical Journal, 1875, V2,
p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/
257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508
28.pdf} PD
source: http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765
/257.full.pdf+html
[2]
http://books.google.com/books?id=_GMeW9E
1IB4C&pg=PA41 COPYRIGHTED
source: http://books.google.com/books?id
=_GMeW9E1IB4C&pg=PA41
[1880 AD] 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
2. ^ W. C. Röntgen,
"Ueber die durch Electricität
bewirkten Form- und Volumenänderungen
von dielectrischen Körpern", Annalen
der Physik, Volume 247, Issue 13, pages
771–786,
1880. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/do
i/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract {Ro
ntgen_Wilhelm_Conrad_188009xx.pdf}
English: "About the changes in shape
and volume of dielectrics caused by
electricity"
3. ^ W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch
Electricität bewirkten Form- und
Volumenänderungen von dielectrischen
Körpern", Annalen der Physik, Volume
247, Issue 13, pages 771–786,
1880. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/do
i/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract {Ro
ntgen_Wilhelm_Conrad_188009xx.pdf}
English: "About the changes in shape
and volume of dielectrics caused by
electricity" {09/1880}
MORE INFO
[1] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." A
Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-con
rad-r-ntgen
[2] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad."
Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-con
rad-r-ntgen
[3] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." The
Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press.,
2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-con
rad-r-ntgen
[4] "Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Kon
rad_R%C3%B6ntgen
[5] "Rontgen rays". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Rontgen_
rays
[6] W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch
Bewegung eines im homogenen
electrischen Felde befindlichen
Dielectricums hervorgerufene
electrodynamische Kraft", Ann. Phys.
Chem. 35, 264-270
(1888). http://www3.interscience.wiley.
com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488000/PDFSTART
[7] W. C. Röntgen, "Beschreibung des
Apparates, mit welchem die Versuche
über die electrodynamische Wirkung
bewegter Dielectrica ausgeführt
wurden", Annalen der Physik und Chemie,
Volume 276, Issue 5, Date: 1890, Pages:
93-108. http://www3.interscience.wiley.
com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112506815/PDFSTART
[8] "Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20
Mar. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9083
885>
[9] "Röntgen (Roentgen), Wilhelm
Conrad", Concise Dictionary of
Scientific Biography, edition 2,
Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000),
p751-752
Germany2
[1] Figures 1 and 2 from: W. C.
Röntgen, ''Ueber die durch
Electricität bewirkten Form- und
Volumenänderungen von dielectrischen
Körpern'', Annalen der Physik, Volume
247, Issue 13, pages 771–786,
1880. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/do
i/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract {Ro
ntgen_Wilhelm_Conrad_188009xx.pdf}
English: ''About the changes in
shape and volume of dielectrics caused
by electricity'' PD
source: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/d
oi/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract
[2] English: Photo of Wilhelm Conrad
Röntgen. Cleaned up version of
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?i
mgurl=6b3da250c6b5560f Source
unknown source Date 1900 PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/7/71/Roentgen2.jpg
[03/24/1882 AD] 5 6
communication.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of
Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co.,
1902,
p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books
?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W
ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&s
ource=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK
fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&res
num=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1
2. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric
Communication", Patent number: 350299,
Issue date: Oct 5,
1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=
Pc9cAAAAEBAJ
3. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Electric
Communication Without Wires",
Scientific American Supplement, Number
571, 12/11/1886,
p9119. http://books.google.com/books?id
=_jEiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9119
4. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric
Communication", Patent number: 350299,
Issue date: Oct 5,
1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=
Pc9cAAAAEBAJ
5. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric
Communication", Patent number: 350299,
Issue date: Oct 5,
1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=
Pc9cAAAAEBAJ
6. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of
Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co.,
1902,
p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books
?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W
ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&s
ource=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK
fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&res
num=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1 {1882}
MORE INFO
[1] Dolbear, A.E. �On the
Development of a New Telephonic
System.� Telegraph Engineers and of
Electricians, Journal of the Society of
11.41 (1882):
130�144. books.google.com/books?id=nB
E4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA130
Sommerville, Massachusetts, USA4
[1] A. E. Dolbear, ''Mode of Electric
Communication'', Patent number: 350299,
Issue date: Oct 5,
1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=
Pc9cAAAAEBAJ PD
source: http://www.google.com/patents?id
=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ
[2] From Scientific American
Supplement, December 11, 1886 PD/Corel
source: http://books.google.com/books?hl
=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+Wire
less+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&sour
ce=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmKfhh
sRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum
=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1
[06/21/1889 AD] 6 7 8 9
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures
in Colors", Technical World Magazine,
Vol 11, 1909,
p290. http://books.google.com/books?id=
CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a
s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=fals
e
2. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva
Edison", 1915,
p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=
ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasi
meter&f=false
3. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel
Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an
Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948,
p53-57. {ULSF: copyright on work was
now renewed and so the book is now in
the public domain in the USA. Notice
the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear
of being labeled a "rat"?}
4. ^ Josef Eder,
"History of Photography", 1945, p515.
5. ^
Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel
Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an
Inventor", Marsland Publications,
1948. {ULSF: copyright on work was now
renewed and so the book is now in the
public domain in the USA. Notice the
pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of
being labeled a "rat"?}
6. ^ "William
Friese-Greene". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fri
ese-Greene {06/21/1889}
7. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym
for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene:
Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland
Publications, 1948. {ULSF: copyright
on work was now renewed and so the book
is now in the public domain in the USA.
Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there
was fear of being labeled a "rat"?}
{06/21/1889}
8. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva
Edison", 1915,
p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=
ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasi
meter&f=false {1882}
9. ^ Cecil Bembridge,
"Moving Pictures in Colors", Technical
World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909,
p290. http://books.google.com/books?id=
CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a
s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=fals
e {1889}
MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id
/508948/index.html (note: seems
somewhat biased against
Frieses-Greene[t])
[2] Earl Theisen, "The Depicting of
Motion Prior to the Advent of the
Screen", Journal of the Society of
Motion Picture Engineers, Volumes
20-21, 1943,
p249. http://www.archive.org/stream/jou
rnalofsociety20socirich/journalofsociety
20socirich_djvu.txt http://books.google
.com/books?id=Ct-BAAAAIAAJ&q=THE+DEPICTI
NG+OF+MOTION+PRIOR+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++TH
E+SCREEN&dq=THE+DEPICTING+OF+MOTION+PRIO
R+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++THE+SCREEN&as_brr=0
[3]
http://www.precinemahistory.net/1885.htm
[1] The first (publicly known[t]) Films
Made on Celluloid (1889-1890) PD
source: Ray Allister, pseudonym for
Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up
of an Inventor", Marsland Publications,
1948.
[2] Description
Williamfriesegreen.jpg English:
William Friese-Greene photographed in
c.1890 Date c1890 PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/2/2d/Williamfriesegreen.jp
g
[11/05/1895 AD] 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, "Über
eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den
Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger
Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895.
also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3%
9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale
n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1,
pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley.
com/journal/112488309/abstract English
translation: "On a New Kind of Rays",
Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan.
23, 1896,
p274. http://books.google.com/books?id=
nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274
OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal
/v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf
OR Science,
02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/book
s?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO
RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx4
2ADg#PPA227,M1
OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roent
gen.html
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
3. ^ "Röntgen,
Wilhelm Conrad." Encyclopædia
Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 20 Mar. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9083
885>.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
{11/05/1895}
5. ^
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi
cs/laureates/1901/rontgen-bio.html
{11/05/1895}
MORE INFO
[1] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." A
Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-con
rad-r-ntgen
[2] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad."
Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-con
rad-r-ntgen
[3] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." The
Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press.,
2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-con
rad-r-ntgen
[4] "Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Kon
rad_R%C3%B6ntgen
[5] "Rontgen rays". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Rontgen_
rays
[6] "Röntgen (Roentgen), Wilhelm
Conrad", Concise Dictionary of
Scientific Biography, edition 2,
Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000),
p751-752
[7] W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch
Bewegung eines im homogenen
electrischen Felde befindlichen
Dielectricums hervorgerufene
electrodynamische Kraft", Ann. Phys.
Chem. 35, 264-270
(1888). http://www3.interscience.wiley.
com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488000/PDFSTART
[8] W. C. Röntgen, "Beschreibung des
Apparates, mit welchem die Versuche
über die electrodynamische Wirkung
bewegter Dielectrica ausgeführt
wurden", Annalen der Physik und Chemie,
Volume 276, Issue 5, Date: 1890, Pages:
93-108. http://www3.interscience.wiley.
com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112506815/PDFSTART
[9] Edmund Taylor Whittaker, "History
of the theories of aether and
electricity: from the age of Descartes
to the close of the nineteenth
century", Longmans, Green, 1910,
p426. http://books.google.com/books?id=
vTHJah8btZIC&pg=PA426&dq=R%C3%B6ntgen+18
88+maxwell+dielectric&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=1t
PDSenwHKS6kgSD7-3-DQ#PPA426,M1
[10]
http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/
200708/history.cfm
[11] R. W. Wood, "The n-Rays.", Nature,
n1822, v70, 09/29/1904,
p530-531. http://books.google.com/books
?id=Qn0CAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=
intitle:nature+date:1904-1904&ei=wADJSd7
UN4TIlQScj-3_DQ#PPA530,M1
[12] Rene Blondlot, tr:Julien Francois
William Garcin, "'N' rays", Longmans,
Green, and co.,
1905. http://books.google.com/books?id=
Jpg3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=N+ra
ys+a+collection+of+papers&ei=DsTISdm3N4T
ckASbmYHLAw
[13]
www.rexresearch.com/blondlot/nrays.htm
Germany3
[1] English: Photo of Wilhelm Conrad
Röntgen. Cleaned up version of
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?i
mgurl=6b3da250c6b5560f Source
unknown source Date 1900 PD
AND Anna Berthe Roentgen.gif Print
of Wilhelm Röntgen's (1845-1923) first
x-ray, the hand of his wife Anna taken
on 1895-12-22, presented to Professor
Ludwig Zehnder of the Physik Institut,
University of Freiburg, on 1 January
1896. Source
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:An
na_Berthe_Roentgen.gif Date 22
December 1895 (1895-12-22) Author
Wilhelm Röntgen PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/7/71/Roentgen2.jpghttp://u
pload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/
6e/Anna_Berthe_Roentgen.gif
[2] English: Photo of Wilhelm Conrad
Röntgen. Cleaned up version of
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?i
mgurl=6b3da250c6b5560f Source
unknown source Date 1900 PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/7/71/Roentgen2.jpg
[03/23/1903 AD] 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Wright, Wilbur and Orville."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 6 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-8026
>.
2. ^ "Wright, Wilbur." Complete
Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 14. Detroit: Charles Scribner's
Sons, 2008. 520-521. Gale Virtual
Reference Library. Web. 6 July
2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id
=GALE%7CCX2830904733&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
3. ^ "Wright, Wilbur." Complete
Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 14. Detroit: Charles Scribner's
Sons, 2008. 520-521. Gale Virtual
Reference Library. Web. 6 July
2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id
=GALE%7CCX2830904733&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {12/17/1903}
4. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p613-614,634-635.
{12/17/1903}
MORE INFO
[1] "The Wright Brothers."
Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 06 Jul. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/
[2] "Wright brothers". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brot
hers
[3] Patent 821393 FLYING-MACHINE
ORVILLE
WRIGHT http://www.google.com/patents?id
=h5NWAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s
ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f
=false
[4] "airfoil." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Jul.
2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/airfoil
[5] Wright, Wilbur and Orville. Video.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 6
July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/art-127561>
[6] aviation: flight of the first
military airplane, 1909. Video.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 6
July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/art-15290>
[1] Description First
flight2.jpg English: First successful
flight of the Wright Flyer, by the
Wright brothers. The machine traveled
120 ft (36.6 m) in 12 seconds at 10:35
a.m. at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
Orville Wright was at the controls of
the machine, lying prone on the lower
wing with his hips in the cradle which
operated the wing-warping mechanism.
Wilbur Wright ran alongside to balance
the machine, and just released his hold
on the forward upright of the right
wing in the photo. The starting rail,
the wing-rest, a coil box, and other
items needed for flight preparation are
visible behind the machine. This was
considered ''the first sustained and
controlled heavier-than-air, powered
flight'' by the Fédération
Aéronautique
Internationale. Français : L’un des
premier vols habités de l’histoire
dans un aéronef plus lourd que l’air
(36.6 mètres en 12 secondes), par les
frères Wright le 17 décembre 1903 à
10h35 sur la plage de Kitty Hawk en
Caroline du Nord. Orville est aux
commandes, allongé sur le ventre sur
l’aile basse et les hanches dans la
nacelle qui servait à contrôler le
mouvement des ailes ; Wilbur court le
long de l’appareil et vient de lacher
l’aile droite. Le rail de lancement,
des étais et d’autres équipements
nécessaires pour la préparation du
vol sont visibles. 日本語:
1903年12月17日、ライト兄弟が
類初の動力飛行機での有人飛
行に成功した時の写真。 Date
17 December 1903 PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/8/86/First_flight2.jpg
[2] * Description: Wilbur
Wright Background notes: Wright
brothers English: Early Wright
brother’s airplanes explored basic
principles of flight. The Wright
brothers are widely credited with
engineering the first aircraft capable
of sustained powered
flight. Commons-emblem-notice.svg
Wright brothers Wikipedia:
Asturianu Bosanski Català
Čeština Dansk Deutsch English
Esperanto Español Euskara Suomi
Français עברית Magyar Bahasa
Indonesia Italiano 日本語
한국어 Latina Lietuvių
Nederlands Norsk (Bokmål) Polski
Português Русский Slovenčina
Slovenščina Српски / Srpski
Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng
Việt 中文 Other links: US
inventors *** Smithsonian Stories of
the Wright flights *** National Park
Service, Wright Brothers' Memorial ***
PBS Nova: The Wright Brothers' Flying
Machines * Source:
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pp/wrihtml/wribac.
html * Photographer: unknwon PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/7/77/Wilbur_Wright.jpg
[12/21/1906 AD] 4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch,
"The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991,
p411.
2. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy",
Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan
29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18,
1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6
i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f
alse
3. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy",
Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan
29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18,
1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6
i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f
alse
4. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy",
Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan
29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18,
1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6
i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f
alse {12/21/1906}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p646-647. {1906}
6. ^ "Lee
De Forest." A Dictionary of Scientists.
Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999,
2003. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/lee-de-fore
st {1907 (patented}
MORE INFO
[1] "De Forest, Lee." Complete
Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's
Sons, 2008. 6-7. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 9 Sept. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id
=GALE%7CCX2830901119&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[2] "Lee De Forest". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Fore
st
[3] diathermy. (n.d.) Dorland's Medical
Dictionary for Health Consumers.
(2007). Retrieved September 9 2010 from
http://medical-dictionary.thefreediction
ary.com/diathermy
York City, New York, USA3
[1] From De Forest 1907 Patent: Lee De
Forest, ''Space Telegraphy'', Patent
number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29,
1907, Issue date: Feb 18,
1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6
i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=f
alse PD
source: http://www.google.com/patents?id
=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s
ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f
=false
[2] Description Lee De
Forest.jpg en:Lee De Forest,
published in the February 1904 issue of
The Electrical Age. PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/6/65/Lee_De_Forest.jpg
[05/??/1907 AD] 3
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of
Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6,
V13, N77, May 1907,
p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdk
tZhsC&pg=PA561
2. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of
Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6,
V13, N77, May 1907,
p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdk
tZhsC&pg=PA561
3. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of
Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6,
V13, N77, May 1907,
p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdk
tZhsC&pg=PA561 {05/1907}
MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_
John_Thomson
[2]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi
cs/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html
[3] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A
Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford
University Press, 2008. Answers.com 03
Mar. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph-
john-thomson-1
[4] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of
Propagation of the Luminous Discharge
of Electricity through a Rarefied
Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1,
1890 49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books
.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+o
f+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20ve
locity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20tho
mson&f=false
[5] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of
Propagation of the Luminous Discharge
of Electricity through a Rarefied
Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1,
1890 49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books
.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+o
f+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20ve
locity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20tho
mson&f=false
[6] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of
the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38,
1894,
p358. http://books.google.com/books?id=
TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity
+of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=one
page&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20
cathode-rays&f=false
[7] J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford,
"On the passage of electricity gases
exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag.,
S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896,
p392. http://books.google.com/books?id=
cbRw3OxLhUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit
ions:UOM39015024088687&lr=#v=onepage&q=t
homson&f=false
[8] J.J. Thomson, "Experiments to show
that negative electricity is given off
by a metal exposed to R6ntgen-rays."
Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 1903, p312
[9]
J.J. Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.)
On the leakage of electricity
through dielectrics traversed by
Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil.
Soc. 9, 1896, 126
[10] J. J. Thomson, "On
the discharge of electricity produced
by the Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc.
59, 1896, 274
[11] Sir Joseph John Thomson,
Applications of dynamics to physics and
chemistry,
1888. http://books.google.com/books?id=
zWYSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22electricity+b
ehaves+in+some+respects%22&cd=2#v=onepag
e&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%20some
%20respects%22&f=false http://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=cOLUiUml_qgC&pg=PA32&lp
g=PA32&dq=%22electricity+behaves+in+some
+respects%22&source=bl&ots=HRChO2-Ci-&si
g=yjqoyERWPc1b8Byyk6rU7JtujMQ&hl=en&ei=m
YyaS6vTA4TCsgOW6PCtAQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul
t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=o
nepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%2
0some%20respects%22&f=false
[12] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern
Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935,
edition 2, p319-320
[13] "Thomson, Joseph John."
Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles
Scribner's Sons, 2008. 362-372. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Mar.
2010
[14] Thomson, J. J., "The Existence of
Bodies Smaller Than Atoms", Notices of
the proceedings at the meetings of the
members of the ..., Volume 16,
04/19/1901. http://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=YvoAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA574&dq=The+e
xistence+of+bodies+smaller+than+atoms+th
omson&lr=&cd=2#v=onepage&q=The%20existen
ce%20of%20bodies%20smaller%20than%20atom
s%20thomson&f=false
[15] Thomson J J 1897a 'Cathode Rays'
Royal Institution Friday Evening
Discourse, 30 April 1897, published in
The Electrician 21 May 1897, p104–9
[16]
Isobel Falconer, "J J Thomson and the
discovery of the electron", 1997 Phys.
Educ. 32
226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-912
0/32/4/015)
[17] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.
Web. 3 Mar. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072
205>
[18] Thomson, J. J., "On the ions
produced by incandescent platinum.",
Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. II, 1901, 509
[19]
Thomson, J. J., "On the Masses of the
Ions in Gases at Low Pressures", Phil
Mag, S5, V48, N295, Dec 1899,
p547. http://books.google.com/books?id=
il4wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA557&dq=On+the+ions+pro
duced+by+incandescent+platinum&cd=1#v=on
epage&q=On%20the%20ions%20produced%20by%
20incandescent%20platinum&f=false
[20] Do the gamma-rays carry a charge
of negative electricity? Proc. Camb.
Phil. Soc. 13, 1905,
p121. http://books.google.com/books?id=
7x7WAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA396&dq=Thomson+do+the+
gamma+rays+intitle:philosophical+carry+c
harge&hl=en&ei=6bqiS9H4BoS8sgO9g6X6Aw&sa
=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved
=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Thomson%20do%20
the%20gamma%20rays%20intitle%3Aphilosoph
ical%20carry%20charge&f=false
[21] Thomson, Joseph John, "On the
number of corpuscles in an atom.",
Phil. Mag. II, 769,
1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=
GNjPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA769&dq=thomson+On+the+
number+of+corpuscles+in+an+atom&as_brr=1
&cd=1#v=onepage&q=thomson%20On%20the%20n
umber%20of%20corpuscles%20in%20an%20atom
&f=false
[22] J. J. Thomson, "Bakerian Lecture:
Rays of Positive Electricity",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London. Series A, Containing Papers of
a Mathematical and Physical Character,
Vol. 89, No. 607 (Aug. 1, 1913), pp.
1-20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/93452
?&Search=yes&term=%22Rays+of+Positive+El
ectricity%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Facti
on%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522Rays%2
Bof%2BPositive%2BElectricity%2522%26x%3D
0%26y%3D0%26wc%3Don&item=1&ttl=46&return
ArticleService=showArticle
[23] Thomson, J. J., "The unit theory
of light.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16,
1912, 643
England2
[1] fig 2 from: Thomson, J. J., ''On
Rays of Positive Electricity'', Phil.
Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. PD
AND figs 10-12 from: Thomson, J.
J., ''On Rays of Positive
Electricity'', Phil. Mag., S6, V13,
N77, May 1907, p561. PD AND [10]
figures 2-15 from: # Bakerian Lecture:
Rays of Positive Electricity # J. J.
Thomson # Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series A, Containing
Papers of a Mathematical and Physical
Character, Vol. 89, No. 607 (Aug. 1,
1913), pp. 1-20 PD AND English
physicist J J Thomson Date GWS -
The Great War: The Standard History of
the All Europe Conflict (volume four)
edited by H. W. Wilson and J. A.
Hammerton (Amalgamated Press, London
1915) (So, it is taken before
1915) Source
http://www.firstworldwar.com/photos/g
raphics/gws_thomson_01.jpg First World
War.com PD
source: http://books.google.com/books?id
=vVjKOdktZhsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edi
tions:UOM39015024088414#v=onepage&q=&f=f
alsehttp://www.jstor.org/stable/93452?&S
earch=yes&term=electricity&term=positive
&term=rays&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction
%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Drays%2Bof%2Bp
ositive%2Belectricity%26jc%3Dj100836%26w
c%3Don%26Search.x%3D0%26Search.y%3D0%26S
earch%3DSearch&item=1&ttl=262&returnArti
cleService=showArticlehttp://upload.wiki
media.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/J.J_Tho
mson.jpg
[2] fig 2 from: Thomson, J. J., ''On
Rays of Positive Electricity'', Phil.
Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. PD
source: http://books.google.com/books?id
=vVjKOdktZhsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edi
tions:UOM39015024088414#v=onepage&q=&f=f
alse
[11/13/1907 AD] 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi
c/259992/helicopter>.
2. ^
http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/
Dictionary/Cornu/DI18.htm {11/13/1907}
MORE INFO
[1] "Paul Cornu." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi
c/138077/Paul-Cornu>
[1] Paul Cornu's helicopter was the
first to achieve free flight while
carrying a passenger (1907). Credits
-National Air and Space
Museum, Smithsonian Institution (SI
Neg. No. 93-640) The French bicycle
maker and engineer Paul Cornu, born in
1881 in Lisieux, France, was the first
person to design and build a helicopter
that achieved free flight while
carrying a passenger. His twin-rotor
craft flew for about 20 seconds on
November 13, 1907, rising about one
foot (0.3 meter) off the ground. A
24-horsepower (18-kilowatt) engine
powered the helicopter, which had
counter-rotating rotors. The helicopter
had no effective means of control and
was abandoned after a few
flights. Cornu died in 1944. PD
source: http://www.centennialofflight.go
v/essay/Dictionary/Cornu/DI18G1.jpg
[2] Paul Cornu in his first helicopter
in 1907. Note that he is sitting
between the two rotors, which rotated
in opposite directions to cancel
torque. This helicopter was the first
flying machine to have risen from the
ground using rotor blades instead of
wings. Credits - © 2001 Smithsonian
Institution, National Air and Space
Museum, Videodisc. 2B 5847 PD
source: http://www.centennialofflight.go
v/essay/Rotary/early_20th_century/HE2G13
.jpg
[06/06/1908 AD] 3
radio.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING
PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY
THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific
American (1845-1908). New York: Jun 6,
1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.;
p. 412 (1 page)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=
0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&T
S=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha
ns_1908.pdf}
2. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING
PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY
THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific
American (1845-1908). New York: Jun 6,
1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.;
p. 412 (1 page)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=
0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&T
S=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha
ns_1908.pdf}
3. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING
PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY
THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific
American (1845-1908). New York: Jun 6,
1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.;
p. 412 (1 page)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=
0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&T
S=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha
ns_1908.pdf} {06/06/1908}
MORE INFO
[1] John Joseph Fahie, "A History
of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead &
Co.,
1902. http://books.google.com/books?hl=
en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+Wirel
ess+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&sourc
e=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmKfhhs
RE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=
2&ct=result
[1] From top to bottom, left to
right Top: Plan View of Receiver
Showing Negative Received. Middle:
Plan View of Transmitter Showing
Traveling Carriage Carrying
Picture. Bottom Left: The Transmitting
Apparatus Bottom Middle: Photograph of
Edward VII. Transmitted by Wireless
Telegraphy. Bottom Right: The Receiver
Showing Relay to Which Recording Needle
is Connected. PD/Corel
source: KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF
TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS
TELEGRAPHY. BY THE ENGLISH
CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC
AMERICAN.. Scientific American
(1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908.
Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412
(1 page)
[04/??/1919 AD] 4
fusion.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of
α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil.
Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87.
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherf
ord.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf}
2. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete
Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's
Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual
Reference Library. Web. 17 Aug.
2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id
=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
3. ^ Rutherford, Collision of α
Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag.
June 1919, s6, 37,
pp537-61. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunt
a/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.
pdf}
4. ^ Rutherford, Collision of α
Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag.
June 1919, s6, 37, pp537-61.
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherf
ord.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf}
{04/1919}
MORE INFO
[1] "Ernest Rutherford."
Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-ruth
erford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson
[2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ruth
erford
[3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive
transformations", C. Scribner's Sons,
1906
http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KA
AAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor
d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi=
book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ
6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected
papers., New York, Interscience
Publishers, 1962, 3 volumes
[5] Ernest
Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of
Electrical Waves, and Some of its
applications", Philosophical
Transactions A, 01/01/1897,
189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypubli
shing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si
d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343
[6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The
London, Edinburgh and Dublin
philosophical magazine and journal of
science, 1937, p1022
[7] Ernest Rutherford,
"The Modern Theories of Electricity and
their Relation to the Franklinian
Theory", The record of the celebration
of the two hundredth anniversary of the
birth of Benjamin Franklin, American
Philosophical Society, delivered April
18, 1906,
p123. http://books.google.com/books?id=
wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=
gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false
[8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate
of Recombination of the Ions of Gases
exposed to Rontgen Radiation.",
Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270,
Nov 1897,
p422. http://books.google.com/books?id=
utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an
d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+g
ases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h
l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=b
ook_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6
AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[9] Rutherford
publications: http://www.rutherford.org
.nz/bibliography.htm
[10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and
the Electrical Conduction Produced by
It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=
ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati
on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produce
d+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&v
ed=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad
iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduc
tion%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false
[11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive
Substance emitted from Thorium
Compound", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14
1900.
http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/
Rutherford-half-life.html
[12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch,
"The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991,
p395
[13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity
Produced in Substances by the Action of
Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix
161-192
1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=o
EwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad
ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the
+Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b
l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnw
X4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s
a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve
d=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi
ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20t
he%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2
2&f=false
[14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p664-665
[15] Rutherford and
Soddy, "The Radioactivity of Thorium
Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of
Radioactivity", Transactions of the
Chemical Society, v81, 1902,
pp837-860. http://books.google.com/book
s?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q=
rutherford&f=false
[16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of
the Radiations from Radioactive
Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23,
July 1902
[17] Ernest Rutherford, "The
Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the
Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium",
Phil. Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903,
pp177-187.
http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAA
AIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic
+and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Ab
sorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd
6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw
&hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi
=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBI
Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and
%20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Eas
ily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f=
false
[18] "emanation." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20
Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation
[19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the
condensation points of thorium and
radium emanations", Proc Chem Soc
219-20
1902. http://books.google.com/books?id=
ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con
densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+e
manations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C
w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4
&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2
0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thor
ium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false
[20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation
of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil
Mag ser 6, v 561-76 1903
[21] Rutherford,
"Charge Carried by the α and β Rays
of Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6,
v10, pp193-208
[22] Rutherford, "Radioactivity",
ed 1
1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=
xDwJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth
erford&hl=en&ei=u-dyTO3LC4m6sAOOhfTMDQ&s
a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ve
d=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[23] Rutherford, "Radioactivity" ,ed 2
1905. http://books.google.com/books?id=
g0MNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth
erford&hl=en&ei=YudyTOL9E4nGsAP3ppzDDQ&s
a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve
d=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
[24] E. Rutherford, H. Geiger, "A
Method of Counting the Number of α
Particles from Radio-active Matter",
Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and
Philosophical Society, 1908, V52, N9,
pp1-3
[25] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p687-688
[26] Rutherford, "The
Scattering of the α and β Rays and
the Structure of the Atom", Proceedings
of the Manchester Literary and
Philosophical Society, 4, 55,
03/07/1911, pp18-20
[27] Ernest Rutherford,
"The Structure of the Atom", Phil Mag,
March 1914, s6, v27,
pp488-498. http://www.chemteam.info/Che
m-History/Rutherford-1914.html
[28] Rutherford, "Radiations from
Exploding Atoms", Nature, 95,
1915,pp494-8
[29] Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of
α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil.
Mag. June 1919, s6, 37,
pp581-87. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunt
a/rutherford.html
England3
[1] Rutherford, Collision of α
Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag.
June 1919, s6, 37, pp537-61. from:
Ernest Rutherford, ''The Collected
Papers of Lord Rutherford of Nelson'',
Vol 2, 1963,
p551. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/ru
therford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf}
PD
source: Rutherford, Collision of α
Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag.
June 1919, s6, 37, pp537-61. from:
Ernest Rutherford, "The Collected
Papers of Lord Rutherford of Nelson",
Vol 2, 1963, p551.
[2] Figure 1 from: Rutherford,
Collision of α Particles with Light
Atoms, Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37,
pp537-61.
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherf
ord.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf}
PD
source: Rutherford_191306xx003.pdf
[04/16/1932 AD] 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of
Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan.
2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcr
oft
2. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON
, "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift
Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April
1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock
croft_John_19320416.pdf}
3. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON
, "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift
Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April
1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock
croft_John_19320416.pdf}
4. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON
, "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift
Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April
1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock
croft_John_19320416.pdf} {04/16/1932}
MORE INFO
[1] "Ernest Walton." A Dictionary
of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan.
2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-walt
on
[2] H. GREINACHER, “Eneugung einer
Gleichspannung vom vielfachen Betrag
einer Wechselspannung ohne
Transformator,” Bull. SEV 11.59-66,
(1920)
[3] H Greinacher, "Erzeugung einer
Gleichspannung vom veilfachen Betrag
einer Wechselspannung ohne
Transformer" Bulletin des
Schweizerischen Elektrotechnischen
Vereins, des Verbandes Schweizerischer
Elektrizitätswerke, V11, p59-66, 1920
[4]
Joe W. Kwan, Oscar A. Anderson, Louis
L. Reginato, Michael C. Vella, Simon
S. Yu, Electrostatic Quadrupole DC
Accelerators for BNCT Applications,
04/1994
[5] "Heinrich Greinacher". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Gr
einacher
[6]
http://www.electrosuisse.ch/g3.cms/s_pag
e/84410/s_name/greinacherh
[7] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S.
Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions", Proceedings of the
Royal Society of London. Series A,
Containing Papers of a Mathematical and
Physical Character, Vol. 129, No. 811
(Nov. 3, 1930), pp.
477-489. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95
496
[8] Henry A. Barton, "Comparison of
protons and electrons in the excitation
of x-rays by impact Original Research
Article", Journal of the Franklin
Institute, Volume 209, Issue 1, January
1930, Pages
1-19. http://www.sciencedirect.com/scie
nce?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V04-49WK9PH-4G
H&_user=4422&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F1930&_
alid=1617078843&_rdoc=2&_fmt=high&_orig=
search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_it
em&_cdi=5636&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&
view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600&_version=1
&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=7ed91ac1
a7c90f1548a87974be6c3ca8&searchtype=a
[9] "Cockcroft, John Douglas." Complete
Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's
Sons, 2008. 328-331. Gale Virtual
Reference Library. Web. 23 Jan.
2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id
=GALE%7CCX2830900939&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[10] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951".
Nobelprize.org. 24 Jan 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi
cs/laureates/1951/
[11] J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON
, "Artificial Production of Fast
Protons", nature 129, 242-242 (13
February
1932. http://www.nature.com/nature/jour
nal/v129/n3250/abs/129242a0.html
[12] J. D. COCKCROFT , C. W. GILBERT &
E. T. S. WALTON , "Production of
Induced Radioactivity by High Velocity
Protons", nature 133, 328-328 (03 March
1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v133/n3357/abs/133328a0.html
[13] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S.
Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions. (I) Further Developments
in the Method of Obtaining High
Velocity Positive Ions", Proc. R. Soc.
Lond. A June 1, 1932 136:619-630;
doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0107 http://rspa.
royalsocietypublishing.org/content/136/8
30/619.full.pdf+html
[14] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S.
Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions. (I) Further Developments
in the Method of Obtaining High
Velocity Positive Ions", Proc. R. Soc.
Lond. A June 1, 1932 136:619-630;
doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0107 http://rspa.
royalsocietypublishing.org/content/136/8
30/619.full.pdf+html
University) Cambridge, England3
[1] J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON
, ''Disintegration of Lithium by Swift
Protons'', Nature 129, 649-649 (30
April
1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock
croft_John_19320416.pdf}
COPYRIGHTED AND Enest S Walton,
Lord Rutherford and John Cockcroft:
1932 UNKNOWN
source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.htmlhttp://
www.aip.org/history/exhibits/lawrence/im
ages/epa-12.jpg
[2] Enest S Walton, Lord Rutherford
and John Cockcroft: 1932 UNKNOWN
source: http://www.aip.org/history/exhib
its/lawrence/images/epa-12.jpg
[05/22/1937 AD] 4 5
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ Erwin W. Müller,
"Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen
von Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für
Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume
106, Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI:
10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerl
ink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull
er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf}
English: "Electron microscopic
observations of field cathode"
2. ^ "Erwin
Wilhelm Müller." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011.
Web. 20 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi
c/396828/Erwin-Wilhelm-Muller>.
3. ^ "Erwin Mueller." A Dictionary of
Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Mar.
2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/erwin-muell
er
4. ^ Erwin W. Müller,
"Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen
von Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für
Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume
106, Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI:
10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerl
ink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull
er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf}
English: "Electron microscopic
observations of field cathode"
{05/22/1937}
5. ^ "Erwin Mueller." A Dictionary of
Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Mar.
2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/erwin-muell
er {1936}
MORE INFO
[1] "Erwin Wilhelm Mueller".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Wilhe
lm_Mueller
[1] Figures 2-4 from: ''Fig 2.
Tungsten cathode (filament) [011] -
Direction in the middle. Fig 3.
Tungsten cathode [211] - Direction,
almost in the middle. Fig 4. Sphere
model with the lattice directions of a
cube-based emission tungsten cathode,
field of view as Fig 3.'' [2] Erwin W.
Müller, ''Elektronenmikroskopische
Beobachtungen von Feldkathoden'',
Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and
Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 9-10,
541-550, DOI:
10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerl
ink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull
er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf}
English: ''Electron microscopic
observations of field cathode''
source: http://www.springerlink.com/cont
ent/h425u71vqh66w886/
[2] COPYRIGHTED
source: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/opti
cs/timeline/people/antiqueimages/mueller
.jpg
[04/30/1939 AD] 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elek
tro1.htm
2. ^ N Sharkey, A Sharkey,
"Electro-mechanical robots before the
computer", Proceedings of the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers,
Part C: Journal of Mechanical
Engineering Science, Volume 223, Number
1 / 2009,
Pages 235-241. http://journals.pepublis
hing.com/content/j15unr6757440045/ {Sha
rkey_200901xx.pdf}
3. ^ Scott Schaut, Robots of
Westinghouse 1924-today, 2006, p91,185.
4. ^
"Elektro". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektro
5. ^
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-histo
ry/new-york-worlds-fair-opens {around)
04/30/1939 (opening of World's Fair}
6. ^
http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elek
tro1.htm {1939 (verify}
MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuyTRbj8Q
SA&feature=related
[2]
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ay225WkU4
Gs&feature=related
[3] Scott Schaut, "Robots of
Westinghouse, 1924-today", Mansfield,
Ohio : Scott Schautt, Mansfield
Memorial Museum, 2006
[4]
http://www.archive.org/details/middleton
_family_worlds_fair_1939
Mansfield, Ohio, USA3 4
[1] Elektro at the 1939 World's
Fair UNKNOWN
source: http://img.youtube.com/vi/T35A3g
_GvSg/0.jpg
[2] Inside working of Westinghouse
Elektro walking robot UNKNOWN
source: http://davidszondy.com/future/ro
bot/elektro-interior.jpg
[04/02/1953 AD] 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK,
"Molecular structure of nucleic acids;
a structure for deoxyribose nucleic
acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171
issue: 4356 page:
737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journ
al/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and
also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/
bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_
Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982),
p859-861,863,874,886-887.
3. ^ "Francis Harry Compton Crick."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi
c/142894/Francis-Harry-Compton-Crick>.
4. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK,
"Molecular structure of nucleic acids;
a structure for deoxyribose nucleic
acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171
issue: 4356 page:
737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journ
al/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and
also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/
bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_
Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf}
5. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK,
"Molecular structure of nucleic acids;
a structure for deoxyribose nucleic
acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171
issue: 4356 page:
737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journ
al/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and
also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/
bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_
Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf}
{04/02/1953}
Cambridge) Cambridge, England4
[1] Figure 1 from: J. D. WATSON & F.
H. C. CRICK, ''Molecular structure of
nucleic acids; a structure for
deoxyribose nucleic acid'', Nature,
(1953) volume: 171 issue: 4356 page:
737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journ
al/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html {Crick_
Francis_Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf} COP
YRIGHTED
source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html
[2] Francis Harry Compton Crick
UNKNOWN
source: http://scientistshowtell.wikispa
ces.com/file/view/FrancisHarryComptonCri
ck2.jpg/39149552/FrancisHarryComptonCric
k2.jpg
[05/05/1954 AD] 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and
C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave
Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure
in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3",
Phys. Rev. 95, 282–284
(1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P
R/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19
540505.pdf}
2. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C.
H. Townes, "The Maser—New Type of
Microwave Amplifier, Frequency
Standard, and Spectrometer", Phys. Rev.
99, 1264
(1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P
R/v99/i4/p1264_1
{Townes_Charles_Hard_19550504.pdf}
3. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov,
Proc. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.S.R.) 101,
47 (1945). (Doklady Akademii Nauk
SSSR) English:
4. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov,
J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 27,
431 (1954) English:
5. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M.
Prokhorov, J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys.
U.S.S.R., 28, 249
(1955) English: Soviet Phys. JETP 1,
184 (1955). {Basov_N_G_19541101.pdf}
6. ^ "Charles Hard Townes."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi
c/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>.
7. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C.
H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave
Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure
in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3",
Phys. Rev. 95, 282–284
(1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P
R/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19
540505.pdf}
8. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C.
H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave
Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure
in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3",
Phys. Rev. 95, 282–284
(1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P
R/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19
540505.pdf} {first publication:)
05/05/1954}
9. ^ "Charles Hard Townes."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi
c/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>.
{12/1953}
MORE INFO
[1] "Charles Hard Townes." A
Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 04 Apr. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-tow
nes
[2] K. Shimoda, T. C. Wang, and C. H.
Townes, "Further Aspects of the Theory
of the Maser", Phys. Rev. 102, 1308
(1956). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P
R/v102/i5/p1308_1
[3] "Charles H. Townes - Nobel
Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 4 Apr 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physi
cs/laureates/1964/townes-lecture.html {
Townes_Charles_Hard_19641211.pdf}
[4] T. S. Jaseja, A. Javan, J. Murray,
and C. H. Townes, "Test of Special
Relativity or of the Isotropy of Space
by Use of Infrared Masers", Phys. Rev.
133, A1221
(1964). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P
R/v133/i5A/pA1221_1
New York, USA7
[1] Figures 1 and 2 from: J. P.
Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes,
''Molecular Microwave Oscillator and
New Hyperfine Structure in the
Microwave Spectrum of NH3'', Phys. Rev.
95, 282–284
(1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/P
R/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19
540505.pdf} COPYRIGHTED
source: http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR
/v95/i1/p282_1
[2] Charles Hard Townes Nobel Prize
photo COPYRIGHTED
source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_priz
es/physics/laureates/1964/townes.jpg
[10/04/1957 AD] 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011.
Web. 13 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi
c/561534/Sputnik>.
2. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf
tDisplay.do?id=1957-001B
3. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011.
Web. 13 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi
c/561534/Sputnik>. {10/04/1957}
Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.2
[1] Description Sputnik
asm.jpg English: A replica of Sputnik
1, the first artificial satellite in
the world to be put into outer space:
the replica is stored in the National
Air and Space Museum. فارسی:
مدل ماهواره
اسپوتنیک-۱، نخستین
ماهواره فضایی
جهان Suomi: Sputnik 1:n, maailman
ensimmäinen ihmisen laukaiseman Maata
kiertävän keinotekoisen satelliittin,
jäljennös. Date
2004(2004) Source
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database
/MasterCatalog?sc=1957-001B Author
NSSDC, NASA PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg
[09/14/1959 AD] 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat
alog.do?sc=1959-014A
2. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat
alog.do?sc=1959-014A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat
alog.do?sc=1959-014A {09/14/1959}
MORE INFO
[1]
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCat
alog.do?sc=1959-012A
[2]
http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries
/news/2008/10/dayintech_1007#
[3]
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lun
ar/lunarussr.html
Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.2
[1] Luna 2 PD
source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/plane
tary/image/luna_2.jpg
[2] Luna 1 PD
source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image
/spacecraft/luna1_vsm.jpg
[04/12/1961 AD] 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf
tDisplay.do?id=1961-012A
2. ^ "Google Maps - Vostok 1 Landing
Site - Monument".
http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s
_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=51.270682+N,+45.9972
7+E&sll=51.270689,45.997599&sspn=0.00329
6,0.00868&ie=UTF8&ll=51.270716,45.997385
&spn=0.003296,0.00868&t=k&z=17.
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf
tDisplay.do?id=1961-012A {04/12/1961}
MORE INFO
[1] "Yury Alekseyevich Gagarin."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2011. Web. 30 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi
c/223437/Yury-Alekseyevich-Gagarin>
[2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p895-896
[1] The Vostok 1 capsule as recovered
after landing. Currently on display at
the RKK Energiya museum in Korolyov CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/en/7/70/Vostok_1_after_landing.jpg
[2] Description Yuri Gagarin in
Vostok 1 Source Mission
photography Portion used
Sufficient to show the face of
Gagarin in his spacesuit within the
capsule Low resolution?
yes COPYRIGHTED
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/en/b/b1/Vostok1.jpg
[07/21/1969 AD] 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf
tDisplay.do?id=1969-059C
2. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf
tDisplay.do?id=1969-059C
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf
tDisplay.do?id=1969-059C {07/21/1969}
{Armstrong walks on Moon on:)
07/21/1969}
MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMINSD7Mm
T4
[1] ''That's one small step for man,
one giant leap for mankind.'' At 10:56
p.m. EDT on July 20, 1969, Neil
Armstrong became the first human to set
foot on the Moon. This image was taken
from the telecast of the event, watched
by over half a billion people around
the world. Armstrong composed the quote
after landing on the Moon, he had meant
to say, ''That's one small step for
aman ...''. The pictures were taken by
the Apollo lunar surface camera,
mounted on one of the LM legs. The
black bar running through the center of
the picture is an anomaly in the
Goldstone ground data system. (NASA
photo ID S69-42583) PD
source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/plane
tary/lunar/images/a11tvarm.jpg
[2] Here Aldrin is unloading the
passive seismometer of the Early Apollo
Scientific Experiments Package (EASEP)
from the lunar module equipment bay.
The white apparatus in the foreground
is the 35 mm stereo close-up camera.
Beyond the right leg is the solar wind
experiment, and beyond that the lunar
surface TV camera. The LM legs are
wrapped in foil to provide thermal
insulation. There is a split rock in
the lower right of the frame which is
presumably ejecta from a nearby impact
crater. (NASA photo ID
AS11-40-5931) PD
source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/plane
tary/lunar/images/as11_40_5931.jpg
[12/02/1971 AD] 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf
tDisplay.do?id=1971-049F
2. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf
tDisplay.do?id=1971-049F
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf
tDisplay.do?id=1971-049F {12/02/1971}
[1] Signal from mars-3 Lander UNKNOWN
source: http://www.mentallandscape.com/C
_Mars03_lander.jpg
[2] Mars 3 Lander PD
source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image
/spacecraft/mars3_lander_vsm.jpg
[12/03/1973 AD] 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf
tDisplay.do?id=1972-012A
2. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf
tDisplay.do?id=1972-012A
3. ^
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/re
leases/2003/03_25HQ.html {12/03/1973}
MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.aerospaceguide.net/pioneer10.
html
[1] Description
http://history.nasa.gov/SP-349/p142.jpg
English: Pioneer 10 Jupiter
encounter. Date Source
http://history.nasa.gov/SP-349/ch8.
htm Author
NASA Permission (Reusing this
file) PD
source: http://history.nasa.gov/SP-349/p
142.jpg
[2] Pioneer 10 PD
source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image
/spacecraft/pioneer10-11.jpg
[09/01/1979 AD] 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/mission
s/archive/pioneer.html
2. ^
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/mission
s/archive/pioneer.html
3. ^
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/mission
s/archive/pioneer.html {09/01/1979}
[1] Pioneer 11 Image of Saturn and Its
Moon Titan {ULSF: Titan is at the upper
left} The Pioneer 11 spacecraft
launched from Cape Canaveral forty
years ago, on April 5, 1973. Pioneer
11's path through Saturn's outer rings
took it within 21,000 km of the planet,
where it discovered two new moons
(almost smacking into one of them in
September 1979) and a new ''F'' ring.
The spacecraft also discovered and
charted the magnetosphere, magnetic
field and mapped the general structure
of Saturn's interior. The spacecraft's
instruments measured the heat radiation
from Saturn's interior and found that
its planet-sized moon, Titan, was too
cold to support life. This image
from Pioneer 11 shows Saturn and its
moon Titan. The irregularities in ring
silhouette and shadow are due to
technical anomalies in the preliminary
data later corrected. At the time this
image was taken, Pioneer was 2,846,000
km (1,768,422 miles) from
Saturn. › NASA Celebrates Four
Decades of Plucky Pioneer 11 Image
credit: NASA Ames PD
source: http://www.nasa.gov/images/conte
nt/739507main_739460main_AC79-9107.3_160
0-1200.jpg
[2] Pioneer 10 PD
source: http://quest.nasa.gov/sso/cool/p
ioneer10/graphics/lasher/slide4.jpg
[01/24/1986 AD] 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf
tDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
2. ^
http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uran
us.html
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf
tDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
4. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf
tDisplay.do?id=1977-076A {01/24/1986}
MORE INFO
[1] "Voyager 2". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2
[1] Description Uranus.jpg English:
NASA photo of Uranus taken by Voyager
2. Caption: This pictures of Uranus was
compiled from images recorded by
Voyager 2 on January 10, 1986, when the
NASA spacecraft was 18 million
kilometers (11 million miles) from the
planet. The images were obtained by
Voyager's narrow-angle camera; the view
is toward the planet's pole of
rotation, which lies just left of
center. The picture has been processed
to show Uranus as human eyes would see
it from the vantage point of the
spacecraft. The dark shading of the
upper right edge of the disk is the
terminator, or day-night boundary. The
blue-green appearance of Uranus results
from methane in the atmosphere; this
gas absorbs red wavelengths from the
incoming sunlight, leaving the
predominant bluish color seen here.
Images shuttered through different
color filters were added and
manipulated by computer, greatly
enhancing the low-contrast details in
the original images. The planet reveals
a dark polar hood surrounded by a
series of progressively lighter
convective bands. The banded structure
is real, though exaggerated here. The
Voyager project is managed for NASA by
the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Date
January 1986(1986-01) Source
http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/ca
talog/PIA01360 Author NASA PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/b/bb/Uranus.jpg
[2] Description
Voyager.jpg Voyager 1 / Voyager
2 English: NASA photograph of one of
the two identical Voyager space probes
Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 launched in
1977. The 3.7 metre diameter
high-gain antenna (HGA) is attached to
the hollow ten-sided polygonal body
housing the electronics, here seen in
profile. The Voyager Golden Record is
attached to one of the bus
sides. The angled square panel below
is the optical calibration target and
excess heat radiator. The three
radioisotope thermoelectric generators
(RTGs) are mounted end-to-end on the
left-extending boom. One of the two
planetary radio and plasma wave antenna
extends diagonally left and down, the
other extends to the rear, mostly
hidden here. The compact structure
between the RTGs and the HGA are the
high-field and low-field magnetometers
(MAG) in their stowed state; after
launch an Astromast boom extended to 13
metres to distance the low-field
magnetometers. The instrument boom
extending to the right holds, from left
to right: the cosmic ray subsystem
(CRS) above and Low-Energy Charged
Particle (LECP) detector below; the
Plasma Spectrometer (PLS) above; and
the scan platform that rotates about a
vertical axis. The scan platform
comprises: the Infrared Interferometer
Spectrometer (IRIS) (largest camera at
right); the Ultraviolet Spectrometer
(UVS) to the right of the UVS; the two
Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) vidicon
cameras to the left of the UVS; and the
Photopolarimeter System (PPS) barely
visible under the ISS. Suggested for
English Wikipedia:alternative text for
images: A space probe with squat
cylindrical body topped by a large
parabolic radio antenna dish pointing
upwards, a three-element radioisotope
thermoelectric generator on a boom
extending left, and scientific
instruments on a boom extending right.
A golden disk is fixed to the
body. Date Source NASA
website http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/ima
ge/images/spacecraft/Voyager.jpg Author
NASA Permission (Reusing this
file) PD-NASA PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/d/d2/Voyager.jpg
[12/14/1988 AD] 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai;
R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed
electrostatic micro-motors," Electron
Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88.
Technical Digest., International ,
vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi:
10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j
sp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415
2. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S.
Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic
micro-motors," Electron Devices
Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical
Digest., International , vol., no.,
pp.666-669, 1988 doi:
10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j
sp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415
3. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S.
Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic
micro-motors," Electron Devices
Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical
Digest., International , vol., no.,
pp.666-669, 1988 doi:
10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j
sp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415
{12/11/1988-12/14/1988}
Berkeley, California, USA2
[1] Figures 1 from: Long-Sheng Fan;
Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; ,
''IC-processed electrostatic
micro-motors,'' Electron Devices
Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical
Digest., International , vol., no.,
pp.666-669, 1988 doi:
10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j
sp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415 COP
YRIGHTED
source: URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j
sp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415
[2] Figures 2 from: Long-Sheng Fan;
Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; ,
''IC-processed electrostatic
micro-motors,'' Electron Devices
Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical
Digest., International , vol., no.,
pp.666-669, 1988 doi:
10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j
sp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415 COP
YRIGHTED
source: URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.j
sp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415
[08/25/1989 AD] 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf
tDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
2. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf
tDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraf
tDisplay.do?id=1977-076A {08/25/1989}
MORE INFO
[1] "Voyager 2". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2
[1] A picture of Neptune taken by
Voyager 2, showing off the Great Dark
Spot which has since disappeared from
the planet's surface. Original
Caption Released with Image: During
August 16 and 17, 1989, the Voyager 2
narrow-angle camera was used to
photograph Neptune almost continuously,
recording approximately two and
one-half rotations of the planet. These
images represent the most complete set
of full disk Neptune images that the
spacecraft will acquire. This picture
from the sequence shows two of the four
cloud features which have been tracked
by the Voyager cameras during the past
two months. The large dark oval near
the western limb (the left edge) is at
a latitude of 22 degrees south and
circuits Neptune every 18.3 hours. The
bright clouds immediately to the south
and east of this oval are seen to
substantially change their appearances
in periods as short as four hours. The
second dark spot, at 54 degrees south
latitude near the terminator (lower
right edge), circuits Neptune every
16.1 hours. This image has been
processed to enhance the visibility of
small features, at some sacrifice of
color fidelity. The Voyager Mission is
conducted by JPL for NASA's Office of
Space Science and
Applications. Source:
http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog
/PIA00046 PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/0/06/Neptune.jpg
[2] Description
Voyager.jpg Voyager 1 / Voyager
2 English: NASA photograph of one of
the two identical Voyager space probes
Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 launched in
1977. The 3.7 metre diameter
high-gain antenna (HGA) is attached to
the hollow ten-sided polygonal body
housing the electronics, here seen in
profile. The Voyager Golden Record is
attached to one of the bus
sides. The angled square panel below
is the optical calibration target and
excess heat radiator. The three
radioisotope thermoelectric generators
(RTGs) are mounted end-to-end on the
left-extending boom. One of the two
planetary radio and plasma wave antenna
extends diagonally left and down, the
other extends to the rear, mostly
hidden here. The compact structure
between the RTGs and the HGA are the
high-field and low-field magnetometers
(MAG) in their stowed state; after
launch an Astromast boom extended to 13
metres to distance the low-field
magnetometers. The instrument boom
extending to the right holds, from left
to right: the cosmic ray subsystem
(CRS) above and Low-Energy Charged
Particle (LECP) detector below; the
Plasma Spectrometer (PLS) above; and
the scan platform that rotates about a
vertical axis. The scan platform
comprises: the Infrared Interferometer
Spectrometer (IRIS) (largest camera at
right); the Ultraviolet Spectrometer
(UVS) to the right of the UVS; the two
Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) vidicon
cameras to the left of the UVS; and the
Photopolarimeter System (PPS) barely
visible under the ISS. Suggested for
English Wikipedia:alternative text for
images: A space probe with squat
cylindrical body topped by a large
parabolic radio antenna dish pointing
upwards, a three-element radioisotope
thermoelectric generator on a boom
extending left, and scientific
instruments on a boom extending right.
A golden disk is fixed to the
body. Date Source NASA
website http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/ima
ge/images/spacecraft/Voyager.jpg Author
NASA Permission (Reusing this
file) PD-NASA PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/d/d2/Voyager.jpg
[01/17/1990 AD] 3
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer,
"Positioning single atoms with a
scanning tunnelling microscope", Nature
344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990);
doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.
com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524
a0.html
2. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer,
"Positioning single atoms with a
scanning tunnelling microscope", Nature
344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990);
doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.
com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524
a0.html
3. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer,
"Positioning single atoms with a
scanning tunnelling microscope", Nature
344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990);
doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.
com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524
a0.html {01/17/1990}
MORE INFO
[1] Driscoll, Robert J., Michael
G. Youngquist, and John D.
Baldeschwieler. "Atomic-scale imaging
of DNA using scanning tunnelling
microscopy."� Nature 346.6281 (1990)
:
294-296. http://www.nature.com/nature/j
ournal/v346/n6281/abs/346294a0.html
[2] G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber,
and E. Weibel, "Tunneling through a
controllable vacuum gap", Appl. Phys.
Lett. 40, 178 (1982);
doi:10.1063/1.92999 http://apl.aip.org/
resource/1/applab/v40/i2/p178_s1
Research Center) San Jose, California,
USA2
[1] Figures 1 and 2 from: D. M. Eigler
& E. K. Schweizer, ''Positioning single
atoms with a scanning tunnelling
microscope'', Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05
April 1990);
doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.
com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524
a0.html COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v344/n6266/abs/344524a0.html
[2] Figure 3 from: D. M. Eigler & E.
K. Schweizer, ''Positioning single
atoms with a scanning tunnelling
microscope'', Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05
April 1990);
doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.
com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524
a0.html COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.nature.com/nature/jou
rnal/v344/n6266/abs/344524a0.html
[06/28/2001 AD] 3
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^
http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/030902.
html
2. ^ "World's smallest RFID IC,the
“µ-chip” "
http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/E/200
1/0628/index.html {Hitachi_u-chip_20010
628.pdf}
3. ^ "World's smallest RFID IC,the
“µ-chip” "
http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/E/200
1/0628/index.html {Hitachi_u-chip_20010
628.pdf} {06/28/2001}
MORE INFO
[1] "World's tiniest RFID tag
unveiled", BBC,
02/23/2007 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/t
echnology/6389581.stm
[2]
http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/
337
[3]
http://www.thelibertyvoice.com/hitachi-d
evelops-a-new-rfid-with-embedded-antenna
-%C2%B5-chip
[1] Hitachi Develops a New RFID with
Embedded Antenna µ-Chip --Makes
Possible Wireless Links that Work Using
Nothing More Than a 0.4mm X 0.4mm Chip,
One of the World's Smallest ICs-- A
New RFID with Embedded Antenna
MU-Chip Tokyo, September 2,
2003-Hitachi, Ltd. (TSE: 6501) today
announced that it has developed a new
version of its RFID µ-Chip embedding
an antenna. When using Hitachi's
original µ-Chip, one of the world's
smallest RFID ICs measuring only 0.4mm
X 0.4mm, an external antenna must be
attached to the chip to allow external
devices to read the 128-bit ID number
stored in its ROM (Read-Only-Memory).
This newly developed version, however,
features an internal antenna, enabling
chips to employ the energy of incoming
electrical waves to wirelessly transmit
its ID number to a reader. The 0.4mm X
0.4mm chip can thus operate entirely on
its own, making it possible to use
µ-Chip as RFID IC tags without the
need to attach external devices. This
breakthrough opens the door to using
µ-Chips as RFID IC tags in extremely
minute and precise applications that
had been impractical until now. For
example, the new µ-Chip can be easily
embedded in bank notes, gift
certificates, documents and whole paper
media etc. The µ-Chip, announced by
Hitachi in July 2001, is one of the
world's smallest IC chips at 0.4mm X
0.4mm. The chip data is recorded in
read-only memory during the
semiconductor production process, and
therefore cannot be rewritten, thus
guaranteeing its authenticity.
Applications of the µ-Chip include a
system for managing the SCM materials
on sites, and entrance tickets for Expo
2005 Aichi Japan which opens on March
25, 2005. The primary features of
this revolutionary µ-Chip are as
follows. (1) A RFID IC chip measuring
only 0.4mm X 0.4mm with built-in
antenna Despite its extremely small
size, this µ-Chip has a built-in
antenna to permit contactless
communications (at very close
proximity) with other devices without
using an external antenna. (2) No need
for special manufacturing
equipment The antenna is formed using
bump-metalization technology (used to
create the electrical contacts of an
IC), a process already widely used by
semiconductor manufacturers, thus
eliminating any need for specialized
equipment. (3) Complete compatibility
with conventional µ-Chip With ID
numbers and support systems that are
fully compatible with those of existing
µ-Chip, the new chip is fully
compatible with all systems that use
current µ-Chip technology. Hitachi
plans to develop numerous markets for
this chip that take full advantage of
its outstanding features. Embedding the
chip in securities, identification and
other valuable documents such as
vouchers offers a highly sophisticated
means of preventing counterfeiting.
Another high-potential application is
agricultural products, where the chips
can help ensure the safety of food by
providing traceability of ingredients.
Additionally, the chips can be embedded
in business forms to automate logistics
systems and many other business
processes. UNKNOWN
source: http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews
/030902_030902.jpg
[2] The world's smallest radio
frequency identification tags have been
unveiled by Japanese electronics firm
Hitachi. The minute devices measure
just 0.05mm by 0.05mm (0.002x0.002in)
and to the naked eye look like spots of
powder. Here the tiny tags can be
seen next to a human hair UNKNOWN
source: http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/i
mages/42606000/jpg/_42606003_tag_203.jpg
[12/10/2008 AD] 3
what the eyes are seeing captured
remotely.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H.,
Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y.,
Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y.
(2008). Visual image reconstruction
from human brain activity using a
combination of multi-scale local image
decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929.
http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0
896-6273(08)00958-6
2. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H.,
Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y.,
Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y.
(2008). Visual image reconstruction
from human brain activity using a
combination of multi-scale local image
decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929.
http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0
896-6273(08)00958-6
3. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H.,
Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y.,
Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y.
(2008). Visual image reconstruction
from human brain activity using a
combination of multi-scale local image
decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929.
http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0
896-6273(08)00958-6 {12/10/2008}
MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.nerdgrind.com/dream-and-thoug
ht-recorder-created-by-japanese-research
-team/
[2]
http://gizmodo.com/5107377/new-technolog
y-could-display-your-dreams-on-screen
two Japanese Universities, two research
Institutes, and ATR Computational
Neuroscience Laboratories) Kyoto,
Japan2
[1] Image from 12/10/2008 ''Neuron''
paper COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.cell.com/neuron/image
/S0896-6273(08)00958-6?imageId=gr2&image
Type=large
[2] Image from 12/10/2008 ''Neuron''
paper COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.cell.com/neuron/image
/S0896-6273(08)00958-6?imageId=gr1&image
Type=large
[2015 AD] 2
remotely.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
{2015}
[1] Image by Ted Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2018 AD]
organelle.
MORE INFO
[1]
[1] Adapted from: Description
English: Drawing illustrating the
process of synaptic transmission in
neurons, cropped from original in an
NIA brochure. Date 2009-12-30,
first publication of original
unknown Source
http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/P
ublications/UnravelingtheMystery/ Autho
r user:Looie496 created file, US
National Institutes of Health, National
Institute on Aging created
original Permission (Reusing this
file)
http://www.nia.nih.gov/Policies.htm Ot
her versions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chemi
cal_synapse_schema.jpg PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/3/30/Chemical_synapse_sche
ma_cropped.jpg
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington PD
source: Ted Huntington
[2025 AD]
microscopic devices in neurons.1
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.nerdgrind.com/dream-and-thoug
ht-recorder-created-by-japanese-research
-team/
[2]
http://gizmodo.com/5107377/new-technolog
y-could-display-your-dreams-on-screen
[3] personal communication, see most of
Kamatani's email correspondence with me
at:
http://www.tedhuntington.com/neuron_read
ing_and_writing.htm
[1] Image of Remote neuron writing by
Ted Huntington PD
source: Ted Huntington
[2] Image of Remote neuron writing by
Ted Huntington PD
source: Ted Huntington
[2025 AD]
MORE INFO
[1]
[1] Torsional Ratcheting Actuator A
high torque rotary electrostatic
actuator PD
source: http://www.mems.sandia.gov/image
s/mems5.jpg
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington PD
source: Ted Huntington
[2025 AD]
[1] Imaginary microscopic flying camera
on top of salt crystals Ted
Huntington PD
source: http://tedhuntington.com/saltcry
stal_127um.jpg
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington PD
source: Ted Huntington
[2030 AD] 2
out loud. Humans start to communicate
by thought-image and thought-sound
only.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2025}
MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
[1] Hearing Thought by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2] Image of Direct-to-brain windows
by Ted Huntington GNU
source: http://www.tedhuntington.com/Mic
key_Mouse_eyes_thought_screens.jpg
[2030 AD] 1
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2040}
[1] Muscular system P150/0098 Rights
Managed Credit: PASIEKA/SCIENCE
PHOTO LIBRARY Caption: Muscular
system. Computer artwork of a male
runner demonstrating the human muscular
system. These muscles, making up one of
the outer layers of the body, are
skeletal muscles, which are under the
conscious control of the brain. They
account for around 45% of the weight of
the body. Muscles are mainly composed
of proteins; in particular, the
proteins actin and myosin are involved
in making muscles contract. The muscles
then pull on tendons that are attached
to the bones of the skeleton, producing
movements such as running. Skin and fat
cover the muscles, while the internal
organs and bones lie
underneath. Release details: Model
and property releases are not available
UNKNOWN
source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/imag
e/302911/large/P1500098-Muscular_system-
SPL.jpg
[2] Muscular system P150/0098
Rights Managed Credit:
PASIEKA/SCIENCE PHOTO
LIBRARY Caption: Muscular system.
Computer artwork of a male runner
demonstrating the human muscular
system. These muscles, making up one of
the outer layers of the body, are
skeletal muscles, which are under the
conscious control of the brain. They
account for around 45% of the weight of
the body. Muscles are mainly composed
of proteins; in particular, the
proteins actin and myosin are involved
in making muscles contract. The muscles
then pull on tendons that are attached
to the bones of the skeleton, producing
movements such as running. Skin and fat
cover the muscles, while the internal
organs and bones lie
underneath. Release details: Model
and property releases are not available
UNKNOWN
source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/imag
e/302911/large/P1500098-Muscular_system-
SPL.jpg
[2030 AD] 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2025}
MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
[1] Image of seeing thought by Ted
Huntington. PD
source: Ted Huntington
[2] Image of seeing thought by Ted
Huntington. Image of person
from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/3/30/Cassatt_Mary_Portrait_
of_a_Elderly_Lady_1883.jpg Title:
Portrait of a Elderly Lady Date:
1883 Mary Cassatt (1845–1926) Link
back to Creator infobox
template PD [1] Image of
Direct-to-brain windows by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted
Huntingtonhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wi
kipedia/commons/3/30/Cassatt_Mary_Portra
it_of_a_Elderly_Lady_1883.jpg
[2050 AD] 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2050
(my own estimate}
[1] Ted Huntington image of two humans
walking with robot servants. GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2100 AD]
images and sounds of thought.
MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
[1] Image of Direct-to-brain windows by
Ted Huntington GNU
source: http://www.tedhuntington.com/Mic
key_Mouse_eyes_thought_screens.jpg
[2] Image of Direct-to-brain windows
by Ted Huntington GNU
source: http://www.tedhuntington.com/dir
ect-to-brain_windows_002.jpg
[2100 AD] 2
of traffic above the streets.1
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington (my own
estimate) {2100 my own estimate}
MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.sdi.gov/curtis/Trans_Trends.h
tml
[2] future_est.xls
[1] Image of single helicopter highway
by Ted Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2] Image of double helicopter highway
by Ted Huntington Note that
helicopters are moving in wrong
way. GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2100 AD] 2
Earth.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls
2. ^ Ted
Huntington future_est.xls (my own
estimate) {2100 my own estimate}
[1] Three TDRS satellites, the
International Space Station (ISS) and
Hubble Space Telescope orbit a
blue-green Earth in this artist's
concept. The TDRS network facilitates
around the clock communication access
between ground stations and other
satellites and the ISS. Credit:
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center ›
Larger image PD
source: http://www.nasa.gov/images/conte
nt/605410main_tdrsPlus.jpg
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2140 AD] 1
atoms like Iron converted into Hydrogen
and Oxygen using particle colliders.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
[2] future_est.xls
[1] Image of Large Scale Atomic
Transmutation by Ted Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2] Image of Large Scale Atomic
Transmutation by Ted Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2180 AD]
[1] Adapted from: Spirit's
Destination This image, cropped from
a larger panoramic image mosaic taken
by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit
panoramic camera, shows the rover's
destination toward the hills nicknamed
the ''Columbia Hills.'' The rover is
currently positioned outside the view
of this image, on the right. This image
was taken on sols 68 and 69 of Spirit's
mission (March 12 and 13, 2004) from
the location the rover first reached on
the western rim of the crater. The
image is in approximate true color,
based on a scaling of data from the
red, green and blue (750 nanometers,
530 nanometers, and 480 nanometers)
filters. Image credit:
NASA/JPL/Cornell PD
source: http://marsrover.nasa.gov/galler
y/press/spirit/20040318a/10-JG-04-hills-
A074R1.jpg
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2200 AD] 2
tasks.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington (my own
estimate) {2200 my own estimate}
[1] Robots pick
oranges Viroids orange
trees Development of HRP-4, a Research
and Development Platform for Working
Humanoid Robots - Supply to external
research organizations from January
2011 - UNKNOWN and Orange
trees: Viroid diseases are
responsible for significant losses of
food and fiber. Our research goals are
to obtain fundamental knowledge about
the molecular interactions between
viroids and their host, to apply this
knowledge to the control of viroid
diseases, and to develop and test
viroid-induced dwarfing strategies to
increase citrus production efficiency.
Robert A. Owens PD UNKNOWN
source: http://www.aist.go.jp/aist_e/lat
est_research/2010/20101108/fig1.jpghttp:
//www.ars.usda.gov/sp2UserFiles/Place/12
752500/research/images/citrus.jpg
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2200 AD] 2
earth.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls
2. ^ Ted
Huntington future_est.xls (my own
estimate)
[1] Image adapted from from
http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/gemini
_gallery/hi-resjpgs/10.jpg Cape
Canaveral, site of NASA's Kennedy Space
Center, from the Gemini V ... PD
source: http://www.nasa.gov/externalflas
h/gemini_gallery/hi-resjpgs/10.jpgTed
Huntington
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2350 AD]
Centauri). First close up pictures of
plane
ts of a different star.
MORE INFO
[1]
[1] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted
Huntingtonhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wi
kipedia/commons/0/08/Planet-alphacen1.pn
g
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted
Huntingtonhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wi
kipedia/commons/0/08/Planet-alphacen1.pn
g
[2370 AD] 1
another star (bacteria made of DNA).
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2760} {2765}
[1] Descripción English:
Filamentous cyanobacterium of a genus
Lyngbya, as collected in Baja
California, Mexico Česky: Vláknitá
sinice rodu Lyngbya; Baja California,
Mexico Fecha Fuente
http://microbes.arc.nasa.gov/images/con
tent/gallery/lightms/publication/lyngbya
.jpg Autor NASA PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lyngbya.jpg/128
0px-Lyngbya.jpg
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2500 AD] 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
{2500}
3. ^ future_est.xls
[1] Adapted by Ted Huntington
from: Solution structure of a
trans-opened (10S)-dA adduct of
+)-(7S,8R,9S,10R)-7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epo
xy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene in
a DNA duplex. GNU AND Multiple Gear
Speed Reduction Unit Top view of
gear reduction unit. PD PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/d/d8/Benzopyrene_DNA_adduc
t_1JDG.pnghttp://mems.sandia.gov/gallery
/images/tg8.jpgTed Huntington
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2650 AD] 2
particles.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2650}
[1] Humans create atoms from light
particles Ted Huntington PD
source: Ted Huntington
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2800 AD] 1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] Summary A rover that could
survive the intense heat of Venus, seen
here in an artist's impression, could
revolutionise our understanding of the
planet. Cooled by a Stirling Cooler
with electronics at 200 °C and
external radiator at 500 °C. Since the
Venusian atmosphere is 'only' 450 °C
the radiator will lose
energy. Geoffrey Landis and Kenneth
Mellott from NASA's Glenn Research
Center in Ohio. PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/1/15/Venus_Rover.jpg
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2800 AD] 1
moon.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2800}
[1] A map of Io This map of Io was
created by taking three relatively low
resolution Voyager 2 maps of Io and
composing them into a color map. These
maps were taken from this FTP site.
Each of the three original maps was
created from images taken through
differently colored filters. I then
replaced the luminosity channel of the
color map with a very high resolution
grayscale map from the above site. That
map was created from Voyager 1 photos.
The result was impressive despite the
fact that Io changed somewhat between
the two Voyager flybys (it is after all
the most volcanically active body in
the solar system !). I then removed the
most prominent seams and color
discontinuities. Some seams still
remain (I was more lazy when creating
this map than e.g. the Europa map ;)
but remarkably they are usually not
visible in 3D renderings except for
renderings showing Io from a close
range. I may remove these defects some
day. Finally I replaced small, black
areas near the poles (where no imagery
is available) with fictional data
created by cloning adjacent
areas. This map is aesthetically
better than the ones at David Seal's
site and also of higher resolution but
the color is probably less realistic
than in his ''yellowish'' map. His maps
are also more realistic in the sense
that there is no fictional data at the
poles, they are simply blank. Click
the map below to view the 2880x1440
pixel (442 KB JPG) full size map.
Actually my original map is 5760x2880
pixels but I do not have space for such
a monster here. UNKNOWN
source: http://www.mmedia.is/~bjj/data/i
o/io.jpg
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2850 AD] 1
planet.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] Image of ships surrounding Earth in
the future by Ted Huntington Source of
Texture map for Earth unknown GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2900 AD] 1
of surface of Jupiter.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] Ted Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[2] This close-up of the northwestern
region of the Sun shows a filament
erupting. Credit: NASA/SDO PD
source: http://www.nasa.gov/images/conte
nt/480276main_20100904-fulldisk.jpg
[3200 AD]
with objects.
MORE INFO
[1]
[1] Ship from Centauri reaches
Earth PD
source: Ted Huntington
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[3200 AD] 2
Centauri.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {3100}
{3200 (100 years per light year 400
years}
[1] Humans reach Alpha
Centauri adapted by Ted Huntington
from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/0/08/Planet-alphacen1.png
CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/0/08/Planet-alphacen1.png
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[3500 AD] 1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
2. ^ future_est.xls
[1] Atmosphere of Venus completely
removed adapted by Ted Huntington
from: Summary A rover that could
survive the intense heat of Venus, seen
here in an artist's impression, could
revolutionise our understanding of the
planet. Cooled by a Stirling Cooler
with electronics at 200 °C and
external radiator at 500 °C. Since the
Venusian atmosphere is 'only' 450 °C
the radiator will lose
energy. Geoffrey Landis and Kenneth
Mellott from NASA's Glenn Research
Center in Ohio. PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/1/15/Venus_Rover.jpg
[2] Venus with no atmosphere adapted
from Mars texture map UNKNOWN
source:
[4000 AD]
MORE INFO
[1]
[1] Jupiter after atmosphere is
consumed. By Ted Huntington, adapted
from: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jp
g/Photoglossary/aa_large.jpg GNU
source: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/J
pg/Photoglossary/aa_large.jpg
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[4000 AD]
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] Description English: Praesepe:
the open cluster Messier 44 Date
Source 2MASS Atlas Image Gallery:
The Messier Catalog Author Two Micron
All Sky Survey (2MASS), a joint project
of the University of Massachusetts and
the Infrared Processing and Analysis
Center/California Institute of
Technology, funded by the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration
and the National Science
Foundation. Licensing Public domain
This image is from the Two Micron All
Sky Survey (2MASS) project. The images
from this project have been released
into the public domain. 2MASS kindly
requests acknowledgement in one of the
following forms, the longer of which is
preferred. Atlas Image [or Atlas
Image mosaic] obtained as part of the
Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), a
joint project of the University of
Massachusetts and the Infrared
Processing and Analysis
Center/California Institute of
Technology, funded by the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration
and the National Science Foundation.
Atlas Image [or Atlas Image mosaic]
courtesy of
2MASS/UMass/IPAC-Caltech/NASA/NSF. PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/3/3a/Messier_044_2MASS.jpg
[2] Description English: Praesepe:
the open cluster Messier 44 Date
Source 2MASS Atlas Image Gallery:
The Messier Catalog Author Two Micron
All Sky Survey (2MASS), a joint project
of the University of Massachusetts and
the Infrared Processing and Analysis
Center/California Institute of
Technology, funded by the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration
and the National Science
Foundation. Licensing Public domain
This image is from the Two Micron All
Sky Survey (2MASS) project. The images
from this project have been released
into the public domain. 2MASS kindly
requests acknowledgement in one of the
following forms, the longer of which is
preferred. Atlas Image [or Atlas
Image mosaic] obtained as part of the
Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), a
joint project of the University of
Massachusetts and the Infrared
Processing and Analysis
Center/California Institute of
Technology, funded by the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration
and the National Science Foundation.
Atlas Image [or Atlas Image mosaic]
courtesy of
2MASS/UMass/IPAC-Caltech/NASA/NSF. PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/3/3a/Messier_044_2MASS.jpg
[4500 AD]
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] Lava flows on Krafla in
Iceland Licensing: This image
was created by Chris 73. The image is
licensed under a dual license; please
choose either of the two licenses below
as desired. Attribution to Wikipedia or
another project of the Wikimedia
foundation is required for both
licenses if the image is used outside
of projects of the Wikimedia
foundation. Attribution to me is not
required. GNU head Es ist erlaubt,
die Datei unter den Bedingungen der
GNU-Lizenz für freie Dokumentation,
Version 1.3 oder einer späteren
Version, veröffentlicht von der Free
Software Foundation, zu kopieren, zu
verbreiten und/oder zu modifizieren; es
gibt keine unveränderlichen
Abschnitte, keinen vorderen und keinen
hinteren Umschlagtext. Der
vollständige Text der Lizenz ist im
Kapitel GNU-Lizenz für freie
Dokumentation verfügbar. GNU
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/d/d6/Lava_at_Vulkan_Krafla
_Iceland_1.JPG
[2] Volle resolusie (3 888 × 2 592
pixels, lêergrootte: 5,96 MG, MIME
type: image/jpeg) Hierdie lêer kom
vanaf Wikimedia Commons en kan ook in
ander projekte gebruik word. Die
beskrywing op die lêer se
inligtingsblad word hieronder
weergegee. Beskrywing English: Lava
flow at The Big Island of Hawaii. The
lava flow is due to July 21 fissure
eruption. The picture was taken from a
helicopter. Datum 09/10/07 Bron
Created and originally uploaded to the
English Wikipedia by Brocken
Inaglory. Outeur Brocken
Inaglory Toestemming (Hergebruik van
die lêer)
CC-BY-SA-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0; Released
under the GNU Free Documentation
License. Kameraligging 19°
23' 11.0'' N, 155° 6' 18.0''
W Hierdie en ander beelde in: Google
Maps - Google Earth - OpenStreetMa CC
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/6/62/Hawaiian_lava_flow.jp
g
[4500 AD] 1
control.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] Various planetary texture maps and
public domain lava texture map mapped
onto 3D sphere and rendered two spheres
of ships added by Ted Huntington PD
source: Various planetary texture maps
and public domain lava texture map
mapped onto 3D sphere and rendered two
spheres of ships added by Ted
Huntington
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[5100 AD] 2
different star.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {5100}
[1] Life of another star by Ted
Huntington with background
image: 说明 English: Open Star
Cluster NGC663 in Cassiopeia 日期
2010年11月9日 来源
自己的作品 作者
Hewholooks CC
source: Ted
Huntingtonhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wi
kipedia/commons/1/12/NGC663HunterWilson.
jpg
[2] Living object from other star by
Ted Huntington with image in
background: Description English:
This impressive image of the open
cluster known as Trumpler 14 was
obtained with the Multi-conjugate
Adaptive optics Demonstrator (MAD)
mounted on ESO’s Very Large
Telescope. The cluster, which is found
to be only 500 000 years old — a
blink of an eye in the Universe’s
history — resides at the outskirts of
the central region of the Carina
Nebula, located some 8000 light-years
away towards the constellation of
Carina (the Keel). Trumpler 14 is not
only the youngest, but also one of the
most populous clusters within the
nebula. Astronomers counted about 2000
stars in the very central parts of this
cluster. The MAD instrument allows
astronomers to obtain very sharp images
over a wide area and this image is the
adaptive optics image that so far
covers the widest area on the sky. The
field of view is about 2 arcminutes
across and the image is based on data
obtained through two different filters
(K and H). Date 03-12-2009 Source
http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso094
7a/ Author ESO/H. Sana CC
source: Ted
Huntingtonhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wi
kipedia/commons/5/57/ESO-Trumpler14-clus
ter.jpg
[5500 AD]
of Earth moved in direction of
Centauri.
[1] Humans move star by Ted
Huntington PD
source: Ted Huntington
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[6000 AD] 2
different star.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {6000}
[1] Humans touch advanced life of
another star by Ted Huntington with
background image of: Double Cluster
in Perseus Credit & Copyright: Roth
Ritter (Dark
Atmospheres) Explanation: Some 7,000
light-years away, this pair of open or
galactic star clusters is an easy
binocular target, a lovely starfield in
the northern constellation Perseus.
Also visible to the unaided eye from
dark sky areas, it was cataloged in 130
BC by Greek astronomer Hipparchus. Now
known as h and chi Persei, or NGC
869(above right) and NGC 884, the
clusters themselves are separated by
only a few hundred light-years and
contain stars much younger and hotter
than the Sun. In addition to being
physically close together, the
clusters' ages based on their
individual stars are similar - evidence
that both clusters were likely a
product of the same star-forming
region. PD
source: Ted
Huntingtonhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/imag
e/0901/clusters_2_ritter.jpg
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[7000 AD] 1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
2. ^
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
{15,505 YAN (rate=0.033%) (at current
rate is 2600}
[1] Image summarizing population of
humans around planets and stars by Ted
Huntington PD
source: Ted Huntington
[2] Image summarizing population of
humans around planets and stars by Ted
Huntington PD
source: Ted Huntington
[27000 AD]
a globular cluster of 10 stars.
[1] Hyades for the Holidays Image
Credit & Copyright: Jerry Lodriguss
(Catching the Light) Explanation:
Recognized since antiquity and depicted
on the shield of Achilles according to
Homer, stars of the Hyades cluster form
the head of the constellation Taurus
the Bull. Their general V-shape is
anchored by Aldebaran, the eye of the
Bull and by far the constellation's
brightest star. Yellowish in
appearance, red giant Aldebaran is not
a Hyades cluster member, though. Modern
astronomy puts the Hyades cluster 151
light-years away making it the nearest
established open star cluster, while
Aldebaran lies at less than half that
distance, along the same line-of-sight.
Along with colorful Hyades stars, this
stellar holiday portrait locates
Aldebaran just below center, as well as
another open star cluster in Taurus,
NGC 1647 at the left, some 2,000
light-years or more in the background.
Just slide your cursor over the image
to identify the stars. The central
Hyades stars are spread out over about
15 light-years. Formed some 800 million
years ago, the Hyades star cluster may
share a common origin with M44
(Praesepe), a naked-eye open star
cluster in Cancer, based on M44's
motion through space and remarkably
similar age. UNKNOWN
source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/
1212/HyadesLodriguss.jpg
[2] Hyades for the Holidays Image
Credit & Copyright: Jerry Lodriguss
(Catching the Light) Explanation:
Recognized since antiquity and depicted
on the shield of Achilles according to
Homer, stars of the Hyades cluster form
the head of the constellation Taurus
the Bull. Their general V-shape is
anchored by Aldebaran, the eye of the
Bull and by far the constellation's
brightest star. Yellowish in
appearance, red giant Aldebaran is not
a Hyades cluster member, though. Modern
astronomy puts the Hyades cluster 151
light-years away making it the nearest
established open star cluster, while
Aldebaran lies at less than half that
distance, along the same line-of-sight.
Along with colorful Hyades stars, this
stellar holiday portrait locates
Aldebaran just below center, as well as
another open star cluster in Taurus,
NGC 1647 at the left, some 2,000
light-years or more in the background.
Just slide your cursor over the image
to identify the stars. The central
Hyades stars are spread out over about
15 light-years. Formed some 800 million
years ago, the Hyades star cluster may
share a common origin with M44
(Praesepe), a naked-eye open star
cluster in Cancer, based on M44's
motion through space and remarkably
similar age. UNKNOWN
source: http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/Scien
ce/Astros/Imageofweek/ciw-image/050600-2
.jpg
[47000 AD]
form a globular cluster of 100 stars.
[1] The CFHT Open Cluster Survey : NGC
2099 Credit: Image courtesy of
Harvey Richer1, Patrick Durrell1,
Gregory Fahlman2, J. Kalirai1, F.
D'Antona3 & G. Marconi3 1 University
of British Columbia, Vancouver,
Canada 2 Canada-France-Hawaii
Telescope Corporation, Hawaii, USA 3
Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Italy
COPYRIGHTED
source: http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/Scien
ce/Astros/Imageofweek/ciw-image/050600-2
.jpg
[2] Hyades for the Holidays Image
Credit & Copyright: Jerry Lodriguss
(Catching the Light) Explanation:
Recognized since antiquity and depicted
on the shield of Achilles according to
Homer, stars of the Hyades cluster form
the head of the constellation Taurus
the Bull. Their general V-shape is
anchored by Aldebaran, the eye of the
Bull and by far the constellation's
brightest star. Yellowish in
appearance, red giant Aldebaran is not
a Hyades cluster member, though. Modern
astronomy puts the Hyades cluster 151
light-years away making it the nearest
established open star cluster, while
Aldebaran lies at less than half that
distance, along the same line-of-sight.
Along with colorful Hyades stars, this
stellar holiday portrait locates
Aldebaran just below center, as well as
another open star cluster in Taurus,
NGC 1647 at the left, some 2,000
light-years or more in the background.
Just slide your cursor over the image
to identify the stars. The central
Hyades stars are spread out over about
15 light-years. Formed some 800 million
years ago, the Hyades star cluster may
share a common origin with M44
(Praesepe), a naked-eye open star
cluster in Cancer, based on M44's
motion through space and remarkably
similar age. UNKNOWN
source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/
1212/HyadesLodriguss.jpg
[65000 AD]
Earth.
MORE INFO
[1]
Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
[1] by Ted Huntington PD
source: Ted Huntington
[2] Adapted from: The Death Star is
the size of a small moon. See more Star
Wars pictures. Photo courtesy ©
Lucasfilm Ltd. & TM. All Rights
Reserved. COPYRIGHTED
source: http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/dea
th-star-1.jpg
[67000 AD] 1
living objects.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "quintillion." The American
Heritage� Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25
Jan. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/quintillion
[1] Earth is completely filled by Ted
Huntington PD
source: Ted Huntington
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[72000 AD]
form a globular cluster of 1,000 stars.
[1] M15 Second attempt for a star
cluster. L 12x2min, RGB each 5x2min,
Dark no Flat. 1 click on the picture
(1024x690, 115 KB) Distance: 35000
Ly UNKNOWN
source: http://www.luluobservatorium.de/
Big%20Pictures/M15.jpg
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
[92000 AD] 1
10,000 stars leaves the plane of the
Milky Way Galaxy.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington based on 0.03%
growth from 2000 to 90000
[1] M31 with some globular clusters
marked [t Note that each globular
cluster can be imagined to be formed by
some intelligent living
objects.] Image by Peter
Kennett UNKNOWN
source: http://www.petesastrophotography
.com/m31globs.jpg
[2] M31, Southwest Arm, NGC
206 copyright Robert Gendler
2005 UNKNOWN
source: http://www.robgendlerastropics.c
om/M31NMmosaicSW.jpg
consumed.
MORE INFO
[1]
Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
[1] Star with many ships around
it. Adapted from: English: The Sun
photographed by the Atmospheric Imaging
Assembly (AIA 304) of NASA's Solar
Dynamics Observatory (SDO). This is a
false color image of the sun observed
in the extreme ultraviolet region of
the spectrum. For example, similar
image. Date 2010-08-19T00:32:21Z
(ISO 8601) Source NASA/SDO
(AIA). Author NASA/SDO (AIA). PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_
Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s
_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.j
pg/628px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imag
ing_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_
Observatory_-_20100819.jpg
[2] Globular Star Cluster 47
Tuc Image Credit & Copyright: Dieter
Willasch
(Astro-Cabinet) Explanation:
Globular star cluster 47 Tucanae is a
jewel of the southern sky. Also known
as NGC 104, it roams the halo of our
Milky Way Galaxy along with some 200
other globular star clusters. The
second brightest globular cluster
(after Omega Centauri) as seen from
planet Earth, it lies about 13,000
light-years away and can be spotted
naked-eye near the Small Magellanic
Cloud in the constellation of the
Toucan. The dense cluster is made up of
several million stars in a volume only
about 120 light-years across. Red giant
stars on the outskirts of the cluster
are easy to pick out as yellowish stars
in this sharp telescopic portrait.
Globular cluster 47 Tuc is also home to
exotic x-ray binary star systems. PD
source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/
1101/47Tuc_DW.jpg
1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
[1] Star with many ships around
it. Adapted from: English: The Sun
photographed by the Atmospheric Imaging
Assembly (AIA 304) of NASA's Solar
Dynamics Observatory (SDO). This is a
false color image of the sun observed
in the extreme ultraviolet region of
the spectrum. For example, similar
image. Date 2010-08-19T00:32:21Z
(ISO 8601) Source NASA/SDO
(AIA). Author NASA/SDO (AIA). PD
source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_
Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s
_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.j
pg/628px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imag
ing_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_
Observatory_-_20100819.jpg
[2] Globular Star Cluster 47
Tuc Image Credit & Copyright: Dieter
Willasch
(Astro-Cabinet) Explanation:
Globular star cluster 47 Tucanae is a
jewel of the southern sky. Also known
as NGC 104, it roams the halo of our
Milky Way Galaxy along with some 200
other globular star clusters. The
second brightest globular cluster
(after Omega Centauri) as seen from
planet Earth, it lies about 13,000
light-years away and can be spotted
naked-eye near the Small Magellanic
Cloud in the constellation of the
Toucan. The dense cluster is made up of
several million stars in a volume only
about 120 light-years across. Red giant
stars on the outskirts of the cluster
are easy to pick out as yellowish stars
in this sharp telescopic portrait.
Globular cluster 47 Tuc is also home to
exotic x-ray binary star systems. PD
source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/
1101/47Tuc_DW.jpg
MORE INFO
[1]
[1] Globular Star Cluster 47 Tuc Image
Credit & Copyright: Dieter Willasch
(Astro-Cabinet) Explanation:
Globular star cluster 47 Tucanae is a
jewel of the southern sky. Also known
as NGC 104, it roams the halo of our
Milky Way Galaxy along with some 200
other globular star clusters. The
second brightest globular cluster
(after Omega Centauri) as seen from
planet Earth, it lies about 13,000
light-years away and can be spotted
naked-eye near the Small Magellanic
Cloud in the constellation of the
Toucan. The dense cluster is made up of
several million stars in a volume only
about 120 light-years across. Red giant
stars on the outskirts of the cluster
are easy to pick out as yellowish stars
in this sharp telescopic portrait.
Globular cluster 47 Tuc is also home to
exotic x-ray binary star systems. PD
source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/
1101/47Tuc_DW.jpg
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
integrates with Magellanic Cloud
galaxies.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
[1] Elliptical Galaxy Centaurus A from
CFHT Credit & Copyright: Jean-Charles
Cuillandre (CFHT) & Giovanni Anselmi
(Coelum Astronomia), Hawaiian
Starlight Explanation: Why is
peculiar galaxy Centaurus A so dusty?
Dramatic dust lanes that run across the
galaxy's center mark Cen A. These dust
lanes are so thick they almost
completely obscure the galaxy's center
in visible light. This is particularly
unusual as Cen A's red stars and round
shape are characteristic of a giant
elliptical galaxy, a galaxy type
usually low in dark dust. Cen A, also
known as NGC 5128, is also unusual
compared to an average elliptical
galaxy because it contains a higher
proportion of young blue stars and is a
very strong source of radio emission.
Evidence indicates that Cen A is likely
the result of the collision of two
normal galaxies. During the collision,
many young stars were formed, but
details of the creation of Cen A's
unusual dust belts are still being
researched. Cen A lies only 13 million
light years away, making it the closest
active galaxy. Cen A, pictured above,
spans 60,000 light years and can be
seen with binoculars toward the
constellation of Centaurus. PD
source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/
0607/cenA_cfht.jpg
[2] Storyboard image by Ted
Huntington GNU
source: Ted Huntington
galaxies join.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
Galaxy
[1] See Explanation. Clicking on the
picture will download the highest
resolution version available. In the
Center of the Virgo Cluster Credit &
Copyright: Jean-Charles Cuillandre
(CFHT), Hawaiian Starlight,
CFHT Explanation: The Virgo Cluster
of Galaxies is the closest cluster of
galaxies to our Milky Way Galaxy. The
Virgo Cluster is so close that it spans
more than 5 degrees on the sky - about
10 times the angle made by a full Moon.
It contains over 100 galaxies of many
types - including spiral, elliptical,
and irregular galaxies. The Virgo
Cluster is so massive that it is
noticeably pulling our Galaxy toward
it. The cluster contains not only
galaxies filled with stars but also gas
so hot it glows in X-rays. Motions of
galaxies in and around clusters
indicate that they contain more dark
matter than any visible matter we can
see. Pictured above, the center of the
Virgo cluster might appear to some as a
human face, and includes bright Messier
galaxies M86 at the top, M84 on the far
right, NGC 4388 at the bottom, and NGC
4387 in the middle. PD
source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/
0308/virgocenter_cfht.jpg
[2] See Explanation. Clicking on the
picture will download the highest
resolution version available. In the
Center of the Virgo Cluster Credit &
Copyright: Jean-Charles Cuillandre
(CFHT), Hawaiian Starlight,
CFHT Explanation: The Virgo Cluster
of Galaxies is the closest cluster of
galaxies to our Milky Way Galaxy. The
Virgo Cluster is so close that it spans
more than 5 degrees on the sky - about
10 times the angle made by a full Moon.
It contains over 100 galaxies of many
types - including spiral, elliptical,
and irregular galaxies. The Virgo
Cluster is so massive that it is
noticeably pulling our Galaxy toward
it. The cluster contains not only
galaxies filled with stars but also gas
so hot it glows in X-rays. Motions of
galaxies in and around clusters
indicate that they contain more dark
matter than any visible matter we can
see. Pictured above, the center of the
Virgo cluster might appear to some as a
human face, and includes bright Messier
galaxies M86 at the top, M84 on the far
right, NGC 4388 at the bottom, and NGC
4387 in the middle. PD
source: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/
0308/virgocenter_cfht.jpg